EXTRACTS FROM IMRE SZABO’S WORK THE STATE 

POLICY OF MODERN EUROPE, FROM THE BEGINNING 

OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
IN TWO VOLUMES, LONDON, 1857] 

[Volume I] 

1) 1520-1559. Francis I and Charles V 

(1523. Dissolution of the Union of Calmar 36°; Gustavus Vasa elected king of 
Sweden.) 

1520. Charles (V) crowned emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle? (master of Burgundy, 
Spain, Sicily, Naples and Navarre and Austria (since Maximilian I’s death in 1519)). 

Milan, claimed by Louis XII by the right of his grandmother, of the family of 
Visconti, conquered by Francis I in 1515 from the Sforzas; now claimed by Charles 
as a fief of the Empire. Francis also revived the claims of France to Naples and 
Burgundy. Thus commenced a 14 years’ war, apparently for the sake of Milan. 
Henry VIII in the Austrian alliance. French (after defeat of Bicoco>) forced by a 
Spanish army to abandon the Duchy of Milan. Rome, Venice, Florence and Genoa 
enter the Austrian alliance. Francis I without an ally; Charles Bourbon (the 
Constable) goes over to Charles. 

Second French campaign (in Italy) under General Bonnivet. The French 
routed. Charles Bourbon enters the Provence, English prepare to invade Picardy. 
Francis drives the invaders out of the French territory, reconquers the Duchy of 
Milan (after the battle of Marignano). 

1525. Francis beaten before Pavia, carried away prisoner to Madrid. Coalition 
against Charles—the small states of Italy, new pope (Clement VII), Henry VIII, 
Louise of Savoy (the regent of France, Francis’ mother). 1526. Francis accepts 
Madrid peace to get free. 

League between Francis, Pope, Venice, Milan, Florence, Henry VIII.36! 

Bourbon with the Imperialists drives Sforza‘ from Milan, sacks Rome. Francis 
and Henry VIII declare war to Charles. 

French army makes itself master of Rome, besieges Naples. Malady in the 
French camp, return to France. 

Charles checked by the Lutheran princes of Germany and the arms of Soliman. 
Ottomans occupy almost the whole of Hungary, of which Ferdinand, the brother of 
Charles, endeavoured to possess himself. Soliman advances to the walls of Vienna. 

a Aachen.— Ed. 
b Bicocca.— Ed. 
€ Francesco Il. — Ed. 

506 Karl Marx 

1529. Treaty of Cambray (traité des dames).36? Francis again renounces his claims 
to Milan, Naples, and Flanders. As to Burgundy, one chief point of the quarrel, 
only temporary arrangement: the marriage of Francis with Eleonora of Portugal, 
Charles’ sister, being again stipulated. 

Charles turns upon the Lutherans. The princes now [have] two lines of policy, with 
regard to home and foreign affairs; Pope even seeks the alliance of the infidels. 

1530. Diet of Augsburg.263 Condemnatory decree against innovation. Protes- 
tants form the league of Schmalkalden,?64 seek the aid of France and England. Francis 
enters upon the proposal; concludes also alliance with John Zapolya,4 of Hungary, the 
rival of Ferdinand of Austria, and sends Rincon to Constantinople, to secure the 
Sultan’s assistance. Francis marries his son to Catherine of Medici, the pontiff’s niece, 
while Henry VIII severs England from the see of Rome.%65 

1532. Temporary peace of Nuremberg (between Charles and the Protestants). 
Charles’ expedition against Barbarossa.‘ 

1535. Francis, after 6 years of peace, recommences war (third war), reappears in 
Italy; successful; dictates at Milan and Savoy. Charles returns victor from Algiers, 
drives the French from Italy, penetrates into the Provence where [he is] finally 
repulsed. 

1538. Peace at Nice for 10 years. But 2 French envoys (Rincon to the Porte, 
Fregosa for Venice) by orders of Charles seized in Italy, assassinated. Francis 
recommences war. Five armies put in motion, but in vain. 

1544, Peace of Crespy: Francis renounces his claims to Naples and Artois; bind[s] 
himself not to meddle with Navarre. (Henry VIII had again turned on the part of 
Charles.) 

1547. + Francis I; his son Henry U. Charles turns upon the league of 
Schmalkalden. 

1547. Victory of the Imperialists through Maurice of Saxony of Miihlberg, dissolving 
the league. Charles proclaims the Interim.566 Maurice, having secured the 
co-operation of Henry IJ, surprises the Emperor in Tyrol (Charles forced 1552 to 
conclude the peace of Passau with the Protestants) same year in which the French 
poured into the Duchy of Lorraine, there to seize Metz, Toul and Verdun. Charles 
driven back from Metz and 1556 withdraws from the public scene, divides his 
dominions between his brother, Ferdinand of Austria, and his son Philip II. War in 
Italy and the Netherlands continues between Henry II and Philip II. 

1559. Treaty of Chateau Cambresis4 Each party was bound to restore all the 
conquests made since 1551367; France abandoning more than 180 strong places 
besides Savoy. Marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II, to Philip II. Henry II f. 

This (the reign of Charles V) the period of Habsburg 
supremacy proper. France is the first to attack it, but supported by 
Lutherans in Germany, Soliman, Hungary (Zapolya) and the Pope 
(Clément), also by the jealousy of the small Italian states. 

II) 1559-1618. The Netherlands and Philip II 

1559. Francis [I in France. (Religious wars in France.) 1566. Commencement of 
the troubles in the Netherlands. 

4 Janos Zapolya.— Ed. 

6 Henry I1.— Ed. 

© Hadher Barbarossa.— Ed. 
4 Cateau-Cambrésis.— Ed. 

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First page of Marx’s manuscript with extracts from Imre Szabé’s work The State Policy 
of Modern Europe, from the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century to the Present Time 

Extracts from Imre Szab6’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 509 

1572. William of Orange proclaimed governor of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht. 
1579. Union of Utrecht. 

Elizabeth in England. 1562 (after treaty of Elizabeth with Protestants in France) 
treaty with Charles IX (of France). In this treaty comprehended Ferdinand 
(Emperor) and Philip IT. 

1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 

Till 1585 the Netherlands left to themselves. 1585. Alliance treaty of Elizabeth 
with the Netherlands. 

1589. Henry III, the last of the Valois, murdered. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV). 

1593. Alliance at the Hague between Elizabeth and Henry IV; Netherlands 
included in it. 

1598. Peace of Vervins between Henry IV and Philip IJ (mutual restitution of 
the conquests since 1559). This peace proclaimed the Wane of Spanish preponder- 
ance (in the same year Edict of Nantes). Philip II +. Philip III. (1588. Destruction of 
the Armada.) Death of Elizabeth. James I. 

1609. Treaty between Henry and Spain for the cessation of hostilities with the 
United Provinces (form of a truce of 12 years; in fact, an acknowledgment of the 
independence of the Low Countries). (The Spanish branch of the Habsburgs still 
maintained its sway over Italy and had acquired Portugal in 1581). 

Henry IV’s plan for the remodelling of Europe (abasement of Austria).568 
Provisions: Italy: Pope secular Prince (Rome, Naples, Apulia, Calabria under him); 
Venice (Republic; united with Florence, Modena, a few other small states); Duke of 
Savoy (to become king of Lombardy). 

Bohemia (elective kingdom; to be annexed to it Moravia, Silesia, Lusatia). 
Hungary (annexed to it the arch-duchy of Austria, Styria, Carinthia). Poland also to 
be aggrandized. Switzerland (to be added to it Tyrol, Alsace, and other territories). 
Netherlands (to be republic). 

The House of Austria to be reduced to Spain and a few islands off the coast of 
the Mediterranean. 

+ Henry IV 1610. 

(This period [witnesses the] downfall of the older branch of the 
Habsburgs.) 

