January 10, 1945

[Comrade Mao Tse-tung delivered this speech at a conference of labour heroes
and model workers of the Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region.]


Heroes of Labor and Model Workers!

You have attended this conference and summed up your experience; we all welcome
you and honour you. You have three good qualities and you play three roles.
First, the role of initiators. In other words, by your outstanding efforts
and your numerous innovations you have made your work a model for others,
raising standards and inspiring others to learn from you. Second, the role
of backbone. Most of you are not yet cadres, but you have become the backbone,
the hard core of the masses; with you, it is easier to push our work forward.
In the future you may become cadres; at present you are cadres in reserve.
Third, the role of a bridge. You are a bridge between the leadership and
the broad masses; through you the opinions of the masses are transmitted
to the leadership and vice versa.

You have many good qualities and have rendered great service, but you must
always remember not to become conceited. You are respected by all, and quite
rightly, but this easily leads to conceit. If you become conceited, if you
are not modest and cease to exert yourselves, and if you do not respect others,
do not respect the cadres and the masses, then you will cease to be heroes
and models. There have been such people in the past, and I hope you will
not follow their example.

This conference has summed up your experience. The summary is a very good
one and is applicable in the other Liberated Areas as well. However, I am
not going to dwell upon that. I should just like to say a few words about
our economic work.

In the past few years we have begun to learn how to do economic work and
we have achieved substantial successes in this field, but it is still only
a beginning. We must see to it that within two or three years the
Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region and the Liberated Areas in the enemy's
rear are completely or largely self-supporting in grain and manufactured
goods, and even have a surplus. We must achieve still greater successes in
agriculture, industry and trade. Only then can we regard ourselves as having
learned more about economic work and as having learned to do it better. In
places where there is no improvement in the living conditions of the troops
and the people, where the material foundations for the counter-offensive
remain unstable and agriculture, industry and trade stagnate or even decline
instead of expanding year by year, it is evident that the personnel of the
Party, government and army have not learned how to do economic work, and
great difficulties will undoubtedly be encountered.

There is one point I must again bring to everybody's attention, namely, that
our ideas should be adapted to our immediate environment. Our immediate
environment is rural; it would seem that nobody has any doubt on that score,
for who does not know that we are living in the countryside? Yet actually,
that is not the case. Many comrades do not understand the countryside at
all, or at any rate not profoundly, although they live there and imagine
they understand it. They do not proceed from the fact that our environment
is the countryside, which is based on individual economy, cut up by the enemy
and involved in guerrilla warfare, and the result is that their handling
of political, military, economic and cultural problems, or of Party matters
and the workers', peasants', youth and women's movements is often incorrect
or only partially correct. They approach rural affairs from an urban viewpoint
and often run their heads against a brick wall because they draw up many
inappropriate plans subjectively and enforce them arbitrarily. In recent
years our comrades have made much progress, thanks both to the rectification
campaign and to the failures they have met with in their work. But we must
still take care to adapt our ideas fully to our environment before we can
obtain results in every field of work and do so quickly. If we truly understand
the fact that the rural base areas in which we find ourselves are founded
on individual economy, cut up by the enemy and involved in guerrilla warfare
and make it the starting point in everything we do, then the pertinent question
is, how do our results, which may seem slow and unspectacular, compare with
the results of taking some other starting point, for instance, the urban
viewpoint? Far from being slow, they are actually quite fast. For if we were
to start from the urban viewpoint and depart from our present-day realities,
the question would be not of getting fast or slow results, but of running
into endless snags and getting no results at all.

Clear proof of this fact is provided by the great success of the present
form of the army and civilian production drive we have promoted.

We want to hit the Japanese aggressors hard and make preparations for seizing
the cities and recovering our lost territories. But how can we attain this
aim, situated as we are in a countryside founded on individual economy, cut
up by the enemy and involved in guerrilla warfare? We cannot imitate the
Kuomintang, which does not lift a finger itself but depends entirely on
foreigners even for such necessities as cotton cloth. We stand for self-reliance.
We hope for foreign aid but cannot be dependent on it; we depend on our own
efforts, on the creative power of the whole army and the entire people. But
how do we go about it? By launching large-scale production campaigns
simultaneously among the troops and the people.

