Editor's Notes to Upsurge of Socialism in China's Countryside
(December 27, 1955)

Source: Gaochao, passim. Other Chinese Texts: Xuanji, V, pp-
(excerpts); Shi Jingtang et al, eds. (1957), I, pp. 78-107; Nuandu (

pp. 319-326 (excerpts); Xuandu (1965b), pp. 159-169 (excerpts). Ava
English Translations: Socialist Upsurge, passim; SW. V, pp. -
(excerpts); SR, pp. 421-429 (excerpts).

These ure editorial comments written hy Mav on individwil articles contained OF
the book Zhongeuo nongeun de shehui zhuyi gsochao (hereafter efted ax Gal

dzi "SC 4
chao), edited by the Generul Office of the Central Committee of the CPC, which
describes the experiences of various localines throughout the country during the
agricultural covperativization movement, The main thrust of these urticles, and
of the book jiself, was to support the netionwide cvoperativization movement,
and by contrast, to condemn the postion taken by some leaders other than Mao
himself (especially Liu Shaogi), who in the spring of 1955 repudiated the cooperativizution policy, calling it an ‘‘adventurist advance”* (see text Aug. 12,
1953[1], note 22, and text Dec. 6, 1955, note 10) and attempting to supplant it
with a palicy of reversal, calling for the disbanding of cooperatives that had
already been established, Mab called this policy a policy of “drastic reduction"
(see text Jul. 31, L985, note 13). The lines of conflict were obviated in Mav's
first preface to the book Gaochao, which ty collected here as text September 25,
1955. Mao's defense of the couperativization policy is even stronger in the comments that he wrote here for the articles in the book Gaochao.

The book Gaochao was originally piblished in three volumes in 1956 by Renmin chubanshe and contained 176 articles. excluding the preface. Mao wrote
comments on 104 of these articles, concentrating on the articles in the early
parts and tapering off towerd the endl, The urticles were divided according to
provincial locations.

As indicated by Mao at the end of hix second preface to the book. an abridged
version of the book Guochao, containing 44 of the articles, all of which included
Mito's comments, was published sepurately. Thix was done in January 1956. An
English translation of this abridged version, titled Socialist Upsurge in China’s
Countryside, was published in 1978 by the Foretyn Languages Press. Beijing.

In March 1958, same of Mao's comments here were reprinted for an enlarged
meeting of the Political Bureaw af the Central Committee of the CPC at
Chengdu, and Mav wrote an accompanying explanation for this effort on March
19, 1958. This explanation was published for the first time in 1977 in Xaanji. V-
(See Xuanji, V, pp. 225-226, SW, V. pp. 242-244, and text Mar, 19, 1958.)
Eventually, 43 of the comments in the bouk Gaochao were published in Xuanji,
V, in 1977. Of these, 30 overlapped with the ones published in the abridged verston of 1956. Earlier, in (965, in the two volumes of Xuandu, several of these
comments were also published. In Xuandu (196Sa) there were four comments,
all of which were previously published in the abridged version af 1956, and in
Xuand (/965b) there were five comments, three of which were published in the
abridged version,

The order in which these comments appeared in the secondary sources does
not, in each case, correspond to the order in which they appeared in the original bowk. We have here reproduced the full 104 comments in the order in which
they uppeared in Gaochao, The location of each Comment in the original, and
where applicable in the secondary sources, follows the text of each comment,
indicated by an *. Int these notes the citation Socialist Upsurge refers to Socialist Upsurge in China’s Countryside, the English translation of the abridged version, published in 1978.


694. / MAO ZEDONG

{Editor’s Note to] “With the [Party] Secretary Taking Part,
the Entire Party Should Be Engaged in Running Cooperatives”

This article is very well written. It is worthy of being recommended to oyy
readers as the first article of this book. There are still quite a few people every.
where who are like those described in the first part of this article, people whg
don’t understand [the cooperatives] themselves and are afraid of People
asking them questions, and so “skirt around the cooperatives.” So-called
“resolute reduction,” the issuing of orders to dissolve large groups of coopera.
tives in one fell swoop,’ is also a manifestation of “skirting around the coop.
eratives.” The only difference is that theirs is not a passive evasion; on the
contrary; they go as far as to “chop down” (this is their term) many coopera
tives in large bunches with one blow, and do it with a very enthusiastic atti
tude. With knife in hand, they simply skirt around [all] the troublesome problems with a single chop. They say that there is this or that difficulty in running
a cooperative; according to them, the difficulties simply defy the imagination. ~
[However,] there are countless examples throughout the country which refute
this kind of talk. The experience of Zunhua xian in Hebei Province is just one
such example. In 1952, none of the people there knew how to run a cooperative. Their way was simply to learn. Their slogan was: “With the [Party] secretary taking part, the entire Party should be engaged in running the cooperatives.” That resulted in “going from a [total] lack of understanding to
understanding,” “going from having [only] a few people knowing how to [run
the cooperative] to having most people knowing how [to run the cooperative],” and “going from having the district cadres run the cooperative to
having the masses run the cooperative.” The tenth district of Zunhua xian in
Hebei Province is made up of eleven xiang and 4,343 households. In the three
years from 1952 to 1954, it basically accomplished the semisocialist stage of
cooperativization.’ Eighty-five per cent of all peasant households in the area
have joined the cooperatives. Comparing the 1954 output of this district in
agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry with that of 1952, there has been
an increase by 76 per cent in food grain [production], 56.4 per cent in timber
[output], 62.87 per cent in [the number of] fruit trees, and 463.1 per cent in
[the number of] sheep.

We now have reason to put the following question to people: Why can these
things be done here and not in other places? If you say that it can’t be done,
what is your reason for saying so? As I see it, there is only one reason, simply
that they don’t want to be bothered with it, or, to put it more bluntly, [the reason is simply] Right opportunism. As a result, people just “skirt around the
cooperatives,” meaning that the secretaries do not take part and the entire
Party is not engaged in running the cooperatives, meaning that people go from
not understanding to still not understanding, from having fonly] a few people
knowing how to [run cooperatives] to still having [only] a few people
knowing how to [run cooperatives], and from having [only] the district cadres
[running cooperatives] to still having [only] the district cadres [running coop”


OCTOBER ~ DECEMBER 1955 / 695

eratives]. Otherwise, they simply take up their knives and, whenever they
come across a troublesome cooperative, chop it down. As long as people go
by this kind of reasoning nothing will be accomplished. We have put forth
such slogans as “active leadership, steady advance” and “make
comprehensive plans, strengthen leadership,” and moreover we approve of
the absolutely correct slogan that has been put forward by the comrades of
Zunhua xian: “With the [Party] secretaries taking part, the entire Party should
be engaged in running the cooperatives.” Does that mean that there is no
“active leadership and steady advance” in Zunhua xian? Is there no
“comprehensive planning and the strengthening of leadership”? Of course
there is. Is this dangerous? Does it constitute “adventurist advance”?’? The
danger is in “skirting around the cooperatives”; this the comrades of Zunhua
xian have already overcome. The danger is also in using the pretext [that the
cooperatives are] “adventurist” in order to “chop [them] down” in large
bunches. There is none of this in Zunhua xian. How can the claim that “the
speed of development of the cooperatives has outstripped the consciousness of
the masses and the leadership capabilities of the cadres” be reconciled with
the situation in Zunhua xian? The masses there actually pressed for cooperativization and the cadres there actually went from not understanding to understanding. Everyone has eyes. Is there anyone who can see danger in [the situation of] Zunhua xian? Is it to be considered as some sort of danger that in the
last three years, as a result of the gradual realization of cooperativization,
there has been an increase of 76 per cent in [the production of] grain, an
increase of 56.4 per cent in [the output of] timber, an increase of 62.87 per
cent in the number of fruit trees, and a 463.1 per cent increase in the number
of sheep? Is this to be considered “adventurist advance’’? Is this to be considered “outstripping the consciousness of the masses and the leadership capabilities of the cadres”?

In the cooperativization movement in Zunhua xian there is Wang Guofan
Cooperative — twenty-three poor peasant households with only a three-quarters share of a donkey.’ People call it the “paupers’ cooperative.”* Through
their own efforts they have, in three years, “wrested from the mountain” a
good deal of the means of production.° Some visitors are moved to tears. I see
this as being the image of our entire country. Can’t 600 million paupers
become a rich and powerful socialist country in a few decades through their
own efforts? The wealth of a society is created by the workers, peasants, and
intellectuals who are integrated with labor themselves. As long as these
people take hold of their own destiny and have a Marxist-Leninist line, and as
long as they do not evade problems but, instead, tackle them with a positive
attitude, then any difficulty on earth can be resolved.

Finally, we must thank the anonymous author of this article. With wholehearted enthusiasm and a vivid style, a detailed narrative of the process of
Cooperativization in one district has been recounted [to us]. This is no small
Contribution to the cause of cooperativization throughout the entire nation.
We hope that each province, each special district, and each xian will have one


b¥s / MAO ZEDONG

or several articles like this.

* “Shuji dongshou quan dang ban she,” originally published in Tangshan
nongminbao [Tangshan Peasant News], April 30, 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, pp. 3-6; Xuanji, V, pp. 225-228; Socialist Up

Sur: e,
pp. 7-10. 8

* OK OK
[Editor’s Note to] “Running the Cooperatives Industriously and Frugally”?

The cooperative introduced here is the so-called “paupers’ Cooperative”
under the leadership of Wang Guofan.® Industrious and frugal management
should be the guideline for all agricultural producers’ cooperatives throughout
the country. No, it should be the guideline for all economic undertakings. Be
industrious and frugal in running factories, in running stores, in running all
state-owned enterprises and cooperative enterprises, and all other undertakings. The principle of industry and frugality should be applied to all things.
This is the principle of practicing economy. Practicing economy is one of the
fundamental principles of the socialist economy. China is a big country but as
yet still very poor, and it will take several decades to make China prosperous,
Even after several decades it will still be necessary to apply the principle of
industry and frugality, but it is especially in the next few decades, in the
period of the next few five-year plans, that we must advocate industry and frugality and pay particular attention to practicing economy. Currently there are
many cooperatives that have a kind of bad work-style in which they don’t pay
attention to practicing economy. This should be corrected quickly. Each province and each xian can find some examples of cooperatives being run industriously and frugally. They should publicize these examples and let everyone
emulate them. We should commend those [cooperatives] that are run industriously and frugally, whose output is high, and that are well-run in all respects,
and we should criticize those cooperatives that are wasteful, whose output is
very low, and that are poorly run in all respects.

* Wang Lin, “Qinjian ban she,” originally published in Hebei ribao [Hebei
Daily News], May 4, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 16;
Xuanji, V, p. 249; Socialist Upsurge, pp.67-68; Xuandu (1965a), p. 168.

OK OK
* . ?
[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘The Direction for Five Hundred Million Peasants’
In the past several months this cooperative [consisting of] three poor peasant

households has had a great impact on villages throughout the country : Every’
one knows that there is this great heroic cooperative in Hebei. It has given th
poor peasants courage.

* Li Kai and Qing Shen, “Wu yi nongmin de fangxiang,” originally published
in Renmin ribao [People’s Daily], November 28, 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 27; Socialist Upsurge, p. 121.

* KO

{Editor’s Note to] “They Resolutely Chose the Path of Cooperativization”””

This is a very interesting story. The birth of a new thing such as socialism
must go through an intense struggle with old things before it can come into
being. At one time, some people in society may so stubbornly want to follow
their old road, and at another time, the very same people may change their
attitudes and indicate their approval of new things. In the first half of 1955,
the majority of well-to-do middle peasants were still opposed to cooperativization; by the latter half of the year, some of them have already changed their
attitude and indicated that they want to join the cooperatives, although for
some of them the purpose is to join the cooperatives in order to seize the
power of leadership in the cooperatives. Others have shown a great deal of
vacillation; they say they wanted to join, but in their hearts, they still do not
really want to. A third group still stubbornly wants to wait and see [what the
outcome will be]. The rural Party organizations must be patient with this stratum [among the well-to-do peasants] regarding this problem. It is actually
beneficial for some of the well-to-do middle peasants to enter the cooperatives
a little later since it allows the poor and new lower-middle peasants to establish [their] dominant position in the leadership.

* Shi Shufang, “Tamen jianjue xuanze liao hezuohua de daolu,” originally
published in Renmin ribao [People’s Daily], September 20, 1955; collected
and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 37; Xuanji, V, p. 243; Socialist Upsurge,
pp. 135-136.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “A Whole Village Is Cooperativized
in a Little Over a Month”

This material is very persuasive. The problem of leading a locality in achieving cooperativization on a sound footing is the problem of the Party’s policy
and its method of work. As long as the various policies of our Party for
dealing with the problem of cooperativization are correct, and as long as the
method that our Party uses when it motivates the masses to join the cooperatives is not the method of commandism'’ or oversimplification but rather is
the method of reasoning with the masses, making analyses, and completely
relying on the consciousness and willingness of the masses, then cooperativization and increased production will certainly not be difficult to achieve.
Dongchuankou Village in Xingtai xian, Hebei Province, is in an old liberated
area.'” Prior to 1952, all seventy households in the village had joined muty
aid teams; they had a strong Party branch, and they also had, in Wang Zhigi, a
leader who was trusted by the masses; all the conditions [for Cooperativiza.
tion] were ripe. So in 1952, that village established a cooperative in Just over
a month, thus accomplishing semisocialist cooperativization, What ai
localities in which conditions are not as good as in this village? For them
then, the question is one of preparing the conditions, and a few Months, a
year, or even a bit longer will be sufficient [to resolve] this problem. Conditions can be prepared while the [work of implementing cooperativization) is
being done. Set up some small cooperatives; this will be Preparing the conditions for cooperativizing the whole village, the whole Xiang, and the whole
district. This article about Dongchuankou Village also gave emphasis to
clarifying the problem of how the Party branch [should] carry out its propaganda and educational work among the masses, and how it [should] rely on
the consciousness and willingness of the masses in establishing the cooperative. There is [in this article] something called “negative propaganda,”
which is well worth paying attention to.'’ With regard to the problem of
organizing and managing labor, this article portrays the whole circuitous process of change, which resulted in a great achievement — increased production
from year to year. Facts prove that this cooperative is on a sound footing. All
the cooperatives should use [the standards of] whether or not there are
increases in production and the rate of increases in production as the primary
criterion by which to judge whether or not they are on a sound footing.

* “Zhi hua yi ge duo yue shijian jiu shi quan cun hezuohua,” record of a talk
by Comrade Wang Zhiqi, head of the Dongchuankou Agricultural Producers’
Cooperative, August 15, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, pp.
44-45; Xuanji, V. pp. 236-237; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 25-26.

* Ok OK

[Editor’s Note to] “A So-called Backward Village
Is Not Necessarily Backward in Every Aspect”"*

The year 1955 can be said to have been one of breaking down superstition»
for many people in China. While in the first half of 1955 many people still
clung so very tightly to their beliefs about certain things, they could no longer
hold on [to these beliefs] in the latter half of the year and had to believe in the
new things. They once believed, for example, that the [demand] put forth by
the masses for “cooperativization in three years” was nothing more than wishful thinking; that cooperativization could be a bit faster in the north but it
couldn’t be fast in the south; that cooperatives couldn’t be established in backward xiang, in mountainous areas, in minority nationality regions, in areas
where several nationalities are integrated, or in areas afflicted by natural disaS~
ters; that setting up cooperatives is easy but consolidating them is hard; that
the peasants are too poor and have no means of accumulating funds; that the
peasants have no education and no bookkeeping can be found; that the more
cooperatives there are, the more trouble there will be; that the rate of the
development of cooperativization has outstripped the level of the masses’ consciousness and the level of the cadres’ experience; that the peasants’ enthusiasm for production has been lowered because of the Party’s policy of unified
purchasing and marketing [by the state] and its policy of cooperativization;
that if the Communist Party does not quickly back down from [its policy on]
cooperativization it will run the risk of destroying the worker-peasant alliance;
and that cooperativization will create a great pool of surplus labor power for
which there will be no outlet. So forth and so on, we could pick out many
more [examples]. In any case, all these [ideas] are superstitions. These superstitions, after being repudiated at the Sixth (Enlarged) Plenum of the Seventh
Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in October 1955, were
all completely smashed. An upsurge of socialist transformation has now
emerged in the countryside throughout the country, and the masses are rejoicing. This is an indelible lesson for all Communists. There was such enormous
enthusiasm for socialism lying latent among the masses. Why was this not felt
or felt so slightly in many of the leading organs several months ago? Why was
the thinking of the leaders and the thinking of the broad masses so different?
Taking this as a lesson, how should we deal with similar situations and problems from now on? There is only one answer, that is, we must not become
divorced from the masses, and we must be adept at discovering the
enthusiasm of the masses in its essence.

* Work team of the Provincial Committee of the CPC of the former province
of Jehol, “‘Suowei luohou xiangcun bing fei yiqie dou luohou,”’ originally published in Qunzhong ribao [The Masses’ Daily] (Chengde), October 15, 1955;
collected and reprinted in Gaochao, pp. 56-57; Xuanji, V, pp. 228-229;
Socialist Upsurge, pp. 159-160.

[{Editor’s Note to] “We Should Not Set Back the Socialist Enthusiasm
of the Cadres and the Masses or Recklessly Dissolve Cooperatives”

Dissolving cooperatives in this way is completely erroneous. The viewpoint
of the author of this article is correct.

* Work team of the Hebei Provincial Committee of the CPC, “Bu yingdang
cuozhe ganbu he qunzhong de shehui zhuyi jijixing, huluan de jiesan hezuoshe,”’ originally published in Hebei jianshe [Hebei Reconstructs], no. 290
(March 14, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 63.

Kk OK
{Editor’s Note to] “The Xingtai xian Democratic
Women’s Federation’s Plan for Work Among Women in the
Movement to Develop Agricultural Cooperativization”

This is a very good article. I hope that the Democratic Women’s Federations
in all xian will do likewise. Xian [Party] committees ought to Strengthen their
leadership in this area so that the total labor power of women will take its
place at the labor front under the principle of equal work and equal pay. This
demand should be met as soon as possible.

* The Xingtai xian Democratic Women’s Federation, “Xingtai xian minzhu
funii lianhehui guanyu fazhan nongye hezuohua yundong zhong funti gongzuo
de guihua,” November 1955, collected and reprinted in Gaochao, P. 66; and,
under a different title, in Socialist Upsurge, p. 298.

KOK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Experience of Implementing
the Fixed Financial Supply System’”””

This article is very well written. This is one concrete way of implementing
the principle of running the cooperatives industriously and frugally. All the
cooperatives can follow suit.

* Cai Wutian, ‘“Tuixing ‘caiwu baogan’ de jingyan,’’ October 1955, collected
and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 90.

kK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Run the Cooperatives Industriously and
Frugally; Develop Construction in the Mountainous Regions”

This is about Jinxing [Gold Star] Agricultural, Forestry, and Animal Husbandry Producers’ Cooperative led by Li Shunda.'* This cooperative has
been going for three years and has become a big cooperative that encompasses
283 households. The location of this cooperative is a poor area in the Taihang
Mountains.” Through everyone’s hard work, in three years it has begun to
take on a new look. The utilization rate of its labor power has increased by
110.6 per cent in comparison with the situation prior to the [War of] Resistance against Japan, when [the system of] individual labor was in effect, and
74 per cent when compared with the period of mutual aid teams, before
the cooperative was established.2° The cooperative’s public accumulation
has already increased from 120 rmb the first year to more than 11,
rmb. In 1955, each member of the cooperative received an average hd
884 catties of food grain, 77 per cent more than before the War of Res!s”
tance [against Japan] and 25.1 per cent more than before the establishment ©


UCIUBER — DECEMBER I¥55 / ‘U1

the cooperative. This cooperative drew up a five-year plan, and as a result of
only three years of implementation, its gross output value has already reached
100.6 per cent of [the entire target set for] the five-year plan. The experience
of this cooperative [poses the following question to] us: If areas where the natural conditions are relatively poor can achieve big increases in production,
why can’t areas where the natural conditions are more favorable do even better?

