NOTEBOOK “ι” (“IOTA”)

CRAMMOND, GREAT BRITAIN AND GERMANY

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , 1914, July (Vol. LXXVII, Part VIII) (pp. 777-807).

Edgar Crammond , “ The Economic Relations of the British and German Empires ”.

Together the two empires account for 39 per cent of international trade (1911: 26.9 per cent Great Britain ++ 12.5 per cent Germany) and 53 per cent of the world’s mercantile shipping.

| | Germany | | Great Britain |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |
| | |
| | |

| Population | 1872 | | 41.23 | (million) | | | 31.87 | (million) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1888 | | 48.17 | ” | | | 36.88 | ” |
| | 1910 | | 64.92 | ” | (1911) | | 45.22 | ” |
| +(1872-1910) | + | 23.69 | | + | 13.34 |
| Births per 1000 | 29.5 (1911) | | 24.4 |
| Deaths ”   ” | 18.2 | | 14.8 |
| Urban population | 57.4% (1905) | | 71.3% (1901) |
| Value of mineral production (1911) | £102,000,000 | | 124,500,000 |

| | United States | | Germany | | Great Britain |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | (million tons) |
| Coal Output | 1911 | 450.2 | 234.5 | 276.2 |
| 1886 | 103.1 | 73.7 | 160.0 |
| | +347.1 | +160.8 | +116.2 |
| | +336.6% | +218.1% | + 72.6% |
| Ditto, | 1910 | 26.5 | 13.7 | 6.1 |
| crude steel | 1886 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 2.4 |
| | + 23.9 | 12.7 | 3.7 |
| | +910.3% | +1,335 % | +154.3% |

| | Germany | | Great Britain |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | |
| | | | |

| Shipbuilding: annual output | 1898-1904: | 240,800 tons | 898,000 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1913: | 618,800 | 2,203,000 |
| Tonnage of vessels | 1892: | 809,000 tons | 8,102,000 |
| that passed the |
| Suez Canal | 1912: | 4,241,000 | 17,611,000 |

| Percentage of all vessels that passed the Suez Canal | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | 1892: | 7.4% | 74.5% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1912: | 15.1% | 62.9% |

| Gross income of | 1888: | £58.4 | million | 72.9 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| railways | 1910: | £149.5 | ” | 127.2 |
| | | | |
| | +156% | | +74.3% |
| Foreign trade | 1888: | £323.6 | million | 558.1 |
| (exports + imports) | 1912: | £982.6 | | 1,120.1 |
| | | | |
| | + | 204% | | +100.7% |
| | + | £659.0 | million + | £562.0 | million |

| Expenditure on army and navy (1912) | £70.0 | million | 102.4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| National wealth: | £15,000 | ” | 25,000 ( * ) |
| National income (Helfferich, for Germany) | £2,000 | ” | 3,400 |
| Capital investment abroad | £1,000 | ” | 3,800 |
| | =6.6% (of nation- al wealth) | (=23%) |
| Income from capital invested abroad (1912) | £50.0 | million | 185.0 |
| Income from shipping | £30.0 | ” | 100.0 |

| National income (Germany, according to Helfferich) | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | 1896: | £1,075 | ” | 1,430 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1912: | £2,000 | ” | 2,140 |

| Annual increase of national wealth (last 18 years for Germany) (and last 28 years for Great Britain) | =£272.0 | ” | £230.0 | million |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | |
| figures for the last five years are approximately the same |

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| ( * ) For the whole Empire . For Great Britain alone, without Colonies == 16,500. |