1, Modena Villas, Maitland Park, 
Haverstock Hill, London, N.W. 
My dear Sir, 

I hereby request you and give you full power to act as my 
representative at, and take all the necessary steps for, the 
execution of the will of our common friend, Wilhelm Wolff. 

KARL MARX, Dr. Ph. 

gabe, Dritte Abteilung, Bd. 3, 1930 script 

2 The whole manuscript is written in Marx’s hand. The address on the envelope 
reads: “Fr. Engels, Esq. 6, Thorncliffe Grove, Oxford Street, Manchester.” — Ed. 

NOTES 
AND 
INDEXES 

NOTES 

1 Marx and Engels began to contribute to the New-York Daily Tribune in 1851 
(see Vol. 11, Note 2). 1861 and 1862 were the last two years of their work for 
the Tribune. With the outbreak of the US Civil War interest in European affairs 
in America declined. The Tribune cancelled its contracts with all its European 
correspondents except Marx, who was asked to reduce the number of his 
contributions from two to one a week. Between February 1861 and March 1862 
the paper published ten items by Marx and one by Engels. One appeared as a 
leading article, nine were marked “From an Occasional Correspondent” and 
one was marked “From Our Own Correspondent”. Marx’s final break with the 
newspaper occurred in the spring of 1862 (see Vol. 12, Note 1 and Vol. 39, 
Note 4). 

The theme and basic content of this article were suggested to Engels by 
Marx, who in a letter dated January 22, 1861 (Vol. 41 of the present edition) 
asked Engels to write on the Schleswig-Holstein question for the NYDT. Engels 
wrote the article on January 23. On the following day Marx sent it to New York 
by the steamer Anglo-Saxon. p. 3 

2 This refers to the secession of the Southern slave states from the North 
American Union in late 1860 and early 1861. The armed rebellion of the 
secessionist States in April 1861 marked the beginning of the US Civil War 
(1861-65). 

In 1850 popular disturbances occurred in several southern provinces of 
China and developed into a large-scale peasant war. The rebels (called 
Taipings) established a state of their own embracing a considerable part of 
China’s territory. Its leaders put forward a utopian programme for the 
transformation of feudal China into a military-patriarchal state based on the 
egalitarian principle in production and consumption. The movement, which 
was also anti-colonial, was weakened by inner divisions and the rise of an 
aristocracy among the Taipings. The rebellion was suppressed in 1864, mainly 
as a result of British and French intervention. p. 3 

3 Construction of the Suez Canal was begun in 1859 and completed in 1869. 
The Fortress of Gaéta, the last stronghold of Francis II, King of the Two 
Sicihes (the Kingdom of Naples), was seized by the Piedmont troops on 
February 12, 1861, as a result of which the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 
became part of the united Kingdom of Italy. p. 3 

368 : Notes 

4 

we 

“I 

a 

Tas 
co 

1« 

In July 1860 a pamphlet entitled MacMahon, King of the Irish appeared in 
France, where an anti-British campaign was in full swing. The pamphlet urged 
the Irish to end British rule and set up the French Marshal MacMahon, a 
descendant of Irish emigrants, as King of Ireland. Engels is probably referring 
to this pamphlet. p. 3 

The three preceding stages of the Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50 were: the 
period from the outbreak of hostilities on March 23, 1848 to the truce of 
August 26, 1848; the period from this truce to that of July 10, 1849, and finally 
the period from the second truce to the signing of the peace treaty in Berlin on 
July 2, 1850. p. 3 

This refers to the “liberal” course proclaimed by William, Prince of Prussia 
(King of Prussia from 1861), in October 1858 when he assumed the regency. 
Actually, not one of the reforms expected by the bourgeoisie was carried out. 
William’s policy aimed at consolidating the Prussian monarchy and Junkerdom. 

p. 5 
At Magenta and Solferino the decisive battles of the 1859 Austro-Italo-French 
war were fought on June 4 and June 24 respectively. The Austrians were 
defeated on both occasions. p- 6 

On September 9, 1861 The Times (No. 24033) published a letter by the US 
Abolitionist writer Harriet Beecher Stowe to Lord Shaftesbury, the English 
philanthropist politician, urging Britons to give moral support to the North. 