* Li Lin and Ma Ming, “Qinjian banshe, jianshe shanqu,” September 15,
1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 101; Xuanji, V, p. 256, Socialist
Upsurge, pp. 84-85.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Comprehensive Plan of Pingshun xian”

This article is worth reading. It can serve as a reference for every xian
[Party] committee in guiding the cooperativization movement, in the production drive, and in other work. We hope that for every province there will be a
number of such articles that deal with xian-wide plans and that describe all
aspects of the situation comprehensively.

* Li Lin, secretary of the Pingshun xian Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, “Pingshun xian de quanmian guihua,” September 20, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 110: Socialist Upsurge, p. 373.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “A Serious Lesson”

Political work is the lifeline of all economic work. This is particularly the
case when the economic system of a society is undergoing a fundamental
change. The movement for cooperativization in agriculture has been a serious
ideological and political struggle from its very inception. No cooperative can
be established without going through this kind of struggle. For a brand-new
social system to establish itself on the foundation of an old [social] system, it
must sweep this foundation clean. Remnants of the old ideology that reflect
the old system always linger in people’s minds for a long time; they will not
readily retreat. After a cooperative is established it must still go through many
struggles before it can consolidate itself. Even after it is consolidated it could
still collapse if it simply relaxes even once. [For example,] here Sanlousi
Cooperative of Xieyu xian in Shanxi Province is one cooperative that nearly
collapsed because of a relaxation of effort after it was consolidated. Only after
the Party organization there criticized [itself for] its own mistakes, undertook
to start all over again to educate the masses of the cooperative members in
opposing capitalism and strengthening socialism, and revived its political


work was it able to overcome this crisis and step onto the road of COntinuoy,

development. Opposition to the spontaneous tendency toward Selfish, self.
serving capitalism and advocacy of the socialist spirit in which the Principle 7
uniting the interests of the collective with the interests of the individual is
taken as the standard by which all words and deeds are Judged is the ideolog;.
cal and political guarantee for the step-by-step transition from a disperseg

small[-scale] peasant economy to a large-scale cooperativized economy, This
work is enormous and arduous; it must be done according to the life experiences of the peasants and done in a very concrete and meticulous way. We
cannot have a crude attitude or use a simplistic method. [Political work] must
be done so that it is linked with economic work; it cannot be done in isolation.
We already have considerably rich experience in this type of work on a Nation.
wide scale. Almost every article in this book demonstrates this characteristic,

* Correspondent Yan Guanghong, “Yanzhong de jiaoxun,” Originally published in Shanxi ribao [Shanxi Daily], February 1, 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, pp. 123-124; Xuanji, V, PP. 243-244; Socialist
Upsurge, pp. 330-331; Xuandu (1956b), pp. 163-164; and, under a different
title, Xuandu (1965a), p. 325.

* oe *

[Editor’s Note to] “The Experience of Changzhi Special
District in Establishing a Network of Cooperatives”

This method of having networks of cooperatives is very good. All areas
should follow suit.

* Rural Work Department of the Changzhi [Special] District Committee of the
CPC, “Changzhi zhuanqu jianli hezuowang de jingyan,” March 22, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 157.

OK

sel
[Editor’s Note to] “A Popular Evening School for Agricultural Technique

All xiang, or at present at least the majority of xiang, should set up evening
technical schools like this. Organizations of the Youth League” at every
level should take care of this matter. The peasants’ technical study should be
linked up with the elimination of illiteracy. The management of both [tasks] 18
the responsibility of the Youth League. Teachers for [each of] the evening
technical schools can be chosen from the local area. Moreover, [we should]
also encourage people to study while they are teaching.

* Jinnan [Southern Shanxi] local work committee of the [New Democratic]
Youth League, “Yi ge shou kuanying de nongye jishu yexiao,” originally pU


ULIUBER — URELEMBER 1955] '/U3

lished in Xuexi ziliao [Study Materials], no. 1 (May 10, 1955); collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 165; Socialist Upsurge, p. 451.

KOK O*

[Editor’s Note to] “We Should Enable Each
Person to Have One mu of Irrigated Land””™

This article is very useful; it can be used for reference by all xian. In its own
overall planning each xian ought to draw up an appropriate plan for water conservation. The construction of water conservation [projects] is a great undertaking that will guarantee an increase in agricultural production. Small-scale
water conservation [projects] are things that all xian, districts, xiang, and
cooperatives can undertake. It is absolutely necessary to draw up a plan that
will be carried out stage by stage over a designated number of years and that
will guarantee that, apart from extraordinary and irresistible floods and
droughts, there will be [a supply of] water in times of drought, and drainage in
times of waterlogging. This [task] is completely possible. On the basis of cooperativization, the masses have great strength. Problems of recurrent floods
and droughts that we have not been able to solve for several thousand years
may now be solved in a few years.

*Fenyang xian Committee of the CPC, ‘‘Yingdang shi mei ren you yi mu
shuidi,” October 11, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 206;
Xuanji, V, p. 251.

* * OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Relying on Cooperativization to Initiate Large-Scale
Water and Soil Conservation Projects Is Completely Possible”™

This is a good article; we hope that everyone will read it. In 1956 every xian
in the country should draw up a comprehensive plan under the leadership of
the xian [Party] committee; [these plans] should encompass such items as cooperativization, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline occupations,
fisheries, industry or handicraft industries, water conservation, fertilizers,
farming tools, improvement in the techniques of cultivation, seed improvement, commerce, finance, culture, education, and public health. If it is not
possible to be so comprehensive [at first], it would be all right to just take up a
few of the major items first. The period incorporated into the plan can be
three, five, or even seven years. If we could make estimates up to twelve
years [in advance] (that is, the last year of the Third Five-Year Plan), that, of
course, would be even better. The provinces ought to urge all special districts,
xian, districts, and xiang to do this; [but] the emphasis should be placed on
xian and xiang. It shouldn’t matter even if [the plans are drafted] a bit
roughly; they can be revised in 1957 and thus be made concrete and refined; in


U4) MAU LEUVUINU

1958 they can be revised again and made even more concrete and refined
This water and soil conservation plan of Lishan xian can be used as .
reference for making similar plans by all the xian in the Huang He [Yellow
River] basin and by all the mountainous areas.

* Liu Yao, secretary of the Lishan xian Committee of the CPC, Yikaohe.
zuohua kaizhan da guimo de shui tu baochi gongzuo shi wanquan keneng de.»
November 1, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, pp. 217-218.”

* KOK

[Editor’s Note to] “Look, Daquan Mountain Has Changed!”

I was very glad to have read this good article. With this typical example, the
whole of North and Northwest China and all areas that have the problem of
water loss and soil erosion can now model the solution of their problem after
that [of Daquan Mountain]. Moreover, it will not take a very long time; three
years, five years, seven years, or just a bit longer would be enough. It is a
matter of overall planning and strengthening leadership. We ask that the secretary of each xian Party committee learn from the secretary of the Yanggao
xian [Party] committee and diligently seek out the advanced experience
among the local masses, sum them up, and then propagate them.

* Wang Jin, secretary of the Yangao xian Committee of the CPC, “Kan,
Daquanshan bian le yangzi!” November 1, 1955; collected and reprinted in
Gaochao, p. 227.

OK ok

[Editor’s Note to] “A Serious Struggle Must Be Waged
Against Such Criminal Behavior as Corruption and Theft”

This article ought to attract the serious attention of all cooperatives. Cooperatives ought to set up control committees responsible for auditing the cooperatives’ accounts and carrying out a stern struggle against corruption and theft
among the cadres. Party and [Youth] League branches ought to pay earnest
attention to this problem.

* Yanbei [Special] District Committee of the CPC, “Bixu xiang tanwu,
daogie de fanfa xingwei jinxing yansu de douzheng,” originally published in
Qianjin [Advance], the Party publication of the Shanxi Provincial Committee
of the CPC, no. 195 (June 24, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, P-
242; Socialist Upsurge, p. 480.


OCTOBER ~ DECEMBER 1955 / 705

* OR OK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Ongniot Banner Establishes
Twelve Animal Husbandry Cooperatives
and Gives a Big Boost to Livestock [Production]’’”’

This article is very well written. It can be used by all animal husbandry
cooperatives as a reference.

* Office of the Provincial Committee of the CPC of the former province of
Jehol, “Wengniute qi jianli liao shier ge chumuye shengchan hezuoshe, shi
shengchu da wei fazhan qilai,” September 20, 1955; collected and reprinted in
Gaochao, p. 249; Socialist Upsurge, p. 97.

KKK

[Editor’s Note to] “A Cooperative That Made the Transition
from the Primary Stage to the Higher Stage”™*

Consideration should be given to changing cooperatives in which conditions
are already ripe from the primary-stage form to the higher-stage form [of cooperativization] so as to allow production and the forces of production to
develop a step further. Because the primary-stage cooperatives retain a semiprivate system of ownership, at a certain time this semiprivate system of ownership will restrict the development of the forces of production; the people
will then demand that this system be changed so that the cooperative can
become a collectively managed economic organization with the means of production owned completely by the public. As soon as the forces of production
are liberated a step further, production will undergo an even greater development. There are some places where this change can take place fairly quickly,
and there are places where it will have to be a bit slower. In general, primary-
Stage cooperatives that have been under operation for three years or so will
basically have these conditions. Party organizations of all provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions should investigate this matter and make
arrangements; in the two years 1956 and 1957, on the condition that the agreement of the masses is secured, some experimental higher-stage cooperatives
should be established. Currently, most of the cooperatives that have been
established are small-scale cooperatives. When they are turned into higher-
Stage cooperatives, the agreement of the masses should be sought, and then
many small-scale cooperatives should be merged into one large-scale cooperative. If each district can have one or more cooperatives of this type in these
[next] two years, and if their superiority over the primary-stage cooperatives
is made apparent to the masses, then favorable conditions will be created for
the work of merging cooperatives into higher Stages in the next few years.
This work must be coordinated with the overall planning for the development
of production. When people see that large-scale cooperatives and higher-stage
cooperatives are more advantageous than small-scale cooperatives anq Prima,
ry-stage cooperatives, when they see that long-range planning will bring them .
a far higher standard of living both materially and culturally, they will agree
to merge cooperatives and advance to higher-stage [cooperatives}. The
advance to the higher stage will be quicker in the suburban areas. The experi.
ence of this cooperative in Beijing can serve as a reference for coope

. oe : 29 Tatives
with similar circumstances.

* Rural Work Department of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the cPc
“Yi ge cong chuji xingshi guodu dao gaoji xingshi de hezuoshe,” originally
published in Beijing ribao [Beijing Daily], October 28, 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, pp. 285-286; Xuanji, V, p. 258-259; Socialist Upsurge,
pp. 517-518.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘How the Baipanyao Agricultural Producers’
Cooperative Was Set Up as a Higher-Stage Cooperative”™”

These are two cooperatives that went directly from being mutual aid teams
to being cooperatives of the higher-stage form without going through the primary-stage form [of cooperativization]. In some places where conditions are
appropriate this can be done. The situation in Baipanyao is a joyful sight.
Some of their experiences can also be learned by primary-stage cooperatives.

* Rural Work Department of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the CPC,
“Baipanyao nongye shengchan hezuoshe shi zenyang bancheng gaojishe de,”
October, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 294; Socialist
Upsurge, p. 530.

x RK *K

[Editor’s Note to] “The Long-range Plan of Huangantuo Agricultural,
Forestry, and Animal Husbandry Producers’ Cooperative’?!

This is a long-range thirteen-year plan and can be used for reference everywhere. The usefulness of this kind of plan is in its long-range targets, which
extend peoples’ vision beyond the step that they are to take immediately. A
plan of this type is only a broad orientation; it still needs [the spelling out of]
each five-year plan and annual plan to make it specific. Invariably, after the
implementation of several annual plans, the long-range plan will be
repeatedly revised.

* Planning work group of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and
Forestry, “Huangantuo nong lin mu shengchan hezuoshe de yuanjing gulhua,” October 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 301.
x OKO

(Editor’s Note to] “The Long-range Plan of the Red Star Collective Farm’””

This is a long-range seven-year plan of a large cooperative (they call it a collective farm, which is the same as a cooperative), which is made up of an
entire xiang of over one thousand households. It can be used as a reference by
all localities. Once they take a look at its content, people will know why there
must be long-range plans such as this. Humanity’s development has taken
place over hundreds of thousands of years, but here in China, it is only now
that we have achieved conditions under which we can develop our own economy and culture according to plan. Having achieved these conditions, our
country will begin to change its appearance year by year. Every five years
there will be a comparatively large change, and after stacking up several
five-year periods there will be even greater changes.

* Joint planning work group of the Rural Work Department of the Beijing
Municipal Committee of the CPC and the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, Forestry , and Water Conservation, “Hongxing jiti nongzhuang de
yuanjing guihua,” originally published in Beijing ribao, [Beijing Daily],
October 10, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 311; Xuanji, V, pp.
249-250; Socialist Upsurge, p. 437.

*OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Political Work at Zhangguozhuang Cooperative”

The viewpoint of this article is correct. The cooperatives must stress good
political work. The basic task of political work is to unceasingly instill socialist thought in the masses of the peasants and to criticize capitalist tendencies.

* Sha Zhun, “Zhangguozhuang hezuoshe de zhengzhi gongzuo,” originally
published in Beijing ribao [Beijing Daily], July 6, 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 328; Xuanji, V, pp. 244-245.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Cooperatives Can Solve

{the Problem of] Production Funds Themselves”**

This article reflects a common situation, which is that there is a great potential among the masses of the peasants for the accumulation of agricultural
funds. In the course of agricultural cooperativization, the state ought to give
the peasants the necessary assistance in the area of funds, for example the
poor peasants’ fund” and other loans that have already been set up. But we
should still rely on the peasants to accumulate the major portion and larger
amounts of funds themselves. Moreover, it is perfectly feasible. It isa Mistake
to underestimate the potential of the peasants.

* Office of the Rural Work Department of the Beijing Municipal Committee
of the CPC, “Hezuoshe ziji keyi jiejue shengchan zijin,” originally Publisheg
in Jiaoqu nongcun gongzuo [Work in Suburban Villages} (Beijing), no 1
(March 10, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 335, ,

* KO

[Editor’s Note to] “The Laiguangying Model Pig-Raising Cooperative’
This experience is worth being propagated.

* Rural Work Department of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the CPC,
“Yang zhu mofan de Laiguangying hezuoshe,” October 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 340.

%* Kk ok

[Editor’s Note to] “A Cooperative with a Very Good Work-style”

The leading cadres of this cooperative have a socialist work-style that is worthy of being emulated in every locality.

* Southern Suburbs Work Team of Tianjin, “‘Yi ge zuofeng hen hao de hezuoshe,”’ originally published in Shengchan hezuo cankao ziliao [Reference
Materials on Producers’ Cooperatives] (Tianjin), no. 4 (March 12, 1955);
collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 349.

* Ok OK

[Editor’s Note to] “We Must Wage a Resolute
Struggle Against Capitalist Tendencies”

This situation is worth paying attention to. Capitalist tendencies among the
well-to-do peasants are serious. If, during the cooperativization movement
and for a very long time thereafter, we were to merely let up a little bit on our
political work with the peasants, capitalist tendencies would emerge like 4
flood.

* Reporter of the Jin jiao nongcun xiaobao [Tianjin Suburban Rural News],
“Bixu dui ziben zhuyi qingxiang zuo jianjue de douzheng,” originally published in Shengchan hezuo cankao ziliao [Reference Materials on Producers
Cooperatives] (Tianjin), no. 25 (June 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 353; Xuanji, V. p. 245.


OCTOBER —- DECEMBER 1955 / 709

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Women Came to the Labor Front”

In order to establish a great socialist society, the mobilization of the broad
masses of women to take part in production activities is of the utmost
significance. In production we must put into effect equal work and equal pay
for men and women. True equality for men and women can only be realized
through the process of the socialist transformation of the whole society.

* Zhanzhuangzi xiang work team,” “Funii zou shang le laodong zhanxian,”
originally published in Shengchan hezuo cankao ziliao [Reference Materials
on Producers’ Cooperatives] (Tianjin), no. 24 (June 8, 1955); collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 357; Xuanji, V, pp. 246-247.

ke

[Editor’s Note to] “New Situations and New Problems’””

This material is useful and is worthy of general attention. This material
describes the trends of the various strata in the countryside. The poor peasants
are the most active in cooperativization. Many middle peasants want to “take
another look”; they like to “stay outside and relax.” They primarily want to
see whether the cooperatives will give them a square deal if they hand their
means of production over to the cooperatives. They can go this way or that.
Many well-to-do middle peasants have strong feelings against cooperativization; those with the worst attitude are selling off the means of production, spiriting their funds away or organizing fake cooperatives. In some individual
cases they even collude with [former] landlords and rich peasants to do evil
things. We hope that the comrades doing rural work everywhere will pay
attention to checking and analyzing the trends of the various strata in their
own areas and [on that basis] adopt a suitable policy. This material points out
the mistaken tendency of paying attention to the cooperatives and overlooking
the mutual aid teams and puts forth the view [in favor of] comprehensive planning with due consideration to all factors; this is correct. The method of
[setting up] “a network of mutual aid teams and cooperatives” is good; it takes
both cooperatives and mutual aid teams into consideration. The cooperatives
must truly help the mutual aid teams and individual households solve the
thorny problems they have with their current production. The poor peasants’
fund must be sent down [to the villages] at once. We must tell the poor peasants who have not yet joined the cooperatives that when they join the cooperatives they can draw on these funds.

* Zhang Dianju, Fu Yanlong, Hao Jingmin, and Sun Rongsheng, “Xin qingkuang he xin wenti,” originally published in Renmin ribao [Peoples’ Daily],
May 22, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 373; Xuanji,

V,
241-242; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 237-238. Pp.

* KOR

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘The Production Plan of
District Eleven of Shuangcheng xian’’

The experience of Shuangcheng xian in Heilongjiang Province merits the
attention of every locality. That place has become famous for its comprehen.
sive planning of cooperativization and production.

* Work team of the Rural Work Department of the Heilongjiang Provincial
Committee of the CPC, “Shuangcheng xian shiyi qu de shengchan guihua,”
February 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 380.

kK *

[Editor’s Note to] “Regarding Financial Management”

This experience is useful. All xian can manage [their finances] accordingly.

* Lalin xian committee of the CPC, ‘‘Guanyu caiwu guanli,’’ August 1, 1955;
collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 391.

* OK OK

{Editor’s Note to] “The Experience of Siyi Agricultural Producers’
Cooperative of Anguang xian in [Establishing] Fixed Production Teams
and Carrying Out the Experience of Establishing Labor Contracts
and Fixing Production Contracts and Fixing Production Quotas”

The method presented in this article is not perfect, but the article describes
the problems of establishing labor contracts and fixing production quotas — in
a very systematic way, and it can be used as reference for all the localities.

