Report on the Work of the Propaganda
Department from February 1 to May 15¹

(May 19, 1926)

Since the close of the Second National Congress, that is, since the beginning of
February, our assignment of duties to staff members and all of our plans have
proceeded in accordance with the Resolution on Propaganda adopted at the
Second Congress. Here I shall report succinctly on the circumstances of the work
of our department from February 1 to May 15 of this year, as follows:

I. Launching a Party Newspaper

A. The party newspaper in Shanghai. Since the Shanghai Minguo ribao went
over to supporting the Western Hills faction and thereupon ceased to be recognized by the Central Committee as a party newspaper,² the only party newspaper
directly under the control of our department has been the Guangzhou Minguo
ribao. Because there was no party paper in Shanghai, in early April our department sent a responsible party person from the Shanghai Special Municipal Party
Office to take control of the property of the Zhonghua xinbao. Originally, the
name Zhonghua xinbao was to be taken over as well, but because they refused to
relinquish it, the paper will be published under the name Guomin ribao. The date
for beginning publication has been announced by the Shanghai Special Municipal Party Office as May 16. The cost of taking over the assets of the Zhonghua
xinbao and launching the new paper comes to a total of 7,400 big foreign dollars.³
The regular monthly expenses will be 4,000 big foreign dollars. Decisions on
expenditures, and the appointment of staff members, are in the hands of the

Standing Committee of the Central Executive Committee; the Propaganda Department is responsible for implementation.
B. The party newspaper in Hankou. There has never been a party paper in
Hankou. At the First Plenum of the Central Committee it was decided that a
party newspaper should be launched in Hankou and that the Hubei Provincial
Party Committee should be responsible for establishing it and running it. Because the running costs were fixed at 840 big foreign dollars a month, it was
possible to produce only a small paper. It appeared on March 24 and is titled the
Chuguang ribao.4
C. The party paper in Hunan. Since the number of party members in Hunan
has progressed to 20,000, a small-scale party organ is required both for political
and party work and for propaganda among the masses. The Hunan Party Bureau
requests the Central Committee to provide a monthly amount of 600 big foreign
dollars from the unused expenses for the Hong Kong party organ. The name of
the paper would be the Hunan minbao.
As for the Hong Kong party paper, it was impossible to launch it before the
strike was settled.
The Beijing party paper was originally the Guomin xinbao, managed by the
comrades. It was changed into an official party paper under the direction of the
Central Committee. At present, however, with Beijing under the reactionary
forces, open revolutionary propaganda can, of course, survive only with great
difficulty. Consequently, it has ceased publication.
In addition, there is also the Zhengzhi zhoubao, which was set up in accordance with a decision of the Political Council. Expenses were also to be covered
entirely by the Political Council, with our department performing no more than a
supervisory function.5 So far twelve issues have appeared, printed in Guangzhou
and Shanghai. At present, 30,000 copies of each issue are printed, of which
10,000 each are distributed in the North, the Center, and the South. This is a type
of special propaganda periodical.

II. Programs for Making Propaganda
Since February, our plans for making propaganda have included three programs:

1. Program for propaganda regarding the Second National Congress (in the
name of the Central Committee)

2. Program for propaganda commemorating the anniversary of the Director
General's demise (in the name of the Central Committee)
3. Program for propaganda regarding the commemoration of May Fourth (in
the name of our department)6

III. Establishing a Review Conference
For carrying out the work of review, the Central Propaganda Department
should have three people whose job it is to review materials published inside and
outside the party. Hitherto, however, review has consisted in little but clipping
newspapers. Beginning this year, in order to inaugurate reform, a review conference has been established and its detailed rules and regulations fixed. In accordance with these rules and regulations, each review worker is to carry a small
notebook in which to record every day the results of his review work and put
them forward for discussion at the review conference. As regards erroneous
views contained in publications appearing inside and outside the party, the review conference should correct and refute each one. This program should be
dealt with separately by the secretariat of our department. It has been going on
for three months, and the achievements are not very great. The reason lies in the
instability of review writers, and in the difficulty of finding suitable people to
specialize in this work.

