London, Tuesday, Sept. 20, 1853 
In my letter of July 19, I said: 

“The Western Powers [...] commence by encouraging the Sultan? to resist the 
Czar, from fear of the encroachments of Russia, and terminate by compelling the 
former to yield, from fear of a general war giving rise to a general revolution.” 

Now, at this moment the strength of the combined fleets is 
intended to be used for Russia against Turkey. If the Anglo-French 
fleet enter the Dardanelles at all, it will be done not to bombard 
Sebastopol, but to reduce to terms the Mussulmans who might 
prevent the Sultan from accepting without conditions the Vienna 
Note. 

“On the 13th of September,” says D.Urquhart, “[...]) the four Foreign 
Secretaries“ quietly assembled in Downing-st., and decided to send orders to 
Constantinople to enforce upon the Porte the withdrawal of the modifications 
which the European Conference had accepted. Not content with this, and in case 
the Sultan should find himself unable to resist the exasperation of his people, they 
send orders for the squadron to advance into the waters of the Bosphorus to 
support him against his subjects. Nor content with this, they also dispatched orders 
to Omer Pasha to forbid him from passing from one province to another in his 
Sovereign’s Dominions. 

“They have consequently contemplated the rebellion as the result of their 
dispatch, and provided means for putting it down, these means being the allied 
squadron.” 

It was from Sunday’s Journal des Débats that the English public 
became acquainted with this news. The Journal des Débats stated 
that Mr. Reeve, having left London on the 13th inst., with 
dispatches for Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, arrived in Paris on the 
morning and left it on the evening of the 14th, after he had 
communicated to the French Government the tenor of his 
instructions, ordering the English Ambassador to demand the 
entire adhesion of the Porte to the Vienna proposals, the 
retraction of its modifications of the 19th August, threatening it 
with the withdrawal of the support of the four Powers in the event 
of a war arising from its refusal to yield, and offering it the 
assistance of the French and English fleets for putting down any 
insurrection that mightbreak out in Constantinople if the Porte 
were to comply with the Vienna Note, and against Omer Pasha, if 
he dared to act in disobedience to the orders of the Porte. Before 
the arrival of the Journal des Débats, we were informed that the 
Vienna Conference, on receipt of the Emperor’s* refusal, sent 
proposals to the Sultan that he should recall his words, that he 
should sign the note he had refused to sign, and be content with 
an assurance that the Conference would put any interpretation on 
the note agreeable to the Sultan himself. The Times avoids 
speaking of the compromising revelations made by the Journal des 
Débats. So does The Morning Chronicle, The: Morning Post, and the 
whole of the governmental London press. In the meantime The 
Morning Post denounces the fanaticism of the Constantinople mob, 
The Morning Chronicle is exciting its dull readers by romantic 
descriptions of the fierce and undisciplined Asiatic hordes 
inundating European Turkey, and swelling Omer Pasha’s army; 
the gallant Globe publishes day after day carefully selected extracts 
from the peace-mongering press of the Manchester school, and, in 
due time, the respectable classes of England will be prepared “to 
annihilate Paganism,” and to shout with Prince Gorchakoff, “Long 
life to the Czar! Long life to the God of the Russians!” 

In its to-day’s number The Times discovers that “the Turkish 
question has plainly become a question of words;” the inference to be 
drawn from its premises being, that the Sultan who intends exposing 
the peace of the world for mere words, must be forcibly brought to 
reason by the more sober-minded Palmerstons and Aberdeens. The 
Czar, we are told by The Times, having preferred unjust demands 
upon the Sultan, the Sultan rejected them, the Czar seized the 
Danubian. Principalities, England and France dispatched their fleets 

to Besika Bay, and the representatives of these Powers met those of 
Austria and Prussia in Vienna. 

Why did they meet them in Vienna? In favor of Turkey, says The 
Times. 

“Not only could there be no desire of coercing the Ottoman Government, but there 
was no occasion for such an action.” 

If, then, there is now a desire on the part of the four Powers 
for coercing the Ottoman Government, “it is simply because there 
is now” an occasion for “such an action.” Would it then be wrong 
to suppose that the sole and principal aim of the Vienna 
Conference and of the interference of Palmerston and Aberdeen 
has been the affording such an occasion, that they made only a 
show of resistance to Russia, in order to gain a pretext for 
coercing Turkey into submission to her? 

