London, Friday, Sept. 15, 1854 

We read in yesterday’s Moniteur the following telegraphic 
dispatch: 
“Therapia, Sept. 7—The French and the Turks left Varna on the 5th. The 

English fleet was to join them at the Island of the Serpents. The weather is 
beautiful.”* 

The delay in the departure of this first portion of the 
expeditionary army was caused by the violent storms which visited 
the Bosphorus up to the 27th of August. The wind having come 
round from the north-east on the 27th, the fleet of transports was 
enabled to leave Constantinople for the Black Sea. The Isle of the 
Serpents (Ilade Adessi) is a little rocky islet at some distance from 
the Bessarabian coast, and nearly opposite the mouth of the 
Danube. Its circumference is not more than three English miles. 
The departure not having been effected until the 5th, the 
disembarkation of the troops cannot have taken place before the 
9th of September. 

A curious passage occurs in an article published by the Moniteur, 
in which the chances of the expedition are discussed. 

“Tf,” says the Moniteur, “if the number of the Russian troops stationed in the 
Crimea should be found to be more considerable than we are led to believe by the 
previous reports; if the force of Sevastopol should offer a protracted defense; if 
obstacles should be afforded by the season; if, finally, an important Russian army 

should succeed in reenforcing the Crimea, we should be quits for this time with a 
simple reembarkation, and the attack of Sevastopol would be resumed in the 

spring.” 

* Le Moniteur universel, No. 257, September 14, 1854.— Ed. 

In one word, if any serious difficulties should be encountered by 
that “powerful armada, with its thousand of agencies of destruc- 
tion,” it will quickly return to the Bosphorus. At all events, it will 
not be their fault if such difficulties should not be met with, due 
notice of the expedition having been given to the Czar months 
ago, and it having been delayed up to the very last days of the 
season. The confidence felt by the French mariners in their 
commander may be judged of by the following extract of a letter 
from Constantinople, published by the Augsburger Zeitung: 

“In the fleet St. Arnaud is generally called Florival, the name under which he 
made his début at the Ambigu Comique at Paris.” 

According to the latest dispatches from Hamburg and 
Copenhagen, part of the French fleet, transports and soldiers, 
have passed through the Belt on their return to France. A 
Bonapartist paper, the Constitutionnel, makes a revelation on the 
Bomarsund affair: 

“His majesty the Emperor Napoleon III did not wish that the devotion of the 

navy should be deprived of the recompense merited by it after such a prolonged and 
painful cruise in the Baltic.”* 

Bomarsund, then, was only bombarded for the amusement of 
the fleet, and as a concession to the impatience and ennui of the 
officers. Those two laconic allusions of the Moniteur and Con- 
stitutionnel contain more in qualification of the character of the 
war than all the swaggering leading articles of the ministerial 
English press. 

The Czar has ordered the arrest of all the engineers who were 
engaged in the construction of the forts of Bomarsund. They are 
to be put on their trial. One of the charges raised against them is 
that the fortifications should have been constructed entirely of 
blocks of pure granite, while it has been proved since their fall 
that the interior of the walls was simply filled with sand and rough 
stones. All the commanders of the different fortresses along the 
Gulf of Finland have received orders from St. Petersburg to 
inquire into the most minute details of their construction, and to 
report on this subject without delay. It is now ascertained that Fort 
Gustavsvarn at Hango Head was blown up by the Russians 
themselves, at the moment when Baraguay d’Hilliers and General 
Jones appeared before it on their reconnoitering expedition. The 
Russians feared an attack on Abo, and in order to make the troops 

of Fort Gustavsvarn disposable for the defense of that town the 
fort was destroyed. 

Being still in the Baltic I may as well give a place here to the 
following piece of news contained in the Aftonbladet. 

“A correspondent from Copenhagen announces as certain that the Danish 
Government authorized on Aug. 16, Mr. T. P. Shaffner to establish a line of 
electric telegraph extending from North America through Greenland, Iceland, the 
Faroe Islands and Norway to Copenhagen. On the 26th a line was opened from 
Stockholm to Malm6. The extent of this line is 68,670 yards.” 