IV. Management of the Shanghai Communications Bureau and the Shipment
of Propaganda Materials to the North and the Center
During the past two years, a situation has arisen in which it is extremely
difficult for propaganda materials to be sent from the Central Committee to the
various party bureaus in the North and in the Center. The Propaganda Department therefore proposed to the Central Committee the establishment in Shanghai
of a Communications Bureau to facilitate relations between the Center and the
various localities. The Central Committee decided that this should be established, and because there are large quantities of propaganda materials to be
shipped, the Propaganda Department was made responsible for the operation of
this bureau in November of last year. Following the Second National Congress,
our department continued to operate it until the beginning of this month, when
the running of it was handed over to the Secretariat. As for the propaganda
materials of our department, for the previous two years they have been disseminated almost exclusively in the area around Guangdong. It is only since the
Communications Bureau was established that propaganda materials in large quantities have been sent to the North and to the various provinces along the
Yangzi. During the three and a half months from February to the present, propaganda materials (including books, pamphlets, pictorials, and posters) of 41 varieties, totaling 221,284 copies, have all been sent from the Shanghai
Communications Bureau. In addition, documents directly distributed by our department to Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian during the past three and a half
months for purposes of propaganda have included 15 different kinds, amounting
in all to 57,562 copies.

V. The Establishment of the Propaganda Committee

Propaganda is an important task of our party. In the past, the organization of
our department comprised only a head of the department, responsible for leadership and planning. Within the department, the staff carried out their work on the
basis of a division of labor. But as the scope of propaganda continually expanded, it could easily prove inadequate for the department head (or acting head)
alone to give consideration to planning. Consequently, we have specially proposed to the Central Committee the organization, under the Propaganda Department, of a Propaganda Committee responsible for discussing plans for
nationwide propaganda. By a decision of the Standing Committee of the Central
Committee, ten people, including Wang Jingwei, Gu Mengyu, Chen Gongbo,
Gan Naiguang, Hu Hanmin, Lin Zuhan, Peng Zemin, Chen Qiyuan, Shao Lizi,
and Mao Zedong were appointed members. It held its first meeting on May 13.

VI. The Relations between Our Department and the Propaganda Departments of the Various Provinces

During the past two years, there have been no direct relations between our
department and the propaganda departments of the various provincial party organizations. It might be said that the sphere of our department's control did not
extend beyond the Guangdong area. Following the Second National Congress,
our department has done its utmost to change this situation and has repeatedly
sent notices to the propaganda departments of the various provinces to the
effect that they must develop close relations with our department. Down to
the present, however, we have not been completely successful in this. Statistics follow regarding the reports that have been received by our department
from the propaganda departments of the various provinces during the past
three months.

1. A total of seven reports from the Jiangsu Provincial Propaganda Committee
2. One report from the Hankou Municipal Propaganda Department
3. One report from the Wuzhou Municipal Propaganda Department
4. One from the Guangdong Provincial Propaganda Department
5. A total of three items from the Hunan Provincial Propaganda Department
6. A total of four items from the Guangxi Provincial Propaganda Department
7. A total of two items from the Zhejiang Provincial Propaganda Department
8. One item from the Kaifeng Municipal Propaganda Department
9. A total of two items from the Shanghai Municipal Propaganda Department
10. One item from the Shanxi Provincial Propaganda Department
11. One item from the Shandong Provincial Propaganda Department
12. A total of three items from the Guangzhou Municipal Propaganda Department

VII. Establishing an Organ for Storing Propaganda Materials

For the past two years, our department has had no organ for storing propaganda materials. Things have gone so far that many materials have not been
collected at the time and subsequently cannot be collected. This is truly regrettable. Beginning in February of this year, a reference room has been created under
the Propaganda Department. Statistics regarding the materials collected there in
the course of three months are as follows:

