Changgang Township Survey 1933.12.15

Everyone understands that the actual execution of all Soviet work is carried out in the townships (xiang) and cities (shi), but many people do not understand how the township Soviets and city Soviets should conduct their work. And without understanding the work of the township Soviets and city Soviets, it is simply impossible to truly lead Soviet work, and it is impossible to truly solve the problem of [making all Soviet economic work subordinate to the requirements of the revolutionary war]. Among the upper-level Soviet workers, we now encounter this kind of situation: they issue many orders and resolutions, but they do not know the actual content of any township Soviet or city Soviet work. Comrades! This is not acceptable, this is bureaucratism, this is an obstacle to Soviet work!

Our task is to put forward and issue many plans, from expanding the Red Army to repairing bridges and building roads. The question is how to mobilize the masses to fully and practically implement these tasks and plans. The extremely tense revolutionary war requires us to quickly and universally solve this problem. And this problem cannot be solved by thinking in our heads. It depends on collecting all kinds of fresh and concrete experiences from the process of mobilizing the masses to carry out various tasks, promoting these experiences, and expanding the scope of our mobilization of the masses, so that it is suitable for higher tasks and plans.

Now, in many local Soviet organs, serious errors of perfunctory performance of duties or coercive orders have occurred. These Soviets have very poor relations with the masses, which greatly hinders the implementation of Soviet tasks and plans. On the other hand, countless lower-level Soviet work comrades have created many good ways to mobilize the masses in many places. They have integrated with the masses, and their work has achieved great success. One of the responsibilities of upper-level Soviet personnel is to collect and organize these good experiences and spread them to a wide area. This kind of work should be implemented immediately in all provinces and counties. The most effective way to oppose bureaucratism is to show them living examples.

The experiences of Changgang Township collected here are only a brief summary of some of their main tasks, limited by time and the materials of the reporters. But this kind of summary is enough to arouse our great attention, and it is enough for us to solemnly call their work a [model of Soviet work], because their relationship with the masses is very close, and their work has achieved great success. Promoting these experiences, collecting more experiences, and providing concrete examples to all backward township Soviets and city Soviets, so that their work can be raised to the level of advanced township Soviets and city Soviets, uniting millions of masses around the Soviets, and striving to make all Soviet work suitable for the requirements of defeating the enemy and turning the tide, this is our goal.

I. Political Division and Population

Changgang Township belongs to the Shangshe District of Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province, and was carved out of the former Yuanmu Township in this district.

The ranking of work in Shangshe District: Changgang and Goulin are first, Yangxi is second, Hefu, Xiushui, and Wenxi are third, and Renxuan and Shangshe are fourth.

Changgang Township is divided into four villages: Changgang, Qiangbei, Xinxi, and Yougang.

Population:

(The whole township has 437 households, 1,784 people. 320 people are out serving in the Red Army or doing work, and 1,464 are in the township (including short-term workers and district and township personnel). Among the population in the township, there are 1,286 middle peasants and poor peasants, 102 workers, hired laborers, and coolies, and 76 landlords and rich peasants.

(Those who are out serving in the Red Army or doing work:

Joined the Red Army from 1928 to 1932: 81
Joined the Red Army in 1933: 13
In the guerrilla battalion: 7
Working above the county level: 34
Working in the rear hospital: 24
Assigned as long-term dependents: 36
Total: 320

(III) Landlords and Rich Peasants:

Original landlords: 2 households, 5 people
Original rich peasants: 11 households, 72 people
Landlords' wives and daughters who married workers and peasants after the land investigation in August: 6 people
36 dan and 6 dou of land were recovered from these 6 people, and no other rich peasants or landlords were found.

II. Representative Conference

1. Meeting Situation

The agenda is always: 1. Meeting; 2. Report; 3. Discussion; 4. Other; 5. Adjournment. Write it down neatly and post it up. The specific issues discussed each time are only written on paper by the chairman himself and not posted up.

