suspected of hostility to the Second Empire. p. 456 
A reference to the Society of December 10 (see Note 18). p. 457 
See Note 148. p- 457 

In Ancient Rome Praetorians were privileged soldiers in the personal guard of 
a general or the emperor. Here Marx is referring to the French military on 
whom Napoleon III relied (see also this volume, pp. 464-67). p. 457 

Under Napoleon III’s decree of January 27, 1858 the whole of French territory 
was divided into five military districts, with Paris, Nancy, Lyons, Toulouse and 
Tours as their capitals and Marshals Magnan, Baraguay d’Hilliers, Bosquet, 
Castellane and Canrobert as their .commanders. Marx calls these districts 
pashaliks (a comparison earlier used by the French republican press), to 
emphasise the similarity of the unlimited powers of the reactionary Marshals 
and the despotic power of the Turkish pashas. Pélissier’s proposed appoint- 
ment as marshal general in 1858 remained unrealised. p.-457 

Marx is referring to Louis Bonaparte who, during the July monarchy, 
attempted to stage a coup d’état by means of a military mutiny. On October 30, 
1836 he succeeded, with the help of several Bonapartist officers, in inciting two 
artillery regiments of the Strasbourg garrison to mutiny, but they were 
disarmed within a few hours. Louis Bonaparte was arrested and deported to 
America. p. 457 

In March 1855 Napoleon III planned to go to the Crimea with the aim of 

suppressing the discontent in the army and the country, invigorating military 

actions and speeding up the capture of Sevastopol. His trip did not take place. 
p. 457 

After Orsini’s attempt on the life of Napoleon III, Count Walewski, the French 
Foreign Minister, sent a dispatch to the British Government on January: 20, 

686 Notes 

1858 expressing dissatisfaction that England should be giving asylum to French 
political refugees. The dispatch served as a pretext for Palmerston to move a 
new Alien Bill (also called Conspiracy to Murder Bill) on February 8, 1858. It 
stipulated that any Englishman or foreigner living in the United Kingdom who 
became party to a conspiracy to murder a person in Britain or any other 
country, was to be tried by an English court and severely punished. During the 
second reading of the new Alien Bill on February 19, 1858 the radicals Milner 
Gibson and John Bright moved an amendment censuring the Palmerston 
Government for not giving a fitting reply to Walewski’s dispatch. By a majority 
vote, the House of Commons adopted the amendment and rejected the Bill. 
The Palmerston Government was compelled to resign. p. 458 

In July 1854, during the Crimean war (1853-56), Marshal Saint-Arnaud 
ordered to organise an expedition under General Espinasse against the Russian 
troops in Dobrudja. However, having taken no military actions (except minor 
skirmishes with the retreating Cossacks) and having lost over half of the 
expeditionary corps due to epidemics of cholera and malaria among the 

soldiers, Espinasse returned to Varna. p. 464 
See Note 470. p. 464 
See Note 471. p. 464 

On October 10, 1850 Louis Bonaparte, then President of the French Republic, 
held a general review of troops on the plain of Satory (near Versailles). During 
this review Bonaparte, who was preparing a coup d’état, treated the soldiers 
and officers to sausages in order to win their support. p. 464 

A counter-revolutionary coup d’état of the Ninth Thermidor (July 27-28, 1794) 
overthrew the Jacobin government and established the rule of the big 
bourgeoisie. p. 465 
The Palais-Royal in Paris was the residence of Louis XIV from 1643; in 1692 it 
became the property of the Orlean branch of the Bourbons. During the Second 
Empire it was the residence of Napoleon III’s uncle, ex-King of Westphalia 
Jérome, and his son Joseph Bonaparte, hereditary Prince until the birth of 
Napoleon III’s son. 

Here Marx hints at the strained relations between Jér6me and Louis 

Bonaparte. p. 465 
The title is given according to the entry of February 26, 1858 in Marx’s 
Notebook: “Derby Ministry. Palmerston’s sham resignation”. p. 468 
See Note 464. p. 468 

As a result of the Anglo-Chinese conflict, which arose in October 1856 (see 
Note 196) and marked the beginning of the Second “Opium” War (the main 
role in the conflict was played by Yeh Ming-Chin, Governor-General of 
Kwantung and Kwangsi, who objected to the unlawful demands by the British), 
and the debate over it in the House of Commons of February 26-March 3, 
1857, the Palmerston Government was given a vote of no confidence by 263 
against 247. Making use of this, Palmerston dissolved the Parliament. The new 
elections brought victory to the government candidates even in the bulwark of 
the Opposition— Manchester and secured a majority in the House for the 
champions of aggression against China. 

On Palmerston’s resignation in 1858, see Note 474. 

Carbonari— members of secret political societies in Italy and France in the 
first half of the nineteenth century. In Italy they fought for national 

Notes 687 

independence, the unification of the country and liberal constitutional reforms. 
In France the movement was above all directed against the restored monarchy 
of the Bourbons (1815-30). In the first half of the nineteenth century the word 
“Carbonari” was synonymous with “revolutionary”. p. 468 

The Emancipation of the Catholics—in 1829 the British Parliament, under pressure 
of a mass movement in Ireland, lifted some of the restrictions curtailing the 
political rights of the Catholic population. Catholics were granted the right to 
be elected to Parliament and to hold certain government posts. Simultaneously 
the property qualification for electors increased fivefold. With the aid of this 
manoeuvre the British ruling classes hoped to win over to their side the upper 
crust of the Irish bourgeoisie and Catholic landowners and thus split the Irish 

national movement. p. 469