1. Daily newspapers published in China (124 titles)
2. Papers in Chinese published abroad (21 titles)
3. Western-language newspapers (5 titles)
4. Weeklies and other small periodicals (122 titles)
5. Pictorials (13 titles)
6. Wall newspapers (2 titles)
7. Chinese-language magazines (15 titles)
8. Western-language magazines (2 titles)
9. Books in Chinese (289 titles, 581 volumes)
10. Books in English (3 titles)
11. Three pictures (12 sheets)

VIII. Taking Over and Running the Guomin Tongxunshe

In Shanghai, apart from taking over the Zhonghua xinbao and turning it into a
party organ, we also took over the Guomin tongxinshe7 and made of it the
party's press organ. In Shanghai, the Guomin tongxinshe is the number two big
press agency, second only to the Guowen tongxunshe (Chinese Press Agency).
The Shanghai Special Municipal Party Bureau has requested that we take over
this agency, and our department is also of the opinion that at times the
efficacy of one press agency may be greater than that of several newspapers.
There are, moreover, special requirements in Shanghai. Therefore we request the
Standing Committee of the Central Committee to decide on taking over [this agency] and to make available, beginning in May, a monthly amount of 800 big
foreign dollars for running expenses.

IX. Plan for Subsidies to Newspapers and for Expanding Propaganda in
Various Places

Throughout all provinces of the whole country, apart from a few remote
places, there are organizations of our party. In many provinces the number of
party members is gradually increasing, and in such localities there should be an
open propaganda organ for our party. Available human and financial resources
prohibit, however, the establishment of newspapers everywhere. If we adopt the
method of subsidizing [other] newspapers, considerable results can be achieved
at relatively low cost. For example, if we make the calculation for the twenty
most important places in the country, assuming that there is one newspaper in
each locality and each paper receives a subsidy of 200 dollars, the total monthly
expenditure on subsidies will be 4,000 dollars. Thus, for the amount expended on
only one party newspaper, the result covers the whole country. The minimal
condition for newspapers to receive such subsidies is that, on the negative side,
they at least refrain from attacking our party and the national government. Our
real goal is to induce them to provide appropriate support for our party and the
national government. The present plan having been put forward, the Central
Committee decided that it should be put into operation and instructed the Political Council to take note of it. At present, already receiving a subsidy from our
department is the Jiujiang Jiangsheng ribao, introduced by the Provincial Party
Bureau in Nanchang; the Hangzhou chenbao, introduced by the Zhejiang Provincial Party Bureau, is now requesting a subsidy.

X. Plans for Compiling and Printing a Series on the National Movement

In the course of the past two years, the success of our department in compiling propaganda materials has not been very great. The reason is that the method
of engaging a specified group of people to gather the facts is not so good as
deciding on the topics and soliciting manuscripts accordingly. The Propaganda
Department therefore has the intention, and has proposed, to change the method
of compilation, and in accordance with present circumstances, to compile and
publish Collected Writings on the National Movement. Because Shanghai is the
place where intellectual circles are concentrated, we have decided to establish in
Shanghai a locale for soliciting manuscripts. The ten principles for gathering
materials for Collected Writings on the National Movement have been adopted
by the Standing Committee. In accordance with a decision of the Central [Executive Committee], Comrade Shen Yanbing has been appointed as editor in chief,
residing in Shanghai. His responsibility will be to collect manuscripts for the
series and to send them to the Central Propaganda Department. When they have been edited and put into final form there, they will be sent back to Shanghai for
printing and distribution (for sale). When they have been printed, half of them
will be sent to the Central Propaganda Department for free distribution to party
members. Royalties for manuscripts and salaries for the editorial office will
amount to 800 big foreign dollars a month. We plan to put out ten titles a month
on the average, so sixty titles can appear in the first half year. Now we reproduce
below the method for compiling the Collected Writings on the National Movement, as adopted by the Standing Committee, and the table of contents, as determined by the Propaganda Committee.

