Goldwin Smith, Irish History and Irish Character, Oxford and 
London, Parker, 1861. 

Behind the cloak of objectivity, the apologetic English bourgeois 
professor. Even from a geographical point of view, Ireland, he says, 
was destined to be subjugated by England, and he attributes the slow 
and incomplete conquest to the width of the Channel and to the 
position of Wales between England and Ireland. 

Ireland is said to be a Grazinc country by nature, see Léonce de 
Lavergne.* Smith thinks that 
“it is difficult, over a great part of the island, to get in a wheat harvest ... its natural 


way to commercial prosperity seems to be to supply with the produce of its grazing 
and dairy farms the population of England” (p. 3). 


There are coalfields in Ireland (p. 4). 


The climate is supposed to have debilitated the Irish and retarded their 
development, in comparison with such BRACED PEOPLE as the Scandinavians 


(and Laplanders?). On the other hand, the prospect is held out to 
the Irish 


of the VILLAS OF NOBLES and MERCHANT PRINCES, such as can now be found in 
Scotland (p. 5)