Karl Marx in New-York Tribune 1858

The Excitement in Ireland

London, Dec. 24, 1858

A Government, representing, like the present British Ministry, a party in decay, will always better
succeed in getting rid of its old principles, than of its old connections. When installing himself
at Downing street, Lord Derby, doubtless, made up his mind to atone for the blunders which in times
past had converted his name into a byword in Ireland; and his versatile Attorney-General for
Ireland, Mr. Whiteside, would not one moment hesitate flinging to the wind the oaths that bound him
to the Orange Lodges.[72] But, then, Lord Derby’s advent to power gave, simultaneously, the signal
for one coterie of the governing class to rush in and fill the posts just vacated by the forcible
ejection of the other coterie. The formation of the Derby Cabinet involved the consequence that all
Government places should be divided among a motley crew still united by a party name which has
become meaningless, and still marching under a banner torn to tatters, but in fact having nothing in
common save reminiscences of the past, club intrigues, and, above all, the firm resolution to share
together the loaves and fishes of office. Thus, Lord Eglinton, the Don Quixote who wanted to
resuscitate the tournaments of chivalry in money-mongering England, was to be enthroned Lord
Lieutenant at Dublin Castle,[73] and Lord Naas, notorious as a reckless partisan of Irish
landlordism, was to be made his First Minister. The worthy couple, arcades ambo, on leaving London,
were, of course, seriously enjoined by their superiors to have done with their crotchets, to behave
properly, and by no capricious pranks to upset their own employers. Lord Eglinton’s path across the
channel was, we do not doubt, paved with good intentions, the vista of the Vice-royal baubles
dancing before his childish mind; while Lord Naas, on his arrival at Dublin Castle, was determined
to satisfy himself that the wholesale clearance of estates, the burning down of cottages, and the
merciless unhousing of their poor inmates were proceeding at the proper ratio. Yet as party
necessities had forced Lord Derby to instal wrong men in the wrong place, party necessities
falsified at once the position of those men, whatever their individual intentions might be.
Orangeism had been officially snubbed for its intruding loyalty, the Government itself had been
compelled to denounce this organisation as illegal, and very unceremoniously it was told that it was
no longer good for any earthly purpose, and that it must vanish. The mere advent of a Tory
Government, the mere occupancy of Dublin Castle by an Eglinton and a Naas revived the hopes of the
chopfallen Orangemen. The sun shone again on the “true blues”; they would again lord it over the
land as in the days of Castlereagh, and the day for taking their revenge had visibly dawned. Step by
step, they led the bungling, weak, and, therefore, temerarious representatives of Downing street
from one false position to the other, until one fine morning at last, the world was startled by a
proclamation of the Lord Lieutenant, placing Ireland (so to say) in a state of siege, and turning,
through the means of £100 and £50 rewards, the trade of the spy, the informer, the perjurer, and the
agent provocateur into the most profitable trade in Green Erin. The placards announcing rewards for
the detection of secret societies were hardly posted, when an infamous fellow, named O’sullivan, an
apothecary’s apprentice at Killarney, denounced his own father and some boys of Killarney, Kenmare,
Bantry, Skibbereen, as members of a formidable conspiracy which, in secret understanding with
filibusters from the other side of the Atlantic, intended not only, like Mr. Bright, to “Americanise
English institutions,” but to annex Ireland to the model Republic. Consequently, detectives busied
themselves in the Counties of Kerry and Cork, nocturnal arrests took place, mysterious informations
went on; from the south-west the conspiracy hunting spread to the north-east, farcical scenes
occurred in the County of Monaghan, and alarmed Belfast saw some dozen of schoolmasters, attorneys’
clerks and merchants’ clerks paraded through the streets and locked up in the jails. What rendered
the thing worse was the veil of mystery thrown over the judicial proceedings. Bail was declined in
all cases, midnight surprises became the order of the day, all the inquisitions were kept secret,
copies of the informations on which the arbitrary arrests had been made were regularly refused, the
stipendiary magistrates were whirling up and down from their judicial seats to the ante-chambers of
Dublin Castle, and of all Ireland might be said, what Mr. Rea, the counsel for the defendants at
Belfast, remarked with respect to that place, “I believe the British Constitution has left Belfast
this last week.”

Now, through all this hubbub and all this mystery, there transpires more and more the anxiety of the Government, that had given way to the pressure of its credulous Irish agents, who, in their turn, were mere playthings in the hands of the Orangemen, how to get out of the awkward fix without losing at once their reputation and their places. At first, it was pretended that the dangerous conspiracy, extending its ramifications from the south-west to the north-east over the whole surface of Ireland, issued from the Americanising Phoenix Club.[74] Then it was a revival of Ribbonism[75]; but now it is something quite new, quite unknown, and the more awful for all that. The shifts the Government is driven to may be judged from the manoeuvres of The Dublin Daily Express, the Government organ, which day by day treats its readers to false rumours of murders committed, armed men marauding, and midnight meetings taking place. To its intense disgust, the men killed return from their graves, and protest in its own columns against being so disposed of by the editor.

