## Plans for the Article "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination"

1

There is none in other European programs.

Austrian S-D. vs[76] P.S.D. and Ukrainska S. D.

Nothing "practical."

Completion of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia.

National question in Austria. (Irresolution. Disintegration?)

London Congress 1896 and circumvention ("evasions") of its decisions.

Right to self-determination and Great-Russian "population."

Right to self-determination and secession (interpretation).

Right to self-determination and divorce.

Education in an antinational spirit.

Cadets and the right to self-determination.

National oppression in general and the right to secession…

3 modes of bourgeois resolution of the national question (1. junker-serf; – 2. bourgeois-liberal; – 3. democratic).

Empty talk (who and how will determine themselves? Constituent Assembly? etc.).

The merit of P.S.D. minus the errors of R. Luxemburg.

RSDLP Program in 1903 and self-determination.

Norway 1905 and R. Luxemburg vs "Naprzód".

Peasantry in the national question (K. Kautsky vs R. Luxemburg).

Nationalism of the bourgeoisie (oppressed nation) vs nationalism of the Black-Hundredists.

Ukrainian movement and the Ukrainian question.

S-R. and their "unconditional" right to self-determination.

Secession of the state vs strengthening of economic, cultural, and class ties.

Economic rapprochement and language as an economic factor. "National state"…

R. Luxemburg and Co. opportunists (Liebman + Yurkevich + Semkovsky).

Utopian Marx and practical R. Luxemburg.

(Ireland). Marx vs Lopatin.

Russia and "neighbors": Austria and Asian states (+ Balkans).

"With the possible exception of Finland" (Semkovsky).

General metaphysical phrases (R. Luxemburg).

People – a concept of bourgeois ideology (R. Luxemburg).

Either "nil"[77], or support all nationalist strivings (R. Luxemburg).

Concrete, historical formulation of the question (R. Luxemburg)

"Majority of the people"? (R. Luxemburg).

Nationalist-reactionaries " -liberals " -democrats (Peshekhonov).

2

1. General metaphysical phrases?

2. "National state."

3. Consistent democrats (vs liquidators).

4. London Congress 1896.

5. Nationalism of oppressed bourgeoisie and nationalism of ruling Black-Hundredists.

6. Marx on Ireland.

7. Norway.

8. Opportunism of R. Luxemburg and Co.!!

9. National question in Russia 1905 and after[78].

10. Austria, Russia, Balkans, Asia.

11. Brazen fellows and intriguers: Liebman + Yurkevich + Semkovsky.

12. Unfinished bourgeois-democratic revolution and 3 modes of resolution of the national question (1. reactionary, 2. liberal, 3. democratic).

13. National oppression and self-determination. Cadets on self-determination.

3

I. A) Concept

juridico-terminological or historico-economic interpretation?

…secession; national state…

II. B) National state

= type, norm.

(R. Luxemburg vs predatory state).

Economic factor = language.

III. C) "Merger with Russia"… vs Asian despotism situation in Germany.

IV. D) "Metaphysical phrase" people = concept of bourgeois ideology (R. Luxemburg).

V. E) Concrete and historical formulation of the question (R. Luxemburg).

VI. Z) Russia – bourgeois-democratic transformations not completed (peasants?).

(National movement 1905 and after.)

VII. H) Russia and Austria (Ukrainian question)

(not in the program?).

VIII. Θ) Russia and Asia.

IX. Nil or support of all national strivings (R. Luxemburg) – "with the possible exception of Finland."

X. "Nothing practical"

(K. Kautsky and R. Luxemburg).

– to educate in an antinational spirit peasants-Great-Russians vs aliens

Great-Russian population

XI. National oppression and Cadets on the question of the right to self-determination.

XII. 3 modes of resolution of the national question

XIII. Norway (R. Luxemburg and the liberals). Merit of P.S.D. – R. Luxemburg.

XIV. Right to self-determination and divorce.

XV. London resolution 1896 (sophisms of R. Luxemburg)

(S-R. and their "unconditional" right).

XVI. 1903 Program – fiasco of P.S.D.

XVII. Audacity of opportunists. Rosa Luxemburg vs opportunists.

XVIII. Utopian Marx and "practical" R. Luxemburg (Ireland).

XIX. Summary.

(Opportunism of R. Luxemburg.)

4

§I. Concept of self-determination and the question of (I–II) "national state."

___

§ II. (III–V) Arguments of R. Luxemburg and her formulation of the question.

___

§ III. (VI–VIII) Is the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia completed?

Concrete peculiarities of the national question in Russia.

___

§ IV. (IX–X) "Anarchistic phraseology."

"All or nothing" and "practicism" in the national question.

(Right to divorce (XIV).)

___

§ V. Cadets and R. Luxemburg on the national question

XI (opportunists).

XII 3 modes of resolution of the national question.

___

§ VI. (XIII) Norway (R. Luxemburg vs liberals).

___

§ VII. London resolution 1896.

(XV) (R. Luxemburg and S-R.)

___

§ VIII. 1903 Program.

___

§ IX. (XVIII) Utopian Marx and practical R. Luxemburg.

___

X. Conclusion.

(XIX)

5

I. What is national self-determination?

II. Concrete and historical formulation of the question.

III. Bourgeois-democratic transformation of Russia and peculiarities of the national question among us.

IV. "Practicism" in the national question.

V. Liberal bourgeoisie and opportunism of S-D. on the national question.

VI. Example of Norway.

VII. Resolution of the London Congress of 1896.

VIII. Program of Russian Marxists in 1903.

IX. Utopian K. Marx and practical Rosa Luxemburg.

X. Conclusion.

(Summary.)

Written in February – March 1914.

First published in 1937 in Lenin Collection XXX.

Printed from the manuscript.

Plan and Sketch of the Central Committee Report to the Vienna Congress of the Second International

Report to the Vienna Congress:

I. A. Strike movement. Demonstrations.

Workers' newspapers.

Insurance campaign.

Trade unions.

Cooperatives.

Elections to the IV State Duma.

II. B. Disruption of strikes and revolutionary demonstrations.

Competing newspaper.

Illegal publications 1912–1914 (0 among liquidators).

Illegal meetings and conferences (1912, 1913, 1913).

Disintegration of the August Bloc.

III. C.

1) Workers' groups.

2) Trade unions.