p. 7 
The US Republican Party was formed in the north-eastern States in 1854 by a 
broad coalition of industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, farmers, workers and 
handicraftsmen in opposition to the Democratic Party. Its establishment 
reflected the antagonistic contradictions between the capitalism developing in 
the North and the system of slave labour prevalent in the South. The 
Republican Party, controlled by the Northern bourgeoisie, advocated the 
restriction of slavery to the Southern States, the free settlement of the Western 
Territories, and protectionist tariffs to stimulate the development of national 
industry. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, was elected US 
President. He polled 1,866,352 votes as against 1,375,157 votes obtained by 
S. A. Douglas, the Democratic candidate (see Note 13). p. 8 

This refers to the Constitution of the Confederate States of America, adopted in 
Montgomery, Alabama, on March 11, 1861 at a congress of the seven 
secessionist states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South 
Carolina and Texas). The full text of the Constitution appeared in the New-York 
Daily Tribune, No. 6206, March 16, 1861. p. 8 

The Constitution, as formed for the United States, by the Federal Convention, held at 
Philadelphia, in the year 1787... consolidated the rule of the bourgeoisie and 
planters in the form of a federal bourgeois republic. p. 8 

The Crittenden compromise. a project for the peaceful settlement of the 
North-South conflict, was submitted by Kentucky Senator Crittenden to the US 
Congress on December 18, 1860, It envisaged six amendments to the US 
Constitution calling, in particular, for a ban on slavery in states north of the 
36°30’ boundary line fixed by the Missouri Compromise (see Note 14) and the 
legalisation of slavery south of that line. The project denied the Congress the 
right to abolish or alter the slave system in the Southern States. A special 

Notes 369 

Senate committee rejected the Crittenden compromise on December 22, 1860. 
p- 9 
In the mid-1850s, following the adoption of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill (see Note 
15), the US Democratic Party (founded in 1828) split up into two factions, 
Northern and Southern. Basically, both favoured the preservation and spread 
of slavery, but the Northern faction took a more flexible stand, declaring that 
the issue should be submitted to the US Supreme Court. The Southern faction 
urged the right of the Territories to make their own decisions on the matter, 
and pressed for the free importation of slaves into the Territories. The most 
reactionary among the Southern Democrats prepared the ground for the 
rebellion and the establishment of the separatist slaveholding Confederacy. 
p- 9 

The Missourt Compromise, embodied in the Act to Authorise the People of the 
Missouri Territory to Form a Constitution and State Government, was reached 
in 1820, after a period of bitter struggle waged in the US Congress and 
throughout the country between the supporters and opponents of slavery. The 
Missouri agreement laid down a boundary between the free and slaveholding 
states, outlawing slavery north of the 36°30’ N line. The agreement was 
superseded by the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, adopted by the US Congress in 1854 
(see Note 15). p- 10 

The Kansas-Nebraska Bill (An Act to Organise the Territories of Nebraska and 
Kansas), passed by the US Congress in May 1854 after a fierce debate, granted 
the white population of Kansas and Nebraska, which were being admitted to 
the Union, the right to permit or prohibit slavery within their boundaries. The 
Bill abolished the frontier line laid down by the Missouri Compromise between 
the free and slaveholding states (see Note 14) and allowed every state to 
introduce slavery, regardless of geographical position. The adoption of the Bill 
gave rise to an armed struggle in Kansas between the supporters and 
opponents of slavery (see Note 18). p-. 10 

This refers to a memorandum drawn up in October 1854 at the Belgian resort 
of Ostend by the US Minister to London Buchanan jointly with US diplomatic 
representatives in France and Spain. It recommended the US government to 
purchase or seize the island of Cuba, then in Spanish possession, with a view to 
extending slavery to it. It was not until March 1855 that the memorandum 
became public knowledge, causing indignation in the United States and abroad. 

p. 10 

The Black slave Dred Scott had lived for four years in the non-slave States of 
Illinois and Wisconsin. In 1848 he brought a lawsuit, claiming freedom. In 
1857 it was turned down by the US Supreme Court. The ruling implied that a 
slave remained the property of his master even in the free States—an example 
of the slaveholders’ efforts to have slavery legalised throughout the country. 