* Rural Work Department of the Anguang xian Committee of the CPC,
“Anguang xian siyi nongye shengchan hezuoshe guding shengchandui he
shixing baogong baochan de jingyan,” March 25, 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 419.

Ok Ok
. 9943
[Editor’s Note to] “The Autumn Harvest Distribution Proposal

This article is very well written. It can be used as a reference for all the localities.
* Rural Work Department of the Jilin Provincial Committee of the CPC,
“Qiushou fenpei fangan,” originally published in Jilin ribao [Jilin Daily],
October 8, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 426.

* KOK

[Editor’s Note to] “A Poor Cooperative That Was Ridiculed by Others”

This cooperative led by Liu Yuru is like Wang Guofan Cooperative in
Hebei.” Both were looked down upon by people because they were poor but,
after a bitter struggle, they overcame their difficulties in the end. All
provinces have many similar examples; they ought to be given widespread
propaganda so as to inspire everyone.

* Rural Work Department of Jin xian Committee of the CPC, “Yi ge bei ren
jixiao de qiong hezuoshe,’’ December 25, 1954; collected and reprinted in
Gaochao, p. 437.

[Editor’s Note to] “The Experience of a Bookkeepers’ Mutual Aid
Network Organized by Bookkeepers from Agricultural Producers’
Cooperatives, Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, and
Credit Cooperatives’ ’46

This article is very good; all localities can follow its example.” “There
aren’t any bookkeepers” is an excuse used by people who oppose the rapid
development of cooperativization. The cooperativization of the whole country
calls for several million people to be bookkeepers. And where can they be
found? Actually, people are available; we can mobilize large numbers of primary school graduates and junior middle school graduates to do this work.
The point is that we must rapidly train them and raise their literacy and technical level in the course of their work. With the district as a unit, all bookkeepers from the producers’ cooperatives, supply and marketing cooperatives, and
credit cooperatives [within the district] can form a bookkeepers’ mutual aid
network. This would be a good way to raise the literacy and technical level of
the bookkeepers. The network of No. 3 District of Zhangwu xian has not only
helped the bookkeepers raise their literacy and technical levels, but also has
done a lot of economic and political work. Xian and district Party organizations should pay attention to giving leadership to such work.

* Zhangwu xian No. 3 station for popularizing agricultural techniques, “Yi ge
you nongye shengchan hezuoshe gongxiao hezuoshe he xinyong hezuoshe de
kuaijiyuan zucheng kuaiji huzhu wang de jingyan,” originally published in
Nongye shengchan huzhu hezuo cankao ziliao [Reference Materials on Mutual Aid and Cooperativization in Agricultural Production] (Liaoning),


712. / MAO ZEDONG

no. 9 (August 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 451; Xuanji, y
p. 254. a

ee O*

{Editor’s Note to} “An Agricultural Producers’ Cooperative That
Increased Production by Sixty-seven Per Cent in Three Years”

This is a very well-run cooperative, much beneficial experience can be
derived from it. Qufu xian is Confucius’ native place. He, our old venerable,
ran a school there for many years and educated many talented students; this jg
a well-known fact. But he didn’t pay much attention to the people’s economic
life. When his student Fan Chi asked him about how to go about agriculture,
he not only brushed the question aside and ignored it but also called him a
‘‘mean person’’”” behind his back. Now the people of his native place have set
up socialist cooperatives. The people had been so poor and destitute for over
two thousand years, but after three years of cooperativization both their economic and cultural lives have begun to change in appearance. This proves that
this socialism is truly unprecedented. Socialism is I don’t know how many
times better than Confucius’ “classics.” I advise people who are interested in
going there to see Confucius’ Temple and Confucius’ Grove” that they
might as well also visit this cooperative on their way.

* Report of the Qufu xian committee of the CPC, “Yi ge zai san nian nei zeng
chan baifen zhi liu shi qi de nongye shengchan hezuoshe,” November 15,
1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 475; Xuanji, V, p. 257.

OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘A Cooperative That Drew Up
a Three-Year Production Plan’’*!

This plan is useful. [t can be used as reference everywhere. Every cooperative ought to make a production plan that covers a few years, have it discussed
many times among the members of the cooperative, revise it, and then implement it.

* Wang Houli, Wang Kexiang, “Yi ge zuo liao san nian shengchan guihua de
hezuoshe,”’ originally published in Dazhong ribao [The Masses’ Daily]
(Shandong), November 20, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, Pp. 483.

* KOK

[Editor’s Note to]‘‘The Experience of the
Youth League Branch of Gaojialiugou Village of Junan xian
in Setting Up a Class in Work Point Recording”’

This experience ought to be widely popularized. Lenin said, ‘‘A communist
society cannot be established in a country full of illiterates.”*? Our country

has so much illiteracy now, but socialist construction cannot wait until illiteracy is eliminated to begin; this has created an acute contradiction. At present
there are in our country not only many children who have reached school age
but have no schools to enter, but also a large number of children and young
people who have already passed that age but have no schools to attend, to say
nothing of the adults [in the same situation]. This serious problem must be
solved in the process of agricultural cooperativization, and it is only in the
process of agricultural cooperativization that it can be solved. After the peasants have organized cooperatives, because of economic necessity, they will
urgently demand to be educated. When the peasants have organized cooperatives and have gained collective strength, the situation will have changed completely and they will be able to organize to educate themselves. The first step,
to meet the need in recording work points,” is to learn the names of people
and places in their own villages, the names of tools, and the labels for different sorts of farm work and other necessary vocabulary — about two or three
hundred characters. The second step is to learn more advanced characters and
vocabulary. These two kinds of textbooks must be compiled. The first type of
textbook ought to be compiled by the local intellectuals with the help of the
comrades who are guiding the work of cooperativization, and in each case in
accordance with the needs of the local cooperatives. Each locale should compile its own book; we cannot use one unified text. This type of textbook
needn’t be checked [by the authorities]. The second type of textbook also
ought to be compiled by the local intellectuals with the help of the comrades
who are guiding the work of cooperativization and be based on the affairs and
vocabulary of a relatively small area (for example a xian or a special district)
and, in addition, in part be [based on] affairs and vocabulary pertaining to a
province (municipality and autonomous region) and to the nation as a whole.
These, too, should only contain a few hundred characters. This type of textbook need not be uniform from place to place either, but it should be
examined promptly by educational organizations at the xian, the special district, or the provincial (municipal [and] autonomous region) level. After having taken these two steps, a third step ought to be taken; the educational
organizations of each province (municipality, and autonomous region)
[should] compile a third type of text for general purposes. In the future more
advanced textbooks will be continually compiled. The cultural and educational organizations at the Center ought to give this matter appropriate guidance. The Youth League branch of Gaojialiugou Village in Junan xian of
Shandong Province has done a creative piece of work. Seeing this kind of situation makes one very happy. There are teachers — the primary school graduates of their own xian. Progress has been rapid; in two-and-a-half months,
over a hundred young people and middle-age people have [all] learned over
two hundred characters. They were able to keep records of their own work,
and some people became the bookkeepers of the cooperative. This name,


714. / MAO ZEDONG

work point recording class, is also very good. Such classes should
emulated and established everywhere. Youth League organizations at jj ley
els ought to give leadership to this work, and all Party and government organi.
zations should support it.

* “Junan xian Gaojialiugou cun qingniantuan zhibu chuangban jigong xuexiban de jingyan,” originally published in Huzhu hezuo tongxun [Mutual Aid
and Cooperativization Bulletin (Shandong), no. 6 (January 29, 1955); egy.
lected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 507-508; Xuanji, V, pp. 255-256; Social.
ist Upsurge, pp. 462-464.

* kK

[Editor’s Note to] Resolving the Difficulty
of Insufficient Production Funds’’54

The experience of this cooperative also proves that it is entirely possible to
mobilize members of the cooperative to make investments in order to resolve
the difficulty of insufficient production funds, provided that [the investments
are made] under such conditions that they are appropriate and not excessive,
the consciousness of the members of the cooperative has been fully
awakened, and allowance has been made for the poorer cooperative members.

* Junan xian Committee of the CPC, “Jiejue shengchan zijin buzu de
kunnan,”’ originally published in Huzhu hezuo tongxun [Mutual Aid and Cooperativization Bulletin] (Shandong), no. 12 (April 24, 1955); collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 517.

KOK

{Editor’s Note to] “The Story of Fanshen Cooperative’s
Experience of Overturning Its Old Life in One Year’s Time”

Hebei has the Wang Guofan cooperative, Liaoning has the Liu Yuru cooperative, and this place has the Kai Mingyi Fanshen cooperative.” They were
all very impoverished and were jeered at, but after a resolute struggle they
have overturned their old lives. There must be many heroic deeds of this kind
everywhere. We hope that each province will write articles [about them] and
give them wide propaganda.

* Zhang Shirong, “Fanshen hezuoshe yi nian fanshen ji,” originally published
in Nongcun gongzuo tongxun [Rural Work Bulletin] (Anhui), no. 68 (October 20, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 541.

OK OK

{Editor’s Note to] “Chen Xuemeng, Pacesetter in Cooperativization
There is a Chen Xuemeng here.”° In China how can there be less than thousands and thousands of heroes like him? It is a pity that the writers haven't
tried to seek them out yet. The people who go down to the countryside to
guide the work of cooperativization also see a lot but write little.

* Xiao Kefei, “Hezuohua de daitouren Chen Xuemeng,” originally published
in Nongcun gongzuo tongxun [Rural Work Bulletin] (Anhui), no. 68 (October 20, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 544; Xuanji, V, p. 248.

* kK O*

[Editor’s Note to] “Only After
Cooperativization Can Natural Disasters Be Resisted””’

This is a lively example of organizing to resist natural calamities. No laboring peasants, no matter what their social strata, can resist natural calamities
unless they organize themselves into collective production. The words of Ke
Xianfu, a middle peasant of Fanchang xian, Anhui, and Ke Baifa, a poor
peasant, tell of this truth.

* “‘Z7hiyou hezuohua cai neng dikang tianzai,’’ originally published in Nongcun gongzuo tongxun {Rural Work Bulletin] (Anhui), no. 41 (December 8,
1954); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 548.

OR OK

[Editor’s Note to] “A Model [Party] Branch Worthy of Recommendation”™

The line followed by this Party branch in its work is correct in all its aspects
and is worthy of being recommended to all the comrades doing rural work.
This is what is meant by a creative, Marxist spirit and method of work.

* Rural Work Department of the Fenyang xian Committee of the CPC,
“Yige zhide tuijian de mofan zhibu,” originally published in Nongcun
gongzuo tongxun [Rural Work Bulletin] (Anhui), no. 58 (June 11, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 565.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Lesson of Mistakenly
Dissolving Eighteen Spontaneous Cooperatives”

This is another lesson about the harmful results of recklessly dissolving
cooperatives. Here it was “mandatory reorganization”; in Zhejiang it was
“drastic reduction”; both were done when some cadres were seized by a feeling of panic and lost control. We hope that this kind of mistake will not be
repeated.
* Rural Work Department of the Chu xian [Special] District Committee of the
CPC, “Cuowu de jiesan shiba ge zifashe de jiaoxun,” originally published jn
Nongcun gongzuo tongxun [Rural Work Bulletin] (Anhui), no. 58 June IL
1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 569.

KOK OK

(Editor’s Note to] “Excess Labor Power Finds an Outlet”®

This is also a common problem. According to the situation of these two
cooperatives, on the basis of the current conditions of production, there is
already a surplus of approximately one-third of the total labor power. Two
people can now, after cooperativization, do the work that it used to take three
people to do; this shows the superiority of socialism. Where will this excess
one-third, or even more, of labor power find an outlet? Primarily it will still be |
in the countryside. Socialism has not only liberated the laborers and the means
of production from the old society, but it has also liberated a vast [portion of]
nature that the old society was unable to utilize. The masses of the people
have unlimited creativity. They can get organized and march on all places and.
sectors where they can bring their own strength into play; they can march on
deepening and expanding production and create an ever increasing number of
undertakings for their own well-being. And this still hasn’t touched on [the
issue of] agricultural mechanization. After mechanization, labor power will
be saved in even larger amounts; is there an outlet for it? According to the
experiences of some mechanized farms, there is still an outlet because the
scope of production will be expanded, [the number of] sectors [of production]
will be increased, and the work will become more intensive. So we need not
fear that there will be [labor] power without a place to use it.

* Feidong xian Committee of the CPC, Shitang District, “Duoyu laodongli
zhaodaole chulu,” originally published in Nongcun gongzuo tongxun [Rural
Work Bulletin] (Anhui), no. 58 (June 11, 1955); collected and reprinted in
Gaochao, p. 578; Xuanji, V, p. 253.

KOK OX

[Editor’s Note to] “This xiang Became Cooperativized in Only Two Years””

Those people who don’t believe that a primary-stage form of cooperativization can be reached within three years as far as individual areas are concerned
(the slogan of cooperativization in three years was put forth by the masses, it
has been criticized by the opportunists), and those people who don’t believe
that cooperativization can be carried out in the areas that were liberated later
at the same time as in areas that were liberated earlier: Please take a look at
this xiang in Kunshan xian of Jiangsu Province! Here, cooperativization was
accomplished not in three years but in two years. This place wasn’t an earlierliberated area but a pure and genuine later-liberated area.” This later-liberated area has gone ahead of many earlier-liberated areas. What can you do
about it? Can you pull it back? Of course not; the opportunists must admit
defeat, that’s all. There is a vast reserve of socialist enthusiasm lying latent
among the masses. Those people who even in a revolutionary period can do
no better than proceed according to routine are unable to see this type of
enthusiasm at all. They are blind; they can only see a shroud of darkness
ahead of them. They sometimes go as far as to clamor until truth is stood on
its head and white is confused with black. Haven’t we seen enough of these
people? These people who only know how to follow routine and always
underestimate the enthusiasm of the people, whenever a new thing emerges
they never approve; they [always] oppose it first. Then they admit defeat and
do a bit of self-criticism. When a second novel thing emerges, they do the
same thing all over again by alternating one attitude with the other. From then
on, whenever any new things appear, they will apply the same formula again
and again. Such people are always passive; they can never take a step forward
at a critical moment; someone else must always give them a sharp cuff on the
back before they are willing to take a step forward. When will these people be
able to walk by themselves, and moreover walk properly? There is one way to
cure this ailment, and that is [for them] to take some time out to go among the
masses, to see what the masses are thinking, what they are doing, to find some
advanced experiences among them, and to popularize them. This is an effective curative for rightist obstinacy. We suggest that people give this a try.

* Department of production and cooperativization of Kunshan xian
Committee of the CPC, “Zhege xiang liang nian jiu hezuohua liao,” October
14, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 587; Xuanji, V, pp.
229-230; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 43-44; Xuandu (1965a), pp. 319-320.

* OR OR

[Editor’s Note to] “Yitao xiang’s Overall Planning”

This xiang has done a two-year plan for cooperativization, [which features]
measures to increase production, water conservation, the consolidation of the
Party and [the Youth] League, and cultural and educational work. All xiang
throughout the country ought to do likewise. Some people say that planning is
hard to do. Why was this xiang able to do it? In 1956, all xian, districts, and
xiang throughout the country should make comprehensive plans that should
include even a bit more than this plan; for example, [they should include planning for] sideline occupations, commerce, finance, afforestation, and public
health. Even if they are a bit rough and do not entirely conform to actual situations, it is still better than not having any at all. If in a province there are one
or two xian, one or two districts, and one or two xiang that have made decent
plans, they can immediately be publicized, and other xian, districts, and xiang


16 7 MAU ZEDONG

can be called upon to follow suit. [Planning] is said to be hard but in fact it
isn’t that hard.

* Department of production and cooperativization of the Huaiyin [Specialy
District Committee of the CPC, “Yitao xiang de quanmian guihua,” October
22, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 598; Xuanji, V, pp.
250-251; Socialist Upsurge, p. 393.

* KO

[Editor’s Note to] “The Superiority of Large Cooperatives”™

This essay is well written and is worth reading. Because they are easy to
establish, and so that the cadres and the masses can acquire experience immediately, most of the semisocialist cooperatives currently established are smail
cooperatives of twenty or thirty households. However, smail Cooperatives
have few people, little land, and little funds; they cannot be run on a large
scale and cannot utilize machinery. These small cooperatives still confine the
development of the forces of production. They cannot remain [in this condition] too long; they should gradually merge [with other cooperatives]. There
are some places where one xiang can be a cooperative, there are a few places
where a number of xiang can form a cooperative, and of course there are
many places where one xiang can become several cooperatives. Not only can
large cooperatives be run in the plains areas but they can also be run in the
mountainous areas as well. The xiang in Anhui where the Foziling Reservoir
is located is completely hilly, with hills stretching for several dozen /i around,
yet a large-scale cooperative combining undertakings in agriculture, forestry,
and animal husbandry has been established there. Naturally this type of
merger must be done step by step; there must be suitable cadres, and it must
have the approval of the masses.

* Xinhailian Municipal Committee of the CPC, “Da she de youyuexing,” September 21, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 611; Xuanji, V, pp-
257-258; Socialist Upsurge, p. 499.

OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] ““Weeding Out Bad People,
Consolidating the Cooperative’’65

The question this essay addresses has universal significance. It is worthy of
everyone’s attention.

* Department of production and cooperativization of the J iangning xian committee of the CPC, “Qingchu huairen, gonggu hezuoshe,” originally
published in Xinhua ribao [New China Daily] (Jiangsu), September 10,
1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 623.
KOK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Setting the Fixed Norm of Labor Contracts
and Evaluating Work and Alloting Work Points””

This article portrays the circuitous process of change in the organization of
labor in one cooperative. It can serve as a reference for all areas.

* “Dinge baogong he pinggong jifen,” originally published in Nongcun gongzuo [Rural Work] (Jiangsu), supplement, May 26, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 640.

[Editor’s Note to] “The Higher-Stage Cooperatives Are
the Most Advantageous, and They Are Not Hard to Run’’

It makes one happy to read this article. I hope everyone will read it carefully. I hope that in every primary-stage cooperative where the conditions are
ripe this article will be read out to the members of the cooperative and will
also be discussed, so that they may be mobilized to gladly merge [with other
cooperatives] and enter the higher stage [of cooperativization]. These great
achievements of Wudongzha Cooperative of Ciqi xian of Zhejiang Province
should be publicized throughout the country. In the xiang in which Wudongzha Cooperative is located, Qishan xiang of Ciqi xian, ninety-two per cent of
the peasant households have joined eight higher-stage cooperatives. Who says
that higher-stage cooperatives are so hard to run?

* Department of Rural Work of the Zhejiang Provincial Committee of the
CPC, “Gaojishe liyi zui da er qie bing bu nan ban,” October 23, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 651; Socialist Upsurge, p. 540.

Ok OX

{Editor’s Note to] “Dengjia xiang — A Model of Cooperativization””

This experience ought to be universally publicized. For all xiang that have
completed land reform, established Party branches, and have had some
mutual aid teams, as long as they simply follow the line of Dengjia xiang of
Zhejiang Province in doing things, then it will be possible for them to bring
about a semisocialist cooperativization within the confines of a xiang in one or
two years in a relatively healthy manner and without too many mistakes and,
moreover, raise productivity a step higher. Some comrades feel that cooperativization is very difficult and many mistakes are bound to be made, and therefore they hang back and don’t dare to promote cooperativization. This is simply because they have separated themselves from the kind of leadership line of
Dengjia xiang of Zhejiang Province. And yet this line followed by Dengjia
xiang of Zhejiang (going deeply at one point, acquiring experience, and
applying it everywhere), like the line of No. 10 District of Zunhua xian in
Hebei or that of Chengxi xiang of Fenyang xian, Anhui,” is none Other tha
the famous Marxist-Leninist line that has already proved so effective in all ou,
Party’s work among the masses throughout the country.