Since we are in the countryside, where manpower and material resources are
scattered, we have adopted the policy of "unified leadership and decentralized
management" for production and supply.

Since we are in the countryside, where the peasants are scattered individual
producers employing backward means of production and where most of the land
is still owned by landlords and the peasants are subjected to feudal rent
exploitation, we have adapted the policies of reducing rent and interest
and of organizing mutual aid in labour to heighten the peasants' enthusiasm
for production and to increase the productivity of agricultural labour. Rent
reduction has heightened the peasants' enthusiasm in production and mutual
aid has increased the productivity of agricultural labour. I have obtained
data from various places in northern and central China, all of which show
that after rent reduction the peasants take much greater interest in production
and are willing to organize mutual-aid groups like our labour-exchange teams
here, in which the productivity of three persons now equals that of four
in the past. That being the case, 90 million people can do as much as 120
million. There are also instances of two persons doing what used to require
the effort of three. If instead of coercion and commandism, which are
self-defeating because of their quest for quick results, we adopt a policy
of patiently persuading people by setting them good examples, then it will
be possible for the majority of the peasants to be organized into mutual-aid
groups for agricultural and handicraft production in the next few years.
Once such production groups become the usual practice, not only will output
increase and all kinds of innovations emerge, but there will also be political
progress, a higher educational level, progress in hygiene, a remoulding of
loafers and a change in social customs, and it will not take long before
the implements of production will be improved, too. With all this happening,
our rural society will gradually be rebuilt on new foundations.

If our cadres carefully study this sphere of work and most energetically
help the rural people develop campaigns for production, there will be a plentiful
supply of grain and other necessities in the countryside within a few years,
and we shall be able not only to keep up the war and cope with crop failures
but also to maintain a large reserve of grain and other necessities for future
use.

We should organize the army units and the government and other organizations
as well as the peasants for production.

Since we are in the countryside, which is constantly ravaged by the enemy
and involved in protracted war, it is imperative for the army units and the
government and other organizations to engage in production. And it is possible
for them to do so because the guerrilla fighting is scattered over a wide
area. Besides, the troops and government personnel in our Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia
Border Region are very numerous in proportion to the total population, and
they will go hungry if they themselves do not engage in production, while
on the other hand the people will go hungry if too much is taken from them
and the burden is too heavy for them to bear. These are the reasons why we
are resolved to launch a large-scale production campaign. Take the
Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region, for instance. The annual requirements
of the army units and the government and other organizations total 260,000
tan (here 1 tan equals 300 chin) of husked grain
(millet), of which they get 160,000 from the people and produce the rest
themselves if they did not engage in production themselves, either they or
the people would go hungry. Thanks to our production campaigns, we are free
from hunger, and in fact the troops and the people are quite well fed.

With the exception of grain, clothing and bedding, government and other
organizations in the Border Region are self-supporting in most their needs
and some units are entirely self-supporting. Many units are partially
self-supporting even in grain, clothing and bedding.

The achievements of the army units of the Border Region are even greater.
Many are entirely self-supporting in grain, clothing, bedding and every other
essential, that is, they are 100 per cent self-supporting and draw nothing
from the government. This is the highest standard, the top grade, and it
has been attained gradually over a period of several years.

This standard cannot be adopted at the front, where fighting has to be done.
There a second and a third standard may be set up. The second standard requires
that except for grain, clothing and bedding, which are supplied by the
government, self-sufficiency through production should be achieved in the
following items: cooking oil (0.5 liang per person per day), salt
(0.5 liang per person per day), vegetables (1-1.5 chin per
person per day), and meat (1-2 chin per person per month); the purchase
of fuel, office supplies and miscellaneous items; subsidies for education
and health; expenditures for the cleaning of weapons and for the provision
of tobacco, shoes, socks, gloves, towels, tooth-brushes, etc.; these
items-amounting in all to some 50 per cent of the total expenditure. This
standard can be gradually attained in two or three years. In some places
it has already been attained. This standard may be adapted in the stable
base areas.

