6 Jean Longuet—figure of the French Socialist Party and the Second International. During the world imperialist war, he led the centrist-pacifist minority of the French Socialist Party.
7 These excerpts were taken from the draft resolutions of A. Schubert, a member of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany, and Ch. Naine, one of the leaders of the Social-Democratic Party of Switzerland, on the question of attitude towards the International Socialist Bureau. These drafts were examined at a meeting of the commission for the preparation of a resolution on the attitude towards the I.S.B., the left minority of which was headed by V. I. Lenin.
8 Costantino Lazzari—one of the founders of the Italian Socialist Party, member of the Central Committee.
9 The present plan is a brief plan for uniting and reworking the draft resolutions of A. Schubert and Ch. Naine.
10 Hoffmann—Adolph Hoffmann—a German Social-Democrat. From 1908 to 1918—member of the Prussian Landtag. During the world imperialist war—a centrist. Was a member of the German delegation at the Second International Socialist Conference in Kienthal from the “opposition group”.
11 P. L. Lapinsky (Y. Levinson)—a Polish communist, economist and publicist. At the beginning of his activity, he adhered to the Polish Socialist Party. From 1906 to 1918 he was one of the leaders of the PPS-“Left”, and participated in the Zimmerwald and Kienthal conferences.
12 Nobs—Ernst Nobs—one of the leaders of the Social-Democratic Party of Switzerland. During the world imperialist war, he initially adhered to the internationalists. In 1917 he adopted centrist-pacifist positions. In the 1920s, he went over to the side of the right wing of Swiss Social-Democracy, and opposed the Swiss and international communist movement.

To counterpose facts to Martov’s “political” sleight of hand, we give the floor to a certain naturalist ², who studies reptiles and the like. In issue No. 27 of *Nashe Golos* there was published a protest against “Self-Defence” ³, signed by (group 1) five secretaries abroad and (group 2) Yezhov, Tsereteli, Dan and others who, as is known, stand for participation in the war-industry committees ⁴. The editorial board of *Nashe Golos* (group 3) adopted a “middle” position: both for and against “Self-Defence”, and both for and against the “protest”.

The table below is dedicated to L. Martov.

(We note in parentheses that our naturalist has perhaps portrayed Martov’s position too favourably. One Axelrod declared in Kienthal that he was not voting for the resolution against the I.S. Bureau in The Hague ⁵. From this the naturalist concluded that Martov was “only for Zimmerwald”, and not for Zimmerwald and The Hague together. We fear that the facts will not confirm this optimistic assessment of Martov...) *

Written earlier than 10 June 1916.
Printed on 10 June 1916 in the newspaper *Sotsial-Demokrat*, No. 54–55. Printed according to the newspaper text.

¹ This refers to the Second International Socialist Conference, held on 24–30 April 1916 in Kienthal (Switzerland).
“Okists”—members of the OC (Organising Committee), the leading centre of the Mensheviks, created in 1912 at the August conference of the liquidators. During the world imperialist war, the OC held social-chauvinist positions, justified the war on the part of tsarism, and preached the ideas of nationalism and chauvinism. The OC functioned until the elections of the Central Committee of the Menshevik party in August 1917. Apart from the OC operating in Russia, there existed a Foreign Secretariat of the OC consisting of five secretaries (P. B. Axelrod, I. S. Astrov-Poves, Yu. O. Martov, A. S. Martynov, S. Yu. Semkovsky), which held a position close to centrism and, while covering itself with internationalist phrases, in fact supported the Russian social-chauvinists.
² This refers to M. S. Uritsky, who in the first half of 1916 appeared in the Menshevik-Trotskyist newspaper *Nashe Slovo* with articles devoted to characterising the positions of various trends in the Social-Democratic movement in Russia and abroad, including the positions of members of the OC, Yu. O. Martov and P. B. Axelrod.
V. I. Lenin called him a naturalist, apparently because he presented the positions and views of various trends and their representatives without analysis and criticism.
M. S. Uritsky—active participant in the revolutionary movement in Russia. After the Second Congress of the R.S.D.L.P.—a Menshevik. During the world imperialist war he held a centrist position. Member of the Party from 1917. Active participant in the October Revolution—he was a member of the Military-Revolutionary Centre for directing the uprising. At the Seventh Congress of the R.S.D.L.P.(B.) he was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee. In 1918 he was appointed chairman of the Petrograd Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage. Killed by an SR.
³ This refers to the “Open Letter” signed by 22 Mensheviks and the editorial board’s reply of the newspaper *Nashe Golos* to this letter, published in *Nashe Golos* No. 13 of 24 April 1916.
*Nashe Golos*—a legal Menshevik newspaper; published in Samara in 1915–1916; it held a social-chauvinist position.
“Self-Defence” (*Samozashchita*)—a Menshevik collection with articles by V. Zasulich, A. Potresov, P. Maslov, N. Zhordania, published in Petrograd in 1916.
⁴ The war-industry committees were created in Russia in May 1915 by the big imperialist bourgeoisie to assist tsarism in waging the war. Chairman of the Central War-Industry Committee was the prominent capitalist, leader of the Octobrists, A. I. Guchkov. The committee included the Progressist A. I. Konovalov, the banker and sugar magnate M. I. Tereshchenko, and other capitalist magnates. Attempting to subject the workers to their influence and instil in them defencist sentiments, the bourgeoisie decided to organise “workers’ groups” under these committees 

* See table on pp. 168–169.