* “Hezuohua mofan dengjia xiang,” originally published in Zhejiang nongcun
gongzuo tongxun [Zhejiang Rural Work Bulletin], no. 51 (March 17, 1955);
collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 658; Socialist Upsurge, p. 60. ,

OR ok

{Editor’s Note to] “The System of Networks of Cooperatives
Ought to Be Promoted Throughout the Country””!

This article is very good; it is worthy of recommendation. Networks of cooperatives ought to be established everywhere, and they should be made into a
system. Currently most of the cooperatives are small and the xiang need to
establish networks of cooperatives; the districts also ought to have networks
of cooperatives. Eventually when there are more medium-sized and large
cooperatives [we] ought to emphasize the networks of cooperatives in the districts. We hope that by 1956 each district and each xiang will have a network
of cooperatives. Naturally in those places where a whole xiang is made into
only one or two large cooperatives, the xiang doesn’t have to establish this
kind of network.

* Rural Work Department of the Zhejiang Provincial Committee of the CPC,
“Hezuowang de zhidu yingdang zai quanguo tuiguang,” October 23, 1955;
collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 663; Socialist Upsurge, p. 228.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Mobilizing Women to Join Production
Has Resolved the Problem of Insufficient Labor Power”

Before cooperativization, many places throughout the country had 4
problem of a surplus of labor power. After cooperativization, many cooperatives felt that labor power was no longer sufficient and that it had become necessary to mobilize the broad masses of women, who had hitherto not partclpated in work in the fields, to participate on the labor front. This is a”
important occurrence that many people did not expect. In the past, people
always thought that after cooperativization there would be a surplus of labor
power. There was already a surplus. With another surplus, what could be
done? In many places the practice of cooperativization has rid people of this


aa
apprehension; there was not a surplus of labor power; rather there was not
enough. After cooperativization, some places experienced a surplus of labor
power for a time, [but] that was because [the cooperatives] still hadn’t
expanded the scale of production and hadn’t yet begun diversified operations” and had not yet begun to intensify cultivation either. In many areas,
once the scale of production was expanded, once operations were expanded
into more areas, once the scope of labor was broadened and deepened into
Nature, once work was done more intensively, then labor power was felt to
be insufficient. Such situations are now only beginning, [but] in the future
they will develop year after year. After the mechanization of agriculture, [the
situation] will also be the same. Eventually enterprises will emerge that
people have never even thought of and that will raise our agricultural production several times, more than a dozen times, or even several dozen times. The
development in industrial, communications, and exchange enterprises would
be even more unimaginable to people of an earlier period. The same holds
true for enterprises in science, culture, education, and health. China’s women
are a great human resource. This sort of resource must be tapped for the struggle to establish a great socialist country. To mobilize women to participate in
labor, the principle of equal work and equal pay for men and women alike
must be implemented. The experience of Jiande xian of Zhejiang Province
can be utilized by all cooperatives [everywhere].

* “Fadong funti touru shengchan jiejue le laodongli buzu de kunnan,”’ originally published in Zhejiang noncun gongzuo tongxun [Zhejiang Rural Work
Bulletin], no. 60 (May 24, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 674,
Xuanji, V, pp. 252-253; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 311-312.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘Supply and Marketing Cooperatives
and Agricultural Producers’ Cooperatives’’74

This is the only article in this book that discusses this issue; it is worthy of
widespread recommendation. The essay is also not badly written. The conclusion of contracts on coordination between supply and marketing cooperatives
and agricultural producers’ cooperatives should be universally implemented.

* “Gongxiao hezuoshe he nongye shengchan hezuoshe yingdang dingli jiehe
hetong,” originally published in Zhejiang nongcun gongzuo tongxun
[Zhejiang Rural Work Bulletin], no. 49 (March 4, 1955); collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 679.

[Editor’s Note to] “Cooperatives with Wooded Areas Must Quickly
Deal with the Problem of Incorporating the Woods into Cooperatives”


732. | MAO ZEDONG

This is a common problem. All wooded areas, whether in the Mountaing o
not, ought to quickly tackle, according to the Party’s policy, the Problem of
whether or not the woods should immediately be incorporated into coopera.
tives and how they should be incorporated. The method of Fengming xian 2 of
Longquan xian, Zhejiang Province, can serve as a reference for all areas.

* “You cheng pian linmu diqu de hezuoshe bixu xinsu chuli shanlin rushe de
wenti,” originally published in Zhejiang nongcun gongzuo tongxun [Zhejiang
Rural Work Bulletin], no. 59 (May 20, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 687.

kK Ok

[Editor’s Note to] “This Place Raised a Lot of Live Hogs”

Raising hogs is an important problem related to fertilizer and meat [supply],
and to earning foreign exchange through export. [Consequently] all cooperatives must take the matter of hog raising into their plans. Naturally, each province, special district, xian, and district should have its own plan. [The
question of] fodder for hogs is easy to solve; certain kinds of green grass, certain kinds of tree leaves, sweet potato vines and leaves, and sweet potatoes are
all fodder. Feed concentrates are not necessarily required, and in particular we
need not necessarily use a great deal of feed concentrate. Apart from [the hogs
that are] raised publicly in the cooperatives, each peasant family should be
encouraged to raise one or a few hogs. This goal can be reached bit by bit ina
number of years. Some minority nationalities that forbid the raising of hogs
and some individual families that are reluctant to raise hogs because of religious custom are naturally not included in [this project]. There must be a system of rewards for the development of the hog raising enterprise; the experience of Shanghua Cooperative of Zhejiang Province can be used as a
reference everywhere.

* “Zheli yang liao yi da pi maozhu,” originally published in Zhejiang nongcun
gongzuo tongxun [Zhejiang Rural Bulletin], no. 55 (April 26, 1955); collected
and reprinted in Socialist Upsurge, p. 695; Xuanji, V, pp. 251-252.

OK Ok

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘The Lesson of the Appearance of a ‘Middle vos
Peasant Cooperative’ and a ‘Poor Peasant Cooperative’ in Fuan xian

The problem discussed here has universal significance. We must unite with
the middle peasants; it would be a mistake not to unite with the middle peasants. But on whom should the working class and the Communist Party rely in
the rural areas to unite with the middle peasants and implement the socialist
transformation of the entire countryside? Naturally it is only the poor peasants. It was like this in the past during the struggle against the landlords and in
carrying out the land reform, and it is the same now in struggling against the
rich peasants and other capitalist factors and in implementing the socialist
transformation of agriculture. In both of these revolutionary periods the middle peasants wavered in the initial stage. They waited until they could see the
general trends clearly, until the revolution was on the verge of victory, and
only then did the middle peasants join the revolutionary side. The poor peasants must do work among the middle peasants to unite the middle peasants
and bring them to their own side, and broaden the revolution day by day all
the way up to the final victory. The cooperative affairs management committees of the agricultural producers’ cooperatives today, like the peasant associations of the past,”° should bring in old lower-middle peasants and some representative new and old upper-middle peasants who have a comparatively
high level of [political] consciousness, but not too many of them; about onethird would be appropriate. About two-thirds of the people on the committee
should be made up of poor peasants (including those who are currently poor
peasants as well as new lower-middle peasants who were originally poor peasants). The primary leading cadres’ [positions] in the cooperatives should in
general be occupied by the poor peasants (to repeat, this includes those who
are currently poor peasants as well as all the new lower-middle peasants who
were originally poor peasants) with the exception that the old lower-middle
peasants and certain new and old upper-middle peasants whose [political] consciousness is very high and who are indeed fair and capable can still serve [in
those positions].’’ We should not see the kind of situation in Fuan xian of
Fujian Province, in which the cooperative led by poor peasants and that led by
middle peasants have expressed different attitudes toward the cause of socialism, as an isolated phenomenon; it has universal significance.

* Louxia xiang work team, “Fuan xian fasheng zhongnongshe he pinnongshe
de jiaoxun,” originally published in Fujian ribao [Fujian Daily], August 16,
1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 701-702; Xuanji, V, pp.
240-241; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 247-248.

x KOK

[Editor’s Note to] ‘““A Good Experience of Consolidating a Cooperative”

This is a very good article on the experience of consolidating a cooperative.
It is worthy of recommendation. The birth of a new social system is always
accompanied by a great uproar and a great outcry. This is simply propagandizing the superiority of the new system and criticizing the backwardness of the
old one. Such an earthshaking undertaking as causing the more than 500 million peasants of our country to implement socialist transformation cannot
occur under conditions of gentle winds and calm seas. It requires that we
Communists carry out our propaganda and educational work with patience, in
a lively way, and in a way that they can easily understand, among the broad
masses of peasants who carry on their backs the baggage of the old system
Currently this kind of work is going on all over the country, and Many com.
rades engaged in rural work and who excel at propaganda [work] have
emerged. The “four comparisons and five calculations”” described in this
article is a good method by which to explain to the peasants which System jg
good and which is bad, and one that allows people to understand immediately
upon hearing. This kind of method has great persuasive power. It is Not like
[the method used by] some of those comrades who are no good at doing propaganda and who simply put forth the so-called [slogan] “You either take the
road of the Communist Party or take the road of Chiang Kai-shek.” That is
just using labeling“ to coerce their audience and not holding in their hands
any goods with which to motivate people. But {the method put forward in this
article] — taking the experiences of the local peasants and giving them a
detailed analysis — that truly has great persuasive power.

* Department of Production Cooperativization of the Longqi [Special] District
Committee of the CPC, “Yi ge zhengshe de hao jingyan,” originally
published in Nongcun gongzuo tongxun [Rural Work Bulletin) (Fujian), no.
13 July 9, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 706; Xuanji, V, pp.
245-246; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 275-276.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Ill Wind of Opportunism Is Falling,
the Righteous Wind of Socialism Is on the Rise’”®’

The nearly ubiquitous Right opportunist elements within the Party who
hinder the broad masses of poor and lower-middle peasants from taking the
road of cooperativization are in collusion with the forces of capitalism in four]
society. This article is an apt description of this kind of situation. The writer
reproaches the opportunists with great indignation and supports the poor suffering peasants. There are some people who, even though they call themselves Communists, show very little interest in the tasks of socialism that
must be done now. Not only do they not support the enthusiastic masses but,
on the contrary, they pour cold water on the heads of the masses. In China,
1955 has been a year of decisive struggle between socialism and capitalism.
This decisive struggle was first manifested at the three conferences called by
the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in May, July, and
October.” In the first half of 1955 the air was filled with smog and poisonous
gas and the sky was filled with dark clouds. There was a complete change 1n
the latter half of 1955, a change to a completely different climate. Several tens
of millions of peasant households took action and, in response to the call of
the Party Center, carried out cooperativization. By the time this editor is writing these lines, more than sixty million peasant households throughout the

1S


al

OCTOBER — DECEMBER 1955) / (725

country have joined cooperatives. This is like a raging wave sweeping away
all the monsters and freaks. The face of each individual in society can [now]
be seen clearly for what it is. The same is true within the Party. By the end of
this year the victory of socialism will have been greatly assured. Naturally
there will still be many struggles ahead, and we must still struggle hard.

* Li Yijun, ‘“‘Jihui zhuyi de xieqi kua xiaqu, shehui zhuyi de zhengqi sheng
shanglai,” October 7, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 729;
Xuanji, V, pp. 232-233; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 169-170.

KK Ok

[Editor’s Note to] “The Baiyiqiao Vegetable Producers’ Cooperative
Changes from a Primary-Stage Cooperative into a
Higher-Stage Cooperative’’*

The experience of this cooperative can be used as a reference not only in
suburban areas near cities, but in other areas as well.

* Ji Yin, Tao Guizhang, Yang Guosen, “Baiyigiao sucai shengchan hezuoshe
you chujishe zhuandao gaojishe,” October 24, 1955, collected and reprinted
in Gaochao, p. 735.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Enthusiasm of the Workers’ Families
Is Extremely High in the Cooperativization Movement”™

This is also a very interesting article. Even though there are opportunists
almost everywhere who want to stem the tide, the tide can never be stemmed.
Socialism is advancing victoriously everywhere, putting all stumbling blocks
behind it. Society is advancing in this way every day; peoples’ thinking is
being transformed; it is especially so in the high tide of revolution.

* Wu Qiang, Zhai Guizhao, “Zai hezuohua yundong zhong, gongren jiashu
de jijixing feichang gao,” October 7, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 748; Xuanji, V, p. 233.

* KK

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘Zhudi xiang Absorbs Many Peasants
Who Are Also Peddlers into Agricultural Cooperativization’’**

The circumstances in this xiang also demonstrate that with the development
of many diversified [economic] undertakings, surplus labor power will have
an outlet. The present small and primary-stage cooperatives are still a fetter on
the full utilization of labor power and of all kinds of means of production.


= ms UL

When the time comes to establish large and higher-stage cooperatives, jt will
be possible to ram through such obstacles, and all the forces of Production can
take a big step forward. At that time, there will be an even greater necessity
for developing diversified [economic] undertakings and many large-scale
undertakings that serve both the cities and the countryside. Only in this wa
can all the forces of production, primarily human resources, be fully utj.
lized.

* Dai Xingming, Wang Shuren, Dong Junming, “Zhudi xiang ba da Pi jianying xiaoshangfan de nongmin Xiyin dao nongye hezuo zhong lai liao,” October 24, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 756.

* KK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Experience of the Liziyuan Agricultural Producers’
Cooperative of Zhenru District in Economizing on Production Expenses”®?

This article is also very good. Every socialist economic undertaking must
pay attention to making all possible efforts to fully utilize human resources
and equipment, to improve labor organization and business management, to
raise labor productivity, to economize on all the human and material resources
that can be conserved, to implement labor competition and economic accounting, and thus year by year reduce production costs, increase individual
income, and increase accumulation. This should also apply to agricultural
producers’ cooperatives. Much work must be done in this area.

* Dong Quan, Shao Jian and Gui Shihang, “Zhenru qu Liziyuan nongye
shengchan hezuoshe jieyue shengchan feiyong de jingyan,” October 24,
1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 768.

* kK OR

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘Who Says Chicken Feathers Can’t Go to Heaven?””™

This article is very good. It can persuade many people. The Party organization in this location has never wavered on the question of cooperativization. It
has resolutely supported the poverty-stricken peasants in their demand for
establishing a cooperative, achieved a victory in their competition with the
well-to-do middle peasants, changed from a small cooperative to a large cooperative, increased production each year, and realized the cooperativization of
the entire village within three years. The well-to-do middle peasants said,
“These paupers want to run a cooperative, [but] we haven’t ever seen chicken
feathers that could fly up to heaven.””” But the chicken feathers did indeed
have the audacity to fly up to heaven. This is the struggle between the two
roads — socialism and capitalism. In China the economic strength of the rich
peasants is very weak (during the period of land reform the portion of land
that they held under semifeudal conditions was confiscated; the great majority
of old rich peasants no longer hire labor; and their reputation in society is very
bad). The strength of the well-to-do and relatively well-to-do peasants, who
make up twenty to thirty per cent of the rural population, however, is fairly
great. An important aspect of the struggle between the two roads in China’s
countryside is manifested in the peaceful competition between the poor peasants and lower-middle peasants on one side and the well-to-do middle peasants on the other. [The outcome] depends on which side will increase production in two or three years; will it be the well-to-do middle peasants who are
going it alone or will it be the cooperatives that have been organized by the
poor and lower-middle peasants? In the beginning it was only the cooperatives, formed by some of the poor and lower-middle peasants, which were in
competition with the well-to-do middle peasants who were going it alone; the
great majority of poor and lower-middle peasants were still there watching. It
was [a situation in which] both sides were trying to win over the masses.
Behind the well-to-do middle peasants stand the landlords and the rich peasants. They support the well-to-do middle peasants, sometimes openly and
sometimes secretly. On the side of the cooperatives stands the Communist
Party; its [members] should be like the Communists of Nancui xiang of {
Anyang xian and support the cooperatives resolutely. Unfortunately, how- ;
ever, not every Party branch in every village is like that. Under these conditions, then, there is confusion. First of all there is the problem of public opinion on the question of whether or not chicken feathers can fly up to heaven.
Naturally this is a serious issue. In thousands of years, has anyone ever seen
chicken feathers that could fly up to heaven? It seems to be a matter of truth
(that it cannot be done]. If the Party does not criticize {this idea], it will lead to
the confusion of many poor and lower-middle peasants. Second, with regard
to the cadres, and third, with regard to material means such as loans, if they
cannot get the support of the Party and the state, the cooperatives will run into
very great difficulties. The reason that the well-to-do middle peasants dared to
spread [rumors of] ancient adages such as [the one that] chicken feathers can’t
fly up to heaven was that the cooperatives had not yet become rich cooperatives, and individual, isolated cooperatives had not yet become thousands and
tens of thousands of cooperatives. It was because the Party had not yet vigorously propagandized the benefits of cooperativization on a nationwide scale
and with great fanfare, and because it had not yet clearly pointed out that the
ancient adage “chicken feathers can’t fly up to heaven” is no longer true in the

age of socialism. The poor will overturn their old lives.” The old system will

be obliterated. A new system is being born. Chicken feathers will indeed fly

up to heaven. In the Soviet Union, they have already flown up to heaven. In il
China, they are flying up to heaven right now. And they will fly up to heaven

all over the world. Many of our local Party organizations have not been able

to give their resolute support to the impoverished peasants, but we cannot

blame everything on them; the higher levels have not yet struck opportunist

thinking a mortal blow, have not yet made a comprehensive plan for coopera-


738 / MAU ZEDONG

tivization, and [have not yet] strengthened the leadership of this movement on
a nationwide scale. In 1955 we did this work, and in a few months’ time the
situation was completely different. The broad masses who stood and Watcheq
came over, group by group, to stand on the side of cooperativizaiton. The
well-to-do middle peasants have also changed their tune. Some are asking to
join the cooperatives, and some have already prepared to join the cooperatives. Even the most stubborn no longer dare to argue whether or not chicken
feathers can fly up to heaven. The landlords and rich peasants are completely
deflated. This also has something to do with the punishment meted out by the
People’s Government to a group of counterrevolutionaries who had been
breaking down public security and wrecking the cause of cooperativization. In
short, during the latter half of 1955, a basic change occurred in the balance of
class power in our country; socialism soared and capitalism took a plunge.
With another year of hard work in 1956, the basis will have been basically put
down for the socialist transformation in the period of transition.

* The Cooperativization Campaign Office of the Anyang [Special] District
Committee of the CPC, “Shui shuo jimao buneng shang tian,” originally published in Henan ribao [Henan Daily], November 2, 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 777; Xuanji V, pp. 230-232; Socialist Upsurge, pp.
144-147; Xuandu (1955a), pp. 320-322; Xuandu (1966b), pp. 165-167.

* Ok OK

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘The Experience of Planning
Cooperativization in a xiang’’?!

This is also a good article; it can be used as a reference everywhere. Where
it mentions organizing middle school students and primary school graduates
to participate in the work of cooperativization is particularly worthy of close
attention. All these intellectuals who can go to the countryside to work should
go there happily. The countryside is a vast universe where there is plenty to be
done.