3) Insurance institutions.

4) Liquidator faction without workers.

5) Voting for both 6 and 7.

IV. D.

I. Denial of the illegal party.

II. Attacks in the legal press on illegal slogans.

III. National question: separatism of the Bund.

IV. "" Jagiello.

V. "" cultural-national autonomy.

VI. Disruption of the will of the majority and its disorganization.

VII. Slanderous campaign (α) X.

(β) Malinovsky.

V. D. Twenty-year history:

NB ||| General Congress?

VI. In view of the unprecedented audacious lies of the liquidators and foreign groups (Trotskyists, Forwardists, Plekhanovists), we declare:

1) that we deeply regret the non-occurrence of a conference of all "factions" despite our request to accelerate it;

2) that we set as the sole purpose of such a conference the exposure of the liquidators' and groups' lies and the collection of objective data and facts.

Condition of our participation in any such conference: guarantees for the collection and publication of such data in the press of West European socialist parties.

The liquidators brazenly use International resolutions to preach freedom of violating the will of the majority of organized workers. This is intolerable!!

Example of German aid of 3000 marks to "groups": Jagiello!!

Etwa[79]:

1. Call to Aussprache versus…[80]

…"denial of the old party"… Visual clarification of the need for Klarheit and "Confusion"[81].

2. "The old party has disappeared"[82]… Do not exclude comrades, etc. etc… Monstrous! Approached the "nail" sideways…

3. "Tears of a good man": bandits

emigrants personal irritation at one table easily, etc. etc. P.S.D.

yesterday Roza today Warsaw and

Lodz

Lewica?

4. Cf. "Vorwärts," 1912, 26. III.

5. No old party? Cannot establish the majority? Cannot be Massenorganisation[83]?

6. Gemeinplätze versus[84] facts!

10. But all around? disintegration – either foreign groups nil[85] (2 years 1912–1913).

– or liquidators… denying the party (α).

… or Doubters[86] (β)

11. Conditions (I) unconditional recognition of the old party

(on principle)… (including the national question)

(including Lewica)

(II) unconditional recognition of the majority (for practical steps toward unity)…

12. Unity? Yes! 2500 workers' groups, not disintegration of intellectual groups doubting about the illegal party!!

Discussion of the sharp points!![87]

Written in April – May 1914.

First published in 1959 in the journal "Historical Archive" No. 4.

Printed from the manuscript.

Plans for an Article on the Journal "Contemporary"[153]

1

Liberal Boguchansky – non-party left journal (very left, very spirited, very pro-worker democrat Martov).

S-D. salon in a radical-bourgeois salon.

*Editor's note.

Intellectual journal, without any ties to the masses (à la "Russian Wealth")…

Class significance in the general structure of Russian life? Clearer. Liberal-bourgeois democracy (Laborists; People's Socialists; liquidators; left populists) – proletarian democracy… "Unity"? (A broken stick)…

2

1. The journal "Contemporary" – one of the phenomena testifying to "new trends."

2. Beginning and continuation. From Boguchansky + Kuskov + Prokopovich (non-party journal) to a bloc of S-R. + liquidators (with individual figures {Bonch-Bruyevich, Stekhlov} of various tendencies).

Special position of Plekhanov.

{Novotorzhsky about him, No. 5, 81; Streltsov, No. 6, 85; Sukhanov, No. 6, p. 59.

3. Boguchansky (remaining). His chatter à la Cadets.

4. After the shift: Sukhanov.

5. Visiting the populists

(L. Martov).

6. Beginnings…

7. Attitude of parties (contra circles).

8. Evaluation of the new

Written in May 1914.

First published in 1939 in the journal "Proletarian Revolution" No. 1.

Printed from the manuscript.

Plan and Theses of the Central Committee Report to the Brussels Meeting

Theses of the CC Report "Etats-majors sans armée"[88]

1. Gratitude to Vandervelde (visit. Publication and collection of objective data).

2. "Points litigieux"[89].

3. Source of struggle and essence:

(A)

defection from the party by liquidators (1908–1911) and (B)

their expulsion (1912).

(A)

4. Resolutions of 1908 and 1910. Struggle of the CO.

5. Restoration of the party 1912 against the liquidators.

(B)

6. Theoretical evaluation of the essence of liquidationism

existence of the party (illegal) and renunciation of it.

7. Verification of this theory and these party decisions by the experience of (αα) our party and (ββ) our opponents…

2 views: (α) chaos; (β) workers' party against liquidators.

Definition of liquidationism 1908. Cf. 1910.

Its essence: defection from the party.

Significance of the underground.

Connection with tactics.

Revolutionary struggle of the working class:

January Conference 1912 and restoration of the party.

Written 23–30 June (6–13 July) 1914.

Printed for the first time from the manuscript.

Plans for the Article "Revolution and War"[154]

1

I. α) VII days 1914 vs[90] 1. 1905

1. sacred banners – barricades

2. Gapon – S-D. illegal organization

3. common slogan – 3 pillars

4. naive attitude – persistent struggle

5. organized conclusion

"Russian Word"[155].

II. Slogan of strike and armed uprising (fool L. V. in Plekhanov's newspaper).

III. War of Austria and Serbia vs

European war.

IV. Militarism, imperialism.

Guns shoot by themselves.

Struggle against war resolution of Jaurès vs Guesde experience of workers of Russia.

Best war against war: revolution.

2

1. July days vs 9.1.

2. Political crisis.

3. Growth of movement and growth of slogans.

4. Swept-away liquidationism and foreign groups.

5. War of Austria with Serbia.

6. Imperialism and militarism.

7. War against war.

8. World situation and tasks of Russian proletariat.

Written between 15 and 18 (28 and 31) July 1914.

Printed for the first time from the manuscript.

List of Undiscovered Works of V. I. Lenin (March – July 1914)

PROJECT OF AN "APPEAL TO UKRAINIAN WORKERS"

In a letter to Inessa Armand dated 19 March (1 April) 1914, V. I. Lenin sent this project with a request to rewrite it and pass it to O. N. Lola (Stepanyuk) for acceptance and translation into Ukrainian and publication in "The Miners' Sheet" (supplement to the newspaper "Path of Truth"). Lenin considered it particularly important that this appeal, calling workers to unite without distinction of nationality for struggle against capital, should emanate from the circle of Ukrainian S-D. (see Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 35, pp. 100–101).