Some of the London papers to-day give telegraphic news of a 
victory gained by Shamyl somewhere in the neighborhood of 
Tiflis. The French and German papers contain no mention of this 
fact. On September 4 the Turks crossed the Danube near Matchin, 
and occupied the island situated between that fortress and Ibraila. 
A great portion of the Turkish flotilla of the Danube has also cast 
anchor off Matchin. The occupation of Ibraila by the Turks was to 
take place on the 5th inst. You will notice the proclamation of 
General Krusenstern, posted up on the walls of Odessa on the 
30th August, in which the inhabitants are warned, under heavy 
penalties, not to oppose the setting fire to the city should this act 
be deemed necessary by the troops for the defense of the country. 
The Russians have also given orders in all the districts of 
Bessarabia to burn towns and villages at the approach of the 
enemy. The order is the more ludicrous as the Russians are well 
aware that the Roumans of Bessarabia would no more regret their 
withdrawal than the Roumans of Wallachia and Moldavia. 

I have described the circumstances accompanying the enrolment 
in the Russian service of the Wallachian and Moldavian militia.* 
From the English papers of to-day you will learn the details of the 
scenes which took place on the 28th August, between M. de 
Budberg and the officers of the Rouman militia, scenes which 
ended in Captain Phillippescu telling the Russian general to his 
face that the Wallachians considered the Sultan as their only 
suzerain. He was, of course, placed under arrest, in company with 
two brother officers who had indulged in similar remonstrances. 
The following account of the events which occurred on the 29th, 
the day on which the Russian campaign in the Principalities was 
brought to such a glorious conclusion, is from the Paris Presse of 
to-day: 

“The arrest of Captain Phillippescu and two other officers, who dared to set at 
defiance the injunctions of General Budberg, had caused a great irritation in the 
ranks of the Moldavian militia, and augmented its reluctance to serve in the 
Russian army. On the 29th, shortly before the hour fixed for their review, the 
Hetman Maurocordatos repaired to the barracks of the cavalry, situated opposite 
the Administrative Palace. Great was his consternation at finding it completely 
deserted. The soldiers, instead of saddling their horses for the review, had 
contrived to make their escape from the stables, abandoning their arms and 
baggage. The unfortunate Hetman hastened to the barracks of the artillery to meet 
with a new surprise. The cannon were in their places in the Court, but the men 
had disappeared. Maurocordatos,in despair, fancied himself already on the road to 
Siberia. But he succeeded in reuniting about 30 men. Trembling with rage and 
fear, he ordered them to put the horses to the guns and to march out to the place 
of the review. ‘Let us be carried away by force,’ they shouted. ‘We receive no 
orders from the Russians.’ With these words they shut up the gates of the barracks. 
At that moment drums resounded in the place. It was the whole division of 
Osten-Sacken, composed of twelve battalions, one regiment of dragoons, and three 
battalions of artillery, which, after intercepting the communications, formed up on 
the place and completely blocked up both the Administrative Palace and the 
barracks of the Moldavian cavalry. Sixty Moldavian horsemen who had been 
brought back were drawn up before the barracks. Opposite to them were 12,000 
Russians—infantry, cavalry and artillery. Osten-Sacken arrived, followed by 
General Budberg and a numerous staff. The Muscovite troops deployed in 
columns, and defiled before their generals, with bayonets fixed, shouting their 
hurrahs. They next formed in squares at a distance of 150 yards from the 
Moldavian horsemen. They received the command to load. The Russian soldiers 
after having made the sign of the cross, executed’ the order. Aim was taken at the 
sixty horsemen. This being done, Osten-Sacken advanced with his staff toward the 
little body of Moldavian militia-men, and summoned them to follow his army with 
the threat of having them all shot in case of refusal. A silence of several minutes 
followed his injunction. A terrible emotion seizes upon the crowd who had 
assembled on the place. Then one of the Moldavians steps from the ranks and in a 
calm voice addresses the Russian General.‘We are Moldavian soldiers,and our duty 
is to defend our country, not to fight for the foreigner. Do with us as you please. 
We shall not march with you.’ ‘You may murder us, but we shall not march with 
you,’ repeat the sixty soldiers with one voice. On hearing this bold answer, 
Osten-Sacken ordered them to dismount from their horses and to lay down their 
arms, as though for immediate execution. They obey, prepared to die. In a 
moment thousands of soldiers surround them, rush upon them, and take them 
prisoners. This great feat of arms accomplished, the Muscovites advance to the 
Moldavian artillery barracks where the thirty men continue to keep the gates 
closed. The gates having been forced, they penetrate into the interior; a struggle 
takes place, and the artillerists also, overwhelmed by superior numbers, are taken 
prisoners. They are hurried away in the midst of insults and menaces of death. 
They remain impassible. Only one, a young cornet of 22 years, his eyes kindled 
with rage, advances toward General Wrangel, and uncovering his breast, exclaims: 
‘There is my breast, pierce it with your balls if you dare.’ The General did not 
dare. The cornet and his comrades disarmed, were conducted between two rows of 
bayonets and brought to the camp of Osten-Sacken, outside the gates of Jassy. 
What has become of them, nobody knows. As to the three officers arrested on the 
evening before, it is generally feared that they will be shot. On the same evening 
the Russians surrounded the place where the regiment of Moldavian infantry was 