[Report]: First, the chairman reports the reasons for the meeting, speaking for twenty or thirty sentences. Then the district Soviet's
[participating comrade] reports (almost every time there are people from the district Soviet participating, mostly members, five or six times out of ten; fewer ministers, two or three times out of ten; the chairman and vice-chairman do not come often, only once out of ten), the content is the political situation and the work situation. If the participating comrade does not mention something, the chairman and branch secretary supplement it.

[Discussion]: All are specific issues. For example, at a meeting held on November 8, the following items were discussed:

1. Military Mobilization. It is further divided into: (1) Expanding the Red Army: The representative of Changgang Village promised to expand by 5 people, the representative of Qiangbei Village promised 4 people, the representative of Xinxi Village promised 3 people, and the representative of Yougang Village promised 3 people, for a total of 15 people, to be done by November 30. (2) Preferential Treatment for Red Army Dependents: It was decided to mobilize the model farming team and the labor mutual aid society together. (3) Return-to-the-ranks Movement: There are 7 deserters in this township, and it was decided to have the propaganda team (township and village) and the shock team (organized by old Red Army members) carry out the work. (4) Comforting the Red Army: Each village promised 4 towels; yellow hemp grass shoes and cloth shoes: Changgang promised 110 pairs, Qiangbei 100 pairs, Xinxi 90 pairs, and Yougang 100 pairs.

2. Economic Mobilization. It is further divided into: (1) Economic Public Bonds: This township acknowledged selling 5,456 yuan, received 823 dan of grain, worth 4,331 yuan, and received 127 yuan in cash, for a total of 4,458 yuan. There is still 1,219 yuan that has not been collected. It was decided that each representative should exert all their energy to do propaganda and collect it by November 25. (2) Cooperatives: In the past, only the district had consumer cooperatives. Now the township is organizing a branch, but only 100 yuan has been raised in shares. However, the masses have already acknowledged 35 yuan. It was decided that each representative should carry out propaganda to collect it, and the propaganda team should also set off. (3) Savings Movement: It was decided to plant more vegetables to prepare for the spring famine and save grain.

3. Repairing River Embankments and Roads. It was decided to repair the six-li-long road to Jiangbei Village within ten days from November 20 to 30, six chi wide. After repairing this road, repair other roads, four chi wide. Five people were elected as preparatory members to repair the river embankment damaged by water after the road was repaired. As for the Bangzuo large wooden bridge, it will be repaired jointly with Cunmu Township.

4. [Support the District Soviet]. In order to express the support of the masses of the whole township for the opening of the Third District Soviet Representative Congress on November 12, it was decided to present a red plaque, a four-inch red cloth, with four characters written on it. On the 12th, mobilize nine-tenths of the masses of the whole township to go to the Soviet area in formation and set off firecrackers (as a result, eight-tenths of the masses went and set off five or six thousand catties of firecrackers, all of which the masses learned to set off themselves).

The latter two items were discussed within the [Other] agenda item. The various issues discussed this time were all proposals submitted by immigrants in the election congress to the township Soviet for discussion.

2. Inspection System

Between the two representative conferences, one is to discuss issues and the other is to inspect work.

Before each work inspection meeting, the duty representative of each village convenes a meeting of the representatives under their jurisdiction to conduct an inspection, and the duty representative reports the results at the representative conference. After the report, they discuss how to achieve and correct what has not been done or has not been done well.

This method started in Dumu Township. Changgang adopted this method after being carved out of Chimu, and later Yangxi Township also adopted it. Recently, the district Soviet convened a district-wide work inspection meeting, requiring all townships to adopt it.

3. Duty Representatives

Number of representatives in each village:

Changgang Village: More than 500 people (number of people at the time of land distribution), 14 representatives.

Qiangbei Village: More than 490 people, 14 representatives.

Xinxi Village: More than 300 people, 13 representatives.

Yougang Village: More than 400 people, 14 representatives.

Ranking of work in each village: Changgang is first, Qiangbei is second, Xinxi is third, and Yougang is fourth.