LETTER TO O. N. LOLA

Information about this letter by V. I. Lenin, containing a request to collect and send a series of materials on the Ukrainian question, is known from a letter by O. N. Lola to V. I. Lenin of 23 March (5 April) 1914: "Forgive me for answering your letter so late… Regarding statistics in cities and urban populations in Ukraine, I will find out from Galitsyn, since she is writing articles about the economic situation of Ukraine" (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO A. A. BEKZADYAN

From a letter by A. A. Bekzadyan to V. I. Lenin of 29 March (11 April) 1914, it is known that Lenin approached him with a proposal to use his address for contact with the International Socialist Bureau. In his reply, Bekzadyan wrote: "Unfortunately, I cannot give you an affirmative answer, as my situation has not been clarified… most likely I will leave for Russia in May. Nor would it make sense to give an address for a short time, especially now, when intensive correspondence with the bureau is necessary in connection with the Petersburg events" (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO V. R. MENZHINSKY

As is evident from a reply by V. R. Menzhinsky to V. I. Lenin of 31 March (13 April) 1914, V. I. Lenin was interested in the circumstances of the arrest of his sister L. R. Menzhinskayana (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

ARTICLE DIRECTED AGAINST F. BULKIN AND L. MARTOV

The article was written by V. I. Lenin after 3 (16) April 1914 in connection with statements in No. 3 of the journal "Our Dawn" by F. Bulkin and L. Martov directed against the Bolsheviks. The Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU preserves the second page of the manuscript of this article by V. I. Lenin. V. I. Lenin subjected the statements of Bulkin and Martov to sharp criticism in the articles "Ideological Struggle in the Labor Movement," "Plekhanov, Who Knows Not What He Wants," "On the Violation of Unity, Concealed by Cries for Unity," "Methods of Struggle by Bourgeois Intelligentsia Against Workers" (see pp. 131–134, 167–170, 183–206, 321–352).

LETTER TO V. M. ZAGORSKY

Information about this letter by V. I. Lenin, containing a request to send him resolutions of party conferences and the program of the party, is known from a letter by V. M. Zagorsky to V. I. Lenin of 4 (17) April 1914 (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

FOUR PAGES OF THE MANUSCRIPT OF THE DRAFT SPEECH "ON THE QUESTION OF NATIONAL POLICY"

The draft speech "On the Question of National Policy" was written by V. I. Lenin after 6 (19) April 1914 for delivery by the Bolshevik deputy to the IV State Duma G. I. Petrovsky. In connection with the expulsion from the Duma on 22 April (5 May) 1914 of the left deputies for 15 sessions, Petrovsky was unable to deliver this speech. The Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU preserves the manuscript of the draft speech, in which pages 3, 4, 25, and 26 are missing.

LETTERS TO I. E. GERMAN

On 9 (22) April 1914, I. E. German informed V. I. Lenin of receiving two of his letters regarding leaflets for Workers' Press Day, 22 April (5 May), and for 1 May (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

RESPONSE OF THE CC RSDLP TO THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL

In this response, agreement was given to participate in a meeting convened by the ISB on the question of the split in the RSDLP. The response contained an official report by the CC on the essence of the principled differences between Bolsheviks and liquidators, which V. I. Lenin promised to send in a letter to the secretary of the ISB K. Huysmans of 18–19 January (31 January – 1 February) 1914 (see Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 24, pp. 296–303). In shortened form, the CC response under the title "Organized Marxists on the Intervention of the International Bureau" was published in the newspaper "Path of Truth" No. 61 of 15 April 1914 (see this volume, pp. 81–84).

LETTER TO B. ANTONOV

This letter by V. I. Lenin is known from the reply letter by B. Antonov of 15 (28) April 1914, reporting on the completion of a task given to him by Lenin: "Immediately upon receiving translated and sent the appeal." Apparently, it concerned an appeal to figures in the international labor movement in connection with Workers' Press Day in Russia, which Antonov was to translate and pass to figures of the Italian socialist movement (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO S. G. SHAUMYAN

The letter by V. I. Lenin, as is evident from the reply letter by S. G. Shaumyan of 17 (30) April 1914, was devoted to the national question (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO O. N. LOLA

This letter by V. I. Lenin with a request to find and send a brochure by V. Vinnichenko is known from the reply letter by O. N. Lola to V. I. Lenin of 30 April (13 May) 1914 (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO N. I. BUKHARIN

In April 1914, V. I. Lenin wrote to N. I. Bukharin regarding the preparation of draft speeches on the national question for the Bolshevik faction of the IV State Duma, as evidenced by the content of Bukharin's reply letter (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO G. I. CHUDNOVSKY

Information about this letter, in which V. I. Lenin proposed a number of additions to G. I. Chudnovsky's article "New Theory of Accumulation," is contained in the latter's reply letter of 8 (21) May 1914. Chudnovsky reported that he had made the additions which, in Lenin's opinion, could make his article more popular (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO N. I. BUKHARIN

As is evident from the reply letter of N. I. Bukharin, V. I. Lenin was interested in a letter sent from Russia containing information about R. Malinovsky, who on 8 (21) May 1914 arbitrarily laid down his mandate as a deputy to the Duma, deserting his combat post (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO N. I. PODVOISKY

The letter was written between 10 and 18 (23 and 31) May 1914. This is known from a letter by N. I. Podvoisky of 10 (23) May, in which the latter turned to Lenin with a request for help in statistical work, and a second letter by Podvoisky of 18 (31) May thanking V. I. Lenin for the help provided (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO G. L. SHKLOVSKY

This letter by V. I. Lenin is known from the reply letter by G. L. Shklovsky, written between 12 and 20 May (25 May and 2 June) 1914: "Dear Vladimir Ilyich! I have just received your letter and hasten to reply" (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO A. V. BRITMAN

Information about this is contained in a letter by A. V. Britman to V. I. Lenin of 20 May (2 June) 1914. Lenin's letter was written regarding funds for publication of the Central Organ – the newspaper "Social-Democrat" (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTERS TO S. D. SOKOVNIN

Information about these letters is contained in a letter by S. D. Sokovnin, member of the Paris Section of the RSDLP, of 22 May (4 June) 1914 and his later undated letter. The correspondence concerned the organization of publication of a print organ of Russian officialdom (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO M. M. LITVINOV

In this letter, V. I. Lenin proposed that M. M. Litvinov go to Vienna as a delegate to the international socialist congress, as evidenced by Litvinov's reply letter of 24 May (6 June) 1914 (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO A. A. TROYANOVKSY

Information about this letter regarding the distribution of mandates to the Vienna Congress is contained in the reply letter by A. A. Troyanovksy of 25 May (7 June) 1914 (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

END OF THE MANUSCRIPT OF THE DRAFT SPEECH "ON THE QUESTION OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE BUDGET"

The draft speech "On the Question of the Ministry of Agriculture Budget" (see this volume, pp. 171–176) was prepared by V. I. Lenin for delivery by the Bolshevik deputy G. I. Petrovsky to the IV State Duma. Petrovsky delivered this speech on 28 May (10 June) 1914 during discussion in the Duma of the budget of the department of state lands. Pages 1–22 of the manuscript of the draft speech are preserved in the Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU.