“The demands of Russia,” continues The Times, were “thought 
unjustifiable by the other Great Powers, [...] incompatible with the 
sovereign rights of the Sultan,” and therefore, the Great Powers 
drew up a Note to be presented by the Sultan to the Czar, ratifying 
all the demands of the Czar and something more. 

“The terms of this document,” says The Times, “were liable to misconstruction, 
[...] but two points were unimpeachably clear—first, that the four Powers intended 
to maintain the territorial and administrative rights of the Porte; and, next, that in 
the event of dispute they would have been bound by this intention.” 

Why should the Sultan not subscribe a note derogatory of his 
sovereign rights and surrendering the protectorate of twelve 
millions of his subjects to the control of the autocrat, while he 
feels himself backed by the good “intentions” of the four Powers 
and by their being bound by hidden “good intentions” in the case of 
a dispute? As the Sultan has had occasion to learn, the four 
Powers feel themselves not bound either by the law of nations, or 
by explicit treaties, to defend him in the event of a dispute with 
Russia; why should he not trust to their valor in the event of a 
dispute arising from a note which endows Russia with open claims 
and Turkey with “hidden intentions?” 

“Let us take,” says The Times, “the extreme case of supposing that, after the 
acceptance [...] pure et simple of the original Vienna Note, the Czar should [...] have 
availed himself of those opportunities with which the note [...] is thought to have 
provided him.” 

What then? 

“The Sultan would have protested, and the case would have arisen for the 
application of the adjustment of 1853.” 

As if there had arisen no case for the application of the 
adjustment of 1840 and 1841, of the treaty of Balta-Liman,”“ and 
of the violation of the law of nations, characterized by Lord 
Clarendon himself as “an act of piracy!” 

“The ambiguity,” says The Times, “[...] would merely have misled the Emperor of 
Russia.” 

Exactly so, as the treaty of 1841 has “misled” him to keep the 
united fleets out of the Dardanelles while he himself entered the 
Principalities. 

The Sultan, however, is stiff-necked. He has refused compliance 
with a note which was able to express its good intentions for 
Turkey only by delivering her up to Russia. He proposed certain 
modifications in this note, and “the four Powers,” says The Times, 
“showed by their approval of the Turkish modifications, that they 
believed them to coincide with their own proposals.” But, as the 
Emperor of Russia is of a contrary opinion, and as The Times 
thinks it most undoubtedly true, that the Czar’s “proceedings in 
this dispute deserve no consideration whatever,” The Times comes to 
the conclusion that, as Russia will not yield to the reasonable {...] 
conditions of Turkey, Turkey must yield to the unreasonable 
conditions of Russia, and that 

“a state which [...] is yet so impotent as to require European protection at every 
menace of aggression from without or insurrection from within, must at least so far 
pay the penalty of its weakness as to receive aid indispensable to tts existence on the terms 
least onerous to its supporters.” 

The four Powers, of course, must join Russia against Turkey, 
because Turkey is supposed to want their aid in order to resist 
Russia.— Turkey must “pay the penalty for its weakness,” in 
having had recourse to the four Great Powers she is obliged by 
treaties to appeal to. 

“There is no alternative. Either the laws of England have to be exercised in their 
penal rigour upon the persons of four traitors” (Aberdeen, Clarendon, Palmerston, 
and Russell), “or the Czar of Russia commands the world.” 

Such declamation as this uttered in The Morning Advertiser by D 
Urquhart, is good for nothing. Who is to judge the four traitors? 
Parliament. Who forms that Parliament? The representatives of 
_ the Stockjobbers, the Millocrats, and the Aristocrats. And what 
foreign policy do these representatives represent? That of the paix 

partout et toujours* And who execute their ideas of foreign policy? 
The identical four men to be condemned by them as traitors, 
according to the simple-minded Morning Advertiser. One thing 
must be evident at least, that it is the Stockjobbers, and the 
Peacemongering Bourgeoisie, represented in the Government by 
the Oligarchy, who surrender Europe to Russia, and that in order 
to resist the encroachments of the Czar, we must, above ll, 
overthrow the inglorious Empire of those mean, cringing and 
infamous adorers of the veau d’or. 