p. 10 

Marx means the armed struggle in Kansas (1854-56) between the supporters 
and opponents of slavery sparked off by the Kansas-Nebraska Bill (see Note 
15). Despite the successes of the anti-slavery forces, Kansas fell under the sway 
of the pro-slavery faction, supported by the Federal government. However, the 
majority of the population continued the struggle and secured the admission of 
Kansas to the Union as a free state in 1861. p. 10 

370 Notes 

At the 1856 Presidential election, Buchanan, the Democratic candidate, polled 
1,838,169 votes, as against the 1,341,264 votes for Frémont, put up by the 
Republican Party, which was contesting a Presidentia] election for the first time 
(see Note 9). p. 10 

An ironical reference to the London press. The Illuminati were members of a 
secret Masonic society in Bavaria (1776-84). p. 10 

A street in London, in which the Central Criminal Court is situated. p. 12 

In October 1859 an 18-strong group of insurgents (including five Blacks), led 
by John Brown, seized a government arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, in an 
attempt to provoke a slave uprising in the Southern states. The group was 
encircled and almost totally wiped out by regular troops. Brown was severely 
wounded. He was tried and hanged in Charleston. p. 13 

This refers to the protectionist tariff tabled in Congress by the Republican 
Justin Smith Morrill and passed by the Senate on March 2, 1861. It raised 
customs duties considerably. p. 14 

In November 1832 the South Carolina Convention nullified the 1828 and 1832 
Federal tariff acts, which imposed high import duties. The Ordinance of 
Nullification adopted by the Convention on November 24 proclaimed the 
resolve of the State’s citizens to uphold their independence vis-a-vis the Federal 
government and threatened South Carolina’s secession from the Union. 
President Andrew Jackson, with Congressional approval, sent troops to South 
Carolina, but, under pressure from the slaveholding planters, endorsed a 
compromise lower taviff on March 2, 1833. South Carolina soon repealed the 
Ordinance of Nullification. p. 14 

In this article Marx probably used data he had received from Engels while 
staying in Manchester in the first half of September 186]. p. 17 

President Lincoln’s blockade of the ports of the rebel States was imposed on 
April 19, 1861 and lifted in August 1865. During this period, the Northern 
navy detained 1,500 enemy vessels and seized 31 million dollars’ worth of 
property. p. 17 

Between 1845 and 1847 potato blight was the Occasion ef widespread famine in 
Ireland. The poverty of the small tenants ruthlessly exploited by the big 
landowners made the mass of the population almost entirely dependent on a 
diet of potatoes grown on their own little patches. About one million people 
starved to death, and the wave of emigration caused by the famine swept away 
another million. Large areas of Ireland were depopulated. The deserted land 
was turned by English and Irish landlords into pastures. p. 20 

The New-York Daily Tribune carried the following editorial note on this article 
in the same issue: “An occasional correspondent in London furnishes us with a 
most interesting letter, printed this morning, concerning the London Times 
and the influence upon it of Lord Palmerston”. p. 21 

Catholic Emancipation—in 1829 the British Parliament, under pressure of a 
mass movement in Ireland, lifted some of the restrictions curtailing the politica! 
rights of the Catholic population. Catholics were granted the right to be elected 
to Parliament and hold certain government posts. Simultaneously the property 
qualification for electors was raised fivefold. The British ruling classes hoped 
that this manoeuvre would bring the élite of the Irish bourgeoisie and Catholic 

~ 
= 

oe 
te 

io 
~~ 

Notes 371 

landowners to their side and cause a split in the Irish national movement. 

The Reform Act passed by the British Parliament in June 1832 was directed 
against the political monopoly of the landed and finance aristocracy and 
enabled the industrial bourgeoisie to be duly represented in Parliament. The 
proletariat and the petty bourgeoisie, the main forces in the struggle for 
reform, remained disfranchised. 

The Bill repealing the Corn Laws was passed in June 1846. The English 
Corn Laws imposed high import duties on agricultural products in order to 
maintain high prices on the home market for the benefit of the landowners. 
Their repeal marked a victory for the industrial bourgeoisie, who favoured free 
trade. At the same time it had an adverse effect on Irish grain exports, 
aggravating Ireland’s economic plight. 