LETTER TO M. F. VLADIMIRSKY

As is evident from reply letters by M. F. Vladimirsky of 31 May (13 June) and 10 (23) June 1914, V. I. Lenin's letter concerned the organization of printing of the party program (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTERS TO THE EDITORIAL OFFICE OF THE JOURNAL "ENLIGHTENMENT"

In May – June 1914, V. I. Lenin wrote several letters to the editorial office of the journal "Enlightenment." Information about the content of these letters is known from reply letters by the editorial office of "Enlightenment," written in the period from 4 (17) May to 13 (26) June 1914. The correspondence concerned questions connected with the work of the editorial office and the content of its issues (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO AN UNKNOWN ADDRESSEE IN MOSCOW

On the preserved envelope of a letter from Moscow, V. I. Lenin made the note: "Replied 20. VI. 1914" (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO O. N. LOLA

That V. I. Lenin wrote this letter is evidenced by the mark: "Replied 20 June 1914," made by him on the envelope of a letter by O. N. Lola (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO N. V. KUZNETSOV

This letter by V. I. Lenin is known from a letter by N. V. Kuznetsov of 8 (21) June 1914, on which V. I. Lenin made the mark: "Replied" (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO G. L. SHKLOVSKY

V. I. Lenin made the mark: "Replied" on the preserved letter by G. L. Shklovsky of 8 (21) June 1914 (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO M. K. VLADIMIROV

As is evident from the letter by M. K. Vladimirov of 16 (29) June 1914, V. I. Lenin's letter concerned the publication in Paris of the program and charter of the party (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

From a letter by the publishing house "Priboi" of 17 (30) June 1914, it is known that V. I. Lenin's letter was written in connection with a delay in printing of the article "Working Class and Workers' Press" in the newspaper "Labor Truth" (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO A. A. BEKZADYAN

Information about this letter by V. I. Lenin, containing a proposal to A. A. Bekzadyan to join the delegation of the CC RSDLP at the Brussels Meeting, is contained in a letter by V. I. Lenin to Inessa Armand of 21 June (4 July) 1914 and the reply letter by A. A. Bekzadyan (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO N. V. KUZNETSOV

This letter, containing a request to N. V. Kuznetsov to arrange with M. F. Vladimirsky (Kamsky) for his participation as a member of the CC RSDLP delegation at the Brussels Meeting, as well as to collect newspapers, protocols of party congresses, and other materials necessary for the delegation, is known from the reply letter by N. V. Kuznetsov of 24 June (7 July) 1914 (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO V. MICKEVICH-KAPSUKAS

In a letter to V. I. Lenin of 25 June (8 July), Mickevich-Kapsukas wrote: "In reply to your letter, I can report the following…". As is evident from the further content of this letter, Lenin inquired about the direction and history of creation of the Lithuanian newspaper "Vilnis" (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO M. M. LITVINOV

As is evident from the letter by M. M. Litvinov of 25 June (8 July) 1914, V. I. Lenin's letter set forth the content of the CC RSDLP's response to ISB secretary K. Huysmans regarding participation of the Bolsheviks in the Brussels Meeting. Lenin entrusted Litvinov with transmitting this response to K. Huysmans (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

Regarding this letter, concerning the sending of proofs of the collection "Marxism and Liquidationism," information is known from a letter by the publishing house "Priboi" to V. I. Lenin of 27 June (10 July) 1914 (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO M. M. LITVINOV

The letter was written on 27 June (10 July) 1914 in connection with preparation for the Brussels Meeting. Information about this letter is contained in the reply letter by M. M. Litvinov to V. I. Lenin, in which he notified of the completion of the tasks given to him (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

TELEGRAM TO THE EC ISB

Information about this telegram, sent before 5 (18) July 1914, is known from the memoirs of G. I. Petrovsky. The telegram was sent during the work of the Brussels Meeting in connection with slanderous rumors spread by leaders of the Second International to the effect that allegedly Lenin was in Brussels but did not appear at the meeting convened by the ISB. To expose these rumors, Lenin from Poronin notified the Executive Committee of the ISB of the sending to its address of materials related to the trip of É. Vandervelde to Petersburg in the summer of 1914. A copy of the telegram was sent to the delegation of the CC RSDLP at the Brussels Meeting. The telegram was signed by V. I. Lenin and G. I. Petrovsky (see Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, p. 543).

LETTERS TO I. E. GERMAN

The letters were written between 5 and 17 (18 and 30) July 1914. Information about them is contained in a letter by I. E. German to V. I. Lenin of 17 (30) July, in which German wrote: "Yesterday I received two letters from you, and today a postcard" (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

LETTER TO I. F. POPOV

From a letter by I. F. Popov, member of the delegation of the CC RSDLP at the Brussels Meeting, of 8 (21) July 1914, information about this letter by V. I. Lenin is known regarding sending by Popov of information about the progress of the meeting (Central Party Archive of the Marx-Lenin Institute at the Central Committee of the CPSU).

List of Publications in Which V. I. Lenin Participated as Editor

JOURNAL "ENLIGHTENMENT"

No. 3 – March 1914

No. 4 – April 1914

No. 5 – May 1914

No. 6 – June 1914 "MARXISM AND LIQUIDATIONISM"

Collection of articles on the main questions of contemporary labor movement. Part II. St. Petersburg, pub. "Priboi," 1914.