III) 1618-1648. (Thirty Years War) 

1617. Treaty between Gustav Adolphus and Michael Feodorowich (first 
Romanoff). Sweden confirmed in the possession of Carelia, Kexholm? and Ingria.¢ 
Muscovite excluded from the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic. Adolphus rendered 
himself master (against Poland) of Livonia and Polish Prussia. End of the 16th 
century extinction of the Jagellon dynasty. 

Hungary and Bohemia now under the Habsburgs: the former aided, and, at the 
same time, clogged by Turkey in its attempts to throw off the Habsburgs. 

Under Ferdinand I, Maximilian, Rudolph II (filling the XVI century) Austria 
takes no part in the wars between Spain and France; appeases the Sultans with 
tributes and vies for Hungary. 

1606. Hungary pacified by the treaty of Vienna (Rudolph II). Transylvania’s. 

a Region in the middle reaches of the Elbe, Spree and Neisse rivers, inhabited 
by the West Slavonic tribe of Lusatians.— Ed. 

b Priozersk.— Ed. 

¢ The Izhora land subject to Novgorod.— Ed. 

510 Karl Marx 

independence acknowledged.26 Turkey checked by Abbas, Shah of Persia; 
arrested her progress to Europe. 

Accession of Ferdinand II (archduke of Styria). 

1618 commencement of the troubles in Bohemia. Bohemians offer the crown to 
Frederick V (elector of the Palatinate); his ally Bethlen@ (prince of Transylvania). 

28 Aug. 1619. Ferdinand II elected emperor of Germany, concludes alliance 
with Maximilian of Bavaria, Spain, Pope,? and Marv de Medicis (in the minority of 
Louis XIII, married to Anne, daughter of Philip II). (Duke of Angouléme 1620 
concludes for France treaty with Ferdinand II at Ulm.) Philip HII ¢. Philip IV. 
Protestants in Germany [find an] ally in Christian IV of Denmark; Wallenstein’s 
army. Beginning of the war.37° Prince of Wales married with Henrietta of France. 

1624. Richelieu’s entrance into office. 

1625. Richelieu makes war on Spain by occupying the Valtelina. Charles I (in 
England). 

1626. Bethlen forced to make peace with Ferdinand I1.37! Denmark (participat- 
ing in the war from 1625) forced to make a separate peace with Ferdinand II 
(1629). 

1629. Ferdinand II’s decree of Restitution.372 La Rochelle surrenders to 
Richelieu. 

1629. Richelieu mediates peace between Sweden and Poland.373 Gustavus 
Adolphus (with the promise of subsidies of France) lands an army in Pomerania. 

1631. Treaty between France and Sweden. 

(1629, after the death of Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua,4 Charles, Duke of Nevers, 
and Ferdinand of Guastalla pretenders to it. Former supported by France, latter by 
Austria. French army forces the pass of Susa, confirms Nevers.) 374 

1632. Battle of Liitzen. Gustav Adolphus +. 

1634. Defeat of the Swedes at NOérdlingen. Direct participation of France in the 
war of Germany. France takes possession of Alsace, after its fortified places were 
given up to the French by their Swedish allies. New league with the Netherlands set 
on foot by Richelieu. Elector of Saxe goes over to the Emperor; peace of Prague.375 

War simultaneously recommenced in Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, on the 
Rhine and the Danube. Richelieu invades Spain. (1635) Marshals Chatillon and 
Brézé entered the Netherlands; Créqui, in unison with the Duke of Savoy, in Italy; 
Gueébriant and Turenne cooperate with the Swedes on the Rhine, another body 
penetrates into Spain. 

Austria and Spain on the one side; France, Sweden, and the 
Netherlands on the other the principals. 

1637. Ferdinand II ¢ Ferdinand III Emperor. 

1640. Fresh war in Hungary about to commence by George Rakoczy,8 Prince of 
Transylvania, in alliance with France and Sweden; the latter (France) ditto with the 
Catalonians, where a rise [takes place]. Revolution in Portugal; expulsion of the 
Spaniards. Emperor assured by a truce with the Turks, then masters of the half of 
Hungary. Victories of the French army in Italy, Spain, Flanders, on the Rhine. 

4a Gabor Bethlen.— Ed. 

6 Paul V.— Ed. 

© Henrietta Maria.— Ed. 

¢ Vincenzo II Gonzaga.— Ed. 
¢ Johann Georg I.— Ed. 

f Victor Amadeus I.— Ed. 

8 Gyorgy I Rakéczy.— Ed. 

Extracts from Imre Szab6’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 511 

4 December 1642. Richelieu t. 1643. Louis XIII t. Mazarin (Anne’s of Spain 
Regency).376 

1645. Assembling of the Plenipotentiaries at Miinster (chiefly there treated the 
affairs of Sweden and the Protestants), and Osnabruck? (the affairs of France 
principally).377 (155 negotiators.) (Savoy ally of France.) 

Circular of the French ambassador: “the interests of France identical with German 
liberty”. Victories by French and Swedes. 

“The Hollanders no more feared their hereditary enemies, the Spaniards, but 
the French, their ancient allies, now the object of their distrust” (Bougeant >). 
“They (the Hollanders) insensibly came to the conviction that security consisted in 
having the Spaniards as a barrier against France” (l.c.). Preliminary agreement between 
the Spanish and Dutch ambassadors. 

1648, Victories of the Swedes. Ratification of peace between Spain and 
Holland.378 

October 1648. Peace. (Spain excluded from it.) 

France obtained: Upper and Lower Alsace, Brisac,© right of keeping a garrison in 
Philipsburg, the three bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun. Sweden received 
Higher Pomerania, Stettin, Gortz, etc., port of Wismar; bishoprics of Verden and 
Bremen, with vote in the German diet. Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Hanover, 
Hesse, etc., compensated chiefly by ecclesiastical property. (Pignerol,4 formerly 
belonging to Savoy, [turned over] to France.) In Italy Austria confirmed in Milan 
and Tuscany. Acknowledged independence of Holland and Switzerland 

(de facto since 1315). 

With reference to religion all settled on the basis of the peace of Passau and 
Augsburg (1552 and 1556). Emperor grants general amnesty to the empire, except 
his own provinces. 

(Bohemia forgotten.) 379 

Weakening of the younger house of Austria. 

IV) 1648-1660. Gallo-Spanish War. 
Peace of the Pyrenees 

Cromwell. 

1654. War in Flanders between Mazarin and Spain. 

1654. Peace between England and Holland.380 

1655. Coalition between England and France. Commercial English treaty with 
France. 1657 Cromwell sends the French an aid of 6,000 men, acquires Dunkirk. 

1657. + Ferdinand II. 1658 Leopold Emperor. Cromwell f. 

1657. Coalition against Sweden of Denmark, Poland, Muscovy, Austria. (Charles 
Gustavus king of Sweden.) His only ally: Prince Rakoczy of Transylvania. 

1659. Conferences between Mazarin and Don Louis de Haro, on the island of 
Pheasants (in the river of Bidasoa). Marriage between Louis XIV and Maria 

 Osnaburg.— Ed. 

b Guillaume Hvyacinthe Bougeant, Histotre du traité de Westphalie, ou des 
négociations qui se firent a Miinster et a Osnabriig, pour établir la paix entre toutes les 
puissances de (Europe, Paris, 1751.— Ed. 

© Breisach.— Ed. 

4 Pinerolo.— Ed. 

512 Karl Marx 

Theresa, daughter of Philip IV (entire renunciation on the part of the Infanta). 
Treaty of the Pyrenees.381 France gets in the Low Countries the county of Arras, 
several places in Flanders, Hainault and the Duchy of Luxemburg. On the 
Pyrenees Roussillon and Conflans.2 Duke of Lorraine bound to allow a military 
passage to France. 

March 1661 Mazarin ft. 

