1. “Pits, quarries” delete—‘Railways and other means of 
communication.” 

2. In the hands of their appropriators (or their owners) the 
social means of labour have become means of exploitation. The 
economic subjugation of the worker by the appropriator of the 
means of labour, that is to say, of the means of livelihood, 
conditioned thereby, is the basis of slavery in all its forms: social 
misery, mental degradation and political dependence. 

3. Under this exploitation the wealth created by the exploited is 
concentrated in the hands of the exploiters—the capitalists and 
big landowners—with growing speed; the distribution of the 
product of labour between the exploiters and exploited becomes 
ever more uneven, and the numbers and insecurity of the 
proletariat grow ever greater, etc. 

4. “Private” (production) delete ... deteriorate, by the ruin of 
the urban and rural middle classes, the petty bourgeois and small 
peasants, widen (or deepen) the chasm between the haves and 
have-nots, make general insecurity the normal state of society and 
prove that the class of the appropriators of the social means of 
labour has lost the vocation and ability for economic and political 
leadership. 

5. “its” causes. 

6. ...and the transformation of capitalist production on behalf of 
individuals or joint-stock companies into socialist production on 
behalf of society as a whole and according to a preconceived plan, 
a transformation, for which capitalist society itself creates the 
material and spiritual conditions, and by which alone can be 

17* 

achieved the emancipation of the working class and with it the 
emancipation of all members of society without exception. 

7. The emancipation of the working class can be the work only 
of the working class itself. It is self-evident that the working class 
cannot leave its emancipation either to the capitalists and big 
landowners, its opponents and exploiters, or to the petty bourgeois 
and small peasants, who, being stifled by competition on the part 
of the big exploiters, have no choice but* to join either their ranks 
or those of the workers. 

8. ...with workers conscious of their class position, etc. 

9. ...places ... and thereby concentrates in the same hands the 
power of economic exploitation and political oppression of the 
workers. 

10. ...class rule and the classes themselves” and for equal rights 
and equal duties of all without, etc. ... origin (delete end). In its 
struggle for ... mankind it is obstructed by Germany’s backward 
political state. First and foremost, it has to conquer room for 
movement, to abolish the massive survivals of feudalism and 
absolutism, in short, to do the work which the German bourgeois 
parties were and still are too cowardly to carry out. Hence it has, 
at least at present, to include also such demands in its programme, 
which in other cultural countries have already been implemented 
by the bourgeoisie. 

a The end of the sentence is written in pencil; crossed out is the following: “to 
cling to them or to sink into the ranks of the proletariat, and therefore either to 
oppose or to follow the working class”.— Ed. 

6 The words “and the classes themselves” are written in pencil.— Ed. 

233