First, the Mongol, Hui, Tibetan, Miao, Yao, Yi, and other ethnic groups, together with the Han, shall enjoy equal rights. On the basis of common opposition to Japan, they shall have the right to manage their own affairs independently, while at the same time uniting with the Han to establish a unified nation.  Second, in areas where various minority groups and the Han are intermingled, local governments must set up committees composed of members from the local minority communities, as an integral part of the provincial and county governments, to administer matters pertaining to these groups and to mediate relations among the different ethnicities. Representation of minority representatives on the provincial and county government committees is also required.  Third, the cultures, religions, and customs of minority groups must be respected. Not only should they not be forced to learn Standard Chinese and the Chinese language, but they should also be encouraged and supported in developing cultural and educational programs conducted in their own languages and scripts. Fourth, great-Han chauvinism must be rectified; Han people should be urged to engage with all ethnic groups on an equal footing, so as to foster ever-closer and more amicable relations. At the same time, any words, writings, or actions that are insulting or contemptuous toward minority groups must be prohibited.  The above policies should be pursued simultaneously: on the one hand, the various minority groups themselves should unite to strive for their implementation; on the other hand, the government should take the initiative to put them into effect. Only in this way can the mutual relations among the country’s ethnic groups be thoroughly improved, and can true unity in the face of external threats be achieved. The old methods of appeasement and control are no longer viable.  (Reprinted from the People’s Daily editorial “Further Implementing the Policy of Regional Ethnic Autonomy,” September 9, 1953)