1654. Queen Christina resigns in favour of Charles X (son of the sister of 
Gustav Adolphus>). He is allied with the elector of Brandenburg, invades Poland. 
Then league of Denmark with Muscovy, Holland against him. 1660 he compels the 
Danes to peace, gets Scania, Oeland,€ several places on the island of Rigen, 
exemption from the Sound Duties.°8? 1660 Charles X +; his son, Charles XI, 
succeeds. Renews treaty with Denmark, makes peace of Oliva with Poland, which 
cedes to him Livonia, Esthonia, and Oesel. 1661 peace with Muscovy on the status 
quo ante bellum. 

“Thus did Sweden confirm its preponderance in the north, at the very moment 
when France became all-powerful in the south and west of Europe.” 

V) 1660-1697. Wars of Louis XIV. Peace of Ryswick 

Restoration in England. 

Dunkirk sold to Louis XIV by Charles II. War between England and Holland. 
England by De Ruyter and Tromp forced to peace of Breda (1667). (Louis XIV 
acted in this war with Holland.) Louis XIV assists Portugal against Spain. 

1665. Philip IV of Spain (Louis XIV’s father-in-law) +. Carlos II (scarcely 4 
years old, his son). (Philip IV’s 2™4 daughter! consort of the Emperor Leopold.) 
Louis XIV lays claim by the “right of devolution’ to the Spanish Netherlands. 

1667. Louis XIV (Turenne) conquers greatest part of the Spanish Netherlands. 
1668 (winter) subdues Franche-Comté. 

January 23, 1668. Triple Alliance between England, Holland and Sweden. 
France was to relinquish its conquests in the Spanish Netherlands or Franche- 
Comte. 

May 1668. Louis XIV at Aix-la-Chapelle peace with Spain (retains his conquests 
in the Netherlands, relinquishes Franche-Comté). 

1670. Conspiracy of the nobles in Hungary against the Habsburg rule. Leopold 
treaty with Louis XIV. Hungary subdued, Leopold turned to the Dutch. 

1671. Secret treaty of Louis XIV with Charles Il of England. 

1672. French invasion of Holland. 

1673. Charles forced to abandon the French alliance. Coalition of Spain, the 
Emperor, Brandenburg, Holland, Denmark against France. Sweden her only ally. 
Theatre of war from Holland transferred to the Spanish Netherlands and the 
German frontiers. 

1675. Negotiations commence at Nimeguen,» where: 

10 August 1678. Separate treaty between Louis XIV and Holland. September 
1678 Spain made peace. Abandons Franche-Comté for the restitution of some 

a Albertville — Ed. 

b Catherine.— Fd. 

¢ Frederick William.— Ed. 
d Malmoéhus.— Ed. 

€ Halland.— Ed. 

f Margarita Theresa.— Ed. 
8 Leopold I.— Ed. 

h Nijmegen.— Ed. 

Extracts from Imre Szab6é’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 513 

places in the Spanish Netherlands. Finally Leopold makes peace 385; Louis stipulates 
with Denmark, Brunswick, Brandenburg for the restitution to Sweden of the 
conquests made upon her during the war. Louis XIV triumphs at the coast of Sicily 
over the united fleets of Holland and Spain. But the peace of Nimeguen did not 
settle Louis’ right over a few towns in Alsace. 

1681. Chamber of Reunion in Metz.386 

Emperor tries to make war; but war with Hungary and Turkey; 1684 makes 
peace with Louis XIV at Ratisbonne.? 

1686. League between Holland, Austria, Savoy, Brandenburg. 

1688. Louis XIV sends an army to the Rhine. Accession of William III in 
England. Great offensive alliance against France (England, Holland, Emperor 
Leopold, Spain, Brandenburg, Victor Amadeus of Savoy). 

1689. Declaration of war against France by Holland, England, Spain, and 
Austria.> (Separate treaty between Holland, England and the Emperor in May 
1689.) (Emperor or his heirs shall be assisted in taking the eventual succession of 
the Spanish Monarchy. His son, Joseph, king of Hungary, shall be elected Emp. of 
Germany.) (France to be reduced to the terms of the treaties of Westphalia and the 
Pyrenees.) 

August 1696. Separate peace at Turin between Louis XIV and Victor Amadeus 
of Savoy. Pignerol given up to Savoy. 

1697. Peace of Ryswick.387 First peace between France, Holland and England. 
Then Spain. Mutual restitution. July 1697 peace with the Emperor. Kiel, Fribourg, 
Brisac, Philipsburg exchanged by Louis XIV for Strasburg. Apart from this, 
restitution of all places acquired during the war, beyond Alsace. 

VI) 1697-1715. War of the Spanish Succession. 
Peace of Utrecht 

October 11, 1698. Partition treaty (of Spain) at the Hague between Louis XIV and 
William III. (Two Sicilies, Tuscany, Guipuscoa allotted to the Dauphin.‘ Milan to 
archduke Charles, 2" son of the emperor. Spain and its other possessions to the 
Elector of Bavaria‘? and his heirs.) 

February 1698. t the Elector of Bavaria. 

March 11, 1700. Second Partition Scheme between William and Louis. 

(Dauphin to receive, besides the dominions in the 1‘ treaty, Lorraine, for which 
Milan to the Duke of Lorraine. All the other dominions of the Spanish crown to 
the Archduke Charles.) 

1699. Peace of Carlowitz between the Porte, Austria, Venice, and Poland. 

1700. League between Czar Peter, Poland and Denmark against Sweden, defeat 
of the Russians at Narva by Charles XII. 

October 1700. Will of Carlos H, appointing the Duke of Anjou, 2™ son of the 
Dauphin, his heir. November 1700 Carlos II t. Philip V acknowledged by Duke of 
Savoy, Duke of Mantua,f Portugal, and lastly, King William. 

a Regensburg.— Ed. 

b Marx took this from the chronological table at the end of Szabd’s book, 
p. 384.— Ed. 

© Louis.— Ed. 

d Joseph Ferdinand.— Ed. 

€ Philip of Anjou (Philip V).— Ed. 

f Ferdinando Carlo, Gonzaga di.— Ed. 

514 Karl Marx 

February 1701. Louis XIV marches troops into the Spanish Netherlands which 
he forces the Dutch garrisons to evacuate; letter patent by which he acknowledges 
the right of Philip to succeed to the throne of France.@ 

September 1701. Second Great Alliance.388 James II +. Louis XIV acknowledges 
the Pretender.> William +. Partial war between Austria and France in Italy.589 

1702. Queen Anne renews the alliance. May. War against France declared by 
England, Holland, Emperor.¢ (Portugal, Hanover, Prussia accede) ([also] several of 
the smaller German states). (Bavaria, Brunswick, Cologne, Duke of Savoy for Louis 
XIV.) 

1704. Gibraltar captured by the English. 1706 victory of Ramillies (Marl- 
borough). Civil war in Hungary.39° Austria conquers Naples. 

1707. Charles XII in Saxony. 

(Hungary in war against Austria since 1703.) 

1709. Battle of Pultava.4 Charles XII to Turkey. 

1710. Declarations of war by the Porte to Russia. 

1711. Peace of the Pruth between Turkey and Russia. Preliminaries of Peace 
between England and France. 

April 1711. + Emperor Joseph. The Archduke Charles, his son,€ heir to all his 
dominions. 

In the preliminaries (between England and France): 

Dunkirk demolished; Gibraltar and Port Mahon, Newfoundland and Hudson 
Bay for England. 

January 12, 1712. General Congress opened at Utrecht. (Philip renounces his 
claims to France.) (Duke of Berry and Duke of Orleans renounce their claims to 
Spain.) 

April 1713. Peace of Utrecht concluded between England, France, Spain and 
Holland. France ceded to England, besides the above, her possessions in the island 
of St. Christopher, Nova Scotia, Port Royal. In the name of Spain Louis ceded 
Upper Guelder to Prussia, acknowledged the king-title of Frederick I, and his 
sovereignty over Neufchatel. Savoy received Sicily and the right of succession [to 
the] throne, in default of the issue of Philip V. Frontier between France and Savoy 
the summits of the Alps. Holland obtains a commercial treaty and the exchange of 
a few places. April 11, 1713. Commercial treaty between France and England. 