Each village has one duty representative, who takes turns serving, each person serving for ten days each time, starting in July. Before September, there was a representative director system, with one person designated to serve full-time. After two years of implementation, the director system had shortcomings: the responsibility was assigned to one person, and it was inconvenient for the others to practice work. Rotation avoids this. However, the duty system (actually, it is a duty sentence) also has shortcomings: the representatives cannot lead a book.

4. Standing Committee

The Standing Committee has existed since the establishment of the Soviet.

Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Clerk, CPC Branch Secretary, CYC Branch Secretary, a total of five people. When necessary, the duty representative participates.

5. Representatives Lead Residents

Each representative is in charge of 20 to 50 residents, such as Li Qiuying, the representative of Changgang Village, who is in charge of more than 50 people.

Each representative has a resident register, which is divided into adult males, adult females, male Young Pioneers (can be long-term dependents), female Young Pioneers (can be short-term dependents), male children, and female children. Adult males are further divided into those in the Red Guards (can be long-term dependents) and those not in the Red Guards (can be short-term dependents), and adult females are divided into those in the Red Guards (can be short-term dependents) and those not in the Red Guards (can be given preferential treatment as Red Army dependents).

6. Changes in Representatives

Dumu Township (7 villages, 3,000 people) before the new administrative division elected more than 70 representatives and 11 alternate representatives last November, for a total of more than 80 people. Among them, there were 16 female representatives and more than 60 male representatives. By the time of the re-election on November 1 this year, only 5 of the originally elected male representatives remained. Most of them had joined the Red Army, and a few had been transferred to other jobs. In May, 29 people left at once. When each representative leaves, they first convene the masses under their jurisdiction to elect one person, named "Acting Representative."

7. Political Performance of Representatives

The best 60%.
The average 35%
The worst 5% (4 people, these 4 worst are two men and two women, very lazy, not active, only attend 4 out of 10 meetings, and do not listen to things when they arrive, let alone speak. Their attitude towards the masses is [rough], and the masses do not like these 4 people. They were reformed in July.

8. Among the 16 female representatives, the best ones: take the lead in doing work and do it well.
The average 6: do not know how to find work to do, do the work assigned, do not do it very well, need people to help.
The worst 2: do not do the work assigned.

The Changgang Township Representative Conference has many good creations, such as the Standing Committee, duty representatives, representatives leading residents, and the inspection system, which can be learned from elsewhere. However, the Standing Committee should be renamed the Presidium (7 people in large townships and 5 people in small townships). The duty representatives should be changed to representative directors, selecting the best representatives for a term of one or two months. Changing every ten days is too frequent. The issues discussed at the meeting are also very practical, but that empty five-item agenda should be abolished. Why not post that list of specific issues? The inspection system in Changgang Township is very good. The complete execution of work and the striving for speed depend on this method. The worst representatives should be replaced earlier. It is too late to reform them after eight months. It is right to hold a by-election immediately when a representative is transferred to another job, but they should not be called "Acting Representatives."

III. This Election

1. Election Committee

7 people: CPC Branch Secretary, CPC Women's Affairs Officer, Poor Peasants' Branch Minister, Handicraft Branch Minister, Poor Peasants' Association Director, another person, Brigade Commander, and two township representatives. The Branch Secretary is the director. Organized in September.

The county originally scheduled the election for the end of July, but it was postponed twice. The second time, it was decided to hold it in early November.

2. Election Propaganda

It was said that the class distinctions were not clear in the past, but now they are clear, so we need to hold an election. It was also said that in order to defeat the enemy and to review the work to make it more progressive, we need to elect well.

3. Voter Registration

Each of the four villages created a register, and the representatives were responsible for registering the residents under their jurisdiction. The registers were submitted to the Election Committee for public announcement: one sheet for those with the right to vote, one sheet for those under 16 years old without the right to vote, and one sheet for landlords and rich peasants without the right to vote. The first two sheets were red, and the last sheet was white. Each household and the township Soviet posted these three sheets outside the door.

