Commentary on a News Extract Concerning a Article on Humanism [1] (December 1961) For whose individual and collective happiness—those of which classes? Does the scope encompass the entire world, or is it limited to one’s own nation? Is it for the vast majority of workers, impoverished peasants, and revolutionary intellectuals, or is it merely a deceptive pretense under the banner of “the whole people,” when in reality it serves only the bourgeoisie and the labor aristocracy? Printed from Mao Zedong’s manuscript.  Note [ ]: An item published in the “Daily Highlights” section of the twenty-seventh issue of the Xinhua News Agency’s “Internal Reference” dated December 23, 1961, reported that Poland’s journal Cultural Review had printed an article by the philosopher and political commentator Shaf, who argued that socialist humanism “embodies the essence and content of the modern communist movement,” with the aim of “developing the individual and creating conditions for individual happiness,” among other things. Shaf maintained that “humanism is the quintessence of scientific socialism, and the advocacy of individual happiness is the very essence of humanism,” and defined socialist humanism as comprising three “dialectical relationships”: “the dialectical relationship between love and hatred,” “the dialectical relationship between freedom and the limitations imposed upon it,” and “the dialectical relationship between democracy and dictatorship.”