3 Kautskyism—a centrist current in the Second International, the most dangerous and harmful variety of opportunism, masking social-chauvinism with phrases about internationalism.
4 Apparently, this refers to V. O. Levitsky (Tsederbaum).
5 P. P. Maslov—a Menshevik, author of a number of works on the agrarian question, in which he attempted to revise Marxism. During the First World War—a social-chauvinist.
6 Albert Südekum—one of the opportunist leaders of German Social Democracy. During the world imperialist war—a social-chauvinist. Preached imperialist views on the colonial question, fought against the revolutionary movement of the working class.
7 Lenin refers to the by-elections in Merthyr (a district in South Wales), when a representative of the British Socialist Party organized the votes of liberals and conservatives against the candidate of the Independent Labour Party.
8 Otto Rühle—a German left Social Democrat. During the world imperialist war, he held internationalist positions; in the Reichstag, he voted against war credits.
9 Apparently, this refers to correspondence from Paris about the congress of the French Socialist Party on December 25–29, 1915, published in the newspaper "The Labour Leader" No. 52 of December 30, 1915, and Nos. 2 and 4 of January 13 and 27, 1916.
On the split in the workers' movement and socialism, V. I. Lenin wrote in the work "On the Tasks of the Opposition in France (Letter to Comrade Safarov)," published as a separate leaflet in 1916 in Geneva in French (see Complete Collected Works, Vol. 27, pp. 235–239).

THESES OF AN ARTICLE OR ABSTRACT
ON QUESTIONS OF WAR AND PEACE 1
[Late February – March 1916]
Approximately *:
(not very good)
From the Zimmerwald Right to the Zimmerwald Left.
1. "Direction of struggle": solidarity with the 5 deputies.2
"Lie" of the capitalists (defense of the fatherland) etc.3
2. Means of struggle.
"Pact."
Irreführung 4 non-participation in war committees 5
* — Approximately.

3. "Program of Peace"
Kautsky versus
Trotsky.
Exposure of hypocrisy.
4. Steps toward a split.
'Ornatsky versus F. Roth- 'stein 8
Rühle
Chkheidze and Trotsky 9
Bourderon and his resolution 10 "Avanti!" and Treves 11
Debs versus "preparedness"...12
,
Approximately:
United States of Europe 6
Self-determination of nations annexations
Anmerkung d. S. L.
)
Schuld 7
Liberation of colonies
1 The theses are written in a notebook containing the manuscript of "Proposals of the Central Committee of the RSDLP to the Second Socialist Conference." On the same page, a plan is also written (see the following document).
2 This refers to the members of the Russian Social Democratic Labour faction in the Fourth State Duma, the Bolsheviks A. E. Badaev, M. K. Muranov, G. I. Petrovsky, F. N. Samoilov, N. R. Shagov, who, at the outbreak of the First World War (1914–1918), resolutely came out in defense of the interests of the working class.
On the night of November 6 (19), 1914, the Bolshevik deputies were arrested. The immediate cause of the arrest was their participation in a conference they convened in the village of Ozerki near Petrograd. Their trial took place on February 10 (23), 1915, in the Special Session of the Petrograd Court Chamber.
All five Bolshevik deputies were sentenced to exile for permanent settlement in the Turukhansk region (Eastern Siberia). Lenin devoted a special article to the results of the trial of the Bolshevik deputies, "What Did the Trial of the RSDLP Faction Prove?", which was published in the newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrat" No. 40, March 16 (29), 1915 (see Complete Collected Works, Vol. 26, pp. 168–176).
3 V. I. Lenin quotes here the manifesto-appeal "To the Proletarians of Europe," adopted by the first international socialist conference in Zimmerwald (see "Sotsial-Demokrat," Nos. 45–46, September 28 (October 11), 1915).
4 "Pact." — here "Conspiracy"; Irreführung — "Misleading." These words are taken from the circular of the ISC—the appeal "To All Affiliated Parties and Groups," adopted by the meeting of the enlarged ISC in Bern on February 5–9 (new style), 1916 (see "Sotsial-Demokrat," 1916, No. 52, March 25).
5 War-industry committees were created in Russia in May 1915 by the big imperialist bourgeoisie to assist tsarism in waging the war. Attempting to subordinate the workers to its influence and instill defensist sentiments in them, the bourgeoisie decided to organize "workers' groups" under these committees and thereby show that "class peace" had been established in Russia

between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The Bolsheviks declared a boycott of the war-industry committees and successfully carried it out with the support of the majority of workers.
6 On the slogan of the "United States of Europe," see V. I. Lenin's articles "The Conference of the Foreign Sections of the RSDLP," "On the Slogan of the United States of Europe," and "Editorial Note of 'Sotsial-Demokrat' to the Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP on the War" (Complete Collected Works, Vol. 26, pp. 161–167, 351–355, 356).
7 Apparently, this refers to the "Editorial Note of 'Sotsial-Demokrat' to the Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP on the War" (see V. I. Lenin, Complete Collected Works, Vol. 26, p. 356).
8 Ornatsky — G. V. Chicherin — a member of the RSDLP since 1905. During the period of reaction—a supporter of Menshevism, during the years of the world imperialist war—an internationalist, at the end of 1917 he shifted to Bolshevik positions and in 1918 joined the RCP (B). From 1918 to 1930—People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs.
F. A. Rothstein — a Social Democrat, later a Soviet diplomat, historian. In 1890 he was forced to emigrate from Russia. Settling in England, he joined the English Social Democratic Federation, aligning with its left wing. In 1901 he joined the RSDLP. During the years of the world imperialist war, he for some time held a centrist position on the question of a split with the social-chauvinists.
V. I. Lenin refers to the polemic of G. V. Chicherin with F. A. Rothstein in the Menshevik-Trotskyist newspaper "Nashe Slovo," published in Paris from January 1915 to September 1916 (see Complete Collected Works, Vol. 27, p. 294).
9 N. S. Chkheidze — one of the leaders of Menshevism. A deputy of the III and IV State Dumas, he headed the Menshevik faction of the IV Duma. During the years of the world imperialist war, while occupying a centrist position, he in fact supported the policy of the Russian social-chauvinists.
V. I. Lenin refers to Trotsky's defense of "unity" with the Duma faction of Chkheidze (see Complete Collected Works, Vol. 27, pp. 236, 240–245).
10 Albert Bourderon — a French socialist, one of the leaders of the left wing in the syndicalist movement. At the congress of the French Socialist Party held on December 25–29 (new style), 1915, he introduced a resolution demanding the withdrawal of socialists from the ministry. The resolution was rejected by the majority of the congress. "It is clear as day," V. I. Lenin emphasized, "that the adoption of such a resolution would have meant a split in both the socialist party and the syndicates" (Complete Collected Works, Vol. 27, p. 237).
11 V. I. Lenin refers to the intention of the central organ of the Italian Socialist Party "Avanti!" ("Forward!") of March 5, 1916, to expose Treves and other "reformist-possibilists," who had used all means to hinder the action of the party leadership "directed toward the Zimmerwald unification and the creation of a new International" (Complete Collected Works, Vol. 27, p. 288).
Treves — Claudio Treves — one of the reformist leaders of the Italian Socialist Party, whose activity V. I. Lenin assessed as "sheer social-betrayal."
12 Debs — Eugene Victor Debs — a prominent figure in the US workers' movement. During the world imperialist war, he stood on internationalist positions, sharply condemning the betrayal of the social-chauvinists, who in the USA came out with calls "for the army, for 'preparedness,' for war" (V. I. Lenin, Complete Collected Works, Vol. 27, p. 236).