The voter register was already created in September, but the family members of workers were not counted as workers. It was corrected last month and re-announced. Among the masses, there were people who asked about the distinction between the standards for "workers" and "peasants" in electing representatives. Less than one-tenth of the whole township correctly understood the issue of "worker leadership."

4. Election Units

The four villages are short villages, one election unit, and another worker unit.

5. Work Report

Voter meetings were held for two days (October 19 and 20), two villages on the first day and two villages on the second day.

The chairman reported on Changgang and Qiangbei villages, attending on two separate days. The vice-chairman (concurrently the branch secretary) reported on Xinxi and Yougang villages, also on two separate days. The report was divided into three items: military mobilization, economic construction, and other work.

After the report, the election committee created a list. It was also proposed to the masses attending the meeting to criticize the work of the township Soviet, but no one criticized.

6. Candidate List

On October 19, the branch cadre meeting was held, and people from each village attended (11 people in total). According to the proportion of workers and peasants in each village, a list of 55 people was drawn up, which was exactly the number of representatives to be elected. Then it was submitted to the party group meetings, trade unions, and poor peasants' associations in each village for discussion. The party members in each group proposed it at the voter meeting where the work report was made and passed it, saving the election committee the procedure of preparing the list.

The list was announced, with one copy posted in each of the four villages and outside the township Soviet.

The election was held three days after the announcement.

7. Election Congress

Time: November 4.

The workers held a meeting in the township Soviet, and 70% of them arrived. The rest were sick and did not arrive. The peasants held meetings in four villages, and 73% of them arrived. The meeting was held in the morning. The voters entered the door and drew a "√" on a form with their names written on it (the form had 24 grids, printed by the county Soviet, with the names of 24 voters written on it). One person guarded the door, and there were children watching outside the door, and some also came in. The landlords and rich peasants knew they had no share and did not come.

Procedure: The election committee reported, the township Soviet chairman reported, the district Soviet participating comrade reported, and asked the voters if they had any opinions (no), and introduced and voted on the candidate list one by one (no one opposed), and discussed the proposals (someone proposed that all those in the township aged 16 to 45 without diseases should go to the front line, and the majority passed it. In addition, the various cases discussed at the representative meeting on November 8, such as the military, economic, and road cases, were all proposed at this election congress).

The meeting started at 10 am and ended at 4 pm, [the spirit was very good].

8. Composition of Representatives

Among the 55 representatives, 36 were the most active, 19 were average, and the worst had not yet been discovered.

Among the representatives, old representatives who were re-elected accounted for 60% (more than 30 people), and newly elected representatives accounted for 40%.

9. Representative Conference After the Election

The first representative conference was held on the morning of the day after the election (November 5) to elect the chairman, vice-chairman, and clerk, and to elect representatives to attend the district congress (10 people). Three comrades from the district Soviet participated in this meeting. The second meeting was held on the fourth day (November 8) to discuss the proposals of the election congress (see above).

6. Shortcomings of this election in Changgang Township: (1) The propaganda did not point out that the Soviet is a regime where the masses manage their own lives and is the most important right of the masses. (2) The number of candidates was exactly the same as the number of people to be elected, and there was no increase in the number of people to be elected, so the masses did not criticize the candidate list. The election committee did not play any role in organizing the candidate list, only the party's activities. (3) The work report meeting did not try its best to mobilize the masses to criticize the work of the township Soviet. Apart from these shortcomings, the rest were successful.

IV. Committees Under the Township Soviet

The following are mass organizations. Divided into village and township levels, 5 people in the village, and the director is also a member of the township committee.

There are many township committees with 5 people, because the village has a committee; but there are also committees with 7, 9, and 11 people.

1. Red Army Expansion Committee

7 people, including 3 representatives. Discuss [expansion, preferential treatment, comfort, and welcome].