encamped. But they found only 150 men, the rest having escaped. The population 
of Jassy uttered loud execrations against their protectors. Sixty horsemen, thirty 
artillerists, and one hundred and fifty infantry captured and disarmed by 12,000 
Russians with three batteries. This is the only victory, the laurels of which the 
Russians carry home from their campaign in the Principalities.” 

In a former letter I mentioned the order given by Omer Pasha 
to suppress the publication of the Austrian manifesto of General 
Hess.**° We are now informed on what grounds this order was 
given, viz.: because the said proclamation called upon the 
Wallachian authorities to apply exclusively to the Austrian 
commander in all affairs. Omer Pasha sent word to General Hess 
that he had better abstain from intermeddling with the civil 
Administration of Wallachia, which belonged to his (Omer Pasha’s) 
province. Having only intended his proclamation as a feeler how 
far he might go, General Hess apologised for the objectionable 
passage,-and in order to convince Omer Pasha that it was all a 
mistake, he communicated to him the original German text, where 
the Wallachian authorities are only invited to apply to his 
Aide-de-Camp in such matters as are connected with the Austrian 
troops. The Austrian General Popovitch, who had _ entered 
Bucharest with the Austrian vanguard on the 3d September, and 
immediately commenced to play the part of Haynau, was likewise 
checked by Omer Pasha. How welcome the Austrian occupation is 
to the Wallachians in general may be understood from an extract 
from to-day’s Daily News: 

“Many of the villages on the road by which the Austrians advanced, have been 
deserted by their inhabitants, carrying with them all their worldly goods, fearing 
that they would be obliged to supply provisions or means of transport in return for 
paper money,: worth exactly half its nominal value. The consequence is, that bread 

for the Austrian troops must be forwarded from Bucharest, twenty and even thirty 
miles distant.” 

It is certainly with respect to the infamies committed in the 
Principalities— the consequences of English diplomacy—that the sober 
Economist, alluding to some comparatively very slight faults of 
American diplomacy in Europe, draws the following line of 
distinction between English and American diplomacy: 

“Now, we have no doubt that men of gentlemanly feeling, of deep sense of 
decorum, of a clear perception of what is due to others, abound in America as well 
as here. The difference between us, and the misfortune of our cousins, are these: 
that such men do not at the other side of the Atlantic either elect a government or 
give the tone to the nation, or guide the language of the press. With us the educated 
and the upper classes have the power in their own hands. In the United States it is 
the mass who govern; it is the populace who usurp the name and title of the 
nation; it is they who dictate what shall be done or said; it is they who elect 
the government and whom the government must serve; it is they who support the 

press and whom the press must please; in fact, it is they who have to be acted down 
to and written down to.”* . 

Thus speaks the servant of the English stockjobbers, as if 
English diplomacy were not an identical term with infamy, and as 
if the “gentlemen” appointed by Mr. Wilson, the editor of The 
Economist, and Mr. Gladstone, his superior, had not been convicted 
before Parliament of swindling, gambling and larceny. 