List of Works Possibly Belonging to V. I. Lenin "ON THE UNION OF POPULISTS AND LIQUIDATORS"

In the article "On the Union of Populists and Liquidators," published on 16 (29) March 1914 in the newspaper "Path of Truth" No. 38, the behavior of the liquidators is exposed, those who entered a bloc with the S-R. in elections to the Insurance Council against the Bolsheviks.

By its content, this article is connected with V. I. Lenin's articles "Populists and Liquidators in the Professional Movement," "Conclusion to the Collection 'Marxism and Liquidationism,'" "Methods of Struggle by Bourgeois Intelligentsia Against Workers" (see Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 24, pp. 355–358 and this volume, pp. 118–127, 321–352). In the two latter are quoted the same passage as in the article "On the Union of Populists and Liquidators." This provides grounds for supposing that the article was written by V. I. Lenin.

"VANDERVELDE AND THE LIBERAL NEWSPAPER"

The article "Vandervelde and the Liberal Newspaper," published on 20 June (3 July) 1914 in No. 20 of the newspaper "Labor Truth," is directed against the dishonest methods of the liberal-bourgeois newspaper "Kiev Thought," which, publishing a translation of an article by É. Vandervelde from the newspaper "Le Peuple," concealed the data given in that article on the circulation of newspapers of the Truthists, liquidators, and S-R., convincingly showing that 4/5 of workers follow the Bolsheviks.

The article "Vandervelde and the Liberal Newspaper" is closely connected with V. I. Lenin's articles "Objective Data on the Strength of Different Tendencies in the Labor Movement," "Methods of Struggle by Bourgeois Intelligentsia Against Workers," as well as with the "Report of the CC RSDLP at the Brussels Meeting" (see this volume, pp. 244–250, 321–352, 361–396). This provides grounds for supposing that the article was written by V. I. Lenin.

Index of Literary Works and Sources Cited and Mentioned by V. I. Lenin

Agrarian Program [adopted at the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In the leaflet: Resolutions and decisions of the Unifying Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party. [SPB.], typ. of the Central Committee, [1906], p. 1. (RSDLP). – 235, 238, 268, 325–326, 327.

Address of the International – see Marx, K. Inaugural Address of the International Working Men's Association…

Axelrod, P. B. On Current Topics. (From letters of P. B. Axelrod to friends). – "Our Dawn," SPB., 1912, No. 6, pp. 8–20. – 402.

Alexeyev, Z. On Freedom of Disposition of Land. – "Steady Thought," SPB., 1914, No. 20, 13 April, pp. 1–2. – 155, 157–158.

Alexinsky, G. A. [Review of the book: ] A. Bogdanov. "Cultural Tasks of Our Time." Pub. by Dorovatovsky and Charushnikov. Moscow. 1911. Price 60 kop. – "Modern World," [SPB., 1911], No. 7, pp. 345–348. – 355.

– Criminal Manners in the Leninist Organization. (Open letter). – "Our Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1914, No. 41, 21 June, p. 3. – 394.

An – see Zhordania, N. N.

Laborer – see Zatónsky, M. P.

Bebel, A. [Letter to V. I. Lenin]. 21 January (3 February) 1905. Manuscript[91]. – 404.

Belinsky, V. G. Letter to Gogol. – 94.

Berman, Ya. The Influence of Socio-Legal and Economic Factors on State Crime. (Based on data from a collection of criminal statistical information). – "Law," SPB., 1913, No. 33, 18 August, col. 1912–1924. – 94–95, 98, 202.

Bernhard, L. The Struggle of the Poles for Existence in Prussia. (Die Polenfrage. Das polnische Gemeinwesen im preussischen Staat). With the author's permission, trans. from 2nd Ger. ed. by A. S. Izgoev. With a foreword by P. B. Struve and an introductory article by A. S. Izgoev. M., Ryabushinsky, 1911. XXIV, 584 pp. – 319.

Bogdanov, A. Brief Course in Political Economy. 9th ed., newly corrected. M., Dorovatovsky and Charushnikov, 1906. 288, 22 pp. – 112.

– Letter to the Editorial Office. – "New Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1914, No. 16, 21 January, pp. 2–3. – 353, 358.

"Struggle," SPB. – 1–3, 77, 83, 125, 126, 142, 153, 161, 170, 185, 186, 196–197, 199, 201, 218, 219, 338, 353, 356, 357, 359, 383–384.

– 1914, Nos. 1–3, 22 February – 12 April. – 77.

– 1914, No. 1, 22 February. 56 pp. – 2, 187, 188, 190–191, 192–193, 194, 195–196, 197–198, 199, 200, 201, 202–203, 204, 349–350.

– 1914, No. 2, 18 March, pp. 24–25. – 312.

– 1914, No. 3, 12 April, pp. 30–34, 34–39. – 77–79.

– 1914, No. 4, 28 April, pp. 24–33, 56. – 163–166, 353, 354, 355, 356–357, 358, 414–415, 416.

– 1914, No. 5, 16 May, pp. 24–25. – 359.

– 1914, No. 6, 6 June, pp. 44–45. – 349.

Brynes, B. Riga. Progress of the Insurance Campaign. – "Northern Thought," SPB., 1913, No. 1, 23 November, p. 3, in section: Insurance. – 120.

Bulkin, F. A. Workers' Initiative and Workers' Demagoguery. – "Our Dawn," SPB., 1914, No. 3, pp. 55–64. – 132, 168, 194, 334.

Bourgeois and Liquidationist Appraisal. – "Path of Truth," SPB., 1914, No. 47, 27 March, p. 1. – 59.

V. A. T. – see Tikhomirnov, V. A.

V. O. Deterioration of School Affairs. – "Northern Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1914, No. 35, 21 March, p. 2. – 146–147.

V–dimov, V. The Land Question and Left Populism. – "Bold Thought," SPB., 1914, No. 9, 6 June, pp. 1–2. – 239.

Vandervelde and Russian Socialists. – "Speech," SPB., 1914, No. 152 (2821), 7 (20) June, p. 2. – 331–332, 333–334, 335, 339.

Veps, F. Congress of Latvian Marxists. – "Our Dawn," SPB., 1914, No. 4, pp. 59–65. – 224–225.

"Century," M. – 8.

[Vladimirov, M. K] "Summer Meeting of the CC with Party Workers." – "For the Party," [Paris], 1914, No. 5, February, pp. 5–6. Signed: L. Vl. – 276.