Comfort Team (7 people, with a captain, including 4 representatives, 1 male and 3 females, the other 3 people are 1 male and 2 females) took peanuts, beans, vegetables, and straw sandals to the hospital and the county seat. Once they went to Huangyan Xiaobu to comfort the Red Army.

2. Land Committee

7 people.

During the land investigation movement in September, several meetings were also held to deal with the 36 dan of land found in the previous month. No meetings have been held since then.

It should be changed to the Agricultural Experiment Station Management Committee, with an agricultural product exhibition hall attached to the station.

3. Land Registration Committee

5 people, one person from each village, and the director is stationed permanently. Organized in July, worked for two months, completed the registration, and canceled the director's meals.

Method: Go to each village and ask each representative to register. If the representative does not know, go to that household to ask. The content of the form was unclear in August, the registration was incomplete, and it was extended for one month, and the registration was completed.

4. Forestry Committee

5 people, the director and one person from each village. In charge of planting and protection.

Some trees were planted, but the mountains were damaged and did not develop. They should be planted near rivers, roads, and houses.

If there are many trees on private mountains, the forestry committee must be consulted. If there are few, they are not consulted, and there are no regulations on the size.

5. Construction Committee

5 people, commanding the [water conservancy] and [bridge] committees.

6. Water Conservancy Committee

5 people, the director and one person from each village.

7. Bridge Committee

5 people, in charge of repairing bridges and roads. It should be called the Bridge and Road Committee.

8. State-Owned Property Committee

5 people. Although there is one, they do not understand what work to do.

9. Warehouse Management Committee

In charge of the preservation of public bond grain and Red Army public field grain.

The grain reserve warehouse is also under its management, and more than 10 dan of grain from the confiscated 36 dan of land were taken to prepare for famine relief.

10. Confiscation Committee

3 people. In charge of fines and donations.

Starting in September, landlords were fined 9 yuan, and rich peasants were donated 225 yuan (11 households, the most donated more than 40 yuan, and the least donated 10 yuan).

In the past, the rich peasants' land, mountains, forests, houses, cattle, and farm tools were all confiscated, and only some bad fields and broken houses were distributed to them, and no mountains were distributed. Now the rich peasants have to rent cattle and farm tools from others. Some of the rich peasants' cash was [added] in the past, and some is now fined, so there is no such thing as donation. Now the rich peasants' family situation is worse than that of the middle peasants. (It should be pointed out that Changgang Township's policy towards rich peasants is wrong).

11. Land Investigation Committee

9 people. Now it is gone.

12. Education Committee

9 people.

13. Health Committee

5 people. Organized in April.

14. Air Defense and Anti-Poison Committee

5 people. Organized in October. Held four or five meetings.

15. Preparatory Committee

Established for holding commemorative meetings.

The [village] committees (many committees are in the village) in Changgang Township connect the Soviet with a wider range of masses, which is a very good creation when Soviet work develops to a high degree. Because the village has a committee of 5 people, many of the township committees only need 5 people, and 4 of the 5 people on each township committee are the directors of the 4 village committees. This forms a network of work, which greatly helps the work of the township representative conference. However, the comrades in Changgang Township regard these committees as mass organizations like trade unions and poor peasants' associations, and do not know that they are part of the Soviet organization. This is inappropriate. The [Construction Committee] can be canceled. The [Land Committee] should be changed to the Agricultural Experiment Station Committee in Xingguo, where the land struggle has penetrated deeply. In addition, several committees such as [Grain], [Household Registration], [Worker-Peasant Inspection], and [Red Security] should be added. These have already been stipulated in the [Local Soviet Organization Law] promulgated by the Central Government.

V. Local Troops

1. Organization

Male Red Guards: One platoon, ages 24 to 45. Of the men in this age group, there are 66 in the whole township. Except for the chairman and clerk and about 20 people who are seriously ill or disabled, all are incorporated, totaling 46 people.

One village chief and one deputy platoon leader each, six squad leaders and six deputy squad leaders each, and one flag.