Immediately after the arrival of the Vienna Note at Constan- 
tinople, the Ottoman Porte called 80,000 men of the Redifs‘ 
under arms. According to a telegraphic dispatch dated Constan- 
tinople, Sept. 5, the Turkish Ministry had resolved, after a 
conference held at the house of the Grand Vizier,’ to maintain 
their last note at the hazard of war. The enthusiasm of the 
Mussulman population has reached its highest pitch. The Sultan, 
having reviewed the Egyptian troops, and being received with 
deafening acclamations, was, after the review, lifted from his horse 
by the multitude and carried in triumph through the streets of 
Stambul. He has reiterated to the Hospodars of Moldavia and 
Wallachia* his order to quiet the Principalities. As the Russian 
subjects resident at Constantinople have been convicted of 
intriguing against the Turkish Government, Reshid Pasha has 
given a warning to the Russian Consul on their behalf. A 
Constantinople journal states that the Israelite community at 
Constantinople has offered to the Sultan a million of piasters in 
order to contribute to the expenses occasioned by the military 
preparations of the Empire. The Smyrna Israelites are said to 
have come to a similar resolution. A letter in the Vienna Presse 
informs us that several boyards have been arrested at Galatz 
because they had entered into a secret correspondence with Omer 
Pasha informing him of all details with regard to the state of the 
Russian army in the Principalities. A letter of Omer Pasha has 
been found inviting these boyards to enlist as many foreigners as 
possible. 

Prince Menchikoff had arrived at Vienna on the 13th instant, 
accompanied by a Secretary, and as the bearer of a new manifesto 
of the Emperor Nicholas, addressed to the European Powers, and 

explaining his reasons for rejecting the Turkish modifications. 
The Emperor himself will arrive at Olmütz on the 21st instant, 
accompanied by Count Nesselrode and by Baron de Meyendorff. 
The King of Prussia* whom he had summoned by Prince de 
Lieven to the Olmütz Conference, has refused to make his 
appearance on the ground that, under existing circumstances, 
such a step on his part would have too much éclat. A Russian corps 
d’armée 30,000 strong is stationed now at Krajova on the frontiers 
of Bulgaria. Until now there have existed only eight army 
commissariats in the Russian Empire. A regular ninth commis- 
sariat has just been established at Bucharest—a sure indication 
that the Russians do not think of evacuating the Principalities. 

On the 15th of Sept. the Bank of England raised its rates of 
interest to 4'/, per cent. The Money article in to-day’s Times tells us 
that “The measure is regarded with general satisfaction.” In the 
same article, however, we find it stated that, 

“at about 2 p.m. business at the Stock Exchange was in fact almost wholly 
suspended, and when the announcement was made, shortly afterward, of the 
advance to 4°/9 per cent., prices declined to 95 for money and 95'/g to |/4 for 
the 13th of Oct. A general opinion prevailed, that if the advance had been to 5 
instead of 4/9 per cent., the effect on the market would possibly have been less 
unfavorable, since the public would then have considered the probability of any 
further action to have ceased.... In the Railway market [...] a severe relapse 
occurred after the breaking up of the Bank Court, and prices of all kinds left off 
with a very unsettled appearance.” 

The writer in The Times congratulates the Bank Directors on 
their following up the policy of the Peel Act. 

“In proportion as the circulation diminished from the drain of gold, the 
Directors have asked a higher price for the use of what remained, and have thus 
allowed the Bank Charter Act of Sir R. Peel that free course,by which alone its 
soundness can be demonstrated, and which was prevented by the infatuated 
proceedings of the Directors in 1847.” 

Now I have shown in a former letter that the infatuation of the 
Directors in 1847 consisted precisely in their close adherence to 
the Peel Act, the “free course” of which had to be interrupted by 
Government, in order to save the Banking Department from the 
necessity of stopping payment.‘ We read in The Globe: 

“It is highly improbable that the causes which have produced our present 
prosperity will continue to operate in the same proportion. Unhealthy results have 
already appeared in Manchester, where some of the largest firms have been 
compelled to limit their amount of production.... All departments of the Stock 
Exchange continue in a very depressed state. The Railway market is in a complete 
state of panic.... The efflux of gold to the Continent continues, and nearly half a 
million of money goes over to St. Petersburg in a day or two by steamer.... One 
object of its” (the Bank’s) “husbanding its resources of specie is probably a desire to 
assist the Chancellor of the Exchequer with the seven or eight millions which he will 
require to pay off the South Sea stockholders and other dissentients.”* 

The Morning Post of the 14th inst. reports from Manchester: 

“The market for cloth and yarn is dull, and the prices of all descriptions of 
manufactures are barely supported. The absence of demand from almost every 
foreign market and the anticipated money pressure at home, have mainly 
contributed to a state of things which is most anomalous, when contrasted with the 
accounts of prosperity generally current.” 

