LENIN COLLECTION.
6) for the elimination of the remnants of serf relations that have survived
in the Urals, in the Altai, in the Western Territory and in other regions of the state.

5.
Granting the courts the right to reduce excessively high
rental payments and to declare invalid transactions of a
usurious nature.

Striving to achieve its immediate political and economic goals, the Russian Social-Democratic
Labour Party supports any opposition and revolutionary movement directed against the existing social and political
order in Russia, while resolutely rejecting all those reformist projects that are associated
with any expansion or 1) strengthening of police-bureaucratic
custody over the working classes.

For its part, the Russian Social-Democratic Labour
Party is firmly convinced that the complete, consistent
and lasting implementation of these political and social
transformations is achievable only through the overthrow of the autocracy
and the convocation of a constituent assembly, freely elected by all
the people.

1) The commission draft read: "and"

Did Vladimir Ilyich take advantage of the congress, and in particular the work of its program commission, to seek the inclusion
in the program of those changes that he failed to implement in the edition of
"Iskra"? This question is completely unaddressed and requires additional
materials, as well as a careful processing of the protocols of the II Congress
and the preserved (unfortunately, very brief) records of the debates in the
program commission of the 11th Congress, made by Vladimir Ilyich himself in his
"congress diary."

Here we present the final text of the program adopted by the II Congress. In italics are printed those words and points that represent
changes that distinguish this text from the text of the project, printed
in No. 21 of "Iskra". In footnotes, we provide the words that were in
the "Iskra" project.

26.
PROGRAM OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC
LABOUR
PARTY,
ADOPTED
AT THE SECOND PARTY CONGRESS.

The development of exchange has established such a close connection between all
the peoples of the civilized world that the great liberation
movement of the proletariat had to become and has long since become
international.

Considering itself *) one of the detachments of the world army of the proletariat, Russian 2) Social-Democracy pursues the same ultimate goal that Social-Democrats of all other countries strive for.

This ultimate goal is determined by the character of modern bourgeois 3) society and the course of its development.

The main feature of such a society is commodity production on the basis of capitalist production relations, in which the most important and significant part of the means of production and circulation of goods belongs to a small class of individuals, while the vast

*) In the "Iskra" project stood:
"its party".
*)
»
»
»
:
"Russian".
3)
»
»
»
:
"bourgeois".

LENIN COLLECTION.

majority of the population consists of proletarians and semi-proletarians, forced by their economic situation to constantly
or periodically sell their labour power, i.e. to become
hirelings to capitalists, and through their labour create the income of the upper classes of society.

The sphere of dominance of capitalist production relations: is expanding more and more as the constant improvement of technology, increasing the economic significance of large enterprises, leads to the displacement of small independent producers, turning some of them into proletarians, narrowing the role of the rest in socio-economic life and in places putting them in a more or less complete, more or less obvious, more or less burdensome dependence on capital.

The same technical progress also gives entrepreneurs the opportunity to apply female and child labour in the process of production and circulation of goods on an ever-increasing scale. And since, on the other hand, it leads to a relative decrease in the need of entrepreneurs for the living labour of workers, the demand for labour power necessarily lags behind its supply, as a result of which the dependence of wage labour on capital increases and the level of its exploitation rises.

This state of affairs within bourgeois countries and the constantly intensifying mutual rivalry between them in the world market make it increasingly difficult to sell goods produced in constantly increasing quantities. Overproduction, manifested in more or less acute industrial crises, followed by more or less prolonged periods of industrial stagnation, is an inevitable consequence of the development of productive forces in bourgeois society. Crises and periods of industrial stagnation, in turn, further ruin small producers, further 1) increase the dependence of wage labour on capital, and lead even faster to a relative, and sometimes even to a 2) absolute deterioration in the situation of the working class.

*) In the "Iskra" project, instead of the italicized word, "more" is printed.

2) In the "Iskra" project, instead of the italicized words, "or even" is printed.

PROGRAM OF THE R.S.-D.R.P., ADOPTED AT THE II PARTY CONGRESS.

