China had two dogmas: one was the old dogma, and the other was the foreign dogma, both of which represented ideological enslavement. The May Fourth Movement broke the bondage of the old dogma and was a major enlightenment movement. After the failure of the Great Revolution, our Party fell prey to the malady of the foreign dogma. The rectification movement now being carried out against subjectivism, sectarianism, and stereotyped Party writing is likewise a major enlightenment movement. Many cadres have been deeply poisoned and require enlightenment work.

—Mao Zedong, 1942

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(9) Those engaged in cadre education, especially instructors, should be educated. The specific measures shall be formulated by the Central Propaganda Department.

—At the Central Committee’s Work Conference on White Areas