From Spain news is scarce. On the 8th inst. the Consultative 
Junta of Madrid definitively dissolved itself. The Junta of Seville 
only dissolved after a strong protest against the reactionary course 
of the Central Government. The Democrats of Catalonia have 
published a manifesto against General Prim, who had sent in his 
adhesion to the present Government from Turkey, in order not to 
be excluded from a share in the spoils. He contracted the hatred 
of the Catalonians by the investment of the Castle of Figueras in 
1843, marked by the most shocking barbarities, committed from 
pure rage at the brave defense of the place by a comparatively 
small force under the command of Ametller. This Prim was 
characterized at that time as “a person of ridiculous vanity, whose 
head had been turned by fortuitous success and by being made a 
count and a lieutenant-general.” 

We read in the Epoca that on the 7th a small battle was fought at 
Aranjuez between the National Guard and a band of which it 1s 
not yet known whether it was composed of Carlists or Republicans. 
Quick and certain as the success of the reaction seems to be, the 
counter-revolutionary. journals do not cease to give vent to their 
apprehensiveness that matters may not even yet be settled in 
Spain. 

From the accounts of trade and navigation just issued I extract 
the following statement: 

Total declared Value of the Exports of British and Irish Produce 
and Manufactures in each of the following years”: 

FOREIGN 
1831 1842 1853 
Russia, northern ports 
and Black Sea ..............66. £1,195,565 £1,885,953 £1,228,400 
Sweden and Norway .......... 115,707 334,017 556,183 
Denmark .............cc0sseceaseeeees 92,294 194,304 569,733 

PY SS1AY 6220s occ deavedsveteie lees 192,816 376,651 579,588 

September 9, 1854.— Ed. 
> The Economist, No. 576, September 9, 1854.— Ed. 

Hanover & Hanseatic towns 3,642,952 6,202,700 7,565,493 
Holland and ........ ee H. 3,573,362 4,482,955 
Belgium ...csccccecsseseseeesseees i 2,082,536 B. 1,099,490 1,371,867 
PY ANCE 4 Hoc.pacniesistivtiactitintnss 602,688 3,193,939 2,636,330 
POPTUB Al cedesccstetivinetieceneasies 975,991 947,855 1,210,481 
Azores and Madeira........... 80,698 64,909 124,971 
Spain and Balearic Isles... 597,848 322,614 1,360,719 
Canary Islands ................ 53,282 54,564 107,638 
Italy — 

Sardinian Territories ......5) 0 cccccccccccecsseseceees sau eeausceaseaeeeaes 1,112,447 

Duchy-of Tustany ct.c00 1" inecctuewtelae  cdgacsacdic: 639,794 

Papal Territories ............ 2,490,376 2,494,197 207,491 

Naples:and Sicily cosccae' |, stemtieet esi. advances 639,544 © 

Austrian Territories ....... J ceccccccssseseccssesees 0. sauaeseeeeueecceeaes 637,353 
GiCECE eeieter ep eek, See iaeg.  “a, ag ob Seunveneevadsts 135,315 
IME 2 docs eiecaseseaseadensees I 899,100 1,489,826 2,029,305 
Wallachia and Moldavia... Jo ...cccccceececseseeeees 0 tenn teeeaeeneereees 179,510 
Syria and ‘Palestine tine. Voce: 375,551 306,580 
EGY OE casas leicnecbessa ueteveaseaseteiaees 122,832 221,003 787,111 
Morocco ...........+- hatte wccehe 426 41,952 T3257 
French Possessions in Sene- 

PAM A wircinsaiititeeanae Repeater,  “hantawetss 1,725 
West Coast of Africa... . 234,768 459,685 617,764 
Java and Sumatra............... 285,296 306,132 558,212 
Philippines ...................--00+8 39,513 47,019 386,552 
CHa salient Serie eea aces 519,443 969,381 1,373,689 
(UDB sec dertiantcle cereal cen 663,531 711,938 1,124,864 
Hayth otsoeers Pare eae ee 376,103 141,896 133,804 
United States and Califor- 