1711. Hungary pacified by the treaty of Szatmar. Czar Peter promised to assist 
him with 30,000 men, if allowed to keep Livonia as a fief of the German empire. 
Short campaign, France on the Rhine superior to Austria. 

Sept. 7, 1714. Peace of Baden between France and Austria. France acknowledges 
the right of the Emperor to Naples, Milan, Tuscany, Spanish Netherlands; restores 
Brisac and Fribourg. Electors of Bavaria and Cologne to be restored to their states. 

1715. New league against Sweden joined by George I and Prussia. 

Philip V not yet acknowledged by Austria. Not until 1715 treaty between 
Holland and Austria, which concedes Holland a few places in the Spanish 
Netherlands, in addition to the right of garrisoning several other places. 

1 September 1715. Louis XIV f. 

a Szab6 has “formal renunciation on the part of Philip V of the throne of 
France” (Vol. I, p. 167).— Ed. 

b James Stuart.— Ed. 

© Leopold I.— Ed. 

4 Poltava.— Ed. 

¢ A slip of the pen. It should read “his brother” .— Ed. 

f Charles VI.— Ed. 

Extracts from Imre Szabé’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 515 

VID) 1715-1721 

George I [and] Duke of Orleans united in league against Spain. 
(Alberoni.) 

1699. Peace of Carlowitz. Peter gets Azov; abandonment of all Hungary to 
Austria save the Banat; Morea rendered back to Venice; Podolia and Ukraine to 
Poland. 

Under the treaty between England (Hanover), Prussia, Poland (Saxony) and 
Denmark, the Czar received the Baltic provinces; Prussia Stettin and dependencies, 
August of Saxony rex Poloniae Courland, Hanover Bremen-Verden, Denmark the 
island of Rugen with a part of Swedish Pomerania.* 1719. Aaland conferences 
opened on April 24.39! Agreed in Aaland isles that: Czar assists Charles XII to re- 
cover from Prussia Stettin and the part of Pomerania occupied by Prussian troops. 
Czar assists Sweden with 20,000 men for carrying on the war in Germany, and 
assists Charles to acquire Norway as indemnity for the Baltic provinces ceded to 
Russia. Czar assists Charles to gain back Bremen and Verden from George I, etc. 

(also Restoration of Stuarts). 

Death of Charles XII. Peace of the new Swedish Government with England, 
Denmark and Prussia. 

(Treaty of Stockholm, November 1, 1719.) 

Treaty of Nystadt (in Finland), August 30, 1721. (Sweden cedes Livonia, Esthonia, 
Ingria, part of Carelia, district of Wiborg, islands Oesel, Dago, Moen, and the other 
islands off the coasts of the said provinces. Czar restores Finland except a part, to 
be determined at the regulation of the frontiers.) 39? 

(Under the peace of Stockholm Schleswig fell to Denmark. Peter 
marries his daughter Anne to Duke of Holstein,” takes up his 
“rights”. Originally, he in alliance with Denmark against this Duke.) 

“Transformation of the north of Europe, based on the dismemberment of Sweden.” 

VI) 1715-1740. General Embroilment of Europe 

War between Spain and Austria in Italy. Austria supported by 
England. War of England and France against Spain. 

Alberoni sent into exile. 

January 1720. Spain accedes to the Quadruple Alliance.?9 Sicily made over to 
the Emperor,‘ Savoy receives Sardinia in exchange for it. Parma, Placentia,@ 
Tuscany promised, on the death of the last Medici,¢ to Don Carlos, son of Philip V 
by his second wife, Elizabeth of Parma. 

4 Marx put this paragraph after the words “1719. Aaland conferences opened 
on April 24”. The editors have transferred it to maintain the chronological 
order.— Fd. 

b Charles I.— Ed. 

© Charles VI.— Ed. 

4 Piacenza.— Ed. 

€ Cosimo III.— Ed. 

516 Karl Marx 

1724. Congress of Cambray (England, France, Spain, and Austria). 

1725. Secret treaties between Spain and Austria. Counter-treaty of Hanover. 3% 

1728. (Opened 14 June) Congress of Soissons. 

1729. Peace of Seville between Spain, England and France. 

1731. Treaty of Vienna between Austria, England and Holland. Death of king 
Augustus. 

September 1733. Stanislaus Leszinsky proclaimed king of Poland. Russia (ruled by 
Anne since 1730) with Austria (Karl VI) are for the son@ of the deceased king, who 
promised the emperor the guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction,39 and to the 
Czarina not to reclaim Courland, formerly a fief of Poland. War about the crown of 
Poland. France attacks Austria. 

Marshal Berwick operates on the Rhine. Another French army, under Villars, 
crosses the Alps, and, joined by Charles Emanuel of Sardinia, drove the Austrians 
from Milan. Shortly atterwards Don Carlos (of Spain) (son of Elizabeth) penetrated 
into Naples and Sicily, where he was proclaimed king, dispersing (with the aid of 
the population, exasperated at the tyranny of the Austrian rule) the whole imperial 
army; and there was soon nothing left in Italy in Austrian hands, save the fortress 
of Mantua. Only 1,500 French troops sent to Danzic. 

1735. Peace of Vienna (October) between France and Austria. (August III of 
Saxony shall be king of Poland. Stanislaus, with the kingly title, receives the Duchies 
of Lorraine and Bar, to revert after his death to France. Don Carlos retains Naples, 
Sicily, and the Austrian coast of Tuscany.) The Duke of Lorraine receives in 
exchange for his hereditary dominions the possession of Tuscany. Sardinia shall 
receive Novara, Tortona, and a few other places in the Milanese. Parma and Piacenza to 
be given to the Emperor. All the other conquests made by the allied armies to be 
restored. Guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction by France, Spain, the maritime powers 
and Russia. (Marie Therese, the Emperor’s daughter, marries Francis of Lorraine.) 

1736. Russo-Austrian war against the Porte. Russians invade the Crimea. 
Munich takes Perekop, lays waste the southern part of the peninsula. 

1737. Munich takes Oczakow. Gen. Lascy (Russ) again penetrates into the 
Crimea. Congress of Niemirov. Russia demanded: 1) the abolition of all former 
treaties; 2) cession of the Crimea, the Kuban, and the other Tartar provinces; 3) 
independence of the Danubian provinces, under the protectorate of Russia; 4) Czar 
to be acknowledged (his title as Emperor); 5) free navigation in the Euxine,° the 
Bosphorus, the Hellespont, and the Mediterranean. 

Austria asked large territories beyond the Danube, including Belgrade, Widdin, 
several portions of Moldavia and Wallachia. 

1739. Peace of Belgrade: Everything restituted to the Porte except Azov. Further: 
The Porte remained in the possession of Belgrade, Orsova, and the disputed parts 
of Wallachia and Bosnia. (Never had Hungary had a better opportunity for 
recovering her independence. Rakoczy, ex-prince of Transylvania, in Turkey 
together with anti-Austrian Hungarian chiefs.) 

War in India4 between Spain and England. English declaration of war against 
Spain.¢ 

4 Augustus II].— Ed. 

b Francis Stephen (Francis 1).— Ed. 

¢ The Black Sea.— Ed. 

d Szab6 has “in the Indies”. This refers to the West Indies.— Ed. 

€ Marx took this sentence from the chronological table at the end of Szabd’s book, 
p. 386.— Ed. 

Extracts from Imre Szabé’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 517 

1740. + Frederick William I, of Prussia; + Emperor Charles VI; + Anna of 
Russia. 

1713-1740. Barren unison of France with England. Pitiable state of Sweden, 
divided into Hat (French) and Bonnet (Russian) parties, the latter of which soon 
gained the ascendancy. 

