Sources. 1) The ancients. 2) Irish 
literature, buildings and inscriptions. 
3) Foreign sources: the Scandina- 
vians, St. Bernard, Giraldus.— 
4) Later sources, especially late 16th 
century." 

Race and language. Legends about 
the invaders. Information from the 
ancients. What can be deduced 
about Irish literature from the laws, 
Giraldus and later sources. 

. The clan system, landownership, 

laws. 

Introduction of Christianity. Ir[ish] 
missionaries and scholars. J. Scotus 
Erig[ena)]. 

. Danish period, etc., up to invasion. 

System of government at this time. 

Pee O meme ee ees eee n reese edeaHreseeeenesanseseeerersreseesesseer 

. Senchus Mor, XI.>— Giraldus.— 

Spenser, Davies, Camden, Campion, 
etc., Ledwich.?” 

. Nennius], Brit’ S[enchus] M[or], XI 

and orig[ina]l. Cf. also Ledwich. 

Ad Ill T. Moore, II, pp.9 ff and 
orig{ina]l. Chron[ology]. Gordon.’ 
Hegel, Geschichte der Philosophie — 
Danica. 
Tigernach (Tierna) the annalist died in 1088 according to the 
Annals of the Four Masters. 

The Annals of the Four Masters compiled in the 17th century by 
M. O’Clary and 3 others from ancient Irish annals.? 

The Annals of Ulster exist in a manuscript dated 1215. 
Poet-chroniclers, mainly 9th-11th centuries. 

An eclipse of the sun correctly recorded by Irish chroniclers on 
May 3, 664 (in Tigernach). | 

Irish chiefs of all ranks constantly waged war not only among 
themselves but also with their superior princes as well as the 
nominal king. 

The tanist is believed to have been both chief commander and 
chief judge, that is very powerful against the king. His title 
(supreme king) Righ-damnha= rex in fieri,, but minor chiefs also had 
their Tranists. 

The hierarchical relations; between princes in Ireland are 
believed only to have involved tributes, cosnery,*”? nonacury but by no 
means military service. 

The supremacy of the kings of Meath and the chroniclers’ 
_ triennial national assembly in Tnamor (Tara) seems to have only 
existed on paper, it might have been enforced from time to time 
but always lapsed again. 

The land allocated to the chief of the clan was not divided (ditto 
that belonging to soldiers, priests, singers, chroniclers). The 
remaining land owned by the clan and could be divided up. 

With communal property the right of inheritance of illegitimate 
sons—in the whole clan—was unquestioned. Gavelkind: Davies 
(p. 136) describes the division of land “ro gach according TO HIS 
Antiquity” (i.e. his traditional rank in the clan),* which in Moore (Vol. 
I, p. 177)? has already been turned into seniority! 

According to an obscure tradition the Milesians or Scots did not 
apparently practise any crafts until Tuathal died in A. D. 164; 
from then on, however, they did as a result of his [restoration] 
expulsion in 126 by the Plebeians (attacots-attach-tuatha translated 
by O’Reilly as Plebeians). In any case [from] at the time of the 
invasion all traces of the ruling race had disappeared although the 
families of the chiefs may have been Scottish. The first Plebeian 
war A. D. 90.—In both cases the legitimate Scottish family finally 
regained power. 

There are some Irish poems, believed to date back to the earliest 
days of the Milesians, which in the manuscript © have notes in 
between the lines. Without them they are incomprehensible, but 

even the notes are in a very obsolete language and very difficult to 
understand. 

Hereditable positions in families (i.e. not all of them, only 
certain ones). Thus in Camden’s time, and later too, the 
O’Cullinan family in Cork constantly had one or more doctors, 
and people used to say that if someone had resigned himself to 
death not even an O’Cullinan could cure him. Similarly with 
herolds, bards, musicians (and Seanachies*). This natural consider- 
ing the land allocated to them. 

Slaves and slave trade. 

Johannes Scotus Erigena. 

The oldest Irish manuscripts late 9th century, and the oldest 
songs occur aS SINGLE FRAGMENTS in the annals; these appear more 
frequently from the 6th century. . 

In the Brexon Laws all fines were expressed in livestock, that 
means there was still no money as yet. 

There are still numerous manuscripts in existence bearing on 
the Brenon Laws. 

St. Bernard was never in Ireland. 

In Ireland in ancient times boats were made of wickerwork 
covered in skins; after 1810 these were still the only kind of boats 
on the west coast, cf. Wakefield,* XII, p. 6,> where the passages 
from Pliny and Solinus are also to be found. 