* Prepared by the Rural Work Department of the Xuchang [Special] District
Committee of the CPC, ‘‘Zai yi ge xiang li jinxing hezuohua guihua de jingyan,’’ originally published in the Rural Work Department of Xuchang
[Special] District Committee, Huzhu hezuo [Mutual Aid and Cooperativization], no. 15 (September 4, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, P-
795; Xuanji, V, pp. 247-248; Socialist Upsurge, p. 411.

* OK

[Editor’s Note to } “Yingyang xian Committed an
Error in Carelessly Weeding Out Members of the Cooperative”

What is discussed here is not even the dissolution of a whole cooperative,


UCTUBER — DECEMBER 1955) / 7/24

but rather just the weeding out, in some cooperatives, of people who should
not have been weeded out. This has already had very bad consequences. The
policy of the Henan provincial {Party] committee is correct.

* Rural Work Department of the Henan Provincial Committee of the CPC,
‘*Yingyang xian huluan de qingxi sheyuan fan le cuowu,”’ originally published
in Henan tongxun {Henan Bulletin], no. 290 (February 11, 1955); collected
and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 802.

[Editor’s Note to} “The Advisory Group for
Forming Cooperatives in Xuchang [Special] District”

This experience is very good and can be used and can be copied everywhere.

* Rural Work Department of the Xuchang [Special] District Committee of the
CPC, “Xuchang diqu de ban she fudaotuan,” originally published in Henan
ribao [Henan Daily], October 30, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao,
p. 805.

%* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Experience of the Xianggao
Agricultural Producers’ Cooperative of Houpai xiang in
Xiangyang xian Regarding the Feeding and Use of Draft Oxen”

The author has studied this question very enthusiastically. The opinions the
peasants recounted are indeed in the peasants’ own words. It seems that the
author has gone to this xiang and studied this problem with the peasants. We
hope that the more than two hundred [special] district Party committee secretaries throughout the country will each go down to the countryside to investigate one or more cooperatives and that each will write one or two articles.

* Zhao Xiu, secretary of the Xiangyang [Special] District Committee of the
CPC, “Xiangyang xian huopai xiang xianggao nongye shengchan hezuoshe
guanyu weiyang he shiyong gengniu de jingyan,” originally published in
Hubei nongcun [Rural Hubei], no. 106 (April 18, 1955); collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 841.

KOK

[Editor’s Note to] “How the Dominant Position in Wutang
Agricultural Producers’ Cooperative of Gaoshan xiang in
Changsha xian Shifted from the Middle Peasants to the Poor Peasants”

This is a common and serious problem. Party committees at all levels and all
comrades who have been sent to the countryside to guide the work of coopera.
tivization should give this problem their full attention. The Organizations of
leadership in the cooperatives must see to it that the dominant position of the
current poor peasants and new lower-middle peasants is established in the
organizations of leadership [of the cooperatives], with the old lower-middle
peasants and both new and old upper-middle peasants acting as an auxilj
force {only]. Only then can the poor peasants and middle peasants be united
the cooperatives consolidated, production developed, and the socialist trans.
formation of the countryside be completed successfully in accordance with the
Party’s policy. Without this condition, the middle peasants and the poor peasants cannot be united, the cooperatives cannot be consolidated, production
cannot be developed, and socialist transformation of the whole countryside
cannot be realized. Many comrades do not understand this principle. They
think that regarding the question of establishing the dominance of the poor
peasants, [this dominance] was necessary during the period of land reform”
because at that time the poor peasants who made up fifty, sixty, or seventy per
cent of the rural population had not yet become middle peasants, whereas the
middle peasants were wavering with regard to land reform; therefore it was
indeed necessary to establish the dominance of the poor peasants at that time.
[But they argue that] now is the period of the socialist transformation of agriculture, that the poor peasants of the past have for the most part risen to the
status of middle peasants, and that moreover the old middle peasants own a
good deal of the means of production, and without their participation it would
be impossible to solve the problem of the shortage of the means of production
in the cooperatives. Thus, these comrades feel that we should not now put
forth the slogan of relying on the poor peasants and establishing the dominance of the poor peasants. They think that such a slogan will be harmful to
cooperativization. We consider such a view to be wrong. If the working class
and the Communist Party are to use the socialist spirit and the socialist system
to thoroughly transform the system of private ownership of the means of production in small[-scale] peasant holdings in the entire countryside, then it is
only by relying on the broad masses of poor peasants who were formerly semiproletarians that the transformation can be achieved relatively smoothly; otherwise it will be very difficult. This is because the rural semiproletariat are not
so stubborn in clinging to the system of private ownership of the means of production [vested] in small{-scale] peasant holdings, and they are people who
will accept socialist transformation more easily. Most of them have already
become new middle peasants, but compared to the old middle peasants, apart
from some new well-to-do middle peasants, the majority of them have a relatively higher level of political consciousness, and the bitterness of their lives
in the past is still rather easily recalled. In addition, the economic position and
political attitude of the lower-middle peasants among the old middle peasants
are closer to that of the lower-middle peasants among the new middle peasants, and are not the same as [those of] the upper-middle peasants among

AL
either the new or old middle peasants, that is, the well-to-do and relatively
well-to-do middle peasants. Therefore, in the process of cooperativization,
we must pay attention to these three types of people who will accept socialist
transformation relatively easily: (1) the poor peasants who are still in a
difficult position, (2) the lower-middie peasants among the new middle peasants, and (3) the lower-middle peasants among the old middle peasants, and
we should bring them first of all into the cooperatives by groups and at intervals. Moreover, a number of people from among them who have a relatively
high level of [political] consciousness and who have strong organizational
abilities should be selected and trained to serve as the backbone of leadership
in the cooperatives. We should pay attention to selecting these backbone elements from among the current poor peasants and the new lower-middle peasants. This does not imply that a new drawing of class distinctions” is to be
made in the rural areas, but rather that this should be taken as a guideline to
which Party branches and the comrades who have been sent to the countryside
to guide the work should pay attention and grasp in the process of cooperativization. This guideline should be publicly proclaimed to the masses of the
peasants. At the same time, we are not saying that the well-to-do middle peasants cannot join the cooperatives. Rather we are saying that we should wait
until the socialist consciousness of the well-to-do middle peasants has been
raised and until they have expressed a willingness to join the cooperatives
and, moreover, to obey the leadership of the poor peasants (including the current poor peasants and all the new middle peasants who were originally poor
peasants) before absorbing them into the cooperatives. Don’t coerce them into
joining the cooperatives before they are willing to join just to obtain the use of
their draft oxen and farm tools. Those who are already in the cooperatives and
who wish to remain can continue to do so without any changes made. Those
who intend to withdraw from the cooperatives but, after some persuasion, are
willing to stay, should also be allowed to stay. Cooperatives can be organized
even with fewer means of production; the many cooperatives organized by the
poor and lower-middle peasants have proven this point. Nor are we saying
that not a single well-to-do middle peasant can become a cadre in a cooperative. Those individual well-to-do middle peasants whose socialist consciousness is high, who are fair-minded and capable, and who have the respect of
the great majority of the people of the entire cooperative can become cadres.
But the dominance of the poor peasants (to say it once again, this includes the
current poor peasants, and all the new lower-middle peasants who were originally poor peasants; they make up the majority or the great majority of the
rural population) must be established in the cooperatives. In terms of composition, the poor peasants should make up about two-thirds [of the leadership
organs], while the middle peasants (which include the old lower-middle peasants and both the new and old upper-middle peasants) can only make up, and
should make up, about one-third. As for the policy guiding the cooperatives,
we must implement the policy of mutual benefit for both the poor peasants and
the middle peasants, and must not damage anyone’s interests. It is also in


solve the “third-class Cooperatives” and that we ought to do the work of Setting them in order. After such work it is altogether possible for a third-clasg
Cooperative to be transformed into a first-class Cooperative. There have
already been many experiences of this kind throughout the entire country, not
only in Gaoshan xiang of Changsha xian.

* Zhou Jingwen, “Changsha xian gaoshan xiang wutang nongye shengchan
hezuoshe shi zenyang cong zhongnong zhan youshi zhuanbian wei pinnong
zhan youshi de,’’ originally published in Huzhu hezuo [Mutual Aid and Coperativization], no. 9 (July 26, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p-
857; Xuanji, V, PP. 238-240; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 255-259; Xuandu
(1965a), pp. 322-324; and, under a different title, in Xuandu (1965b), pp.
159-162.

* KOK
[Editor’s Note to} “The Party Branch of Qingfeng xiang,

Xiangtan xian, Helps the Impoverished Members of the
Cooperative Resolve Their Difficulties”’

Or even simply shut out the Poor peasants. This is completely wrong. At present, the government has already established a poor peasant fund. It can help
the poor peasants solve their difficulties of draft oxen and farm tools, but it
still cannot solve the difficulty of a lack of the means of livelihood that some
households experience during the hiatus period between farming seasons.”
These [difficulties] can only be resolved by relying on the strength of the
broad masses in the cooperatives.

* Gu Jianpeng, “Xiangtan xian qingfeng xiang dang zhibu bangzhu pinku
sheyuan jiejue kunnan,” originally published in Hunan nongcun [Rural
Hunan], no. 113 (May 17, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 870;
Xuanji, V, pp. 242-243.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Xiangyin xian Solves the
Problem of Finding an Outlet for Excess Labor”

The situation in this xian also tells us that an outlet for excess labor power
can be found in the villages. The [number of] work days for each man and
woman in a year can be increased as methods of management are improved
and the scope of production expands. It is not, as it is said in this article, that
men can put in one hundred or more work days and women a few dozen work
days. Rather it can be done so that men put in more than two hundred work
days and women one hundred and more work days, or even more. Such numbers [of work days] have already been achieved in some cooperatives elsewhere. Sideline occupations must have a definite market; they cannot be
developed blindly; this is correct. Taking the country as a whole, rural
sideline occupations in large part serve the countryside, but there must be a
not too small portion that serves the cities and export [needs]. Eventually this
sector can be expanded. The issue is that the country must have a unified plan
So as to eliminate blindness step by step.

* Ren Peiwu, “Xiangyin xian jiejue liao shengyu laodongli de chulu wenti,”
originally published in Hunan nongcun [Rural Hunan], no. 110 (April 3,
1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 887; Xuanji, V, pp. 253-254.

* KOK
[Editor’s Note to] “A Model Cooperative”
This article is very good. It can be used as a reference everywhere.
* Liu Junxiu, second secretary of the Jiangxi Provincial Committee of the
CPC, “Yi ge mofan hezuoshe,” originally published in Nongcun Jianshe

[Rural Construction] (Jiangxi), no. 96 (February 10, 1955); collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 907.


134 7 MAU ZEDUNG

* OR OK

[Editor’s Note to] “A Cooperative Established Its Bylaws”

This is a useful article. It can be used as a reference in establishing bylaws
for cooperatives everywhere.

* Work Team of the Seventh District Committee of Nanchang xian Of the
CPC, “Hezuoshe yi ding shezhang,” originally published in Nongcun Jianshe
{Rural Construction] (Jiangxi), special edition no. 14 (February 2, 1955).
collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 924.

ok Ok

[Editor’s Note to] “My Experience as a Director of a Large Cooperative”

Do not think that the cooperativization movement can be promoted on a
large scale only in old liberated areas,”® and not in areas that were liberated
later. This way of thinking is not in accord with the real situation. Areas that
were liberated later can also promote cooperativization on a large scale. In
terms of particular xian, districts, and xiang, the areas that were liberated later
can complete cooperativization at the same time as, or even before, the old
liberated areas; there are already some examples that prove this. This is completely dependent on whether or not the leadership work of the Party is appropriate, and whether or not fewer mistakes are committed. This article is the
record of a talk given by the director of a cooperative in Zhongshan xian,
Guandong [Province]. What he has said is no worse than what a director of a
cooperative in an old liberated area [might say]; in fact some cooperatives’
directors in old liberated areas might not be able to match him.

* A talk by Liang Xiangsheng, director of the First Qunzhong [Masses’] Agricultural Producers’ Cooperative of Zhongshan xian, “Wuo dang da she zhuren
di jingyan,” recorded by the work team stationed at the cooperative, May
1955, originally published in Zhongshan xian gonggu nongyeshe jingyan [The
Experience of Zhongshan xian in Consolidating Agricultural Cooperatives];
collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 951; Socialist Upsurge, p. 210.

* KK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Youth Shock Brigade of the No. 9 Agricultural
Producers’ Cooperative of Xinping xiang, Zhongshan xian”

This article is very good. It can be used as a reference everywhere. Young
people are the most active and dynamic part of all the social forces. They are
the most willing to study and are the least conservative in their thinking, patticularly in the socialist era. We hope that Party organizations everywhere will


my
work with the Youth League organizations, paying attention to studying how
the energy of the young people in particular can be brought into fullest play;
don’t treat them the same way that everyone else is treated or ignore their special characteristics. Naturally young people must learn from old people and
adults and should strive to engage as much as possible in useful activities with
the consent of the old people and adults. Old people and adults have more
conservative thinking [than young people], and they often suppress the progressive activities of young people. It is only after the young people are successful that they are convinced. This article describes such a situation very
well. Naturally no compromise should be made with conservative thinking.
All right then, let’s try it and see; if it is successful, then they [the conservatives] will agree.

* Work team of the Central Guangdong Regional Work Committee of the
[New Democratic] Youth League, ‘‘Zhongshan xian xinping xiang de jiu nongye shengchan hezuoshe de qingnian tujidui,”’ originally published in Huanan
qingnian [South China Youth], no. 16 (August 25, 1955); collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 959; Xuanji, V, p. 247; Socialist Upsurge, pp.
319-320; and, under a different title, in Xuandu (1965b), p. 169.

OK Ok

[Editor’s Note to] “Red Flag Agricultural Producers’ Cooperative
of the First District of Qiongshan xian Was Consolidated in
the Struggle Against Natural Calamities and Capitalist Thought”

The superiority of having large-scale cooperatives and higher-stage cooperatives is also demonstrated by the experience of Red Flag Cooperative of
Hainan Island. This large-scale cooperative had a history of only one year
when it made preparations for the transformation to a higher-stage cooperative. Of course this is not to say that every cooperative should follow suit.
They must [of course] still see whether or not their own conditions are ripe
before making a decision on when it would actually be best to merge [with
other] cooperatives and advance to a higher stage. Nevertheless, generally
speaking, three years’ time will be about right. What is important is to set
examples for the peasants to see. When the peasants see the superiority of
having large-scale and higher-stage cooperatives over having small-scale
cooperatives and lower-stage cooperatives, they will demand the merger of
cooperatives and the advancement to higher-stage [cooperatives].

* Qiongshan xian Committee of the CPC, “Qiongshan xian di yi qu hongqi
nongye shengchan hezuoshe zai tong ziran zaihai he tong ziben zhuyi sixiang
zuo douzheng zhong gonggu qilai le,” October 10, 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 976; Xuanji, V, p. 258; Socialist Upsurge, p. 342.


1300 / MAU ZEUVUONG

[Editor’s Note to] “The Agricultural Producers’ Cooperative of Bianhaj
xiang, Which Matured in the Struggle Against Natural Calamities”!%

This piece is written very vivaciously and is worth reading. The Part
branch of this xiang is a model branch; it has led the masses in carrying om
numerous heroic struggles and has [thus] won the support of the Masses,

* Wang Xiuping, “Zai he ziran zaihai zuo douzheng zhong chengzhang gilai
de bianhai xiang nongye shengchan hezuoshe,” originally published in
Huanan ribao [South China Daily], May 8, 1955; collected and reprinted in
Gaochao, p. 987.

KOK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Experience of Tianmei Village
Agricultural Producers’ Cooperative of Taishan
xian in Organizing Production on Reclaimed Land”

This is land reclamation within short distance. Areas with [adequate] conditions can all do likewise. But we must pay attention to the work of water and
soil conservation; we absolutely cannot create floods in downstream areas asa
result of reclaiming [upstream] land.

* The Department of Cooperativization of the Taishan xian Committee of the
CPC, “Taishan xian tianmei cun nongye hezuoshe zuzhi kaihuang shengchan
de jingyan,” originally published in Yuexi tongxun [West Guandong Bulletin],
no. 90 (September 19, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 996.

* KOK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Red Star Agricultural Producers’
Cooperative of Jiangbu xiang of Guangning xian Has Developed
Diversified Economic Undertakings and Solved a Very Major Problem”

This is a very good experience. It is worthy of being studied and
popularized everywhere.

* Jianbu xiang work team of Guangning xian Committee of the CPC,
“Guangning xian jiangbu xiang hongxing nongye shenchan hezuoshe fazhan
liao duozhong jingji jiejue liao hen da de wenti,” originally published in Yuezhong tongxun [Central Guangdong Bulletin], no. 254 (May 18, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1006.

UREN |
ae
* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Experience of Mo Shouquan Agricultural
Producers’ Cooperative of Cenqi xian in Launching
[the Drive to] Make Rational Proposals’’ '*'

This is a creative experience. We hope the readers will pay attention to it.

* Yang Zhiqing, “Cenqi xian mo shouquan nongye shengchan hezuoshe kaizhan helihua jianyi de jingyan,” originally published in Guangxi nongcun
{Rural Guangxi], no. 134 (February 7, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1029.

eR *

[Editor’s Note to] “Combined Mutual Aid Teams in the Agricultural
Producers’ Cooperativization Movement in Sichuan”

This experience is still useful in those areas where the progress of cooperativization has been relatively slow.

* Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Chao, “Sichuan sheng nongye hezuohua
yundong zhong de huzhu lianzu,” originally published in Sichuan ribao
{Sichuan Daily], November 1, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p.
1053.

eK OK

[Editor’s Note to} “The Production Plan for 1955 of Jiefang
[Liberation] Agricultural Producers’ Cooperative of Jianyang xian”

Among the many production plans we have seen, this one is comparatively
concrete and has clear explanations, enabling people to understand it easily.

* Jianyang work team of the Rural Work Department of the Sichuan Provincial Committee of the CPC, “Jianyang xian jiefang nongye shengchan hezuoshe yijiuwuwu nian de shengchan jihua,” February 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1059.

* KOK

[Editor’s Note to] “How Xipu and Gucheng xiang of
Pi xian Dealt With All Kinds of Specific Problems”

This is a very good document. All localities can take this as a reference and
act accordingly.
* Report to the Pi xian Party Committee, the Hunjiang [Special] District
[Party] Committee, and the Sichuan Provincial [Party] Committee, made b
the work team assigned to Xipu and Gucheng xiang of Pi xian by the Sichuan
Provincial Committee of the CPC, “Pi xian xipu he gucheng liang 8 Xiang shi
zenyang chuli ge xiang juti wenti de,” April 10, 1955; collected and reprinted
in Gaochao, p. 1077.

* OR

[Editor’s Note to] “The Experience of Nine Agricultural
Producers’ Cooperatives of Shehong xiang, Jianyang xian,
in Reorganizing Financial Management Work”

This article describes the circumstances in which nine cooperatives violated
the principle of running the cooperatives with diligence and frugality and
made some other mistakes in financial management. We hope that all cooperatives take this as a warning.

* Shehong xiang work team of the Rural Work Department of the Sichuan
Provincial Committee of the CPC, “Jianyang xian shehong xiang jiuge
nongye shengchan hezuoshe zhengdun caiwu guanli gongzuo de jingyan,”
October 14, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1103.