The Stamp Tax was imposed on newspapers in Britain in 171] as a means 
of raising state revenue and combating the opposition press. It made 
newspapers exceedingly expensive, thus placing them beyond the reach of the 
mass reader and reducing their circulation. In 1836 Parliament was forced to 
reduce the Stamp Tax, and in 1855 to abolish it. 

The Paper Duty, introduced in Britain in 1694, evoked widespread public 
protests in the mid-19th century as an obstacle for the reduction of the price of 
printed matter. It yielded the state about £1,400,000 annually. A campaign 
against the Paper Duty, waged over a number of years, led to its repeal in 
1861. p. 21 
Glorious Revolution—the term used by bourgeois historians for the coup d’état of 
1688-89 that established a constitutional monarchy in Britain based on a 
compromise between the landed aristocracy on the one hand, and the bourgeoisie 
and new nobility on the other. p. 21 

This refers to John Aberdeen’s Coalition Ministry of 1852-55 (the Cabinet of 
All the Talents), which included Whigs, Peelites and representatives of the Irish 
faction in Parliament. p. 23 

“ Owing to Palmerston’s patronage, The Times leading observer, R. Lowe, held 

the posts of Vice-President of the Board of Trade and Paymaster-General 
between 1855 and 1858, and was Vice-President of the Committee of the Privy 
Council for Education from 1859 to 1864. The Editor of The Times, Thomas 
Delane, was introduced by Palmerston to London’s high society. p. 23 

In 1839 the British Parliament issued a Blue Book on Persia and Afghanistan 
(Correspondence Relating to Persia and Afghanistan) containing, among other 
documents, a number of letters by A. Burnes, the British representative in 
Kabul, on the British-Afghan war of 1838-42 (see Note 96). The letters had 
been selected and presented by the Foreign Office in such a way as to conceal 
Britain’s part in provoking the war. Shortly before his death Burnes sent 
duplicates of his letters to London. Those not included in the Blue Book were 
published by his family [A. Burnes, Cabool, Being a Personal Narrative of a 
Journey to and Residence in That City, in the Years 1836, 7 and 8..., London, 
1842; J. Burnes’ Notes on His Name and Family (Including a Memoir of Sir 
Alexander Burnes), Edinburgh, 1851]. p. 23 

On May 8, 1852 representatives of Austria, Britain, France, Norway-Sweden, 
Prussia and Russia jointly with representatives of Denmark signed in London a 
protocol on the integrity of the Danish monarchy. It was based on a protocol 
establishing the principle of the indivisibility of the domains of the King of 
Denmark, including the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, which was 

372 Notes 

co 

adopted on July 4, 1850 and finally signed on August 2, 1850 by the 
above-mentioned participants in the London Conference (with the exception of 
Prussia). In the London Protocol the Tsar of Russia, being a descendant of 
Duke Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp who reigned in Russia under the 
name of Peter III (1761-62), was referred to as one of the lawful pretenders to 
the throne of Denmark who had renounced their rights in favour of Duke 
Christian of Glticksburg, proclaimed successor to King Frederick VII. This 
created a precedent for the Tsar of Russia to claim‘the Danish throne in the 
event of the extinction of the Glticksburg dynasty. p. 23 

In usum delphini (édition dauphine) means, literally, “for use by the Dauphin” 
and, figuratively, “abridged” or “distorted”. The phrase was coined in 
connection with the publication in 1668, in the reign of Louis XIV, of an 
expurgated version of Latin classics for the heir to the French throne. p. 24 

The Mechanics’ Institute in Bradford, West Riding, Yorkshire (founded in 
1825). p. 26 

King William I of Prussia was Napoleon III’s guest at Compiegne (France) 
from October 6 to 8, 1861. p. 27 

During the period in question, The Times had its editorial offices in Printing- 
House Square, London. 