Thus, the improvement of technology, which means an increase in labour productivity and the growth of social wealth, leads in bourgeois society to an increase in social inequality, an increase in the distance between the haves and the have-nots, and a growth in the insecurity of existence, unemployment and various kinds of hardships for ever wider sections of the working masses.

But as all these contradictions inherent in bourgeois society grow and develop, so also grows the discontent of the working and exploited masses with the existing order of things, the number and cohesion of the proletarians grows, and their struggle with their exploiters intensifies. At the same time, the improvement of technology, concentrating the means of production and circulation and socializing the labour process in capitalist enterprises, creates ever faster and faster the material possibility of replacing capitalist production relations with socialist ones, i.e. a social revolution, which represents the ultimate goal of all the activities of international Social-Democracy, as the conscious expression of the class movement of the proletariat.

By replacing private property in the means of production and circulation with public property and introducing a planned organization of the socially productive process to ensure the well-being and comprehensive development of all members of society, the social revolution of the proletariat will abolish the division of society into classes and thereby liberate all oppressed humanity, as it will put an end to all forms of exploitation of one part of society by another.

The necessary condition for this social revolution is the dictatorship of the proletariat, i.e. the conquest by the proletariat of such political power that will allow it to suppress any resistance from the exploiters.

Setting itself the task of making the proletariat capable of fulfilling its great historical mission, international Social-Democracy organizes it into an independent political party, opposing all bourgeois parties, directing all manifestations of its class struggle, exposing to it the irreconcilable opposition of the interests of the exploiters to the interests of the exploited, and clarifying to it the historical significance

LENINIST COLLECTION.
and the necessary conditions for the upcoming social revolution.
At the same time, it reveals to *) all other working and exploited masses the hopelessness of their situation
in capitalist society and the necessity of social revolution
in the interests of their own liberation from the oppression of capital.
The party of the working class, Social Democracy, calls into its ranks all strata
of the working and exploited population, insofar as they adopt the point of view of the proletariat.
On the path to their common ultimate goal, conditioned by the dominance
of the capitalist mode of production throughout the civilized world, Social Democrats
of different countries are forced to set themselves different immediate tasks both because this
mode is not everywhere developed to the same degree, and because
its development in different countries takes place in different socio-
political environment.
In Russia, where capitalism has already become the dominant mode
of production, very numerous remains of our old pre-capitalist order*) are still preserved, which was based on the enslavement of the working masses to the landlords, the state, or the head of state.
Most strongly hindering economic progress, these remnants do not allow
the all-round development of the class struggle of the proletariat, contribute to the preservation and strengthening of the most barbaric forms of exploitation
of the multi-million peasantry by the state and the propertied classes
and keep the entire people in darkness and disenfranchisement.
The most significant of all these vestiges and the most
powerful stronghold of all this barbarism is the Tsarist autocracy.
By its very nature, it is hostile to every social movement and cannot but be the worst adversary of all the liberation aspirations of the proletariat.
Therefore, the Russian Social Democratic Labour
Party sets as its immediate political task the overthrow
of the Tsarist autocracy and its replacement by a democratic republic, the constitution of which would guarantee 4):
*) In the draft of "Iskra" it said: "before".
2)
»
»
»
: "at every step one still encounters".
3)
»
»
»
: "social order".
4)
»
»
»
: "a republic on the basis of a democratic constitution, ensuring".

PROGRAM OF THE R.S.D.L.P., ADOPTED AT THE II CONGRESS OF THE PARTY.