There may exist such a thing as a Phoenix Club, but at all events, it is a very small affair, since the Government itself has thought fit to stifle this Phoenix in its own ashes. As to Ribbonism, its existence never depended upon secret conspirators. When, at the end of the eighteenth century, the Protestant Peep-o'-Day boys combined to wage war against the Catholics in the north of Ireland, the opposing society of the Defenders[76] sprang up. When, in 1791, the Peep-o'-Day boys merged into Orangeism, the Defenders transformed themselves into Ribbonmen. When, at last, in our own days, the British Government disavowed Orangeism, the Ribbon Society, having lost its condition of life, dissolved itself voluntarily. The extraordinary steps taken by Lord Eglinton may, in fact, revive Ribbonism, as may the present attempts of the Dublin Orangemen to place English officers at the head of the Irish Constabulary, and fill its inferior ranks with their own partisans. At present there exist no secret societies in Ireland except agrarian societies. To accuse Ireland of producing such societies would be as judicious as to accuse woodland of producing mushrooms. The landlords of Ireland are confederated for a fiendish war of extermination against the cotters; or, as they call it, they combine for the economical experiment of clearing the land of useless mouths. The small native tenants are to be disposed of with no more ado than vermin is by the housemaid. The despairing wretches, on their part, attempt a feeble resistance by the formation of secret societies, scattered over the land, and powerless for effecting anything beyond demonstrations of individual vengeance.

But if the conspiracy hunted after in Ireland is a mere invention of Orangeism, the premiums held out by the Government may succeed in giving shape and body to the airy nothing. The recruiting sergeant is no more sure to press with his shilling and his gin some of the Queen’s mob into the Queen’s service, than a reward for the detection of Irish secret societies is sure to create the societies to be detected. From the entrails of every county there rise immediately blacklegs who, transforming themselves into revolutionary delegates, travel through the rural districts, enrol members, administer oaths, denounce the victims, swear them to the gallows, and pocket the blood-money. To characterise this race of Irish informers and the effect on them of Government rewards, it will suffice to quote one passage from a speech delivered by Sir Robert Peel in the House of Commons:

“When I was Chief Secretary of Ireland, a murder was committed between Carrick-on-Suir and Clonmel. A Mr — had a deadly revenge toward a Mr. — , and he employed four men at two guineas each to murder him. There was a road on each side of the River Suir, from Carrick to Clonmel; and placing two men on each road, the escape of his victim was impossible. He was, therefore, foully murdered, and the country was so shocked by this heinous crime, that the Government offered a reward of £500 for the discovery of each of the murderers. And can it be believed, the miscreant who bribed the four murderers was the very man who came and gave the information which led to their execution, and with these hands I paid in my office in Dublin Castle the sum of £2,000 to that monster in human shape.”

Notes

72. Orange Lodges or Orangemen (the Orangeist Order), named after William Ill, Prince of Orange — a terrorist organisation, set up by the landlords and Protestant clergy in Ireland in 1795 to fight against the national liberation movement of the Irish people. The Order united ultra-reactionary English and Irish elements from all layers of society and systematically incited Protestants against the Irish Catholics. The Orangemen had a particularly great influence in Northern Ireland, where the majority of the population were Protestants.

73. Dublin Castle was built by the English conquerors in the thirteenth century and became the scat of the English authorities, a stronghold against the Irish population. Dublin Castle was a symbol of English colonial rule.

74. Phoenix Club — an Irish secret society formed of the revolutionary clubs smashed after 1848, and uniting mainly small employees, sales-assistants and workers. The society was connected with Irish revolutionary emigres in the U.S.A. In 1858, most of the club members joined the secret Fenian society, and shortly after the Phoenix Club was broken up by the English police.

75. Ribbonism — an Irish peasant movement that emerged in Northern Ireland at the end of the eighteenth century. Its members were united in secret societies and wore a green ribbon as an emblem. The Ribbonmen movement was a form of popular resistance to the arbitrary rule of the English landlords and the forcible eviction of tenants from the land. The Ribbonmen attacked estates, organised attempts on the lives of hated landlords and managers. The activities of the Ribbonmen had a purely local, decentralised character and they had no common programme of action.

76. The English ruling circles and reactionary Irish landlords did everything they could to foment religious strife between Catholic and Protestant Irishmen, which substantially weakened the national liberation movement in Ireland. In the 1780s they helped to set up secret terrorist Protestant organisations in Northern Ireland, the “Peep-o'-Day Boys” society among them. The members of these societies generally broke into the houses of Catholics at daybreak and, pretending to search for arms, which Catholics were not allowed to possess, destroyed their property.

Defenders — the members of an organisation of Irish Catholics, which emerged in the 1780s in defence against the “Peep-o'-Day Boys.”