The third standard applies to outlying districts and to the guerrilla zones
where 50 per cent self-sufficiency is not possible but 15-25 per cent may
be. Reaching this standard is good enough there.

In short, apart from those in exceptional circumstances, all army units and
government and other organizations must engage in production in the intervals
between fighting, training or work. In addition to using such intervals for
collective production, they should organize some of their personnel specifically
for production, assigning them to run farms, vegetable gardens, pastures,
workshops, small factories, transport teams and co-operatives, or to grow
grain and vegetables in partnership with the peasants. In our present
circumstances, every organization or army unit should establish its own "domestic
economy" to tide over the difficulties. Unwillingness to do so is a
characteristic of loafers and is disgraceful. To stimulate production we
should also institute a system of individual bonuses, graded according to
the quality of the work, for all who participate in it directly. Further,
as the effective way of pushing the work forward, the head of each organization
must assume responsibility and personally take part, and must apply the method
of linking the leading group with the masses and the general call with particular
and specific guidance.

Some people say that if the army units go in for production, they will be
unable to train or fight and that if the government and other organizations
do so, they will be unable to do their own work. This is a false argument.
In recent years our army units in the Border Region have undertaken production
on a big scale to provide themselves with ample food and clothing and have
simultaneously done their training and conducted their political studies
and literacy and other courses much more successfully than before, and there
is greater unity than ever within the army and between the army and the people.
While there was a large-scale production campaign at the front last year,
great successes were gained in the fighting and in addition an extensive
training campaign was started. And thanks to production, the personnel of
the government and other organizations live a better life and work with greater
devotion and efficiency; this is the case both in the Border Region and at
the front.

Thus it can be seen that in the context of guerrilla warfare in rural areas,
those army units and government and other organizations which undertake
production for self-support show greater energy and activity in their fighting,
training and work, and improve their discipline and their unity both internally
and with the civilians. Production for self-support is the outcome of our
country's protracted guerrilla war and this is our glory. Once we master
it, no material difficulty can daunt us. We shall grow in vigour and energy
year by year and become stronger with every battle; we shall overwhelm the
enemy and have no fear of his overwhelming us.

Here another point must be called to the attention of our comrades at the
front. Some of our recently established areas are fairly rich in material
resources and, counting on this, the cadres there are unwilling either to
economize or to engage in production. This is very bad, and they are bound
to suffer for it later. Wherever we happen to be, we must treasure our manpower
and material resources, and must not take a short view and indulge in
wastefulness and extravagance. Wherever we are, from the very first year
of our work we must bear in mind the many years to come, the protracted war
that must be maintained, the counter-offensive, and the work of reconstruction
after the enemy's expulsion. On the one hand, never be wasteful or extravagant;
on the other, actively expand production. Previously, in some places people
suffered a great deal because they did not take the long view and neglected
economy in manpower and material resources and the expansion of production.
The lesson is there and attention must be called to it.

As regards manufactured goods, the Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region has
decided to become completely self-supporting in cotton, cotton yarn, cotton
cloth, iron, paper and many other things within two years. We must grow,
manufacture and supply whatever is not produced here or is produced only
in small quantities, and must not depend on the outside at all. The whole
task is to be accomplished by the public, private and co-operative enterprises.
For all items, we demand not only quantity but also quality, that is, they
must stand wear and tear. The Border Region Government, the Joint Defence
Headquarters of the Eighth Route Army and the Northwest Bureau of the Central
Committee of the Party are absolutely right in giving close attention to
these matters. I hope that the same thing will be done in all places at the
front. In many places it is already being done, and I wish them success.

In our Border Region and the other Liberated Areas, it will take another
two or three years for us to learn every branch of economic work. The day
when we grow all or most of our own grain, manufacture all or most of our
own goods and thus are completely or mainly self-supporting and even have
a surplus will also be the day when we have mastered every branch of economic
work in the countryside. After we have cleared the cities of the enemy, we
shall be able to take up new branches of economic work. We must exert ourselves
and learn, because China depends on us for her reconstruction.


Transcription by the Maoist Documentation Project.