IX) 1740-1763. Austrian Succession War. 
Seven Years War 

1740. Invasion of Silesia by Frederick II. 

1741. Treaty of Nymphenburg, based on the partition of Austria (between France, 
Elector of Bavaria,? Spain, August III (of Saxony and Poland), and Prussia). 
Habsburg saved by Hungarian enthusiasm, and the treacherous policy and half 
measure of Cardinal Fleury. {741 (spring). Fred. II marches into Moravia. 
Sardinia, subsequently gained over to the other side, prepares for the invasion of 
Milan. 

1742. England declares for Austria. June 11 peace at Breslau between Frederick 
and Austria (he gets Lower Silesia). War between France and Austria goes on in 
Germany and Italy. Frankfort (1742) Charles VII (Bavaria) crowned Emperor. 

To prevent Russia from rendering aid to Maria Theresia, French bring about a 
Russo-Swedish war; soon ended to Russia’s profit. 1743 peace of Abo; Sweden to 
cede different places in Finland; to designate, at the behest of the Czarina,> the 
Duke of Holstein Gottorp,© successor to the Swedish crown. 

1745. Treaty of Warsaw between England, Saxony and Austria against 
Frederick. 

(1743. Treaty of Worms between Austria, England and Sardinia.) Frederick again 
enters the French alliance. 

(1744. Spring. France and England declare war against each other.)4 

1745 (December). Peace of Dresden between Frederick and Austria: renewal of 
the treaty of Breslau, by which Frederick retained Silesia, promising his vote to 
Francis of Lorraine, consort of Maria Theresia. Emperor Charles Albert of Bavaria 
had died, his son had made peace with Maria Theresia. (This the second separate 
Austro-Prussian peace.) 

This peace enabled Maria Theresia to send large reinforcements to Italy where 
Milan, Parma and Piacenza had fallen into the hands of the Gallo-Spanish armies; 
scale turned. 

England victorious in the Indies and the Mediterranean. Philip V of Spain ¢. 
Withdrawal of the Spanish troops from Italy. While Belleisle beaten in Italy, 
victories of Marshal de Saxet and Lowendal in the Netherlands. Saxe in 1747 
progresses through the territories of the Dutch Republic, reduction of the fortress 
Bergen-op Zoom. Maritime victories by the Engl. admirals Anson, Warren and 
Hawke. Russian army of 40,000 set in motion by Elizabeth, allured by the promise 
of English subsidies. 

a Charles VII (Charles Albert).— Ed. 

b Elizabeth (Petrovna).— Ed. 

© Adolphus Frederick.— Ed. 

4 Marx put this after the words “1745 (December). Peace of Dresden between 
Frederick and Austria”. The editors have transferred it in accordance with Marx’s 
marginal notes.— Ed. 

¢ Maximilian III Josef.— Ed. 

f Maurice von Saxe.— Ed. 

518 Karl Marx 

1748. October. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle which Maria Theresia could not but 
accept. Restitution of conquests by France and England. France gave up for Cape 
Breton the places in the Netherlands, and restored to England Madras; dispute 
about the frontiers in Canada left for subsequent decision. Parma, Piacenza, 
Gustalla* given to Don Philip and his male heirs. Sardinia remains in status quo, 
Assiento treaty for England prolonged for 4 years, guarantee of the English 
succession, expulsion of the Stuarts from France. Guarantee of the Pragmatic 
Sanction, confirmation of Lower Silesia to Frederick If. Germs of the new war the 
pending differences between France and England. 

1751-3. Kaunitz’ secret negotiations at Paris. Makes first abbé de Bernis, then 
Duc de Choiseu! Minister. 

1754, War recommences between France and England in America; dispute 
about the boundaries of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, ceded to England in the Utrecht 
treaty 995; building of French forts along the Ohio, occupation by the French of the 
neutral islands of the Antilles, Tobago, St. Vincent, St. Lucia. 

January 1756. Anglo-Prussian treaty of Westminster. Against it Gallo-Austrian 
defensive alliance of Versailles (May 1756). At the same time negotiations between 
Austria, Saxony, and (Elizabeth) Russia. June 1756. Capture of Fort Mahon by the 
French. Frederick defeats the Saxons at Pirna (surrender of 18,000 men) (autumn 
1756). 

1757 (winter). Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and several! “circles” of Germany 
collect force of 400,000 men against Frederick. Spring 1757 Fred. beats the 
Austrians at Prague; beaten by Daun at Collin,> forced to retreat to Saxony. Defeat 
of the Hanovero-Hessian troops by Richelieu.397 (Convention at Closter Seven, by 
which Duke of Cumberland bound to disband the Han. Hess. troops.) Frederick 
persuades Richelieu to inaction, while he falls upon Soubise and the Germans 
under Prince Hildburghausen. November 5 his victory at Rosbach, while Richelieu 
remained inactive in his quarters at Halberstadt. Then to Silesia. Victory at Lissa.398 

1758. Accession of Pitt (Lord Chatham) to the head of affairs. 

December 1758. Second Gallo-Austrian treaty at Versailles. Louis XV engages to 
subsidise the Swedes, to maintain 100,000 army (French) in Germany, and to 
maintain also the Saxon army—-Silesia and Glatz to be restituted to the empress,¢ 
the Rhenish provinces to be conquered from Prussia, to be ceded to Austria, the 
revenues, however, during the time of war, to be given to France. France forgot 
her maritime war,39° to fight the battles of Austria. 

1759. Defeat of Prussians at Hochkirchen. 

1759-60. English victorious in the East Indies, in America (capture of Quebec by 
Wolfe, hence, the conquest of Canada) and in the West Indies. 

Choiseul in Austria’s interest. 

1761. Family compact between the French and Spanish Bourbons. Chatham will 
anticipate Spain. Supplanted by Lord Bute. Invasion of Portugal by Spain. 

January 1762. + Elizabeth of Russia. Peter IIT emperor. The propositions made 
to the Czar by Lord Bute, through the Russian minister, Prince Golitsin, to reduce 
Prussia to peace on any conditions, declined. 

(Fred. II informed of these despatches by Peter III.) 

Bute’s secret negotiations with Austria for the dismemberment of Prussia met 
with no better success. 
* Guastalla.- -- Ed, 
b Kolin Fd. 
“Faria Vheresa— Ed. 

Extracts from Imre Szab6’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 519 

February 1763. Peace between England, France, Spain at Paris. England received 
Nova Scotia, Canada, Cape Breton, while France a share in the fisheries of 
Newfoundland. Mississippi declared the boundary between Louisiana and the 
British settlements. France yielded to England, in the West Indies, Grenada and 
the neutral islands of St. Vincent, Domingo,? Tobago. In Africa the English 
restored Gorea, retained Senegal; Menorca restored to England. France recovered 
her small possessions in the East Indies, but engaged to maintain no troops in 
Bengal. Spain gave up to England Florida, confirms her right to cut logwood in the 
bay of Honduras, but Spain replaced in Cuba and Havanah. Portugal in the status 
quo ante bellum. 

Peace at Hubertusburg4°° between Fred. and Austria (nothing else than a 
confirmation of the peace at Breslau and Dresden»). (Fred.engages to give his vote 
for Archduke Joseph, son of Maria Theresa, at the pending election of the king of 
the Roumans.) No territorial change in Europe after the 7 years’ war. 

If Frederick raised Prussia to the rank formerly occupied by Sweden (since the 
peace of Westphalia *!), he is prudent enough to profit by, but too weak to arrest, 
the progress of Muscovite ambition.... Fred. I] had no great political plan. Silesia his 
whole and single idea. 

The distinctive character of this period the decline of France. In the first war the 
alliances of France with Frederick, twice thrown overboard by him, failed to wrest 
the German sceptre from dilapidated Austria. In the second war, France, allied 
with that same Austria, Saxony, Sweden and Russia, failed even to dispossess 
Frederick of Silesia. 