The Tuzleries, a palace in Paris, was the residence of French monarch. In 
political parlance the Tuileries meant the French government. p. 27 

In September 1860 Captain Macdonald of the British Army, while travelling in 
Germany, was detained in Bonn for six days and fined by a court on charges of 
insubordination to the local authorities. p. 27 

This refers to the polemic pamphlet by Henri d’Orléans (the Duke d’Aumale) 
Lettre sur Uhistoire de France, written in reply to a speech by Prince Napoleon 
made in the French Senate in the spring of 1861. On Napoleon III’s orders, 
the pamphlet was confiscated and .the publisher fined and imprisoned. p. 28 

An allusion to Napoleon III, who in 1848, when in exile in Britain, volunteered 
for the Special Constabulary (a police reserve made up of civilians) which 
helped the police Puaperse a Chartist-organised workers’ demonstration on 
April 10, 1848. p. 28 

During the American War of Independence (1775-83) France, in an attempt to 
weaken Britain, aided the latter’s insurgent American colonies with money and 
arms. The American liberation struggle was followed with special sympathy by 
France’s democratic and liberal sections. ‘The Marquis de La Fayette was 
prominent among the French volunteers fighting on the American side. He was 
also active in the French revolutions of 1789 and 1830. p- 29 

From the mid-19th century, France, like other European powers, sought to 
establish itself in China and Indochina. Between 1857 and 1860, the united 
forces of Britain and France inflicted a series of defeats on the Chinese. The 
imperial government was compelled to sign several treaties reducing China to a 
semi-colony. In 1858 Napoleon III’s government in cooperation with Spain 
unleashed a colonial war in Indochina. It ended in 1862, with France seizing 
three eastern provinces of South Vietnam (Cochin-China),. p. 30 

4 

Notes 373 

On July 21, 1861 the Union army was defeated by the Confederate forces on 
the Bull Run river near Manassas, Virginia, in the first major battle of the US 
Civil War. 

On August 10, 1861, the Union army, defeated at Wilson’s Creek, was 
forced to abandon the town of Springfield, Missouri. p. 30 

This is Marx’s first contribution to the Viennese liberal daily, Die Presse. Max 
Friedlander, an associate editor of Die Presse from 1856, was previously 
publisher of the bourgeois-democratic Neue Oder-Zeitung in Breslau, to which 
Marx contributed in 1855 as its London correspondent. In 1859 Friedlander 
invited Marx to write for Die Presse, a welcome opening to Marx, as his 
collaboration with the New-York Daily Tribune (see Note 1) was diminishing and 
he badly needed another source of income. Apart from that, owing to its 
anti-Bonapartist. stance, Die Presse had a fairly large readership (30,000 
subscribers) which gave Marx a good opportunity for the propagation of his 
views in Germany and Austria. However, it was not until September 1861 that 
he agreed to contribute, having first made sure that in the domestic sphere the 
paper opposed the government of Anton von Schmerling (a Liberal) as well as 
the reactionary forces (see Marx’s letters to Engels of 28 September and 30 
October 1861 in Vol. 41 of this edition). 

Marx’s articles for Die Presse, most of which were printed with the editorial 
subheading “From Our London Correspondent”, dealt with key issues of the 
foreign and home policy of Britain, France and the United States and with the 
condition of the working class and the democratic movement in these countries. 
In his articles on military matters Marx, as a rule, drew on material supplied by 
Engels. He contributed to Die Presse for somewhat over a year, during which 
the paper published 52 articles signed by Marx (two of these were written 
jointly with Engels, and one by Engels). Many of Marx’s articles and reports for 
Die Presse were not published. This was the main reason why, in late 1862, he 
stopped contributing to the paper. 