KOK

[Editor’s Note to] “How the Collective Agricultural Producers’
Cooperative of Tianchi xiang, Yibin xian, Planned to Breed Draft Oxen”

This article is very good. All other places should act accordingly. Some
cooperatives not only ignore the breeding of small livestock, but pay no attention to the small livestock that they have either. This is entirely wrong. A
unified arrangement should be made for all livestock, big and small, strong
and weak. And moreover, there should be planned breeding of small livestock
such as that done in Yibin xian.

* Chen Jing, “Yibin xian tianchi xiang jiti nongye shengchan hezuoshe shi
zenyang jihua fanzhi gengniu de,” originally published in Nongmin bao
[Peasants’ News] (Yibin), July 25, 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1118.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Chongxin xiang of Fenggang xian
Developed the Mutual Aid and Cooperativization Movement
Under the Leadership of the Party Branch”

The line followed in this place is correct. This xiang already has five agricultural producers’ cooperatives, seven combined mutual aid teams, three
year-round mutual aid teams, fourteen temporary mutual aid teams, [all of
which] encompasses 98.4 per cent of the peasant households that should be
organized." Before December 1954, the Party branch of this xiang had not
placed the emphasis of its leadership work on the mutual aid and cooperativization [movement]. The Party members were afraid of the difficulty involved
in the work of guiding mutual aid teams. What the [Party] branch relied on
was not “having the [Party] secretary take part and all Party [members]
engaged in running cooperatives,”"” but rather [it relied on] the work team
(apparently the work teams sent there from above). There are still many rural
Party branches all around the country that show this kind of weak, helpless
attitude with regard to the question of agricultural cooperativization. Not only
[Party] branches, but even some higher-level Party committees may be like
this. The problem is precisely on this point. Whether or not the socialist transformation of agriculture in our country will correspond to the speed of the
nation’s industrialization, whether or not cooperativization will develop in a
healthy way, with fewer problems and a guaranteed increase of production,
depends on whether or not the emphasis of leadership of the local Party committees at all levels can be quickly and accurately turned to this aspect. The
work teams must be sent, but it must be made clear that the purpose of their
going is to assist the Party organizations there, not to substitute for them so
that they won’t do anything themselves but rely solely on the work teams.'”
Since this xiang in Guizhou changed its attitude toward work in December
1954, it has achieved great results in just five months. They don’t depend on
the work teams any longer, but take the initiative themselves, and the Party
members are no longer afraid of difficulties. This kind of change first of all
depends on the Party committee secretaries at every level, the secretaries of
provincial [Party] committees and autonomous region [Party] committees, the
secretaries of [special] district [Party] committees and autonomous zhou
[Party] committees, the secretaries of xian and autonomous xian [Party] committees, district [Party] committee secretaries and [Party] branch secretaries.
They ought to take up the whole task of agricultural cooperativization. If they
are afraid of the trouble, or of the difficulties, if they do not personally take
part when faced with this great task, but merely pass it down to the rural work
departments or to the work teams, if they have this type of attitude, then not
only will it be impossible to complete the task, but there will be great chaos as
well.

* Liu Yaohua, “Fenggang xian chongxin xiang shi zenyang zai dang zhibu
lingdao xia kaizhan huzhu hezuo yundong de,” originally published in Guizhou gongzuo [Guizhou Work], no. 82 (May 13, 1955); collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1125; Xuanji, V, 234-235; Socialist Upsurge, pp.
222-223.
[Editor’s Note to] “The Political Work in Cooperatives”!

This article is very well written. It deserves to be recommended to al] P
and [Youth] League xian committees, district committees, and xian
branches. All cooperatives should follow this example. The author of this artj.
cle understands the Party’s line, and everything he says hits the mark. Also
the writing style is good; it enables people to understand it at a glance. It does
not have the air of stereotyped Party writing.'°° Here, we must ask Our read.
ers to pay attention. We have many comrades who, when they are writing an
essay, just love stereotyped Party writing, which is neither lively nor graphic;
it gives people headaches. Neither are they careful about grammar or rhetoric;
they like a form of writing that is a cross between the classical and the vernacular. Sometimes they say a lot of nonsense, sometimes they are elliptical and
archaic; it’s as if they wanted to make the reader suffer. Many of this book’s
one hundred and seventy articles are heavy with stereotyped Party writing, It
was only after several revisions that they were made more readable. Even so,
a few are still obscure, clumsy, and hard to understand. They were selected
only because their content was important. When will we see less of that stereotyped Party writing that gives people headaches? We ask our comrades who
edit the newspapers and periodicals to pay attention to this, to ask the authors
to write lively, fluent, and understandable articles. Moreover, they should
take the initiative themselves to help the authors in revising [their] articles.

* Propaganda Department of the Suiyang xian Committee of the CPC,
“Hezuoshe de zhengzhi gongzuo,” originally published in Guizhou gongzuo
[Guizhou Work], no. 61 (November 10, 1954); collected and reprinted in
Gaochao, p. 1134; Xuanji, V, pp. 248-249; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 359-360.

* KK

[Editor’s Note to] “It Is Necessary to Wage a Resolute
Struggle Against Counterrevolutionary Sabotage Activities”

The problem of counterrevolutionary sabotage of the cooperativization
movement is a common one. This is not a local problem [confined to] the
Fifth District of Duyun xian, Guizhou Province, but we see very little about
this problem reflected in similar publications from other provinces. In the process of cooperativization all comrades engaged in rural work must pay attention to this problem of struggling against counterrevolutionary sabotage activities. They must learn from this district in Duyun xian and establish, in the
cooperatives, security organizations, with Party and [Youth] League members
as the backbone. It is absolutely imperative that the Party district committees,
under the leadership and supervision of the xian [Party] committees, after having studied the situation and publicizing and explaining [the policy] to Party
members and nonmembers alike, and after having raised the vigilance of the
masses with regard to counterrevolutionary sabotage, should investigate,
weed out, and deal with the counterrevolutionaires and other bad elements who
have wormed their way into the leading organizations of the cooperatives.
However, those who are to be weeded out must be real counterrevolutionaries
or truly bad elements; we must not label good people or people with only certain shortcomings as bad people. The actual handling [of the cases] must, in
particular, be appropriate and must be approved by the xian [authorities].

* Adapted from a draft from the Public Security Bureau of Duyun xian dated
June 6, “Bixu he fangeming de pohuai huodong zuo jianjue de douzheng,”
originally published in Guizhou gongzuo [Guizhou Work], no. 85 (July 30,
1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1142.

kK K

' [Editor’s Note to] “A Cooperative’s Three-Year Production Plan?!”

This is a good article. It deserves to be read by everyone and can be used by
cooperatives everywhere as a reference in making long-term plans. What the
author of this article says is very correct: “The entire process of drawing up a
production plan is the process of a struggle between progressive thinking and
conservative thinking.” Conservative thinking is now causing trouble nearly
everywhere. In order to overcome this kind of conservative thinking and to
allow the forces of production and production itself to take a large step forward, all localities and all cooperatives must draw up long-term plans for
themselves.

* Panjiang work team of the Guiding xian Committee of the CPC, ‘‘Yi ge hezuoshe de san nian shengchan guihua,’’ October 7, 1955; collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1146; Xuanji, V, p. 250; Socialist Upsurge, p. 423.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Carry Out Equal Work and
Equal Pay for Men and Women in the Cooperatives”

This is a short article, and easy to read. We urge that all xiang and cooperatives generally follow this example.

* ‘*7Zai hezuoshe nei shixing nan nti tonggong tongchou,’’ October 1955, originally published in Guizhou Democratic Women’s Federation, Tongbao
{Bulletin], no. 99; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1156.

KKK
[Editor’s Note to} “Seasonal Labor Contracts”!

The author of this article says that after a joint conference of directors ,
cooperatives in this xian was convened, this cooperative implemented
system of seasonal labor contracts on the basis of occasional work contracts
It can be seen from this that leadership by the xian is very important. We hop
that the leadership organizations at the xian level of the two thousand an
more xian all over the country will pay close attention to the developing situ
ation in the cooperativization movement throughout the xian, that they wil
identify problems, study ways to solve them, and convene timely conference,
of directors of all the cooperatives in the xian or of the directors of importan
Cooperatives throughout the xian, and make decisions and carry them ou
quickly. Don’t wait until problems pile up and create a lot of confusion before
resolving them. Leadership must move in the vanguard of the movement and
not lag behind it. Within the scope of a xian, the xian Party committee should
play the main leadership role.

* Work team of the Zhenning xian Committee of the CPC, “Jijie baogong,”
originally published in Guizhou gongzuo [Guizhou Work], no. 70 (March 10,
1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1159.

OR OK

[Editor’s Note to] “A Cooperative in Confusion Was Put in Good Order”!

This material points out the truth that any Cooperative in a state of confusion
can be put in good order. Because those who join the cooperatives are all
laboring peasants, regardless of the differences of opinion of various strata
among them, in the end they can all be straightened out. For a time there
really was confusion in some cooperatives; the only reason [for this] was that
they didn’t get any leadership from the Party, and the Party had not clearly
explained its policies and methods to the masses. “We know that it is a good
thing to set up a cooperative. But after we set one up, neither the xian [Party]
committee, the district [Party] committee, nor the [Party] branch will take
care of us anymore. Perhaps they felt uneasy about our poor village [because]
they couldn’t eat well or live well {here], so they never came to our cooperative.” There is only this reason and no other reason for such confusion. If [a
cooperative] can’t get leadership from the Party, naturally there will be confusion. Once leadership is Provided, confusion will immediately cease. This
material also brings up the issue of whether or not cooperatives can be set up
in backward villages. The answer is affirmative. The cooperative that the
writer of this article writes about is located in a backward village. Some five
per cent of the villages throughout the country are backward; we must set up
Cooperatives in all [these villages], and in the struggle to set up [these] cooperatives we will wipe out the backwardness of these places.


I
;
t
* Xichou xian Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, ‘“Yi ge hunluan
de hezuoshe zhengdun hao liao,” originally published in Nongcun gongzuo
tongbao {Rural Work Bulletin] (Yunnan), no. 111 June 30, 1955); collected
and reprinted in Gaochao, pp. 1167-1168; Xuanji, V, p. 237; Socialist
Upsurge, pp. 239-240.

ek OK

[Editor’s Note to] “The Question of Sideline Occupations”'”

This article’s discussion of sideline occupations is relatively comprehensive. Moreover, it discusses sideline occupations in several dozen agricultural
producers’ cooperatives in one xian. The author has given a summary description of subsidiary production in this xian. We suggest that each xian do a summary of this aspect [of their work].

* Zhang Xinghua, “Fuye wenti,” originally published in Nongcun gongzuo
tongbao [Rural Work Bulletin] (Yunnan), no. 101 (March 11, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1172.

* * *

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘The Question of Draft Oxen in Fumin xian’? '"'

This article is relatively long, and there are some shortcomings in the writing, but its author has investigated the situation with regard to draft oxen in an
entire xian with great enthusiasm, and his viewpoint with regard to policy is
also correct. Therefore we have included this article.

* Department of Production and Cooperativization of the Fumin xian Committee of the CPC, ‘‘Fumin xian de gengniu wenti,’’ originally published in
Nongcun gongzuo tongbao (Rural Work Bulletin] (Yunnan), no. 118 (April
20, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1186.

eK OK

[Editor’s Note to] ‘‘The Experience of Four Cooperatives
in Wang Mang cun,'!2 Changan xian, in
Organizing a Federated Cooperative’’!!%

This experience is useful; all areas can emulate it. Party district committees
and xiang [Party] branches can draw up plans, first organizing a joint management committee of a federated cooperative for those smaller cooperatives that
are prepared to merge into a larger cooperative, such as in Wang Mang cun of
Changan xian, and then, after a period, they can proceed with a merger.

* Rural Work Department of the Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the CPC,
“Changan xian wangmang cun si ge hezuoshe zuzhi lianshe de jingyan»
August 1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1197; Socialist Upsurge
p. 487. ,

KO

[Editor’s Note to] ‘“‘A Cooperative Set Up on the Masses’
Own Initiative, Against the Wishes of the Leadership’? !"4

This is a moving story. We hope that the reader will read it carefully. In particular, we ask those comrades who do not believe that the broad peasant masses have enthusiasm for taking the socialist road and those comrades who are
always ready with knife in hand to “chop down” the cooperatives to read the
article carefully. At present in the rural areas throughout the country, the
socialist factor is increasing daily and hourly; the broad masses of peasants are
demanding the organization of cooperatives. A great number of intelligent,
able, fair-minded, and enthusiastic leaders have sprung forth from among the
masses. This is extremely encouraging. The greatest shortcoming is that Party
leadership in many localities has not taken the initiative in keeping up [with
the masses]. The present task is to get the local Party committees at every
level to take a positive Marxist-Leninist stand, take the task of agricultural
cooperativization into their own hands, and lead this movement with enthusiasm and joy, welcoming [the task] and exerting their utmost efforts. They
should not reenact the story of Lord Ye, who [professed to] love dragons, '
by talking about socialism for so many years and then when socialism comes
to them, being afraid of it.

* Shaanxi ribao [Shaanxi Daily] reporter Chen Taizhi, ‘Yi ge weibei lingdao
yiyuan you qunzhong zidong ban qilai de hezuoshe,” originally published in
Shaanxi ribao [Shaanxi Daily], August 31, 1955; collected and reprinted in
Gaochao, p. 1204; Xuanji, V, p. 234; Socialist Upsurge, pp. 179-180.

* KOK

{Editor’s Note to] ‘‘The Party Branch of Yangheba xiang, Xixiang xian,
Correctly Leads the Mutual Aid and Cooperativization Work There

This article is useful. All rural Party branches in the countryside should do
things this way.

According to what is reflected in several localities, it is necessary to establish in the management committee of each agricultural producers’ cooperative
a deputy position to take charge of political work. All localities can establish
one such position, which can, under the leadership of Party branch committees, devote itself exclusively to the task of carrying out political work.

Organizing a xian-wide network of mutual aid [teams] and cooperatives OF
organizing a “federated cooperative committee” such as that of Yangheba
xiang in Shaanxi appears to be very advantageous.

We must definitely believe in one thing, which is, that with the proper political work, the shortcomings and mistakes made by the laboring people can be
overcome and corrected. The reader can see that after political work was done
in this xiang, those members of the cooperative who had been in the business
of peddling pigs stopped doing it, and those members who had been starving
the publicly owned oxen soon fattened them.

* “Xixiang xian yangheba xiang dang zhibu zhengque de lingdao liao na li de
huzhu hezuo,” originally published in Shaanxi gongzuo [Shaanxi Work], no.
18 (July 6, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1223; Socialist
Upsurge, p. 213.

[Editor’s Note to] “The Three-Year Development Plan of Gaolan xian”!'®

This is a very interesting article. Regardless of whether or not conditions in
the next few years will permit certain portions of this plan to be put into practice (for example, tractor stations and educational expenditures), and regardless of whether the accounting aspect of this plan is accurate or not, at any rate
it counts as a comprehensive plan for the entire xian, the general spirit of
which is good. The section of it concerning agricultural cooperativization may
be quite appropriate to the conditions in Gaolan xian. This plan for agricultural cooperativization was established in 1954 and was characterized by great
enthusiasm and initiative. At that time the ill-wind of “reducing” and
“chopping down” cooperatives had not yet risen, so these local comrades
were able to think about things in a positive way. We suggest that within the
framework sanctioned by the national and provincial (autonomous region)
plans, each xian should produce a practicable, comprehensive plan in accordance with the actual local situation and send it to the province (autonomous
region) [authorities] for approval and [authorization of] implementation. With
regard to this matter of having each xian do its own plan, the Rural Work
Department of the Gansu Provincial [Party] Committee feels that the outline
of the plan can first be distributed by the xian-level [authorities] to the districts
and xiang, and then each district or xiang, according to the xian plan and local
circumstances, can draw up its own plan and report it to the xian. Then the
xian can synthesize [these plans] and decide upon a xian plan. We think this is
a good idea.

* Gaolan xian Committee of the CPC, “Gaolan xian de san nian fazhan
jihua,”’ originally published in Gongzuo ziliao [Work Materials] (Gansu), no.
140 (December 18, 1954); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, pp.
1235-1236.
[Editor’s Note to] “How Yinda xiang, Jiuquan xian, Launched
a Spare-time Cultural Education [Program] for Peasants”’

Not much space in this book is devoted to the discussion of cultural work.
This article can be considered a good one. In order to basically eliminate illiteracy and meet the urgent needs of agricultural cooperativization within seven
years, that is, within the Second Five-Year Plan,!!7 every locality must make
comprehensive arrangements in 1956 and fulfill their plans for the first year.

* Che Hongzhang, Huang Xiande, “Jiuquan xian yinda xiang shi zenyang
jinxing nongmin yeyu wenhua jiaoyu de,” August 1955, collected and
reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1262; Socialist Upsurge, p. 470.

* OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “How Guanting Agricultural Producers’
Cooperative of the Fifth District of Minhe xian
Solved the Problem of Impurity in Organization”

This article is a bit inadequate in the quality of its writing, and it is
insufficient in terms of detailed descriptions of the activities of the impure elements, but its content is very important and deserves to be read. This cooperative appears to be a very large one, but the ‘‘xian and district Party committees
were lax in leadership and the [Party] branches did not intervene.” This led to
the impure elements worming their way into the cooperative and also to
abnormal relations between the poor peasants and the middle peasants. It was
only after the xian and district Party committees paid attention to [giving it]
leadership and relied on the [Party] branch [there] to mobilize the masses that
the problem was resolved.

* Hu Junde, secretary of the CPC Committee of the Fifth District of Minhe
xian, “Minhe xian di wu qu guanting nongye shengchan hezuoshe shi zenyang
Jiejue zuzhi buchun de wenti de,” originally published in Nongcun gongzuo
cankao ziliao [Agricultural Work Reference Materials] (Qinghai), no. 10
(July 20, 1955); collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1274.

OK OK

[Editor’s Note to] “Change the Abnormal Relations
Between the Poor Peasants and the Middle Peasants and Methodically
Establish the Dominant Position of the Poor and
New Lower-Middle Peasants in the Leadership”!

Any place where a situation such as that in Xunhua xian of Qinghai Province exists (and there are many instances of this kind of situation) must,
through educating the cadres and the masses, methodically achieve a change
in this kind of situation.

* Rural Work Department of the Qinghai Provincial Committee of the CPC,
“Gaibian pinnong he zhongnong de bu zhengchang guanxi, you buzou de zuodao shi pinnong he xin xia zhongnong zai lingdao shang zhan youshi,” June 1,
1955; collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1279.

* kk

[Editor’s Note to] “The xiang and cun Cadres Have the Ability
to Give Leadership to the Establishment of Cooperatives”

This is a good article. Reading this article informs people that the peasants
of the Uighur nationality are very enthusiastic about taking the road of cooperativization. They have already trained the cadres needed to put semisocialist ,
cooperativization into effect. Some people say that cooperativization cannot
be carried out among the minority nationalities. This is incorrect. We have
already seen that the Mongol, Hui, Uighur, Miao, and Zhuang, and some
other minority nationalities have already set up many cooperatives, or [in
some cases] people of several nationalities have joined together in setting up
cooperatives; moreover, they have done so very successfully. This refutes the
erroneous view of those people who look down on the minority nationalities.

* Ye Han, “Xiang cun ganbu you nengli lingdao jianshe,” originally
published in Tiannan ribao [Tiannan Daily] (Xinjiang), October 16, 1955;
collected and reprinted in Gaochao, p. 1293; Xuanji, V, p. 230; Socialist
Upsurge, p. 190.