Methods of the Central Propaganda Department for Compiling
Collected Writings on the National Movement

1. With a view to propaganda outside the party, education and training within
the party, and making known the international political and economic situation,
the Central Propaganda Department considers that it is necessary to compile,
within a short time, a series of small volumes. It has been decided that the name
of this series should be Collected Writings on the National Movement.

2. This series will be divided, according to the nature of the topics, into five
categories: (a) international politics and economics; (b) world revolutionary
movements (including peasant movements); (c) principles and tactics of our
party; (d) studies of the Soviet Union, and (e) domestic politics and economics
and the various movements of the popular masses.

3. The method for compiling this series is that the Propaganda Department
will first determine the title and subject of each volume to be included and then
allot these topics to specialists to write about. After they have been authorized
by the Committee on Propaganda of the Central Propaganda Department, they
will then be printed.

4. Specially commissioned manuscripts will be paid for at the rate of 4 yuan
(or 5 small foreign dollars) per thousand words. Each title will comprise a
maximum of 12,000 and a minimum of 8,000 words.

5. Apart from being supplied to party bureaus at all levels, this series will
also be put on sale throughout the country at a minimal price.

6. At least six volumes and a maximum of twelve volumes of this series will
be published every month. Twelve volumes will constitute a subdivision [of the
series]. Every subdivision should contain one or two books from each of the five
categories enumerated in section 2 above.

7. For the sake of convenience in collecting materials and specially commissioning manuscripts, as well as printing and distribution, a "Shanghai Branch

Office for Coordinating the Compilation of the Series" should be set up under
the direct supervision of the Central Propaganda Department.
8. In the Shanghai Office there should be a manager in charge of editorial
work, with a monthly salary of 100 big foreign dollars, and two secretaries, with
monthly salaries of 30 big foreign dollars. Paper and other miscellaneous supplies come to 40 big foreign dollars, making in all 200 big foreign dollars per
month (including everything the salaries of the personnel, rent for the premises, and miscellaneous expenses).
9. The operating expenses of the office and the honoraria for manuscripts
should be paid from the current funds of the Central Propaganda Department.
Each month, a maximum of 600 big foreign dollars will be spent on honoraria (12
titles of 10,000 words each). Together with the expenses of the office, amounting to
200 dollars a month, this makes a total of 800 big foreign dollars a month.
10. Ten thousand copies of each title will be printed at a cost of approximately 100 big foreign dollars. Thus the twelve titles published each month will
cost in all 1,200 big foreign dollars. The books can be sold outside [the party] for
5 cents. Thus, if 5,000 copies of each title are sold, we can get back the cost of
printing. For each title printed, apart from giving copies to the various party
offices, any remaining sums from sales after the cost of printing has been recovered can be used for printing the [Political] Weekly.
End [of the Report].

Table of Contents of Collected Writings on the National Movement

Subdivision I (Twelve titles, each of a maximum of 12,000 words
and a minimum of 8,000 words)

1. A Brief History of the Chinese Guomindang, by Wang Jingwei (already
exists)
2. Survey of Chinese history during the past century (to be written)
In this book, attention should be paid to failures in diplomacy and to
the development of national thought. It is not appropriate to record
nothing but politics so that it reads like a family chronicle.
3. Political issues in nineteenth-century Europe (to be written)
4. The Industrial Revolution (to be written)
5. From primitive communal society to feudal society (to be written)
There is one book that can serve as a reference here. It was written
by a Russian who explained history from a purely materialist point of
view. It was originally written as a survey of world history. We could
divide it into three volumes and give each a title so that they may be
read either together or separately. Or we could add a subtitle: Survey of
World History, Part I.