"Wave," SPB. – 99.

"Insurance Questions," SPB. – 165, 390.

Voronov, B. Insurance Workers' Group and Left Populists. – "Thought of Labor," SPB., 1914, No. 1, 20 April, pp. 1–2. – 140, 141, 142.

– Factional Discord and Current Tasks. – "Contemporary," SPB., 1914, no. 9, May, pp. 64–71. – 328.

"Forward," Geneva. – 99.

Forward. Collection of Articles on Current Questions. No. 3. Pub. by group "Forward." [Geneva, coop. typ. "Union"], May 1911. 78 col. – 354.

All-Russian Conference of Russ. Soc.-Dem. Labor Party. (In December 1908). Pub. by the newspaper "Proletarian." Paris, 1909. 47 pp. (RSDLP). – 25, 216–217.

*Second Regular Congress of the Russ. Soc.-Dem. Labor Party. Complete text of protocols. Pub. CC. Geneve, typ. of the party, [1904]. 394, II pp. (RSDLP). – 3, 24, 26, 98, 214, 215, 218, 244, 251, 254, 257, 258, 265, 267, 268, 269, 272, 275, 278, 279, 294, 295, 307–316, 320, 323, 328, 369–370, 385, 386, 388, 390, 391, 435, 438, 439, 440.

Elections to the Insurance Council. – "Steady Thought," SPB., 1914, No. 5, 7 March, p. 3, in section: Insurance Affairs. Signed: Voter. – 121, 323.

Goethe, J. W. Faust. – 398.

Gimmer, N. N. – see Sukhanov, N.

Public Inquiry to Deputies – Chkheidze, Chkhenkeli, Tulyakov, Skobelev, Khaustov, and Mankov. – "Path of Truth," SPB., 1914, No. 50, 30 March, p. 3. – 415.

Public Reply – see From the Social-Democratic Duma Faction.

Anniversary of the Lena Events. – "Path of Truth," SPB., 1914, No. 55, 5 April, p. 3. Under the general heading: April 4th. – 379.

Gorev, A. – see Gorev, B. I.

Gorev, B. I. Demagoguery or Marxism? (Results and Observations). – "Our Dawn," SPB., 1914, No. 6, pp. 30–41. – 424–425.

Gorsky, A. V. Lockout and the Tactics of "Consistent Marxism." – "Northern Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1914, No. 51, 11 April, p. 1. – 132, 381.

"Citizen," SPB., 1914, No. 14, 6 April, pp. 5–6. – 64.

Griboyedov, A. S. Woe from Wit. – 287, 322.

Group of Marxists. Statement [regarding Malinovsky's Departure]. – "Labor Truth," SPB., 1914, No. 7, 5 June, p. 3, in section: On Malinovsky's Departure. – 348, 349.

[Dan, F. I.] Toward the International. – "New Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1913, No. 108, 15 December, p. 1; No. 109, 17 December, p. 1. Signed: F. D. – 117.

– On the Path of Falsehood. – "Northern Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1914, No. 48, 5 April, p. 1. Signed: F. D. – 87, 88, 89.

"Life's Cause," SPB., 1911, No. 1, col. 47–58; No. 2, col. 10–20. – 77.

Money Report of "Ray" from 18 September 1912 to 15 January 1913. – "Ray," SPB., 1913, No. 15 (101), 19 January, p. 2. – 232.

"Day," SPB. – 125.

Workers' Press Day. – "Northern Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1914, No. 36, 22 March, p. 1. – 418, 420.

"Deet," [Kiev]. – 146, 314, 360.

*– 1913, Nos. 7–8, pp. 83–94. – 257, 258, 263, 281, 282, 288, 295, 307–308, 314–315, 316.

"Discussion Leaflet," [Paris], 1910, No. 2, 25 May (7 June), pp. 4–14. On the newspaper date: 24/7 June. – 217–218.

"Diary of a Social-Democrat," Geneva, 1905, No. 2, August, pp. 37–49. – 222.

– 1911, No. 15, October, pp. 7–33. – 393.

Domov – see Pokrovsky, M. N.

Dontsov, D. Russian Press about the Latest Congress. – "Ways," Lvov, 1913, Nos. 8–9, 1 October. – 280.

Dostoevsky, F. M. The Brothers Karamazov. – 45.

Dragomanov, M. P. Historical Poland and Great-Russian Democracy. Geneva, typ. "Worker" and "Hromada," 1881. 511, [2], VIII pp. On cover date of pub.: 1882. – 297.

Drozdov, I. G. Wages of Agricultural Workers in Russia in Connection with the Agrarian Movement of 1905–1906. SPB., Semenov, 1914. 68 pp. – 19–21, 207–209.

"Unity," SPB. – 170, 241, 324, 338, 339, 374, 414, 416, 446.

– 1914, No. 1, 18 May, pp. 1, 2–3, 4. – 167–170, 233, 324, 349, 374.

– 1914, No. 2, 1 June, pp. 1–2, 4. – 337, 347–348, 374.

– 1914, No. 3, 15 June, p. 4. – 374.

– 1914, No. 4, 29 June, p. 2. – 414, 415, 416.

Elpatievsky, S. Ya. Life Goes On… – "Russian Wealth," SPB., 1914, No. 1, pp. 276–299. – 10–12.

"Living Thought," SPB. – 187.

"Living Thought of Labor," SPB., 1914, No. 3, 15 June, p. 3. – 253–254.

"Life," SPB., 1900, No. 2, pp. 297–306. – 37.

[Zhordania, N. P.] Struggle of Tendencies and Questions of Unity. – "Struggle," SPB., 1914, No. 4, 28 April, pp. 24–33. Signed: An. – 163–166, 414–415, 416.

– More on "Underground." – "Ray," SPB., 1913, No. 95 (181), 26 April, p. 2. Signed: An. – 197.

"For the Party," Paris. – 125, 126.

– 1914, No. 5, February, pp. 5–6. – 276.

"For Truth," SPB. – 146.

"Testaments," SPB. – 120, 182, 354.

The Task of the Moment. – "Steady Thought," SPB., 1914, No. 13, 26 March, p. 1. – 58–59.

Closure of "Path of Truth." – "Struggle," SPB., 1914, No. 6, 6 June, pp. 44–45. – 349.