Marx presumably drafted the two articles “The North American Civil War” 
and “The Civil War in the United States” as early as June or July 1861, after 
receiving Friedlander’s second request for contributions. In writing the articles 
Marx made use of data Engels sent him in a letter of June 12, 1861 (see Vol. 
41 of this edition). The text of the articles was finalised on October 20. An 
introductory editorial note to the first article read: “The war, of which the 
great North American Republic has been the seat for more than half a year, 
already begins to react on Europe. France, which loses a market for her 
commodities through these troubles, and Britain, whose industry is threatened 
with partial ruin through stagnation in the export of cotton from the slave 
states, follow the development of the Civil War in the United States with 
feverish intensity. Though unul recently Europe and, indeed, the Americans 
themselves still hoped for a peaceful solution, the war is assuming ever greater 
dimensions, spreading further and further over the vast territories of North 
America and, the longer it lasts, threatening this part of the world, too, with a 
crisis. It will first seize and shake Britain and France, and the panic on the 
British and French markets will in like manner react on the rest of the 
European markets. Apart from the historical aspect, we have, therefore, a very 
positive interest in getting our bearings with regard to the causes, the 
significance and the import of the transatlantic events. We have received from 
London a first communication on the North American Civil War from one of 
the leading German journalists, who knows Anglo-American relations from 
long vears of observation. As events on the other side of the ocean develop, we 

374 Notes 

shall be in a position to present communications, deriving from the same 
competent pen, which will outline the salient features of the war.” 

Marx’s later articles for Die Presse were much shorter than “The North 
American Civil War” and “The Civil War in the United States”. Following 
Friedlander’s letter of October 25, 1861 asking Marx to send shorter articles, 
more suitable for a newspaper, his contributions did not, as a rule, exceed four 
handwritten pages. p. 32 

See Note 23. p. 33 

Marx means the 1831] campaign to prepare the Nullification in South Carolina, 
carried through in 1832 by US Vice-President John Caldwell Calhoun, an 
ideologist of slavery (see also Note 24). p. 33 

See Note 10. p. 33 

This refers to the fifteen slave states which, according to the plans of the 
secessionists, were to make up the Southern Confederacy. Initially the 
Confederacy included seven states: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, 
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. Later they were joined by Virginia, 
Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. The remaining four— Missour, 
Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware—declared themselves neutral. p. 33 

Faneuil Hall was donated to the city of Boston in 1742 by the merchant 
P. Faneuil. During the War of Independence (1775-83) patriotic meetings were 
held in the building, earning it the name of “the cradle of American liberty”. 

p. 34 

The first Continental Congress, an assembly of representatives of Britain’s 
thirteen North American colonies, was convened in September 1774. The 
second, convoked in May 1775, effectively was America’s government until 
1787. 

A 1787 Congressional Ordinance stipulated that sections (Territories) of the 
Northwest area ceded by Virginia to the Union would be admitted to the Union as 
full-fledged states once their population had reached 60,000. All the US states 
except the original thirteen and Vermont, Kentucky, Maine, Texas, California 

and West Virginia initially had the status of Territories. p. 35 
For the Missouri Compromise see Note 14. p. 35 
See Note 17. p. 36 

Under the Fugitive Slave Act, passed by the US Congress in 1850 as a 
supplement to the 1793 law on the surrender of fugitive slaves, a slaveholder’s 
evidence under oath, given to a competent official, was enough to establish his 
title to a runaway slave and for the latter’s restitution, without a legal 
investigation, to his master. Every US common court of justice had special 
commissioners appointed for the express purpose of capturing slaves. A 
commissioner refusing to issue a warrant of arrest was liable to a $1,000 fine, 
and one responsible for a slave’s escape had to pay his cost. Infringement of 
the Act was punishable by a $1,000 fine, six months’ imprisonment and the 
payment of a $1,000 compensation for every fugitive. The Act caused a rise of 
the Abolitionist movement and became practically unenforceable even before 
the Civil War. It was repealed in 1864. p. 37 

This refers to the free homestead demand which became the motto of the mass 
anti-slavery Free Soil Party, formed in 1848 in connection with the struggle 
over the status of the lands seized from Mexico. The Free Soil Party later 

6 

—_ 

for] 
nN 

26* 

Notes 375 

merged with the Republican Party (see Note 9). The Free Soilers’ demand was 
“no more slave states and no more slave territory”. The Free Homestead Bill 
was first put to the vote in Congress in 1852, passed the House, but was 
rejected by the Senate. A Bill providing for the allotment of land to settlers at a 
moderate price (25 cents an acre) was at last adopted by Congress in 1860, but 
vetoed by President Buchanan. It was only after the secession of the Southern 
states (see Note 2) and the Republicans’ victory in the 1862 election that the 