6. A brief history of the women's liberation movement (to be written)
Women and Socialism, by the German author Bebel, can serve as a
blueprint.10
7. A history of the imperialist invasion of China (to be written)
8. "Revolution" (to be translated)
This is a piece of fiction by the American writer Jack London. Extremely famous.11
9. A brief history of the Russian social revolution (to be written)
10. The significance of the great German revolution (to be written)
11. Worldwide peasant movements (I) (to be translated)
The overall title here is one, but the material is actually divided by
country.
12. A complete account of the February 7th Movement (to be written)

Subdivision II
1. The mission of the Chinese Guomindang (to be written)
2. The first decade after the World War (to be written)
3. Socialism in Relation to Religion and Art (translation)12
4. The First and Second Congresses of the Chinese Guomindang (to be written)
5. From the free citizens of the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution
(Survey of World History, Part 2) (to be written)
6. Turkey's National Revolution (to be written)
7. The Soviet System (translation)13
8. The Foreign Relations of Soviet Russia (translation), by Chicherin, the
Russian foreign minister14
9. Worldwide peasant movements (II) (to be written)
10. The occupation of the Ruhr and the Dawes Plan (to be written)

11. The revolutionary movement of the blacks (to be written)
12. Before and after the May 30th Massacre (to be written)

Subdivision III
1. *The Ideology of Sun Yatsen*
2. *Marx's Historical Method* (translation)15
3. From the beginning of the labor movement to the Russian social revolution (*Survey of World History, Part III*)
4. The international situation after the Washington Conference (to be written)
5. The literature of revolution (to be written)
6. Analysis of the European Security Pact (to be written)
7. *The Concentration of Capital and the Decline of the Middle Class* (translation)16
8. Worldwide peasant movements (III)
9. Education in Soviet Russia (to be written)
10. The Red Army (to be written)
11. The Jewish national liberation movement (to be written)
12. The Moroccan War (to be written)

Subdivision IV
1. Nationalism and *Étatisme*17 (to be written)
2. The Locarno Conference (to be written)
3. The Paris Commune (to be written)
4. The May 1st holiday of the toilers (to be written)
5. *Marx on National Revolutions in the East* (translation). This contains three
extremely important articles.18
6. The arts in Soviet Russia (to be written)
7. Worldwide peasant movements (IV) (to be written)
8. The Egyptian national liberation movement (to be written)
9. The Syrian War (to be written)
10. The coming great international war (to be written)
This would be a comparative study on the relative strength of the
armed forces and the readiness for a new kind of combat of the various imperialist countries and the Soviet Union. To be based on an essay by
the head of the Russian Military Soviet, Frunze.19
11. A History of the defeat of the Hungarian social revolution of 1919 (to be
written)
12. The Balkans under reactionary power (to be written)

Subdivision V
1. The Chinese national revolution and the world revolution (to be written)
2. The Shakee Massacre and the Guangzhou-Hong Kong strike (to be written)
3. March 8th, International Women's Day (to be written)
4. War and peace under capitalism (to be written)
5. The Fascists (to be written)
6. The Mexican Revolution (to be written)
7. The Persian problem (to be written)
8. The Mosul oil mines (to be written)
9. International clashes of interest between Great Britain and the United
States (to be written)
10. The worldwide women's movement after the Great War (to be written)
11. Recent revolutionary movements in the colonies (to be written)
12. The Disarmament Conference (to be written)

Apart from those on the history of the Guomindang, the remainder of the
sixty titles listed above are still to be written or translated. We must now
distribute these sixty topics to various people to write about them. There
should be about ten people, each of whom will write on six topics, turning in
two [manuscripts] a month. Thus, we will be able to publish twelve volumes
a month.

P.S. Among the above sixty titles, there is theory and political affairs. In
the future there will be history, as well as political reports, and these will
gradually go into a subdivision VI, or even a subdivision VII. So after these
sixty volumes have been completed, people will still be given the task of
writing.