X) 1763-1774. Partition of Poland. 
Peace of Kainardyi 

Augustus II, Saxon king of Poland, +. June 1762. Catherine usurps throne of 
Russia. Catherine and Frederick declare for Poniatowski. Defensive alliance between 
them, contains secret clause not to permit any changes in the anomalous constitution 
of Poland.#02 

1764. Russian troops march into Poland. September enthrone Poniatowski. 
Russian minister at Warsaw real president of the assemblies of Poland. Catherine 
declares for the dissidents (Greeks and Protestants), also supported by England and 
Sweden, as the guarantees of the peace of Oliva. 

Diet of 1767. Prince Repnin, the Russian ambassador, assumes the part of a 
dictator. Polish Confederacy of Bar (in Podolia). War with the Russians; the remnant 
of the Bar confederates driven into the dominions of the Porte, excited by France 
to mingle in the Russo-Polish war. At the end of 1768 or the beginning of 1769 the 
Sultan4 throws the Russian Ambassador€ in the 7 towers. 

1770. Russo-Turkish war. 

(Corsica sold to France by Genoa.)8& 

a Dominica.— Ed. 

b See this volume, p. 517.— Ed. 

© Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin.— Ed. 

4 Mustafa III.— Ed. 

e Alexei Mikhailovich Obreskov.— Ed. 

f Marx took this from the chronological table at the end of Szabd’s book, 
p. 386.— Ed. 

8 Marx put this after the words “1772. Partition of Poland”. The editors have 
transferred it in accordance with the way the material is presented in Szabd’s 
book.— Ed. 

520 a Karl Marx 

1772. Partition of Poland. By the partition Prussia obtained West Prussia (600,000 
souls; master of the Vistula, the inlets and outlets of Polish commerce); Catherine: 
Lithuania and the country between the rivers Dvina and Dnieper (1,800,000 souls); 
Austria: Lodomeria, Gallicia, and other parts surrounding Hungary (3,000,000 
souls). 

July 1774. (Peace of Kainardji.) (Independence of the Crimea.) Azov, Kinburn, 
Kertch, Yenikale for Russia, etc. The right of Russia to make verbal applications at 
Constantinople, in behalf of Moldavia and Wallachia. 

Austria obtains the Bukovina part of Moldavia (Austria, the ally of Turkey). 

XI) 1774-1783. American War of Independence? 
Peace of Paris 

1763. Rigorous regulations (British) to prevent smuggling; stamp duty.40 

1773. Boston demonstration (ship-cargoes with tea thrown into the sea). 

December 1776. (Franklin arrives in France.) 

6 February 1778. Treaty between France and the revolted Colonies.» 

April 1778. French fleet under Count d’Estaing with a considerable land force 
sets sail for America. 

Joseph (of Austria) attempts to annex Lower Bavaria (after the death of the 
Elector Maximilian Joseph) to Austria. 

Potato war.*4 

He tries also to open by force of arms the free navigation of the Scheldt. 
1779. Spain joins with France in the war against England. 

1780. Russia proclaims the Armed Neutrality.© 4 

3 September 1783. Peace of Versailles between France, Spain, America, England. 
May 1784. Peace between England and Holland. 

XII) 1783-1790. Final annexation of the Crimea 
to the Russian Empire 

Austria in alliance with Russia, ready to share in the spoil. 

1790. Prusso-Turkish Alliance.... Congress of Reichenbach (entire conciliation of 
Prussia and Austria 4).... Peace of Werila (on the basis of the status quo) between 
Sweden and Russia’... Discontent of the Hungarians and Belgians... Peace of 
Szistova between Austria and Turkey +#.... Peace of Jassy (between Russia and 
Turkey).499 

Austria, since the days of Charles V, was never able either to conquer, or to 
recover, a single province. 

[Volume II}*!° 
Ia) 1790-1796 

1791, August 25. Austro-Prussian declaration of Pilnitz. 
1792 (April 20). French declaration of war against Austria. 

a Szab6 has “The war of the British-American colonies...” (The State Policy..., 
Vol. I, p. 296).— Ed. 

b Marx took this item from the chronological table at the end of Szabé’s book, 
p- 386.— Ed. 

© Item taken by Marx from Szabo’s chronological table (ibid., p. 387).— Ed. 

Extracts from Imre Szabé’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 521 

1792 (July 25, Coblenz). Brunswick’s proclamation. 

1793, 21 January. Louis Capet executed. 

1793, 25 March. Convention of Pitt with Russia, followed by treaties of alliance 
and subsidies with Sardinia, Spain, the Bourbon Princes of Italy, Prussia, Austria, 
Portugal, and several petty states of Germany 

(against France). 

1s Coalition. (While sending his troops into the heart of France, the Prussian 
king? plotted with Catherine a second partition of Poland.) 
July 1793. Second partition of Poland. Prussia: Danzic and Thorn. 

(The new constitution of Poland had been proclaimed May 3, 
1791.) (Throne hereditary.) (Russian campaign in Poland 1792.) 
(Convention between Prussia and Russia of St. Petersburg, January 
23, 1793. Prussians enter Poland. Russia got nearly the half of 
Lithuania (the Palatinates of Podolia, Polotsk and Minsk, the half 
of Novogrodek,°” Brest, Volhynia) (3 millions of inhabitants).‘ 

Catherine vehemently inveighed against France, keeping her forces at home. 
April 1794. (Subsidiary agreement between Prussia and England.) 

March 24, 1794. Kosciuszko (dictator). Insurrection at Warsaw 
and Vilna. Austria despatches also an army. November 9, 1794. 
Suworow enters Warsaw. 

3 January 1795. Separate Declaration of Petersburg between 
Austria and Russia (relating to the division). October 24, 1795. 
Prussia signs with Austria the convention of Petersburg. Cracow 
for Austria. Russia obtained the remainder of Poland and 
Lithuania as far as the Niemen, and the confines of Brest and 
Novogrodek, greater part of Samogitia, all of Courland and 
Semigalia. In little Poland that part of the territory of Chelm 
situated on the right bank of the Bug, and the remainder of 
Volhynia. (1,200,000.) 

Austria [obtains], besides principal part of Cracow, Palatinates of 
Sandomir and Lublin, part of the district of Chelm, Palatinates of 
Brest, Podolactia* and Masovia (on the left bank of the Bug) 
(about 1 million of souls). 

Prussia part of Masovia and Podolactia on the right bank of the 
Bug, in Lithuania part of the Palatinate of Troki and Samogitia 
and small district in little Poland, part of the Palatinate of Cracow 
(about 1 million). 

a Frederick William I1.— Ed. 

b Novogrudok.— Ed. 

¢ This paragraph is not based on Szab6’s book, but on some other source.— Ed. 
4d Podlachia.— Ed. 

18* 

522 Karl Marx 

III partition of Poland 

Russia hitherto the greatest gainer by the French war. The first in impressing 
upon England, Austria, Prussia the dangers of the revolutionary principles, 
Catherine pursued her separate interests, without furnishing a single Cossack or a 
single rouble for the “common cause”. Her few vessels sent to the assistance of 
England had the appearance of mockery. 

5 April 1795. Basel Peace of France with Prussia. Definite and secret treaty in 
August. Prussia ceded her possessions on the left bank of the Rhine, to be 
indemnified by the secularisation of several German bishoprics. Spain follows. 
(France holds only Spanish part of St. Domingo.*!!) Tuscany [made] peace with 
France earlier on. Two powers of the Baltic neutral. England now only with 
Sardinia and Austria. Belgium incorporated into France. Parts of Holland ceded to 
France.*!2 

IIa) 1796-1801 (peace of Luneville) 

April 1796. (3 consecutive battles—Bonaparte—decide the fate of Sardinia.) 
(France obtained Savoy, Nice and the right to occupy several fortresses.) Bonaparte 
in Lombardy. The colonies of the Batavian republic had fallen into the hands of 
Great Britain. 