Notes

1. See text July 31, 1955, note 18.

2. For an explanation of “semisocialist” cooperativization throughout this document, see text
Aug. 12, 1953(1), note 9, and text Oct. 15, 1953, note 2.

3. See text Aug. 12, 1953(1), note 22, and text Dec. 6, 1955, note 10.

4, When the members joined this cooperative, they pooled their resources toward the price, or
cost, of a mule. This cost was itself divided into four parts, symbolizing the four legs of the mule.
Some were able to contribute 1/6 of “a leg” (i.e., 1/24 or about 4 per cent of the total cost), and
others 1/8, and still others only 1/18, and so on. In all, the members came up with funds equivalent to 2.8 “quarters,” hence “three legs of a mule.” The cooperative then arranged to have the
members use the mule for three days out of four, while nonmembers had the use of the animal on
the fourth day.

5. This refers to Jianming Agricultural, Forestry, and Animal Husbandry Cooperative in
Xipu Village in Zunhua xian, Hebei, under the leadership of Wang Guofan. The example of this
qiong bangzi she (pauper’s cooperative) gave rise to the model of the highly praised giongbangzi
jingshen (paupers’ spirit). Wang Guofan was cited as a “labor model in agriculture,” gained
nationwide fame, was elected as a standing member of the Hebei Province Revolutionary Committee in February 1967, and as member of the Ninth Central Committee of the CPC in April
1969.


sss OUVULI

6. “In its early days the Wang Kuo-fan (Wang Guofan] Co-operative was woefully short of

10. This article refers to the experience of the APC at Dongwangzhuang, Xinle xian, in Hebei
Province. It was originally made up of three households of Poor peasants and one household of
lower-middle peasants, and yet it increased Production of grain by over 4,000 Jin.

11. See text Jun. 6, 1950(1), note 11.

12. See text Jun. 6, 1950(1), note 7.

13. ‘‘Here ‘reverse [negative] Propaganda’ means making clear to the masses the difficulties
and adversities they may come across in forming Cooperatives, in addition to Publicizing the
advantages and favourable conditions. This was done when the masses were fully aroused and
applied in great numbers for CO-operative membership, so that they could weigh the matter thoroughly and join of their own free will.” (SW, V, p. 276.) See also text Oct. 11, 1955(2), note 13,

14. This article refers to the experience of Caoliangzi Village, Chengde xian, the former province of Jehol.

15. See text June 14, 1954, note 14,

16. This article refers to the experience of Caozhuang, Shahe xian, Hebei Province.

17. This article refers to the experience of Aiguo (Patriotic) APC in Tugiao xiang, Tong xian,
Hebei Province.

18. This APC is in Xigou Village, Pingshun xian, Shanxi Province.

19. The Taihang Mountains straddle the boundary between Shanxi and Hebei and Partially
between Shanxi and Henan. This Poor area that Mao talks about is On the southern rim of this
tidge, in southeastern Shanxi.

20. See text Oct. 15, 1953, note 2.

21. This refers to the experience at the APC in Xi Zhang Geng Village at Xieyu xian, Shanxi
Province.

22. Mao is referring to the New Democratic Youth League, see text Feb. 18, 1951, note 8, and
text Jun. 30, 1953, source note.

23. This article refers to the experience of Fenyang xian, Shanxi Province. The experiences of
coll

27. Originally Teferring to a military-tribal distinction, the qi (banner) is a tribal-oriented
administrative division of the Mongolian minority nationality and the region that they inhabit.
This article refers to the experience of what was, until July 1955, The Ongniot “banner” Mongo-

were later divided among and assimilated by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning
Province and Hebei Province. Consequently, the Ongniot banner also lost its original status as a
Separate autonomous region. However, at the time this article and Mao’s comment on it were
written, these shifts had not yet been consolidated.

28. See text Oct. 15, 1953, note 12.

29. This refers to Yuanda APC in Dongyancun xiang, in the suburbs of Beijing Municipality.

30. Baipanyao xiang is situated in the suburbs of Beijing Municipality, and, the article tells us,
is primarily a green vegetable producing village. Two APC’s were formed here in winter-spring,
1952-53.

31. This cooperative is situated in the hilly region in the western suburbs of Beijing Municipality, where a joint production planning task force was formed in autumn 1954,

32. This refers to Hongxing Collective Farm (jiti nongzhuang), a large APC in the southeastern
corer of Nanwan District of Beijing Municipality, and includes three xian (Yinghai, Yile, Sihai)
and more than thirty other smaller villages.

33. Zhangguozhuang xiang is in Fengtai District of Beijing Municipality.

34. This article refers to the experience of an APC located at Sanluju xiang in Fengtai District
of Beijing Municipality.

35. In the early stages of cooperativization, funds were necessary for the accumulation and
Preparation of means of production such as seeds, fertilizer, etc., and for the “buying over” of
draft animals and farm implements previously owned by individuals, Such funds were collected
in the form of shares from those peasants who joined the cooperatives. In many cases these were
also accounted for as part of the price of animals and tools sold by these peasants to the cooperatives. Many poor peasants, however, were unable to come up with their share of the funds and,
therefore, were initially barred from or hesitant to join the cooperatives. The government thereupon established the poor peasant Cooperativization loan fund, which provided poor peasants with
the necessary funds for the cooperativization of their livelihood. According to RMSC (1956), the
China People’s Bank gave out more than 700 million rmb worth of such loans to some 40 million
households of poor and lower-middle peasants in that year,

36. This cooperative is located in an eastern suburb of Beijing.

37. This refers to the situation in Wangdingti cun in the western suburbs of Tianjin Municipality.

38. This xiang is in the eastern suburbs of Tianjin, and the reference is to two cooperatives
here, Minsheng APC and Mingiang APC, both established in November 1954,

39. This article refers to the situation in the three villages of Pingfang, Shuangquan, and Wufu
in Nahe xian in Heilongjiang Province.

40. This refers to Lalin xian, Heilongjiang Province.

41. Anguang xian is located in northern Jilin Province. The APC here was established in the
spring of 1952.

42. See text Oct. 11, 1955(2), note 9.

43. This article refers to the experience of Datun Village in Kougian District, Rongji xian, Jilin
Province.

44. This refers to Xiaoguang APC in Jin xian, near Jinzhou in southern Liaoning Province,
established in February 1954.

45. See note 5.

46. For the definitions of supply and marketing cooperatives and credit cooperatives, see text
Oct. 15, 1953, note 11, and text Oct. 11, 1955(1), note 26.

47. This refers to the example of the six villages of Dade, Guanjia, Laihu, Wujiazi, Halagantu,
and Fujuchang in Zhangwu xian, Liaoning Province.

48. This refers to the experience of Chenjiazhuang APC in No. 3 District, Qufu xian, Shandong Province.

49. “Confucian Analects, Book XII, ‘Tsu Lu’ [Zi Lu].”’ (SW, V, p. 276.) The Chinese term
for ‘‘mean person’? is xiaoren, which in the Confucian world-view means a person of petty
thoughts and deeds. It is juxtaposed to the junzi (often translated as the gentleman or the princely
man), which connotes a person of noble thoughts and deeds.

50. Confucius’ Temple and Confucius’ Grove are both in Qufu xian, Shandong Province. The
Grove is in the temple itself and consists of trees that supposedly Confucius planted himself.

51. This refers to the experience of the APC at Louxia Village, Putou xian, Qingshan District,
Rongcheng xian, Shandong Province, established in winter 1952.

52. ‘*V.I. Lenin, ‘The Task of the Youth Leagues.’’’ (SW, V, Pp. 276.) See text Dec, 6, 1955,
note 11; see also note 22 here.

53. After Cooperativization, within each cooperative, the value of each day of labor
contributed by members of the cooperative had to be assessed in order to facilitate the evaluation
of work done. The system was known as ping gong ji fen (evaluating work and alloting work
points). The units of work were known as work points (generally a standard day’s work is worth
ten work points) and in reality the value of work points in each cooperative had to be different,
depending on local conditions, from the value of work points in other places. However, in most
cases these were standardized and assigned an average monetary value. Thus, it was often possible that the actual value of work points (based on the net income of the cooperative) came Out to
be either higher or lower than the assigned estimated value. At this time the work point system
was still rather rudimentary in structure. Individuals, households, or labor units were awarded
“‘basic work points’’ ona completed job. These were accumulated in the unit’s account, and deductions could be made for poor work. At year’s end, wages were paid accordingly. Later, in the late
1950s, when the transition to people’s communes was made, the system became much more elab-

55. Fanshen APC in Shihe Xiang, Tongcheng xian, Anhui, was established under the leadership
of CPC branch secretaries Zhang Renhuai and Kai Mingyi. For the meaning of the term fanshen,
see text Feb. 17, 1951, note 6.

56. The article introduces Chen as “a native of Wudian zhen [township], Fenyang xian,
Anhui Province. Fifty-six, poor peasant, family member of a revolutionary martyr, member of
the Communist Party. A family of seven, owning 21.5 mu of land.” He was reputed to have
started, beginning in the spring of 1953, over eighty cooperatives, of which he had personal input
in fifteen.

57. This refers to the experience of Ge Shiyu APC at Fouhu xiang, Ogiao District, Fanchang
xian, Anhui Province. ,

58. This refers to the CPC branch at Chengxi xiang in Fenyang xian, Anhui.

59. The term “spontaneous cooperatives” refers to APC’s that were formed by the peasants
without prior approval and planning by the leading organs. In some cases, they were not even
accorded formal recognition as such by the leading organs in the locality. In others, those that
were formed with authorization but that, in the process of formation, demonstrated much greater
Spontaneous enthusiasm and self-determination on the part of the peasants than anticipated, were
ordered by the local authorities to be reorganized. See Xuexi, 12 (1955), 13. On the subject of
“drastic reduction” or “resolute teduction” mentioned here, see also text July 31, 1955, notes 14
and 18. This article draws on the experience of several xiang in Chu xian, eastern Anhui.

60. This refers to the Qinghun and Chensi APC’s at Luchen xiang, Feidong xian, Anhui. ;

61. This refers to Xishu xiang in Kunshan xian, Jiangsu. Two APC’s were established there in
the spring of 1954, and by the end of that year there were ten cooperatives there.

62. By wan jiefang qu (later liberated area) Mao obviously means xin jiefang qu (newly liberated area). See text June 6, 1950(1), note 7.

63. This refers to Yitao xiang in Machang District, Muyang xian, Jiangsu Province.

64. This refers to the experience of Qianjin APC in Zhaoyang xiang, Xinhailian Municipality of Jiangsu Province. Xinhailian Municipality was a new municipality combining the three
earlier towns of Xinanzhen, Haizhou, and Lianyungang. Qianjin APC was made up of 578
households.

65. This refers to the experience of the APC at Zhonggian cun, Jiangning xian of Jiangsu Province, which was established in October 1954.

66. The term here, ding e bao gong, refers to the allocation of labor contracts by specifying the
amount of product to be completed within a certain period of time, based on the determination of
a norm with regard to how much and what quality of work can be done on that particular job by an
average member of the cooperative in a day, working on a specified area of land, with certain
draft animals and farm tools and under certain weather conditions.

67. See note 53.

68. This refers to the experience of No. 1 Qianjin APC in Qianzhou, Jiangsu Province, which
was established in 1952.

69. This article refers to the experience of several APC’s (of which the first was Guangming
APC established in the spring of 1954) in Dengjia xiang, Shouchang xian of Zhejiang Province.

70. See note 5 and note 56.

71. This article refers to the experience of several APC’s in Longnan xiang of Yuyao xian in
eastern Zhejiang.

72. This refers to the experience of Qianhao higher-stage APC in Ankou xiang, Jiande xian,
Zhejiang Province.

73. This term, duo zhong jingying, sometimes translated as “multiple undertakings,” became a
stipulation for the communes’ undertaking in the Regulations on the Work of the People’s Communes in 1962 (Article 25).

74. This article refers to the experience of the APC’s in Xinchuang xiang, Pinghu xian, Zhejiang. See also text Oct. 15, 1953, note 15.

75. This refers to the experience of Xinfu and Sinkang APC’s at Louxia xiang, Fuan xian,
Fujian Province.

76. See text Feb. 17, 1951, note 4.

77. See text July 31, 1955, note 14.

78. This article refers to the experience of Xianfeng APC, Longfeng xiang, Huaan xian,
Fujian.

79. “The four comparisons were to compare and see which was better: (1) the co-operative, the
mutual-aid team, or peasants working on their own; (2) socialism or capitalism; (3) a system with
exploitation or a system without exploitation, and (4) personal enrichment or prosperity for all.
The five calculations referred to the calculations of the superiority of the co-operative with respect
to (1) coping with natural disasters, (2) increasing earnings through the promotion of side-lines,
(3) increasing work-points for arousing enthusiasm for labour, (4) increasing production as a
result of mutually beneficial co-operation by the poor and middle peasants, and (5) overcoming
difficulties in production and in livelihood.” (SW, V, p. 276.)

80. Mao uses the term da maozi, which literally translates as ‘‘big hats’’ and which is a common expression in the PRC for forcing a label, usually a political category, on people. A common
variation is kou maozi (slapping a hat on), and a related term is zai maozi (taking off the hat). See
text Dec. 8, 1956, note 33. For a specific reference to this “label” mentioned here, see text Mar.
5, 1955.

81. This article refers to the experience of APC’s in Xinjing District, a suburb of Shanghai
Municipality, and especially to the conditions in Hongnan xiang there, contrasting the enthusiasm
of the poor peasants and the hesitation of the cadres. For the usage of the term “wind” here, see
text Nov. 4, 1953, note 3.

82. Mao is referring, we think, to the Rural Work Conference, held May 1955, the Second
Session of the First NPC held July 5-30, 1955, and the Sixth Plenum of the Seventh Central Committee of the CPC, held October 4-11, 1955. See K. Lieberthal (1976), pp. 70-74. A conference
of Party secretaries from provincial, municipal, and autonomous region Party committees was
also convened on July 31-August 1, 1955, and in fact dealt more specifically with the issue of
agricultural cooperativization. However, it was at the meeting of the NPC that the basic principles
and the lines of the debate that Mao described were set forth.

83. This is situated at Tangnan xiang, Dachang District, in the suburbs of Shanghai Municipality.

84. This refers to the experience of Taixing xiang in Wusong District, a northern suburb of


752 1 MAO ZEDONG

Shanghai Municipality. Here, of 627 agricultural households, there were 447 households from
which a total of 529 people were drawn into industrial occupations in the various industria] (primarily steel and textiles) enterprises in Shanghai. Therefore the “workers” in the title connote
industrial workers.

85. This refers to a village in the western suburbs of Shanghai Municipality.

86. C. Bettleheim (1978), provides an in-depth analysis of the Soviet experience with Tespect
to surplus labor power in the countryside.

87. This refers to an APC in Diantai xiang of Zhenru District, which is a suburb of Shanghai
Municipality. This APC was formed in October 1953, and by the end of 1954 it had become a
higher-stage APC.

88. This refers to Fuli APC in Nancuizhuang in Anyang xian, Henan Province.

89. Mao is extrapolating from a common Henanese saying that “If a chicken feather flies up to
heaven, it must be borne on the wind.”

90. Mao is using the famous term fanshen; see note 55, this document.

91. This refers to the experience of Dalizhuang xiang, Jia xian, Henan.

92. See text Feb. 18, 1951, note 2.

93. The earlier drawing of class distinctions was done during the period of the land reform. See
text Mar. 12, 1950, note 1, and text Feb. 18, 1951, note 2.

94. Third-class cooperatives (san deng she or san lei she) refers to cooperatives where “the
Party leadership was weak and no leading core was formed; where political consciousness was
not high and capitalist thinking prevailed; where cadres did not have a democratic style; and
where illegal landlords, rich peasants and counterrevolutionary elements were rampant. Because
production was not carried out properly and management was run in a disorderly manner, output
in some of these cooperatives decreased seriously.” RMRB (Jan. 5, 1958), quoted in Y. Lau
(1977), p. 342. See also text July 31, 1955, note 16.

95. The term Mao used here is ging huang bu jie (hiatus between green and yellow), which
means a time of shortage of supply, either of products or of energy. See text May 8, 1950, note 2.

96. This refers to Yi Ruisheng APC, which, the article claimed, was one of the most renowned
of the APC’s in Jiangxi and was located in Hujiafang Village, Nianfeng xiang, 50 Ji east of the
seat of Pingxian xian, Jiangxi Province.

97. This refers to Luoxian APC, Nangqi xiang, Nanchang xian, Jiangxi Province.

98. See text June 6, 1950(1), note 7.

99. Tujidui, or ‘shock brigade,’’ comes from the military term ‘‘nji,’? meaning ‘‘surprise
attack.” This means to concentrate all forces and, in a rather short period of time, solve relatively
more urgent problems. For instance, during harvest seasons, shock teams were established to
launch a sudden onslaught in procurement of farm crops. See Y. Lau (1977), p. 433.

100. This xiang is located south of Yangjiang xian, Guangdong Province.

101. This APC is in Malu xiang, Cengqi xian, Guangxi Province.

102. Mutual aid teams were originally divided into three categories: (1) temporary, seasonal
smail mutual aid teams; (2) year-round, fixed mutual aid teams, with 10-30 households, and (3)
lower-stage agricultural producers’ cooperatives. In the year-round mutual aid teams, work points
systems were sometimes employed, sideline production was sometimes carried out, simple production plans and a simple division of labor in technical work were sometimes implemented.
Some mutual aid teams even graduaily established public ownership over some farm implements
and draft animals and accumulated a small amount of public funds. See Y. Lau (1977), p. 165.
See also text Oct. 15, 1953, note 2.

103. This slogan was popularized at this time; see the first editorial notes in this document, relating to the article “With the Party Secretary Taking Part, the Entire Party Should Be Engaged in
Running Cooperatives.”

104. In order to carry out a specific objective, the Party committees, or higher-level Party organizations, would choose a number of cadres to form leadership groups and transfer these groups tc
lower level-units and localities to expedite and lead the projects or movemenis to be carried out
there. After the particular tasks were completed, these groups, or work teams, would be disbanded, and its members would return to their original units or be assigned new tasks. See Y. Lau


OCTOBER —~ DECEMBER 1955 / 753

(1977), p. 140.

105. This refers to the example of three APC’s (Shenguang APC, Nongyuan APC, and Yangjiazai APC) in Guangda xiang, Suiyang xian, Guizhou Province.

106. The term here is dang bagu, or “Party eight-legged essays.” This alludes to the prescribed
form of writing adopted in the imperial examination system from the Ming dynasty down to the
nineteenth century. In this form of writing, the essays are divided up into eight standard parts, or
“‘Jegs’’: thus the argumentation and extrapolation of the subject became extremely rigid and predictable. It became a major target of criticism in the 1920s during the New Culture Movement. In
applying this term to writing generated and circulated within the CPC, Mao is referring not only
to the form but also to the substance of the writing, in that such a criticism may apply wherever
creativity of thought and expression is replaced by a stereotypical adherence to dogma. Mao began
attacking “‘stereotyped Party writing” during the CPC rectification campaign at Yanan in 1942,
and particularly in his three essays ‘‘Reform Our Study,’’ ‘‘Rectify the Party’s Work Style,’’ and
“Oppose Stereotyped Party Writing.” See SW, III, pp. 17-26, 35-68.