The decisions of the Propaganda Committee of the Propaganda Department
regarding the above table of contents, after assessing it, are as follows:

1. The following four topics should be added:
The Versailles Treaty
The League of Nations
The Peasant Movement in China
The Labor Movement in China
2. The *Brief History of the Chinese Guomindang* and *The Ideology of Sun*
*Yatsen* will be the responsibility of members of the Central Committee.
The editors are not to solicit additional manuscripts [on these topics].
3. In principle, each volume will contain a maximum of 12,000 words.
Those [topics] that cannot be dealt with in 12,000 words, such as the brief
history of China during the past hundred years or the history of the imperialist
invasion of China, should be divided into parts I, II, III, and so on.
4. Subdivisions I, II, and so on will not be published separately, nor need the
works appear in the order laid down in the original table of contents. We
should select those works on the list that are most necessary at present and
put them out first, identifying them as No. 1, No. 2, and so on in the
*Collected Writings on the National Movement.*
5. A digest of some of the pamphlets compiled, such as the *Brief History of*
*the Chinese Guomindang, The History of the Imperialist Invasion of*
*China,* and *The Ideology of Sun Yatsen,* should be translated into English
and sent to the overseas Chinese.

XI. Financial Situation

1. Shanghai *Guomin ribao*—4,000 big foreign dollars a month. (Payment
beginning in May.)
2. Guangzhou *Minguo ribao*—3,000 small foreign dollars a month. (Continuing last year's payments.)
3. Hankou *Chuguang ribao*—800 big foreign dollars a month. (Payment
beginning in February.)
4. *Hunan minbao*—600 big foreign dollars a month. (Payment beginning in
April.)
5. Shanghai *Guomin tongxunshe*—800 big foreign dollars a month. (Payment beginning in May.)
6. Honoraria and editorial expenses for *Collected Writings on the National*
*Movement*—800 big foreign dollars a month. (Payment beginning in
May.)
7. Printing costs for *Collected Writings on the National Movement*—1,200
big foreign dollars a month. (Payment beginning probably in June; payments will continue only for four months, after which there will be circulating capital.)
8. Expenses for books and periodicals for the reference room of our department—200 big foreign dollars a month. (To be paid as usual after May; before May, this figure was slightly higher, and was settled separately.)
9. Printing of books for our department—3,000 small foreign dollars a
month. (The accounts for the period before May have already been settled
separately; this is the figure to be paid from May onwards.)
10. Expenses of the Central Press Agency—660 small foreign dollars a
month. (Continuing last year's payments.)
11. Subsidy to the *Jiangsheng ribao* in Jiujiang—100 big foreign dollars a
month. (Payment beginning in March.)

The total of the above figures is 8,500 big foreign dollars and 6,660 small
foreign dollars.

The First Plenum of the Central Committee following the [Second] Congress
decided to allocate 10,800 big foreign dollars to special propaganda expenses
(i.e., for the expenses of running party newspapers along the Hong Kong-Shanghai and Hankou-Beijing railroad lines) and 7,000 small foreign dollars for
running expenses (including the printing and purchase of books, editorial expenses, the expenses of the *Guangzhou Minguo ribao,* and so on). In reality, we
have not spent this much; every month, we have economized 2,300 big foreign
dollars and 340 small foreign dollars. If you add to this the fact that the expenses
of 1,200 big foreign dollars for printing the *Collected Writings on the National*
*Movement* indicated under point 7, above, have not yet begun to be paid out and
will be paid out only after six months, we are currently able to save 3,500 big
foreign dollars and 340 small foreign dollars a month.

XII. Other Items

The *Guangzhou Minguo ribao* and *Zhongyang tongxunshe* continue as before,
without major changes, so it is pointless to give details.
I now report the statistics regarding documents received, sent out, and dealt
with by our department during the past three and a half months, which are as
follows:

1. Circulars²⁰ sent out: 6
2. Documents received: 899
3. Documents sent out: 527

The rapporteur is the acting head of the Propaganda Department, Mao
Zedong. May 19, 15th Year of the Chinese Republic.