Irish literature? — 17th century, poetry, histor[ical] and jurid[ical 
literature], then completely suppressed due to the eradication of 
the Irish literary language—exists only in manuscript— publication is 
only just beginning—this is [possible] only with a downtrodden 
people. See Serbs, etc. 

The English have been able to reconcile people of the most 
diverse races to their rule. The Welsh, who cling so strongly to 
their nationality and their language, have been completely 
integrated into the British Empire. The Scottish Celts, although 
rebellious until 1745,°°° and since then almost exterminated, first 
by the government and later by their own aristocracy, have no 
thought of rebellion. The French of the Channel Islands fought 
bitterly against France even during the Great Revolution. And 
even the Frisians of Heligoland,**’ sold to England by Denmark, 
are content with their lot, and it will surely be a long time before 
the laurels of Sadowa and the achievements of the North-German 
Confederation **? arouse in them the agonised cry for unification 
with the great Fatherland. Only the Irish have proved too much 
for the English to cope with. The tremendous resilience of the 
Irish race is to blame for this. Despite the most savage 
suppression, shortly after each attempt to wipe them out the Irish 
stood stronger than ever before. Indeed, they drew their main 
strength from the foreign garrison imposed on them to subdue 
them. Within the lifetime of two generations, often of one, the 
foreigners had become more Irish than the Irish themselves, 
Hiberniores ipsis Hibernis; and the more they adopted the English 
language and forgot Irish, the more Irish they became. 

The bourgeoisie turns everything into a commodity, hence also 
the writing of history. It is in its nature, a condition of its 
existence, to falsify all commodities: it falsified history. And the 
version of history which is most highly paid is that which is best 
falsified for the purposes of the bourgeoisie. Teste Macaulay,” who 
is therefore the unattainable model of the less skilled G. Smith. 

Queen's Evipence.— Rewarps ror Evipence. 

England is the only country where the state openly dares to 
bribe witnesses, be it by an offer of exemption from punishment, 
or by ready cash. That prices are fixed for the betrayal of the 
whereabouts of a victim of persecution is comprehensible, but that 
they say: who gives me evidence on the strength of which someone 
can be sentenced as the perpetrator of some crime or another— 
this infamy is something not only the Code,” but also Pr[ussian] 
common law have left to Eng[{lish] law. That coLLarera Evidence 1S 
required alongside that given by the informer changes 
nothing; as a rule there is evidence for somebody to be suspected, 
or else it is fabricated, and the informer only has to adjust his lies 
accordingly. 

Whether this pretty usage has its roots already in Eng[lish] legal 
proceedings is hard to say, but it is certain that it has received its 
development on Irish soil at the time of the Tories**’ and the penal 
laws. 

On March 15, 1870, when the government sought to justify the 
removal of an Irish sheriff (Coote of Monaghan) by arguing that 
he had packed the jury panel, G. H. Moore, M. P. for Mayo, said 
in Parliament‘: 

* “Tf Capt. Coote had done all the things of which he had been accused, he had 

only followed the practice which, in political cases, had been habitually sanctioned 
by the Institute Executive.” 

As one instance out of many that might be cited, he would 
mention that though County Cork had a proportion of 500,000 

¢ Moore spoke in the House of Commons on March 14, 1870. See The Times, 
No. 26699, March 15, 1870.— Ed. 

Catholics against 50,000 Protestants, at the time of the Fenian trials in 
1865,** a jury panel was called, composed of 360 Protestants and 40 
Catholics! * 

The German Legion of 1806-13 was also sent to Ireland. Thus, 
-the good Hanoverians who refused to put up with French 
[bondage] rule, were used by the English to preserve English rule in 
Ireland! 

The agrarian murders in Ireland cannot be suppressed because 
and as long as they are the sole effective weapon against the 
extermination of the people by the landlords. They help, which is 
why they persist, and will persist, despite all coercive laws. 
Quantitatively they fluctuate, as do all social phenomena; at times 
they may even become epidemic, occurring on quite insignificant 
occasions. The epidemic can be suppressed, but not the disease 
itself. 

Dublin botanical gardens—total absence of protection for the 
flowers and yet no abuse on the part of the public as in 
England—Churchyard in Glasnevin like no other in England. 

Tue Encusn Lavy. There is no creature more superfluous and 
useless on earth. Custom, education and inclination exclude her 
from all the truly intellectual aspects of life, whereas THe rrivo.ities 
OF LIFE, Or at the most dabbling with serious matters, make up the 
entire content of her life and are alone taken seriously by her.