The same journal, of the 15th inst., winds up a leading article 
on the collecting elements of the approaching crisis in_ the 
following terms: 

‘“‘We warn the commercial world that we are at a phase in which care and steady 
consideration are eminently requisite in the conception and conduct of enterprise. 

Our financial position, besides, is one which, in our view, is full of dangers even 
more serious and more difficult of avoidance than our commercial.” 

From the combined statements of The Globe and Morning Post, it 
follows that while the demand is declining on the one hand, the 
supply, on the other, has been overdone. Manufacturers will 
attempt to cover their retreat by falling back on the quarrel 
existing with their workmen. The trade reporter in yesterday’s 
Morning Chronicle writes from Manchester: 

“Manufactures are becoming greatly indifferent about entering into engage- 
ments, from the persuasion that an extensive, if not universal stoppage of mills must 
take place before any settlement of the wages question can be effected. On this 
subject there have been conferences among employers in various parts of the 
districts within the last few days; and it is evident that the exorbitant clamors set up 

by the operatives, together with the wild attempts at dictation, are forcing the 
millowners into a general combination for self-defense.” 

We read in the money article of The Times. 

“Masters are forming Unions for self-defense in all the districts. At Ashton, 
Stalybridge, Hyde, and Glossop, nearly 100 firms have placed their names to a 

* The Globe, September 13, 1853.— Ed. 

deed of Union within the last few days. At Preston the masters have entered into 
heavy bonds to each other to resist the operatives by closing their mills for three 
months.” * 

A telegraphic dispatch from Marseilles reports that wheat has 
again advanced by 2 frs. 25 cent. per hectolitre. 

“The augmentation of the interest on treasury bonds, announced in the 
Moniteur, produced a most unfavorable impression at the Bourse, that measure 
being generally considered as a sign that the Government is in want of money. [...] 
A loan was spoken of which the Government would be obliged to contract. [...] 
The Minister of Finance” has sent a circular to a vast number of landed 
proprietors, asking them to pay six months’ taxes in advance, as a mark of 
gratitude for the great benefits which the present Government had conferred on 
them, and for the additional value which it had imparted to property.” “This,” 
remarks The Observer, “is the beginning of the end.” © 

Having dwelt in a former letter on the vital importance of 
railways for India,’ I think fit to give now the latest news which 
has been published with regard to the progress and prospects of 
the intended network. The first Indian railway was the line now in 
operation between Bombay and Thane. Another line is now to be 
carried from Calcutta to Russnehael on the Ganges, a distance of 
180 miles, and then to proceed along the right bank of the river to 
Patna, Benares and Allahabad. From Allahabad it will be 
conducted across the Doab to Agra and thence to Delhi, traversing 
in this manner a space of 1,100 miles. It is contemplated to 
establish steam ferry-boats across the Soane and Tunona,° and 
that the Calcutta line will finally proceed from Delhi to Lahore. In 
Madras a railway is to be commenced forthwith, which, running 
70 miles due west, will branch off into two arms—one pursuing 
the Ghats and terminating at Calicut, the other being carried on 
by Bellary and Poona to Bombay. This skeleton of the chain of 
railways will be completed by the Bombay, Baroda and Central 
India Railway, the preliminary surveys for which are now 
proceeding under the sanction of the Court of Directors. This line 
will pass from Bombay by Baroda to Agra, where it will meet the 
great trunk railway from Calcutta to Delhi, and by its means 
Bombay, the Capital of Western India and the best port of 
communication with Europe, for all Hindostan, will be put in 

* The Times,No. 21537, September 19, 1853.— Ed. 

© The Observer, September 19, 1853.— Ed. 

communication with Calcutta on the one hand, and with the 
Punjab and the north-western provinces on the other. The 
promoters of this scheme intend also to throw out branches into 
the great cotton district of the interior. In the meantime, measures 
are in progress for extending the electric telegraph throughout 
the whole of the peninsula of India. 

Written on September 20, 1853 Reproduced from the New-York Daily