THE PRINCIPAL CRISES IN THE INTERNATIONAL
POLITICS OF THE GREAT POWERS AFTER
1890–1891 (The Principal Crises in the international politics of the great powers after 1870–1871:

1877–1878: Liberation of national states in the Balkans). They plunder ("partition") Turkey (Russia + England + Austria).

Russia on the brink of war with England. They plunder ("partition") Central Asia (Russia and England).

(Sino-Japanese War). They plunder ("partition") China. (Japan + Russia + England + Germany + France).

England on the brink of war with France (Fashoda). They plunder ("partition") Africa.

(Russo-Japanese War). They plunder ("partition") China and Korea (Russia and Japan).

Germany on the brink of war with France and England. They plunder ("partition") Morocco.

Germany on the brink of war with France and England. They plunder ("partition") Morocco. They exchange Morocco for Congo.

1885

1895:

1898:

1904/5:

1905:

1911:

Preparation for the War of 1914–16 ("landmarks")

1879: Alliance of Germany with Austria

1891: Alliance of Russia with France

1907: Alliance of Russia with England

NB: Secret treaty of Russia and Austria, 15 January 1877 concerning the "partition" of Turkey...

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NB: 1876: inquiry by Alexander II to Bismarck whether Germany would be neutral in the war of Russia with Austria [Egelhaaf, p. 128]

10 January 1891: Ultimatum of England to Portugal: they plunder ("partition") Africa.

1889: Plunder of the Samoan islands (jointly with England, Germany, and the United States).

1898: Spanish-American War. (They plunder Cuba and the Philippines).

1898: England enters into negotiations with Germany concerning an alliance against Russia. (They could not come to terms!)

October 1898: Treaty of England and Germany: they partition the colonies of Portugal ("in case" of its financial insolvency)...

1899: "Tensions" between Germany, England, and the United States over Samoa. Threats of war. Conflict. Treaty concerning the "partition" of these islands: 14 November 1899.

1900: They throttle China altogether: Germany + Russia + United States + Japan + England + France.

1903: They extort debts from Venezuela (bombardment): Germany + England + Italy.

1904: Treaty of England with France (8 April): they partition Africa (preparing for war with Germany).

1907: Treaty of Russia with England (31 August): they partition Persia, Afghanistan, Tibet (preparing for war with Germany).

1908: Treaty of Japan with the United States (28 November) concerning the guarantee of the "possessions" of both powers in the Pacific Ocean.

July 1910: Russia and Japan conclude a treaty: "exchange" of Korea for Mongolia!

1911: Treaty of Russia with Germany (19 August): "reinsurance" of a sort as well (Baghdad for Persia).

1911: Treaty of England with Japan (England remains neutral in case of war of Japan with the United States)...

(see Franke in "Germany and the World War").

17 September 1914: "Treaty" of Russia with "independent" Mongolia. (Plunders Mongolia).