---

NATURAL HISTORY OF “OUR FOLK’S”
(facts collected by a naturalist, stud
| Different groups (or shades) | Of whom does the group consist? | Their theory: their views: for or against the ideas of “Self-Defence” | Their pr for or against participation in the war-industry committees actice: | against collaboration in “N. gol.” and “N. delo” ⁷ | Under OC leadership | For Zimmerwald or for The Hague? | Chkheidze Fraction ⁸ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 secretaries of the OC abroad | against | against | for | for | for (with reservation) | only for Zimmerwald |
| 2 | Individual persons in Russia and in exile | against | for | for | for | for and for Zimmerwald (for the “stupid” rabble) and for The Hague (for the “clever” leaders) | |
| 3 | Ed. board and collab. of “N. gol.” | the “OC” itself and Chkheidze | and for and against (neither for nor against) | for | for | for | for |
| 4 | “Self-Defence” | for | for | for | for | for | |
| 5 | G. Plekhanov and other “prizyvtsy” ¹² | for | for | the most important thing for tsarism and for the bourgeoisie has “Sovrem. mir” ¹³ | no | for | only for (with reservation) The Hague |

SOCIAL-CHAUVINIST BREEDS ⁶
ying the inhabitants of the “okist” swamp)
| Their means of influencing the masses in Russia | Through organisations | Through the press: through their journals, newspapers, Duma fractions, which have a monopoly of legality | Through the State Duma | Through the bourgeoisie | etc. | flowed to the power of the Purishkeviches | What they do abroad and FOR abroad? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not a single one | no | no | no | they lie, asserting that they represent the “OC” | | | all |
| | | | | “okist” organisations (Caucasus, initiative groups, etc.) | | | |
| “Nashe Delo”, “Nashe Golos”, the Chkheidze fraction | there is | there is (in part) | there is fully | there is in part; (Gvozdev ¹⁰ and Guchkov, Gvozdev and Stürmer ¹¹ etc.) | | | they continue silently to “trust” Martov’s sleight of hand |
| not a single one | “Sovrem. mir”, there is | Buryanov, Shankov ¹⁴ | there is fully | there is fully | | | they lie, asserting that they represent “the majority of class-conscious workers of Russia”. |

and thereby show that a “class peace” has been established in Russia between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The Bolsheviks declared a boycott of the war-industry committees and successfully carried it out with the support of the majority of the workers.
I. G. Tsereteli—one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge—a liquidator. During the world imperialist war—a centrist.
⁵ After the outbreak of the world imperialist war, the seat of the International Socialist Bureau was transferred from Brussels to The Hague. Its activities were directed by C. Huysmans.
⁶ The present table is devoted to various opportunist trends in Russia and abroad, criticism and exposure of which V. I. Lenin devoted enormous attention. Thus, in 1915–1916 alone he wrote a number of articles exposing those same trends, newspapers, and journals that are presented in the table: “True Internationalists: Kautsky, Axelrod, Martov”, “Covering Social-Chauvinist Politics with Internationalist Phrases”, “Does the OC and the Chkheidze Fraction Have Its Own Line?” (see Collected Works, Vol. 27, pp. 52–58, 84–92, 240–245).
⁷ *Nashe Delo*—a monthly organ of the Menshevik-liquidators; came out from January 1915. The journal *Nashe Delo* was the main organ of the social-chauvinists in Russia. Six issues appeared.
⁸ The Chkheidze fraction—the Menshevik fraction of the Fourth State Duma, headed by N. S. Chkheidze. During the world imperialist war, the Menshevik fraction in the Duma, while occupying centrist positions, in fact supported the policy of the Russian social-chauvinists in everything.
⁹ “Initiative groups” were created by the Menshevik-liquidators from the end of 1910 as a counterweight to illegal party organisations and were regarded by them as cells of a new broad legal party, adapting to the Stolypin regime. The liquidators succeeded in creating “initiative groups” in Petersburg, Moscow, Yekaterinoslav, and Konstantinovka (Donbass). These were small intellectual circles, having no connections with the working masses. During the world imperialist war, the “initiative groups” took a social-chauvinist position.
¹⁰ K. A. Gvozdev—a Menshevik-liquidator. During the world imperialist war—a social-chauvinist,