January 1 Bonaparte’s New-Year speech.’ 

February 26 Cowley’s mission aimed at appeasement and 
evacuation of the Papal States by both [states]. 

March Austria arms and reinforces the army in Italy. 

April 23 Austrian ultimatum to Turin: immediate disarma- 

ment or hostilities. Cavour appeals to the Con- 
gress, to which, on England’s proposal, France, 
Prussia and Russia agree.*” 

” 24 Sentries on the border. 

” 25 French troops land in Genoa. 

seen 6) Austrians cross the Ticino, begin hostilities. 

Be OT Flight of the Grand Duke of Tuscany’ owing to 

revolution. Provisional Government, replaced by 
Piedmontese Commission **? on May 11. Accord- 
ing to reports from Vienna, offensive and defensive 
alliance between France and Russia. 
” 29 Austria definitively in Lomellina. 
May I Duchess of Parma forced to flee, returned for a 
few days, but then left for good.‘ 

No. 23196, January 6, 1859. See this volume, p. 149.— Ed. 

May 10 
” 20 
a “Ol 
june 4 
7 
” 24 
July 5 
7 
2. dl