1.
Autocracy of the people, i.e. the concentration of all supreme
state power in the hands of a legislative assembly, composed of representatives of the people and forming a single chamber 1);
2.
Universal, equal and direct suffrage in elections both to the legislative assembly and to all local organs
of self-government for all citizens who have reached 2)
20 years of age; secret ballot in elections; the right of every voter to be elected to all representative institutions 3);
biennial parliaments 4); salaries for people's representatives.
3. Broad local self-government; regional self-government
for those localities which are distinguished by special living conditions and the composition of the population 5).
4 6).
Inviolability of person and domicile.
5 7).
Unlimited freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly, strikes and associations.
6 8).
Freedom of movement and occupations.
7 9).
Abolition of estates and full equality for all citizens regardless of gender, religion, race, and nationality.
8.
The right of the population to receive education in their native language,
ensured by the creation at the expense of the state and organs of self-government necessary for this purpose schools; the right of every citizen to speak in his native language at meetings; the introduction of the native language on a par with the state language in all local social and state institutions 10).
9.
The right 11) to self-determination for all nations that are part of the state.
*) In the draft of "Iskra" these words are missing.
2)
»
»
it said: "for every citizen who has reached"
3)
»
»
» : "assemblies".
4)
»
»
this point is missing.
5)
»
»
this point is missing.
6)
»
»
it said: 3.
7)
»
»
»
: 4.
8)
»
»
»
: 5.
9)
»
»
»
: 6.
10)
»
»
this point is missing.
11)
»
»
it said: 7; instead of the word in italics it said: "Recognition of the right".

LENINIST COLLECTION.
10.
The right of every person to prosecute in the usual manner
before a jury any official 1).
11.
Electability of judges by the people 2).
12 3).
Replacement of the standing army by a universal arming of the people.
13 4).
Separation of church from state and school from church.
14 5).
Free and compulsory general and vocational education for all children of both sexes up to the age of 16; providing poor children with food, clothing, and school supplies at the expense of the state.
As a fundamental condition for the democratization of our state economy, the Russian Social-Democratic Labour
Party demands: the abolition of all indirect taxes and the establishment of a progressive tax on income and inheritance.
In the interests of protecting the working class from physical and moral degeneration, as well as in the interests of developing its capacity for the struggle for liberation, the party demands:
1.
Limiting the working day to eight hours per day for all hired workers.
2.
Establishing by law a weekly rest, continuously lasting at least 12 6) hours for hired workers
of both sexes in all branches of the national economy.
3.
Complete prohibition of overtime work.
4.
Prohibition of night work (from 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. 7)
a.m.) in all branches of the national economy, with the exception of those
where it is absolutely necessary for technical reasons, approved by workers' organizations.
5.
Prohibiting employers from using the labour
*) In the draft of "Iskra" it said: 8; instead of the words in italics it
said: Granting every citizen the right to prosecute any official before a court without a complaint to superiors.
2) In the draft of "Iskra" this point is missing.
3)
»
»
it said: 9.
4)
»
»
»
: 10.
5)
»
»
»
: 11.
6)
»
»
»
: 36.
7)
»
»
»
: 5.

PROGRAM. OF THE R.S.D.L.P., ADOPTED AT THE II CONGRESS OF THE PARTY.

of children of school age (up to 16 years old) 1) and limiting the working
time of adolescents (16-18 years old) to 6 hours 2).
6.
Prohibition of female labour in those industries where it
is harmful to the female body; exemption of women 3) from work
for 4 4) weeks before and 6 5) weeks after childbirth, with the preservation of wages at the usual rate for all this time 6).
7.
Construction at all factories, plants and other enterprises
where women work, nurseries for infants and young children; exempting women nursing a child from
work no less than every three hours for a period of no less than half an hour 7).
8.
State insurance of workers in case of old age and total or partial loss of ability to work at the expense of a special fund, formed by a special tax on capitalists 8).
9 9).
Prohibition of the issuance of wages in goods; establishing a weekly term of settlement in money on all without exception 10) contracts for hiring workers and paying wages during working hours.
10 11).
Prohibition of employers from making money deductions from wages, for whatever reason
and for whatever purpose they are made (fines, spoilage, etc.).
*) In the draft of "Iskra" it said: hiring the labour of children under the age of 16.
2)
»
»
these words are missing.
3)
»
»
it said: women in childbirth.
4)
»
»
»
: 2.
5)
»
»
»
: 4.
6)
»
»
the words marked in italics are missing.
7)
»
»
this point is missing.
8)
In the draft of "Iskra" this point is marked as 7th and reads as follows: Establishing by law the civil liability of employers for the total or partial loss by workers of the ability to work, which occurred as a result of accidents or harmful working conditions, and exempting the worker from the obligation to prove that this loss occurred through the fault of the capitalist; payment of state pensions to elderly workers.
9) In the draft of "Iskra" it said: 8.
10)
»
»
»
: settlement on all.
11)
»
»
»
: 15.