"Dawn," Stuttgart, 1902, No. 4, August, pp. 11–39, in section: A. – 281, 308.

[Zatónsky, M. P.] Socialism and Peasantry. – "Steady Thought," SPB., 1914, No. 14, 28 March, pp. 2–3. Signed: Laborer. – 60–62.

Statement of Representatives of Social-Democracy of Poland and Lithuania. — In: Second Regular Congress of the Russ. Soc.-Dem. Labor Party. Complete text of protocols. Pub. CC. Geneve, typ. of the party, [1904], pp. 388–390. (RSDLP). – 309–310, 311, 386, 391.

[Statement by Trotsky and others, presented at the meeting of the plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Discussion Leaflet," [Paris], 1910, No. 2, 25 May (7 June), p. 6, in art.: Lenin, V. I. "Notes of a Publicist." On the newspaper date: 24/7 June. – 217–218.

"Zemlya," SPB. – 282.

"Banner of Labor," [Paris], Nos. 45–53, September 1912 – April 1914. – 376–377.

Election Law – see Regulations on Elections to the State Duma.

Notification of a Conference of RSDLP Organizations. Pub. CC. [Wien], September 1912. 55 pp. (RSDLP). – 378.

Ionov, P. Inquiry on Pogromer Agitation. – "Tsayt," PB., 1914, No. 14 (53), 3 (16) April, p. 2. In Hebrew. – 88.

"Spark" (old, Leninist), [Leipzig – Munich – London – Geneva]. – 95, 98–99, 123, 182, 202, 205, 220, 221, 310–311, 314.

*– [Leipzig], 1900, No. 1, December. 6 pp. – 97.

– [Geneva], 1903, Nos. 46–51, 15 August – 22 October. – 133.

"Spark" (new, Menshevik), [Geneva]. – 99.

– 1903, No. 52, 7 November, pp. 1–2. – 222.

Results of the Day of Workers' Press. – "Our Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1914, No. 34, 13 June, p. 2. – 388, 419–420, 421, 432.

To the Elections of Delegates to the Sick Fund Treasury Committee at Factory Ayvaz. – "Living Thought of Labor," SPB., 1914, No. 3, 15 June, p. 3. Signed: Workers–Left Populists. – 253–254.

On the Left Populist Position in the Professional Movement. – "Northern Thought," SPB., 1913, No. 2, 26 November, p. 2. Signed: B. G–n. – 120.

Kautsky, K. Dear Comrade Lunacharsky! [Letter to A. V. Lunacharsky]. Mulbracken, 9 August 1911. [Manuscript. Russian hectograph trans.]. 4 pp. – 344, 393.

– Nationalism and Internationalism. – "Scientific Thought," Riga, 1908, No. 1, pp. 3–42. – 259–260.

"Kiev Thought." – 125, 249, 332, 393–394, 450.

*– 1914, No. 86, 27 March, p. 5. – 68–69, 284.

– 1914, No. 159, 12 June, p. 2. – 332.

Kozminykhz-Lanin, I. M. Overtime Work at Factories and Plants of Moscow Province. M., 1914. 31 pp. – 210–213.

"Bell," London – Geneva. – 93–94.

[Koltsov, D.] Working Masses and Underground. – "Ray," SPB., 1913, No. 15 (101), 19 January, p. 1. – 3.

– On Whose Side We Are. – "Ray," SPB., 1913, No. 108 (194), 12 May, p. 1. Signed: L. S. – 182.

Conference of Octobrists. – "Speech," SPB., 1913, No. 307 (2619), 9 (22) November, pp. 5–6. – 15.

Conference of the Constitutional Democratic Party, 23–25 March 1914. – "Speech," SPB., 1914, No. 83 (2752), 26 March (8 April), pp. 3–4. – 68, 283–284, 285, 286, 287, 293.

Conference of the Constitutional Democratic Party. (From Our Correspondent). Petersburg, 26 March. – "Kiev Thought," 1914, No. 86, 27 March, p. 5. – 68–69, 284.

Kosovsky, V. The Truthist Legend. – "Our Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1914, No. 3, 6 May, p. 2. – 320.

L. Vl. – see Vladimirov, M. K.

L. M. – see Martov, L.

L. S. – see Koltsov, D.

Larin, Yu. To the Right – and About-Face. (On the Present Situation). – "Life's Cause," SPB., 1911, No. 1, col. 47–58; No. 2, col. 10–20. – 77.

– Dispute of Two Tendencies and Unification. – "Struggle," SPB., 1914, No. 3, 12 April, pp. 30–34, in section: Tribune. – 57–79.

Latvian Workers' Newspaper on Malinovsky's Departure. – "Labor Truth," SPB., 1914, No. 1, 23 May, p. 2, in section: On Malinovsky's Departure. Signed: S. – 341.

Levinsky, V. Sketch of the Development of the Ukrainian Labor Movement in Galicia. With a foreword by L. Yurkevich. Reprint from the journal "Bell" (1913, books VI–XII and 1914, book I). Kiev, 1914. XII, 116 pp. – 314.

Levitsky, V. Liquidation or Rebirth? – "Our Dawn," SPB., 1910, No. 7, pp. 91–103, in section: On Current Topics. – 134, 350–351.

– From Revisionism to Marxism. – "Northern Workers' Newspaper," SPB., 1914, No. 46, 3 April, p. 2. – 181–182.

[Lenin, V. I.] English Liberals and Ireland. – "Path of Truth," SPB., 1914, No. 34, 12 March, p. 1. – 73.

– Bill on National Equality – see Lenin, V. I. Comrades!

– Cadets and "The Right of Peoples to Self-Determination." – "Proletarian Truth," SPB., 1913, No. 4, 11 December, p. 2. Signed: I. – 280.

– Cadets on the Ukrainian Question. – "Workers' Truth," SPB., 1913, No. 3, 16 July, p. 1. Signed: M. – 280.

– Caricature of Bolshevism. – "Proletarian," [Paris], 1909, No. 44. Supplement to No. 44 of the newspaper "Proletarian," 4 (17) April, pp. 1–2. – 356.

– Critical Notes on the National Question. – "Enlightenment," SPB., 1913, No. 10, pp. 95–105; No. 11, pp. 55–59; No. 12, pp. 56–64. Signed: V. Ilyin. – 257, 266.