Aca eee 9,053,583 3,535,381 23,658,427 
MEXICO .....cceececcaseeeccceeesseceees 728,858 374,969 791,940 
New-Granada ...........c.0000000 450,804. 
Venezuela ...sciiiccsiesiectiee f Bee, a ae | 248,190 
Brazile ovveesaeiss erases 1,238,371 1,756,805 3,186,407 
UW Uruguay sede anna \ Dalecit eae { 529,883 
Buenos Ayres: sivdecisiinseseraces : Z 551,035 
CHALE: secede heatiiteataatavisen 654,617 950,466 1,264,942 
PERU ssedtivensscitacaitaananes 409,003 684,013 1,246,730 
Other Countries .............00.. 215 7,223 912,662 

Total of foreign 
countries £26,909,432 £34,119,587 £65,551,579 

Karl Marx 

BRITISH POSSESSIONS 

Channel Islands ................. £324,634 £364,359 £470,107 
Gibraltar 2icccecdesicecnd eens 367,285 937,719 670,840 
Malta 8s cess htetieteiceeee ti 134,519 289,304 297,906 
Ionian Islands ..............0000 50,883 83,600 116,567 
South Africa ............ccceccceeee 257,245 369,076 1,212,630 
Mauritius ..........0...ecseceeeeeeeee 148,475 244,922 385,879 
East Indies nukes 3,857,969 5,169,888 8,185,695 
Hong Kong .ck.isaceaas  -iwehe seine 357,908 
AUSTRALIA ANIA decaicterdtadasanience: 403,223 998,952 14,513,700 
North American Colonies 2,089,327 2,333,525 4,898,544 
West Indies ...............eeee 2,581,949 2,591,425 1,906,689 
Other Possessions ............... 39,431 18,675 347,787 
Total to British Fees ars ayo ee 

POSSESSIONS .......... eee £10,254,940 £13,261,436 £33,382,202 
Total of British & 

FOreig in itesstiisicciseuciinsens £37,164,372 £47,381 ,023 £98,933,781 

The Economist selects the year of 1842, in order to exhibit the 
advantages of free trade since that period,*”” forgetting, with its | 
usual candour, that 1842 was a year of commercial depression, 
and 1853 a year of the greatest prosperity. If the progress of 
English exports were produced by the magic of free trade, it 
would have been better proved by comparison of the relative 
exports to countries maintaining a strict protectionist system, 
Russia and France for instance; the former of these countries 
being moreover that from which imports have most increased, and 
which had been most subject to the influence of British free trade. 
Now we find that the exports to both these countries have 
declined. 

The export to Russia having been .........::.cccccccceseceseeceeeneeteseeeneseeaes £1,106,767 
While in: 1831 it was: sccccscccusssess pose cenanewesas aversetasaetiaaiedvngeatwarenceiag 1,195,565 
And the export to France having been in 1853 .............cesceeeeeseeees 2,636,330 
While ins 1842 it Was 2cccscsi esc dcciivictetiocsitincteeedecthecdesth Cate WHA 3,193,939 

The aggregate value of British exports in the seven months 
ending 5th August, 1854, compared with those during the 
corresponding months of 1853, shows an increase, in consequence 
of the metals having increased in value; but in the other ruling 

products of British industry we find a marked decline, as shown 
by the following table: 

1853 1854 
Linen manufactures ...........cccceccceceeecceeseeueceeeeee, £2,650,050 £2,456,953 
DIG AE as Ys cesta pS on ea Recent eds 646,578 581,752 
Silk manufactures 2.0.0.0... cccccceeeccceesccesseueeceneees 965,345 834,275 
Sie threw Soest ee cee A olvne sea tves 132,689 120,890 
Wool manufactures .............cccccsceeeceeeccceeecseeeeees 3,741,261 3,731,453 
Cotton manufactures ........cccccceeceeecccs ees ceeusceneees 15,515,224 14,762,981 
GOON Vali sieiasa Se comnavnee tiaras tolaniiarieil nant imap 3,897,080 3,838,393 

The decline in cotton appears still more striking since the 
quantity of exports has increased, while the value realised has 
decreased. In 1854 there were exported 981,994,130 yards of 
cotton manufactures, exclusive of lace and patent net, while in. 

1853 there were only exported 969,293,663 yards. 

Written on September 15, 1854 Reproduced from the New-York