LENIN COLLECTION.
UU.
Appointment of a sufficient number of factory inspectors in all branches of the national economy and extension of the supervision of the factory inspection to all enterprises employing hired labor, not excluding state-owned ones (the labor of domestic servants is also within the scope of this supervision); appointment of female inspectors in those branches where female labor is used; participation of representatives elected by the workers and paid by the state in the supervision of the execution of factory laws, as well as in the drawing up of piece-rates, acceptance and rejection of materials and results of work *).
U2 2). Supervision by local self-government bodies, with the participation of elected representatives from workers, over the sanitary condition of living quarters allocated to workers by entrepreneurs, as well as over the internal regulations of these premises and over the conditions of their rental, in order to protect hired workers from interference by entrepreneurs in their lives and activities as private individuals and citizens.
U5 3).
Establishment of properly organized sanitary supervision in all enterprises employing hired labor, with the complete independence of the entire medical and sanitary organization from entrepreneurs 4); free medical assistance for workers at the expense of entrepreneurs, with the preservation of wages during illness 4).
14.
Establishment of criminal liability for employers for violating labor protection laws.
U5 5).
Establishment in all branches of the national economy of industrial courts, composed equally of representatives from workers and entrepreneurs.
1) In the draft of "Iskra" this point is designated as 10th and reads as follows:
Increase the number of Factory Inspectors; appoint female inspectors in those branches where female labor predominates; supervise the execution of Factory laws by representatives elected by the workers and paid by the state, as well as the drawing up of piece-rates and the rejection of goods; extend the supervision of the Factory Inspection to all branches of the national economy and to all enterprises employing hired labor, not excluding state-owned ones.
2) In the draft of "Iskra" this point is designated: "11".
3) » » » » » : "1*2".
4) » » the words indicated in italics are missing.
5) » » this point is designated: "16".

PROGRAM OF THE R.S.D.L.P., ADOPTED AT THE II CONGRESS OF THE PARTY.

/b 1).
Imposing on local self-government bodies the obligation to establish mediation offices for hiring local and migrant workers (labor exchanges) in all branches of production with the participation in their management of representatives from workers' organizations.
In order to eliminate the remnants of the serf system, which lie as a heavy burden directly 2) on the peasants, and in the interests of the free development of the class struggle in the countryside, the party demands first of all 3):
1.
Abolition of redemption and quitrent payments, as well as all duties currently falling on the peasantry as a taxable estate.
2.
Abolition 4) of all laws restricting the peasant in the disposal of his land.
3.
Return to the peasants 5) of the sums of money taken from them 6) in the form of redemption and quitrent payments; confiscation for this purpose of monastic and church 7) property, as well as estates of appanage, cabinet and belonging to persons of the royal family 8), as well as levying a special tax on the lands of landowner-nobles 9) who have taken advantage of the redemption loan; conversion of the sums obtained in this way into a special national fund for the cultural and charitable needs of rural societies.
4.
Establishment of peasant committees: a) for the return to rural societies (by means of expropriation or, - in the event that the land has passed from hand to hand - redemption by the state at the expense of large noble landownership) of those *lands which were cut off from the peasants during the abolition of serfdom and serve in the hands of the landlords as an instrument for their enslavement; b) for the transfer to the ownership of peasants in the Caucasus of those lands,
1) In the draft of "Iskra" this point is designated: "17".
2) » » stood: "lying with a heavy burden".
3' » » » : "will strive for".
4) » » » : "Abolition of collective responsibility and".
5) » » » : "to the people".
6, » » » : "from him".

7) » » the words indicated in italics are missing.
8; » stood: "and appanage estates".
•) » » » : "large landowner-nobles".