Female Red Guards: One company, same age as above. Of the women in this age group, there are 146 in the whole township (more than double the number of men). Except for about 20 people who are sick or disabled, all are incorporated, totaling 126 people. One company commander, one deputy company commander, and one political instructor each, three platoon leaders and three deputy platoon leaders each, nine squad leaders and nine deputy squad leaders each, all women, and one flag.

Young Pioneers: One battalion, men and women combined. Ages 16 to 23, there are 21 men and 80 women (four times as many as men) in the whole township, totaling 101 people. Except for about 15 people who are sick or disabled (such as wind limbs), all are incorporated, totaling 86 people.

One battalion commander and one deputy battalion commander each. Divided into one male platoon and two female platoons, each with a platoon leader and a deputy platoon leader.

2. Training

Platoon exercises are held twice a month, with the Red Guards and Young Pioneers separated, and men and women exercising together.

Instructors: Female deputy company commander of Changgang, female company commander of Qiangbei. The Young Pioneers have one female and three males.

Subjects: Attention, rest, left and right turns, inserting a knife, marching, running (less for women), teaching soldiers, field exercises (three or four li away).

Weapons: Mostly spears, a few wooden guns.

Political class: Lecture after exercise, the speaker is the political instructor, talking about the revolutionary situation, imperialism, the tasks of the Red Army, etc., no fixed textbook, just talk about it for a while.

Time: Afternoon, about 2 pm to 6 pm, exercise for 2.5 hours, lecture for 1.5 hours.

Attendance: On average, 70% can attend.

Company: The township is the unit, once a month on the 15th.

Subjects: Each platoon's exercises, see which platoon is good, review the results of the platoon exercises.

Political class: After the review, the instructor talks about the political situation.

Time: Four hours in the afternoon. Now it is cold in winter and the days are shorter, so it has been changed to the morning.

3. Duties

Transportation work: Men serve as long-term dependents (because those over 15 who are not incorporated into the Red Guards serve as short-term dependents).

Women serve as short-term dependents (a part is selected to go to the city, Gao Xingcheng, Chaling, etc.), and women also have rescue (a part is selected to organize a rescue team, preparing, no work) and laundry (organize a laundry team, select more than 10 people from each village, those without children to burden them, go to the Sixth Renyin Supplementary Division and the Training Team, wash several times, and go to Chaling to wash two or three times).

4. Sentry Posts

There are three sentry posts in Changgang, Qiangbei, and Yougang. One shift every night, five or six people per shift, with the Red Guards and Young Pioneers each sending a few people to take turns, with the squad leader or deputy squad leader in charge. One person stands guard, and the rest sleep. Password (answer [Old Hundred Surnames], state your name, where you are going, and what you are doing. In fact, the masses do not know the password), check road passes (for people passing through from other townships), and have not caught any bad people.

Three people are responsible for inspection every day, one Red Army soldier, one Young Pioneer, and one Children's Corps member. When someone passes by, one looks at the road pass (Children's Corps member), and one asks him (Red Army soldier or Young Pioneer). Send letters when necessary.

The Qiangbei sentry post mentioned four or five deserters and sent them to the district. [The common people] mentioned one person without a road pass (when he was walking on a mountain path), from another county, very suspicious, suspected of being a detective, and sent him to the county.

5. Air Defense

The township air defense and anti-poison committee guides the masses in air defense, paying attention to the following matters:

Do not run around when the plane comes.

Dig air raid shelters. Several families can dig one together. It is being done, but not yet completed.

Use a handkerchief to seal the nose and mouth when encountering poison gas. Those who participated in the exercise in the wild said: Use charcoal to seal the nose and mouth.

Each village has a signal cannon post, all set up, with two people responsible for each post, one person going out and one person staying at home, preparing to fire the signal cannon.

All young and adult working masses should be organized into the Red Guards and Young Pioneers and given good military and political training. On the one hand, they should defend the local area, and on the other hand, they should prepare to go to the front line. This is an important task of the Soviet in the domestic war. Changgang Township is also successful in this aspect.