---

Notes

Our source for this document is a manuscript copy from the Guomindang archives, obtained through the courtesy of Eugene Wu, Director of the Harvard-Yenching Library.
1. This report was delivered at the Second Plenum of the Second Guomindang Central
Executive Committee. As indicated in the Introduction to this volume, it was decided in
the course of the proceedings that members of "other parties" (i.e. of the Communist
Party) should no longer be allowed to serve as department heads, and Mao was therefore
forced to resign a few days after presenting this report. His resignation as acting head of
the Propaganda Department was accepted on May 28.
2. On these developments, see above, Mao's Report on Propaganda of January 8, 1926,
to the Second Guomindang Congress.
3. The expression da yang, here translated "big foreign dollars," referred to silver
coins, or banknotes, issued in China in units of one dollar. "Small foreign dollars" (xiao
yang) consisted of silver coins for fractions of a dollar, commonly 20 cents, and the
corresponding notes. As will appear from Mao's calculations later in this text, they were
not in fact worth their face value in terms of the whole-dollar coins or notes.
4. The character "chu" is the ancient name for Hubei; thus the name translates as Light
of Hubei Daily.
5. Regarding the Zhengzhi zhoubao (Political Weekly), which began publication on
December 5, 1925, under Mao's editorship, see above, the editorial from the first issue and
the numerous other articles by Mao that appeared in it between December 5, 1925, and
January 10, 1926.
6. Although the significance of the events of May 4, 1919, had been widely recognized
at the time, and the date was occasionally noted during the ensuing years, such celebrations were scattered and unsystematic. The organized commemoration of the anniversary
began in 1924 or 1925, no doubt because of the growing political role played by the May
Fourth generation, in the context of the First United Front. Mao's role in fostering this
trend is worthy of note.
7. The name of this agency appears in the available text both as Guomin tongxunshe
and as Guomin tongxinshe. There is no real difference in meaning between the two terms,
both of which signify "National Press Agency."
8. On Shen Yanbing (Mao Dun), see above, the notes to Mao's letter of February 14, 1926.
9. Here yuan stands for "big foreign dollars." As will be seen from the present example, one dollar in the fractional silver coinage known as "small foreign dollars" was worth
only 80 cents at this time.
10. The reference is to Die Frau und der Sozialismus, by the Social Democratic leader
August Bebel. Published in 1883, this work achieved such popularity that it was reprinted
fifty times before the outbreak of the First World War.
11. "Revolution," here called a piece of fiction (xiaoshuo), was in fact an essay written
in March 1905, and first published in the Contemporary Review, No. 93, 1908. In it, Jack
London proclaimed the unanimous support of the 7 million American workers for the
February 1905 revolution in Russia, and the unity of the revolutionary forces throughout
the world.
12. We have not been able to identify this work, of which a Chinese translation
apparently already existed.
13. This work, presumably by a Soviet author, has not been identified.
14. Georgii Vasil'evich Chicherin (1872-1936) was Soviet foreign minister from May
1918 until his resignation in June 1930. It is impossible to be certain which of his many
articles and speeches Mao proposed to have translated, but the reference may well have
been to his report of March 3, 1925, to the Third Session of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. For the text, which provides an overview of Moscow's relations
with all the major countries, including China, see G. V. Chicherin, Stati i rechi, pp. 342-69.
15. It has not been possible to identify this work, which may have been either an
anthology of Marx's own writings on this theme, or a study by another author.
16. It has not been possible to identify this work, or its author.
17. The Chinese terms are *minzuzhuyi* and *guojiazhuyi*.
18. It is not possible to say which three of Marx's numerous writings on this theme
were included in this volume. It may be assumed that his famous article "Revolution in
China and in Europe" was one of them. For the full text of this, see Dona Torr (ed.), *Marx
on China 1853-1860: Articles from the New York Daily Tribune*.

19. Mikhail Vasil'evich Frunze (1885-1925), after playing a major role as a commander in the civil war of 1918-1920, took the lead in organizing the Soviet Red
Army, and laying down its military doctrine. The essay referred to here is most likely
one written in 1921, entitled "On the reorganization of the French Army" (in M. V.
Frunze, *Sobraniye sochinenii*, Vol. 1, pp. 228-55). This text lays emphasis on
France's progress in military technology, and the implications of these changes for the
Soviet Union.
²⁰. *Tonggao,* formal party notices or circulars. The "documents" (*wenjian*) referred to
in points 2 and 3 are miscellaneous pieces of paper of all descriptions.