Catherine t 17 November 1796. 

18 April 1797. Peace preliminaries at Leoben signed by Austria. 

Cisalpine Republic (Modena, Ferrara, Romagna, Mantua). Ligurian republic 
(Genoa, etc.) 

17 October 1797. Peace of Campoformio. (Austria renounces the Netherlands, 
consents to the acquisition of the left bank of the Rhine by France. Receives Venice 
and the Dalmatian part of the Venetian territory. Albania and the Venetian or Ionian 
islands become French.) 4!5 

(May 19, 1798. Bonaparte leaves Toulon for Egypt.) (Malta Bonaparte conquers 
in June 1798.)4 March 15, 1798. Rastatt Congress.4\4 

December 1798. Treaty between England and Russia. (Both [form] separate alliance 
with Turkey and Sicily.) Swiss Republic under French Protectorate. Occupation by 
the French of the Papal states. 

Second Coalition. 

April 1799. Dissolution of the Rastatt Congress. 

Austria enters the 274 coalition. By and by Portugal, Bavaria, Elector of 
Mayence,> Duke of Wirttemberg< enter it. War in Italy and Germany. Naples 
overthrown. Parthenopean Republic4!5 Piedmont [becomes] French under false 
pretences (de facto. Charles Emanuel IV withdraws to Sardinia.) 

(9 October 1799. Bonaparte lands in France.) 

June 14, 1799. Marengo. British take Malta. Emperor Paul: armed neutrality with 
Denmark, Sweden and ‘Prussia. 

March 23, 1801. Paul t. Alexander I. 

9 February 1801. Peace of Luneville. (Rhine recognised by Austria as the 
boundary of France. Division of Venetian territory. Cession of Belgium to France.) 
(Cisalpine, Ligurian, Helvetian, Batavian republics recognised.) 

a Marx took this from the chronological table at the end of Szabé’s book.— Ed. 
b Friedrich Karl Joseph, Baron of Erthal.— Ed. 
© Frederick I.— Ed. 

Extracts from Imre Szabé’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 523 

IIIa) 1801-1805 

January 1802. Bonaparte president of the Italian republic. 

27 March 1802. Peace of Amiens (France, England, Spain, Holland). (England 
retains Trinidad and Ceylon.) (Malta to be evacuated by the English, independent.) 
(France promises to evacuate Naples, Papal states; England all the ports and islands 
in the Mediterranean and Adriatic. Republic of the Ionian islands, integrity of 
Turkey guaranteed.) 

“May 18, 1803. England declares war to France. 

May 18, 1804. Bonaparte Emperor. 2 December 1804 crowned by Pope.? 

IVa) 1805-1807. 3% Coalition. Peace of Tilsit 

Petersburg the pivot of new combinations against France. 

11 April 1805. Coalition Treaty between England and Russia. (Sweden already 
bound to England» by a treaty of December 1804, by which Stralsund was made 
the dépot of the English.) 

Declar. Petersburg of August 9, exchanged between Austria with 
England and Russia. 

17 October 1805. Capitulation of Ulm. 2 December Austerlitz. 

26 December 1805. Separate peace of Pressburg (Austria and Bonaparte). (Napoleon 
recognised as king of Italy. Austria loses her Venetian part. Cedes Tyrol to 
Bavaria; other parts to Baden and Wirttemberg. Bavaria and Wurttemberg 
kingdoms, Baden Grand Duchy.) 

January 23, 1806. Pitt +. Fox negotiates with France. Russia thwarts the peace 
negotiations. September 13, 1806. Fox f. 

July 12, 1806 (Paris. Confederation of the Rhine, 16 German 
princes.) 

6 August 1806. Austria resigns the title of German Emperor. 
(Empire at an end.) 

October 14, 1806. Battle of Jena and Auerstadt. 

June 14, 1807. Battle of Friedland. 

July 7, 1807. Peace of Tilsit. (Warsaw and part of West Prussia given to August 
III (Saxony) and raised into a kingdom; East Prussia to the Czar. Secret articles: 
Moldavia and Wallachia to Russia, Morea and Candia‘ to France, Continental 
System. Deposition of Bourbons in Spain.) 

Va) 1807-1814. (Peace of Paris) 

October 1808. Congress of Erfurt. Conquests of Russia in Sweden (Finland) and 
Turkey (Danubian Principalities). 

(At the same time the Russians engaged in backstage dealings‘ 
with Prussia and Austria against France.) 

a Pius VII.— Ed. 

b Marx has “Russia”, probably a slip of the pen.— Ed. 
¢ Crete.— Ed. ; 

d The original is illegible here.— Ed. 

524 Karl Marx - 

March 1809. Austrian Manifesto calls the Tyroleans to arms. Archduke John 
into Italy, Ferdinand marched upon Warsaw, Charles into Bavaria. 

12 May 1809. Napoleon enters Vienna. 5, 6 July Wagram. 10 Oct. Peace at 
Schénbrunn. (Austria cedes Carinthia, part of Tyrol, the territory of Trieste, part 
of Croatia, Hungarian Adriatic Coast with Fiume. King of Saxony received West 
Gallicia; Russia another part of Austrian Poland, for her tardy and reluctant manoeuvres 
during the campaign, as the ally of France.) (Austria had received secret assurances of the 
neutrality of the Czar.) 

September 1809. Peace of Russia with Sweden. (It obtained Finland and the Aaland 
isles.) 

December 1810. Ukase issued by Russia against the principles of the Continental 
System. 

By the end of 1811, the whole of the plots between the northern courts and the 
court of St. James ripe for execution. Pozzo di Borgo and Prince Luberminski 
channels between Petersburg and London. Bernadotte already looked upon as a 
sure card. Prussia and Russia already favoured with arms and ammunition by 
England. General rising in Italy prepared by Pozzo. 

1812. Peace of Bucharest under English mediation»; acquisition by Russia of 
Bessarabia and part of Moldavia. 

1813, February. Prusso-Russian treaty of Kalisch. 

1814, April 12. Abdication of Napoleon. 

1814, May 30. Peace of Paris. (France limits of 1792. Certain augmentations on 
the North side.°) 

Via) May 1814 to November 1815 

1 November 1814. Opening of the Congress of Vienna. 

9 January 1815. Secret treaty between Austria, France, and England. 

I March 1815. Bonaparte lands in France. 

June 18, 1815. Waterloo. (September 26, 1815. Holy Alliance.) 

End of June 1815. Congress of Vienna ends. (“Kingdom of Poland” to Russia; 
part of the Duchy of Warsaw (Posen) to Prussia. Gallicia to Austria. Prussia 
received half of Saxony, part of Swedish Pomerania, several provinces of 
Westphalia, and on the left bank of the Rhine. Belgium and Luxemburg to 
Holland. Austria obtains (in exchange for Belgium) besides its former possessions 
the whole of Venice, Mantua, etc. (Modena, Tuscany and Parma for other 
members of the Habsburg family.) Naples restored to Ferdinand.4 Genoa to 
Piedmont. Denmark must give up Norway to Sweden. Austria gets president of the 
Frankfort diet.416 Switzerland: Valois,¢ Neufchatel, Geneva added to it. Several 
settlements in the Indies, the Cape of Good Hope, Malta, the Ionian islands, 
Heligoland—spoils from France, Holland, Venice, the Knights of St. John and 
Denmark to England.) 

26 September 1815. Holy Alliance. 

20 November 1815. Second Paris Treaty. France obliged to give up several frontier 
fortresses on the side of the Rhine, Netherlands, Alps. 

a Frederick Augustus I.— Ed. 

b Marx took this sentence from the chronological table at the end of Szabd’s 
book, p. 388.— Ed. 

¢ Presumably this refers to Holland (see Szabo, The State Policy..., Vol. I, 
p. 92).— Ed. 

d Ferdinand 1.— Ed. 

€ Valais.— Ed. 