VI. Mass Life

1. Grain Shortage

Before the spring plowing this year, 80% of the masses were short of grain and had to go to Donggu, Shacun, Futian, and Shuinan, etc., far away to buy rice. These 80% of the people were short of grain for an average of one month. Each person needs 5 dan of grain per year, or 4 dou per month. 80% of the 1,500 people in the whole township is 1,200 people, and the shortage for one month is 480 dan, which was all solved by buying from far away, and no one starved.

2. Next Year

There is no need to fear next year. Although the spring harvest this year was good, the autumn harvest was not good due to insects, and it was only equal to last year's harvest. But fortunately, the sweet potatoes and beans have increased by 40% compared to last year.

Also, winter plowing has added planting of vegetables, broad beans, snow peas, and rapeseed.

3. Last year, after the autumn harvest, the masses sold a large amount of grain to merchants, with each dan priced at only 2,800 yuan, less than 1 yuan. Of course, they needed money, and it was okay to sell a little bit, but they did not pay attention to it. This year, a county-wide meeting was held, and it was decided not to sell to merchants unless it was 4 yuan, and to sell less.

4. Last year, after the autumn harvest, there was a lot of waste in offering sacrifices to gods and raising chickens and ducks. This year, there are fewer offerings.

5. Last year, there was a surplus of oil and beans that could be exchanged for salt, but the amount of salt eaten has been greatly reduced.

6. The number of poor peasants eating meat has doubled, and the number of workers has increased by 1.1 times.

7. Most of the chickens and ducks are eaten by themselves, while in the past, most of them were sold.

8. Life has improved, and less firewood is sold.

9. Clothing has doubled.

10. The lives of hired laborers have improved.

11. Middle peasants are still in their original position.

12. The masses' rest and labor.

13. Defeating the enemy.

14. Labor force adjustment and cattle problem.

1. Model Farming Team Method: The labor mutual aid society helps Red Army dependents farm (without wages), while the model team helps the masses farm (with wages). For example, if a member of a mutual aid society is about to help a Red Army dependent farm, but his own field is waiting to be farmed, the model team will send someone to help him farm; or they will help him help the Red Army dependent farm, and he will pay the model team members wages. This is how the labor force is adjusted. Therefore, the model team has close ties with the mutual aid society.

2. Labor Mutual Aid Society

Each of the four villages has one. Except for Red Army dependents, 80% of those with labor have joined. There are more than 300 members in the whole township.

Among the population of the whole township:

10% are fully employed (accounting for about 150 people in the total population of the whole township).

20% are semi-employed (about 300 people).

35% are incidentally employed (about 525 people).

30% are unemployed (about 450 people).

The first two items total about 450 people, most of whom have joined the mutual aid society.

Of the 320 people who have left the township (226 of whom are serving in the Red Army and 94 of whom are doing work), except for 10 people who are semi-employed, all are fully employed. The number of fully employed people is 150, which is 68% compared to 32%. Therefore, the organized adjustment of the labor force has become a central issue in production, and therefore the masses warmly welcome the labor mutual aid society.

The work of the mutual aid society is to give preferential treatment to Red Army dependents, mutual assistance among members, and help to [orphans and the elderly], all of which have fully achieved their goals. The fields of Red Army dependents are generally farmed well.

The method is as follows:

Preferential treatment for Red Army dependents: On average, each Red Army dependent family in this township needs about 25 workdays of help per month during busy times and about 10 workdays of help per month during normal times. Those with more labor help more, those with less labor help less, and those who are disabled do not help, and women with small children also help less. During busy times, a family with all labor must help with 13 or 14 workdays, a family with one labor must help with 6 or 7 workdays, and a family with half labor must help with 1 or 2 workdays doing light work. If they should help this much but help less, they must calculate the wages for those who help more. For example, if family A should help a Red Army dependent with