Homestead Act was passed. p. 37 
On the Ostend Manifesto see Note 16. p. 37 
Chihuahua, Coahuila and Sonora—Northern states of Mexico that bordered on 
the USA. p. 37 
The import of slaves into the United States was banned under the 1787 US 
Constitution and Acts of Congress passed in 1808 and 1820. p. 37 

* This refers to the “Old Northwest”, i.e. the Northwest Territory formed by 

Congress in 1787 (the area north of the Ohio and west of the Mississippi). It 
embraced the area of what later became the states of Indiana, Illinois, 
Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio and part of Minnesota. p. 38 

Marx means the emigrant aid companies and societies formed, with the 
participation of the Free Soilers (see Note 55), in several Northern states in 
1854 and 1855 to promote the settlement of Kansas by free small farmers, and 
prevent the spread of slavery to new US Territories. They raised funds and 
recruited settlers, giving them financial aid and otherwise helping them start 
farms in Kansas. They also sent arms to keep at bay “border ruffians” from 
Missouri and the South. 

The aid movement attained maximum scope in the summer of 1856 in 
connection with the intensified armed struggle in Kansas (see Note 18). In July 
of that year the National Kansas Committee was formed at a congress in 
Buffalo. The aid societies’ practical activity, limited as it was, exerted a strong 
influence on national public opinion and contributed to the consolidation of the 
forces that formed the Republican Party (see Note 9). It was not until January 
1861 that Kansas was granted the status of a free state. p. 38 

This article was prefaced in Die Presse with the following editorial note: “We 
have received another report from our London correspondent on the events in 
North America which presents the motives behind the policy of the secessionist 
South in an entirely new light. But let our reporter speak for himself.” 
Actually, however, as can be seen from Marx’s letter to Engels of October 
30, 1861 (present edition, Vol. 41), Marx sent the article to Vienna together 
with his previous one, “The North American Civil War” (see Note 45). 
Engels, The Civil War in the United States, New York, 1937, London, 1937, 
pp. 71-83. p. 43 

* This refers to the cessation, in 1837, of Great Britain’s personal, union with the 

Kingdom (originally, Duchy) of Hanover. Established in 1714, the union was 
dissolved because Victoria, who succeeded William IV on the British throne, was 
not eligible to the throne of Hanover as a woman. p. 43 

Germans accounted for 20 per cent of the white population in Texas in 1850. 
Most of them were political refugees who had been forced to leave Germany 
after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution in Europe (they were called 

376 Notes 

“forty-eighters”). The majority of the German immigrants opposed slavery and 
secession, and stayed loyal to the Union government after the outbreak of the 
Civil War. p. 48 

In the winter of 1860-61 pro-Southern circles tried to wrest California from the 
Union by setting up a “neutral” Pacific Republic. The conspirators failed for 
lack of support within the state. p-. 49 

> See Note 59. p. 50 

New England—the area in the northeast of the USA (Maine, New Hampshire, 
Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut) originally settled 
mainly by Puritans, in the seventeenth century. New England was the centre of 
the Abolitionist movement. p. 50 

The Helots—peasants in ancient Sparta attached to the land and obliged to 
perform certain services for the Spartan landowners. Unlike slaves, they were 
the property of the state, and the landowners were not allowed to grant them 
freedom, sell them separately from the land or raise their annual payments. 

p. 50 

The Missouri proclamation, issued by General Frémont on August 31, 1861 
(published in the New-York Daily Tribune, No. 6366, September 1, 1861), 
called for the confiscation of the property of persons in Missouri supporting 
the Confederacy and proclaimed the emancipation of the rebels’ slaves. Lincoln 
instructed Frémont to bring the proclamation into conformity with the 
Confiscation Act (passed by Congress on August 6, 186], the Act only 
envisaged the liberation of slaves used by the rebels in the fighting) by deleting 
the passage on the emancipation. Frémont refused to comply and, in October 
1861, was dismissed from his post as commander of the army in Missouri. 
p. 51 

In 1833, after an uprising of Black slaves in Jamaica, the British Parliament 
adopted an Act, which came into force on August 1, for the abolition of slavery 
throughout the British colonies. The slaveholding planters in the West Indies 
and other colonies were paid £20 million in compensation. p. 5]