Extracts from Imre Szabé’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 525 

Vila) 1815-1825 

October 1817. Festival of the German students at Wartburg. Burschenschaft.4!7 
Abolition of the constitution (of 1812) of Sicily. Ditto of Cortes in Spain.418 

September 1818. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. Evacuation of France. The war in 
Portugal. War between Spain and her American colonies. Periodical meetings 
proposed by Metternich, to keep down the revolutionary spirit. November 15 
protocol signed with relation to those meetings. Castlereagh had signed it. France 
also taken into the Holy Alliance; [Castlereagh] departs on command of his 
ministry. (Metternich, Hardenberg, Nesselrode the triumvirate.) 

1819. Congress at Carlsbad under Austro-Prussian auspices; afterwards transfer- 
red to Vienna. Remodelled the German constitution. Police-Commission at 
Maynz.*!9 Carbonari (formed in 1809 around the throne of Emperor Francis?).42@ 
Pope? thunders against Carbonarism and Freemasons. 

January 1820. Ferdinand of Spain‘ forced to restore the constitution of the 
Cortes, ditto Ferdinand king of Naples (6 July). (General William Pepe, leader of the 
Carbonari.) 

August 1820. Proclamation issued in Lombard-Venetia by Emp. Francis I 
against Carbonarism. 

October 1820. Congress at Troppau. Armed interference against Naples proposed 
by Metternich. (Dissent of Castlereagh) (who, however, “will leave Austria 
unembarrassed in her cause”); the congress transferred to 

Laybach (1821). 

February 1821. Austrian army enters Naples under Baron Fremont.¢ Outbreak 
in Sardinia, Wallachia, Greece. Austrian armed intervention in Sardinia. 

1822. September. Congress of Verona. Protest of Canning. French intervention in 
Spain. 

28 January 1823. Crown speech of Louis XVIII. Announces the intervention in 
Spain. Alexander I distinctly announced his resolve to aid France if attacked by 
England. (Metternich began to equivocate.) 

Counter-revolution in Portugal. (1822 House of Braganza had granted constitution 
similar to that of Spain.42! (King John VI.) (Made counter-revolution with the aid 
of his son, Don Miquel and the Count Amarazda.*) Canning forbids Spanish 
Intervention; acknowledges the independence of the American Colonies.) 

December 2, 1823. Message to the American Congress of James Monroe, the President. 

1825. Mexico acknowledged by Canning. 

September 1824, Louis XVIII }. Charles X. 

1 October 1825. Alexander I (“The White Angel” of Madame de Kriidener'*) f. 
Nicolaus. 

Villa) 1825-1834 

Mohamed II (Reformer). (Mutiny of the Janissaries, discontent of the Ulemas,422 
defection of several Pashas.) (‘“Hetaria’”.) (First established in Moscow.423) 
(Alexander’s Ionian minister,424 Capo d’Istria, chief instrument in the Greek 

a Francis I.— Ed. 

b Pius VII.— Ed. 

¢ Ferdinand VII.— Ed. 

4d Johann Maria Philipp Frimont.— Ed. 

€ Dom Miguel and Count of Amarante.— Ed. 
f See this volume, p. 138.— Ed. 

526 Karl Marx 

movement.) (Ali Pasha, of Janina, gives in 1821 signal to the general rising of the 
Greeks.) (Alexander Ypsilanti in Wallachia first rising. Simultaneous risings in the 
Peloponnesus, the Archipelago, etc. Destruction of the Janissaries.) 

February 1825. Ibrahim Pasha (son of Mehemet Ali) lands in Morea. 

Quarrel of Turkey with Russia, before Alexander’s death. 

4 April 1826. Anglo-Russian Protocol (of Petersburg) on Greece. 

Treaty of Ackerman October 1826 (between Russia and Turkey). (Stipulations with 
regard to the Principalities? and Servia.) 

March 1826. King John VI of Portugal +. (His eldest son Don Pedro gives 
Portugal to his daughter Maria.) Metternich intrigues with and for the Sultan.> 

6th July 1827. Treaty (on Greece) signed in London by France, England, and Russia 
(mediation upon the belligerents). 

October 20, 1827. Navarino Disaster. (Canning meanwhile +.) 

Spring 1828. Russian army crosses the Pruth. Occupies the’ Principalities. Pozzo, 
bosom friend of La Ferronnays, French Minister, privy to every secret communication 
proceeding from Vienna. 

14 September 1829. Treaty of Adrianople; the mouth of the Danube acquired by 
Russia. Count Capo d’Istria President of Greece. 

/ 1830, July. Accession of Louis Philippe. September. Revolution in Belgium. 

1831. Rise of the Poles. Risings in Italy. Settlement of the Belgian affairs. 
Settlement of the Greek affairs.¢ 

October 1831. Finis Poloniae.4 

20 January 1831. Declaration of Belgian independence. 

1833, February. Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi (10 July).425 

7 May 1832. Otto of Bavaria King of Greece. 

(Russia which extorted, under the cover of the Greek war, the treaty of 
Ackerman, and then that of Adrianople, was the sole gainer among the European 
powers.) 

1832. On Metternich’s initiative reactionary measures in 

Germany. 
IXa) 1834-1846 

1828. (Revolt of Don Miquel.) 1832. Don Pedro lands in Terceira. 

Ferdinand of Spain + 1833. July 1, 1833. (Sir Charles Napier destroys the 
Miquelite squadrons at Cape St. Vincent.) 

April 1834. Quadruple Alliance (England, France, Spain, Portugal).426 

Treaty of July 15, 1840,427 

6 November 1846. Cracow incorporated into Austria. 

XIa) 1846-1850° 

Pope Pius IX. Swiss Confederation wages war [against the Sonderbund 428]. 
Revolution of February 1848. 

a Moldavia and Wallachia.— Ed. 

b Mahmood II.— Ed. 

¢ Marx took this item from the chronological table at the end of Szabo’s book, 
p- 389.— Ed. 

4d See this volume, p. 148.— Ed. 

€ Marx omitted Chapter X (“Theories of International Law”) of Szabd’s 
book.— Ed. 

Extracts from Imre Szab6é’s Work The State Policy of Modern Europe 527 

November 1846. Pope issues order for the convocation of a “Consulta di 
Stato” .429 
Pressburg diet of 1847. 
9 August 1848. Charles Albert (Sardinia) forced to buy the armistice at Solasco 
(lasts until mid-March 1849). 
25 November 1848. Flight of Pius. 
May 1848. Frankfort Assembly. 
March 23, 1849. Battle of Novara. 
14 April 1849. Independence of Hungary proclaimed. 
9 February 1849. Republic proclaimed at Rome. 
30 June 1849. Rome falls. 13 August 1849. Hungary surrenders. 
August 22, 1849. Venice surrenders. 
1848, July. Entry of the Russians into the Principalities. 
Duke of Genoa? becomes king of Sicily. 
1849430 February. The Russians in Transylvania. 
March 15. The Russians expelled from Transylvania. 
March 23. Defeat of the Sardinians at Novara. 
April 14. Dethronisation (Hungary) of the Habsburgs. 
February 9. Rome Republic. 
April 1849. Treaty of Balta Liman. 
April 22. French embark for Civita Vecchia. 
June. Russians enter Hungary. 
June 30. Rome surrenders to the French. 
August 13. Surrender of the chief Hungarian corps to the Russians. 
August 22. Surrender of Venice. 

XIIa) 1850-1853 

1850, January. Greece blockaded by the English. 
May 24. Three Kings’ Treaty (Prussia, Saxony, Hanover).> 
October. Warsaw conferences. 
December. Austro-Russian conferences at Dresden. 
1851, December 2. Coup d’Etat. 
1851, Russians withdraw from the principalities. 
1852, December 2. French Empire proclaimed. 
December 6. Its recognition announced in the British Parliament. 
1852, May. Danish succession treaty. 

XIlla) 1853-56°