107. This refers to the experience of Pingbao APC, Panjiang xiang, Guiding xian, Guizhou
Province.

108. This refers to the experience of No. 1 APC, Maanshan xiang, Zhenning xian, Guizhou
Province.

109. This refers to Dongsheng APC, Guomu xiang, Xichou xian, Yunnan.

110. This refers to the experience of some 40 APC’s in Ma Longquan xian, Yunnan Province.

111. This refers to Fumin xian in Yunnan Province, some 25 km. northwest of Kunming.

112. The locality mentioned here is named after Wang Mang, an historical figure who seized the
throne of the Han dynasty emperor and for a brief period of 15 years established the Xin dynasty
(9-25 A.D.) He was traditionally vilified in Chinese history but is considered a progressive ruler
in the revisionist historiography of the PRC.

113. This is located in central Shaanxi Province, near Xian Municipality. Xian is the modern
name of what was originally called Changan, which was a major capital city of China in Tang and
Song times.

114. This refers to the experience of No. 1 APC of Shang Village, Guodu District of Changan xian, Shaanxi, and that of nearby Yang Village.

115. This story is from Liu Xiang’s Xinxu: Zashi (early Han dynasty), which tells of a man by
the name of Ye Zigao who loved the image of dragons and, wherever he could, carved or painted
dragons in his house. This moved the dragon in the heavens to pay him a visit, whereupon Ye was
frightened out of his wits and fled.

116. Gaolan xian, also known as Shidongsi, is located in central Gansu, 30 km. north of Lanzhou.

117. The Second Five-Year Plan was projected, at this time, to cover the years 1958-1962.

118. This refers to Xiatan APC, Xunhua xian, Qinghai Province.

119. This article refers to the experience of Semen District of Suofu xian, Xinjiang Province.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

This bibliography lists material used in this volume of Mao Zedong’s works in translation. It is divided into two sections. The first section includes materials which have
been used as primary sources, i.e., the sources of the texts we have used in this volume
for our translation, as well as the other sources cited in the “Other Chinese Text(s)”
and “Available English Translation(s)” segments of the source notes at the front of
each document in this volume. This first section is itself divided into two parts: books
and serials. The second section consists of secondary references that appear in our
annotations and commentaries.

The reader is asked to take note of two things:

(J a. The initial line for each entry in this bibliography corresponds to the way in
which the source has been cited in the volume. This is a presentation of the title of
the source in full, or, more often, an arbitrary abbreviation of the title, e.g.,

Buyi for Ding Wang, ed. Mao Zedong xuanji buyi (Supplement to the Selected
Works of Mao Tse-tung);

and:
RMRB for Renmin ribao,
or
the name of the author followed by the date (year) of the publication of the material,

e.g.,
J. Chen (1969) for Chen, Jerome, Mao.

(Jb. Where a source is listed in section I, it is not repeated in section II, even if it
also serves, in these volumes, as a reference source for our annotations.

When the notation: (Red Guard publication) follows an entry in this bibliography, it
means that the cited work is a publication of one of many Red Guard groups during the
Cultural Revolution period. In some, but not all of these cases, the source provides us
with information concerning the original editor/compiler, publisher and/or publishing
date of the item, and in such cases this information is presented in this bibliography.
Where such information is not available, the notations ‘‘N.p.’’ or ‘‘N.d.’’ or both will
be used. These publications have been collected and published in Red Guard Publications, Washington, D.C.: Center for Chinese Research Materials, 20 vols.,
1975; Supplement, 8 vols., 1980. This publication information will not be repeated for each of these entries in this bibliography. The reader should also note
that a valuable directory of these Red Guard publications is provided in: Lee,



756 Bibliography

Hong Yung, A Research Guide to Red Guard Publications, 1966-1969, Armonk, NY:
M. E. Sharpe, 1987.

Some collections of documents on the People’s Republic of China have been consulted but not cited in our sources or in this bibliography, notably, for instance, Harold
Hinton, ed., The People’s Republic of China, 1949-1979: A Documentary Survey, §
volumes, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc, 1980.

Details concerning United States government documents cited in this bibliography _
translations of Chinese documents made by information agencies of the U.S. government, for instance —- and listed herein under JPRS (Joint Publications Research Ser.
vice) and FBIS (Foreign Broadcast Information Service) and various departments
of the United States federal government can be found under the appropriate entry, as
indicated in this bibliography, in U.S. Superintendent of Documents, Monthly Catalog
of U.S. Government Publications, Washington, D.C.: United States Government
Printing Office. The publication information of this catalog is not repeated under the
various relevant entries in this bibliography.

I. PRIMARY SOURCES
a. Books
Buyi

Ding, Wang, ed. Mao Zedong xuanji buyi (Supplement to the Selected Works of
Mao Tse-tung), vol. 3 (1949-1959). Hong Kong: Mingbao Monthly Press, 1971.

CCSD
Jacobs, Dan, and Hans Baerwald, eds. Chinese Communism, Selected Documents.
New York: Harper and Row, 1963.

J. Chen (1967)
Chen, Jerome. Mao and the Chinese Revolution. London: Oxford University Press,
1965.

J. Chen (1967)
Chen, Jerome. Mao and the Chinese Revolution. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1967.

J. Chen (1969)
Chen, Jerome. Mao. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969.

J. Chen (1970) ;
Chen, Jerome, ed. Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

Dahai hangxing
Dahai hangxing kao tuoshou (When Sailing on the High Seas, One Needs to Rely
on the Helmsman). N.p.: N.d. (Red Guard publication.)

Dang de jianshe
Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun zong zhengzhi bu (The General Political Department
of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army). Mao zhuxi lun dang de jianshe (Chairman Mao on Party-building). N.p.: 1968.

K. Fan (1972) ;
Fan, K. Mao Tse-tung and Lin Piao: Post-Revolutionary Writings. Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1972.


BIOWOgTApNy 5 /

Gaizao wenji
Nongye shehui zhuyi gaizao wenji (Collection of Essays on the Socialist Transformation of Agriculture). 3 volumes. Beijing: Caizheng jingji chubanshe, 1965S.

Gaochao
Zhongguo gongchan dang zhongyang bangong shi (General Office of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China), ed. Zhongguo nongcun de shehui
zhuyi gaochao (Upsurge of Socialism in China’s Countryside). 3 volumes. Beijing:
Renmin chubanshe, 1956.

Guanyu nongye hezuohua wenti
Mao, Zedong. Guanyu nongye hezuohua wenti (On the Question of the Cooperativization of Agriculture). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1955.

Hu Feng cailiao
The Editorial Board of Renmin ribao (People’s Daily), ed. Guanyu Hu Feng fan
geming jituan de cailiao (Material On Hu Feng’s Counterrevolutionary Clique).
Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, June 1955.

Huiyi Mao zhuxi
Huiyi Mao zhuxi (Memories of Chairman Mao). Beijing: Renmin wenxue, 1977.

JPRS, Miscellany, 1 and I
Joint Publications Research Service. Miscellany of Mao Tse-tung Thought (1949-
1968), Parts I and II (IPRS, 61269-1; 61269-2). Arlington, VA: February 1974.

JPRS, 69195
Joint Publications Research Service. Translations on People’s Republic of China.
No. 382. (JPRS no. 69195.) Arlington, VA: October 1977. (See under entry no.
77-14105, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, Monthly Catalog of U.S. Government Publications, October 1977.)

Jiaoyu geming
Mao zhuxi lun jiaoyu geming (Chairman Mao on the Revolution in Education). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1967.

Jiaoyu yulu
Hongdaihui zhandou bu dou-pi-gai bangongshi zhongxuan zu (Central Propaganda
Group, Office of Struggle, Criticism and Reform, Combat Department, Red Guard
Congress). Mao zhuxi jiaoyu yulu (Chairman Mao’s Sayings on Education). N.p.:
July 1967. (Red Guard publication.)

Kyoto daigaku (1980)
Nakamura, Kimiyoshi, et al., eds. Mo Takuto chosaku nempyo (Chronology of the
Writings of Mao Zedong). 2 volumes. Kyoto: Kyoto daigaku jimbun kagaku kenkyujo (Institute of Humanistic Sciences, Kyoto University), 1980-81.

Lun qingnian
Mao Zedong tongzhi lun gingnian he qingnian gongzuo (Comrade Mao Zedong on
Young People and the Work Among Young People). Beijing: Zhongguo qingnian,
1961.

Mao guanhuai

Mao zhuxi guanhuai zuo wuomen (Chairman Mao Is Concerned about Us). Shanghai: Wenhua, 1958.

Mao gushi
Mao zhuxi de gushi (Stories of Chairman Mao). Hong Kong: Zhaoyang chubanshe,


vol. 1, 1976; vol. 2, 1977.

Mao Hubei
Mao zhuxi zai Hubei (Chairman Mao in Hubei Province). Wuhan: Hubej Tenmin
chubanshe, 1958.

Mao jingwei
The Editorial Board of Jiefang jun bao (Liberation Army Daily), ed. Mao zhuxj
Suanhuai jingwei zhanshi xue wenhua (Chairman Mao Is Concerned About Security
Guards Learning to Become Literate). Beijing: Jiefang jun wenyi she, July 1960.

Mao liang
Mao zhuxi lun dang nei liang tiao luxian douzhen g (Chairman Mao on the Two-line
Struggle within the Party). N.p.: 1969.

Mao qunzhong
Mao zhuxi zai qunzhong zhong (Chairman Mao Among the Masses). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1958.

Mao shici
Mao, Zedong, Mao zhuxi shici sanshigi shou (Thirty-seven Poems by Chairman
Mao). Second edition. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, April 1964.

Mao zai xinzhong
Mao zhuxi yongyuan huo zai wuomen xinzhong (Chairman Mao Will Live Forever
in Our Hearts). Beijing: Renmin wenxue, 1977.

Mao Zedong lun caizheng
Zhongguo kexue yuan Jingji yanjiusuo caijing muyi yanjiu zu (Financial and Commerce Studies Group, the Institute of Economic Studies, the Chinese Academy of
Sciences). Mao Zedong lun caizheng (Mao Zedong on Finance). Beijing: Caizheng
chubanshe, 1958.

Poems
Wong, Man, trans. and ed. Poems of Mao Tse-tung. Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon
Press, 1966.

Poems of Mao Tse-tung
Barnstone, Willis, trans. and ed. The Poems of Mao Tse-tung. London: Harper and
Row, 1972.

L. Pye (1976)
Pye, Lucian. Mao Tse-tung: The Man in the Leader. New York: Basic Books, 1976.

Rendai hui di yi ci :
Zhonghua renmin gonghe guo di yi jie quanguo renmin daibiao da hui di yi ci huiyi
wenjian (Documents of the First Session of the National People’s Congress of the
People’s Republic of China). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1955.

SR
Mao, Zedong. Selected Readings from the Works of Mao Zedong. Beijing: Foreign
Languages Press, 1971.

SW, I-V
Mao, Zedong. Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,
vols. I-IV, 1967; vol. V, 1977.

S. Schram (1969)

Schram, Stuart R. The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung. New York: Praeger,
1969.


Bibliography 759

S. Schram (1974)
Schram, Stuart R., ed. Chairman Mao Talks to the People: Talks and Letters,
1956-1971. New York: Pantheon Books, 1974.

P. Seybolt (1973)
Seybolt, Peter J. Revolutionary Education in China: Documents and Commentary.
White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1973.

Shengping ziliao
Huang, Yuchuan, ed. Mao Zedong Shengping ziliao jianbian (A Brief Compilation
of Materials on the Life of Mao Zedong). Hong Kong: Union Research Institute,
1970.

Shici
Mao, Zedong. Mao zhuxi shici (The Poems of Chairman Mao). Beijing: Renmin
wenxue chubanshe, 1976.

Shuxin
Mao, Zedong. Mao Zedong shuxin xuanji (Selections from Mao Zedong’s Letters).
Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1983.

Socialist Upsurge
The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Socialist Upsurge in China’s Countryside. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1978.

URI (1976)
Union Research Institute, Unselected Works of Mao Tse-tung. Hong Kong: Union
Press, 1976.

Wansui (n.d.)
Mao Zedong sixiang wansui (Long Live Mao Zedong Thought). N.p.: N.d. (Red
Guard publication.)

Wansui (n.d. 2)
Mao Zedong sixiang wansui (Long Live Mao Zedong Thought). N.p.: N.d. 411 pp.
(Red Guard publication).

Wansui (1967a)
Mao Zedong sixiang wansui (Long Live Mao Zedong Thought). N.p.: 1967, 280
pp. (Red Guard publication.)

Wansui (1967b)
Mao Zedong sixiang wansui (Long Live Mao Zedong Thought). N.p.: April 1967,
46 pp. (Red Guard publication.)

Wansui (1967c)
Mao Zedong sixiang wansui (Long Live Mao Zedong Thought). N.p.: April 1967,
38 pp. (Red Guard publication.)

Wansui (1967d)
Mao Zedong sixiang wansui (Long Live Mao Zedong Thought). Beijing: 1967.
(Red Guard publication.) (We have only one page of this source; see explanation on
p. 378 of this volume.

Wansui (1969)
Mao Zedong sixiang wansui (Long Live Mao Zedong Thought). N.p.: 1969. (Red
Guard publication.)

Wenge wenjian
Zhonggong wenhua da geming zhongyao wenjian huibian (A Compilation of Major
Documents on the Great Cultural Revolution in Communist China). Taipei: Zhonggong yanjiu zazhi she, 1973.


)UU BIULUZLApLy

Wenge wenxuan
Zhonggong zhongyang guanyu wuchan jieji wenhua da geming wenjian xXuanbian
(Selections from Documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of
China on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution). Yunnan: Department of Education. April 1967.

Wenyi yulu
Shanghai xiju xueyuan “‘geming lou” chuban xiaozu (Editorial Group of “Geming
lou,” Shanghai Institute for Operatic Studies). Mao zhuxi lun wenyi yulu (The Sayings of Chairman Mao on Literature and Art). Shanghai: N.d. (Red Guard publication.)

Wuge wenjian
Mao zhuxi guanyu wenxue yishu de wuge wenjian (Five Documents by Chairman
Mao on Literature and Art). Hong Kong: Sanlian shudian, 1967.

Xuandu A, or Xuandu (1965 a)
Mao, Zedong. Mao Zedong zhuzuo xuandu, jia zhong ben (Selected Readings from
the Writings of Mao Zedong, A). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1965.

Xuandu B. or Xuandu (1965 b)
Mao, Zedong. Mao Zedong zhuzuo xuandu, yi zhong ben (Selected Readings from
the Writings of Mao Zedong, B). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1965.

Xuanji, |-V
Mao, Zedong. Mao Zedong xuanji (Selected Works of Mao Zedong). Beijing: Renmin, vols. I-IV, 1969; vol. V, 1977.

Xuexi wenjian
Xuexi wenjian (Documents for Study). Reprints of articles from Renmin ribao (People’s Daily) and Xinhua yuebao (New China Monthly). N.p.: N.d. (Red Guard publication.)

Xuexi wenxuan (1967)
Xuexi wenxuan (Selected Writings for Studying). N.p.: 1967, 415 pp. (Red Guard
publication.)

Yijiu wusi nian guojia yusuan
Jingji ziliao bianji weiyuanhui (Editorial Committee for Economic Material). Yijiu
wusi nian guojia yusuan (The National Budget for 1954). Beijing: Caizheng jingji
chubanshe, 1954.

Yulu
Zhongguo renmin jiefang jun zong zhengzhi bu (General Political Department of the
Chinese People’s Liberation Army), ed. Mao zhuxi yulu (The Sayings of Chairman
Mao). Guangdong: Xinhua yinshuasuo, 1967.

Yulu (1969)
Mao zhuxi yulu (Sayings of Chairman Mao). Beijing: General Political Department
of the People’s Liberation Army of the People’s Republic of China, 1969.
Zhengxie di si ci ;
Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi di yi jie quanguo weiyuanhui di si ci huiyt
wenjian (Documents of the Fourth Session of the First National Committee of the
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe,

1953.


Bibliography 761

Zhengxie er ci
Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi di yi jie quanguo weiyuanhui di er ci
huiyi (The Second Session of the First National Committee of the Chinese People’s
Political Consultative Conference). Beijing: Xinhua, 1950.

Zhengxie jiniankan
Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi di yi jie quanti huiyi jiniankan (Commemorative Issue of the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference). Beijing: Xinhua, 1950.

Zhengxie san ci
Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi di yi jie quanguo weiyuanhui di san ci
huiyi wenjian (Documents of the Third Session of the First National Committee of
the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1951.

Ziliao xuanbian
Ziliao xuanbian (Selected Compilation of Materials). N.p.: Jan. 1967. (Red Guard
publication.)

Zui weida de youyi
Mao, Zedong. Zui weida de youyi (The Greatest Friendship). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1953.

b. Serials (Newspapers, Periodicals, News Services)
Asahi Evening News
Asahi Evening News. Daily, Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun.
BR
Beijing Review. Weekly, Beijing. (Formerly PR [Peking Review].)
CB
Current Background. Weekty (approx.), Hong Kong.
CDSP
Current Digest of Soviet Press. Biweekly, New York.

CLG
Chinese Law and Government. Quarterly. Armonk, NY (formerly White Plains,
NY).

CR

China Reconstructs. Monthly, Beijing.
Changjiang ribao

Changjiang ribao (Yangtze River Daily). Hankou.

Chinese Sociology and Anthropology
Chinese Sociology and Anthropology. Quarterly, Armonk, NY (formerly White
Plains, NY).

Dagong bao
Dagong bao (Dagong Daily). Shanghai.

Dongfang hong
Dongfang hong (The East Is Red). N.p.: N.d. (Red Guard publication.)


762 Bibliography

FBIS, Daily Report
Foreign Broadcast Information Service. Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts
Washington, D.C. ,
GMRB
Guangming ribao (Guangming Daily). Beijing.
Gongren ribao
Gongren ribao (Worker’s Daily). Beijing.
NCNA, Daily News Release
Hsinhua News Agency, Daily News Release. Hong Kong.

HQ

Honggqi (Red Flag). Semimonthly, Beijing.
Henan ribao

Henan ribao (Henan Daily). Zhengzhou.

Issues and Studies
Issues and Studies. Monthly, Taipei: Institute of International Relations.

JFJB
Jiefang jun bao (Liberation Army Daily). Beijing.

Jiefang jun huabao
Jiefang jun huabao (Liberation Army Pictorial). Semimonthly, Beijing.

Jiefang jun wenyi
Jiefang jun wenyi (Literature and Arts in the People’s Liberation Army). Monthly,
Beijing.

Jiefang ribao
Jiefang ribao (Liberation Daily). Shanghai.

Jinbu ribao
Jinbu ribao (Progress Daily). Tianjin.

Keji geming (A)
Hong dai hui zhongguo keda dongfang hong gongshe chedi pipan Liu, Deng, Tao,
lianluo zhan keji pigai zu (Science and Technology Criticism and Reform Group,
Liaison Station for the Thorough Criticism of Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and Tao
Zhu, East Is Red Commune at Chinese Science University, Red Guard Congress),
ed. Keji geming (Revolution in Science and Technology), no. 1. Mao Zhuxi guanyu
keji gongzuo de zhishi (Chairman Mao’s Directives on the Work in Science and
Technology). N.p.: July 1967. (Red Guard publication.)

Keji geming (B)
Shoudu keji jie geming zaofanpai pipan Liu, Deng, lianluo zhan (Criticize Liu
Shaogqi and Deng Xiaoping Station, Revolutionary Rebel Faction of the Science and
Technology Circles at the Capital), ed. Keji geming (Revolution in Science and
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