– Latvian Workers on the Split in the S-D. Faction. – "Path of Truth," SPB., 1914, No. 50, 30 March, p. 3. – 87, 224.

*– Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. Critical Remarks on a Reactionary Philosophy. M., "Link," [May] 1909. III, 438 pp. Author's name before title: Vl. Ilyin. – 40, 355.

– Populism and Liquidationism as Elements of Decay in the Labor Movement. – "Proletarian Truth," SPB., 1913, No. 12, 20 December, p. 1. – 120.

– National-Liberalism and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination. – "Proletarian Truth," SPB., 1913, No. 12, 20 December, p. 1. – 281–282, 283.

– On Bolshevism. — In: Rubakin, N. A. Among Books. An Attempt at a Review of Russian Book Treasures in Connection with the History of Scientific-Philosophical and Literary-Social Ideas. A Reference Manual for Self-Education and for Systematization and Compilation of General-Education Libraries, as well as Bookstores. Vol. II. 2nd ed., supplemented and revised. M., "Science," 1913, pp. 772–773, in art.: "Preliminary Remarks" to subsection B. "Scientific Socialism. State Socialism and Social-Reformism." – 113.

# On the Duma Social-Democratic Faction. [Resolution adopted at the summer 1913 conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers]. – In: Notice and resolutions of the summer 1913 conference of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers. Publ. CC. [Paris, December] 1913, pp. 18–19. (RSDLP). – 198, 199, 410.

– On the Left Narodniks. – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 86, May 14, p. 1. – 236.

*– On Liquidationism and the group of liquidators. [Resolution adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party 1912. Publ. CC. Paris, coop. print. "Ideal", 1912, pp. 28–29. (RSDLP). – 4, 82, 168, 187, 193, 195, 336, 349, 364, 396, 448.

[Lenin, V. P.] On the Narodniks. [Resolution adopted at the summer 1913 conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers]. – In: Notice and resolutions of the summer 1913 conference of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers. Publ. CC. [Paris, December] 1913, pp. 23–24. (RSDLP). – 251, 328, 329.

– On the "Petition Campaign". [Resolution adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party 1912. Publ. CC. Paris, coop. print. "Ideal", 1912, p. 27. (RSDLP). – 370.

– On Forms of the Workers' Movement. (Lockout and Marxist Tactics). – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 54, April 4, p. 1. – 379, 381.

– On A. Bogdanov. – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 21, February 25, p. 2. – 353, 354.

– On Unity. – *Labour Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 2, May 30, p. 1. – 328–329.

– [Revision of the agrarian program of the workers' party. Chapter V]. – *Party News*, [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 12. Under general title: Drafts of agrarian program for the forthcoming congress. – 327.

– The Working Class and the Workers' Press. – *Labour Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 14, June 13, p. 1; No. 15, June 14, p. 1. – 252, 333, 431–432.

– The Development of Capitalism in Russia. The process of formation of an internal market for large-scale industry. 1896–1899. – 207–208.

– Exposing the "August" Fiction. – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 50, March 30, p. 3. – 87, 224.

– The Dissolution of the "August" Bloc. – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 37, March 15, p. 2. – 196–197, 201.

– Revolutionary Upsurge, Strikes and the Tasks of the Party. [Resolution adopted at the Cracow conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers]. – In: [Lenin, V. I.] Notice and resolutions of a conference of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers. February 1913. Publ. CC RSDLP. [Paris, first half of February 1913], pp. 9–11. (RSDLP). – 68, 59, 377–378, 379.

*– Resolutions, [adopted at the summer 1913 conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers]. – In: Notice and resolutions of the summer 1913 conference of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers. Publ. CC. [Paris, December] 1913, pp. 12–24. (RSDLP). – 144–145, 169, 178, 200, 221, 328, 374.

– Resolutions, [adopted at the Cracow conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers]. – In: [Lenin, V. I.] Notice and resolutions of a conference of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers. February 1913. Publ. CC RSDLP. [Paris, first half of February 1913], pp. 9–23. (RSDLP). – 169, 178, 200, 221, 328, 374.

– Resolution on the decision of the Socialist Bureau. – *Proletarian Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 9, December 17, p. 2. Signed: Group of Organized Marxists. – 117, 200–201.

*– Resolution on the national question, [adopted at the summer 1913 conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers]. – In: Notice and resolutions of the summer 1913 conference of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers. Publ. CC. [Paris, December] 1913, pp. 20–23. (RSDLP). – 144–145, 146, 299.

– Resolution on the organizational question and on the party congress, [adopted at the summer 1913 conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers]. – Ibid., p. 14. – 391.

– The Role of Estates and Classes in the Liberation Movement. – *Northern Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 22, August 28, p. 1. Signed: V. Ilyich. – 94–95.

– Tactical Wavering. – *Proletarian*, [Vyborg], 1906, No. 2, August 29, pp. 2–3. In newspaper edition: M. – 133.

– [Telegram concerning the investigation of the Malinovsky affair]. – *Worker*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 4, May 25, p. 1. – 343, 346.

– Comrades! – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 48, March 28, p. 2, in section: Russian Social-Democratic Labour Faction. – 85, 86.

[Lenin, V. I. and Zinoviev, G. E.] From the History of the Workers' Press in Russia. – *Worker*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 1, April 22, pp. 1–32. – 248, 328–329.

Lenin, V. I. and others. Marxism and Liquidationism. A Collection of Articles on the fundamental questions of the contemporary workers' movement. Part II. St. Petersburg, "Priboy", 1914. IV, 214 pp. – 118, 178, 227–234, 242–243, 411, 412, 431–432.

Lermontov, M. Yu. A. O. Smirnova. – 178.

Libman, Ph. A New Edition of an Old Error. (On the national question). – *Tzeit*, Petrograd, 1913, No. 28, September 17 (30), p. [page numbers]. In Hebrew. – 257, 258, 263, 281, 282, 288, 295, 307–308, 313, 314–315, 316, 320.

Lipin, F. I. Worker Deputies and the National Question. – *Tzeit*, Petrograd, 1913, No. 9, February 21 (March 6), p. 1. In Hebrew. – 215.

Lola, O. N. An Appeal to Ukrainian Workers. – *Labour Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 28, June 29, p. 3. Under general title: Southern district. – 360.

*Ray*, St. Petersburg. – 1, 2, 12, 82, 116, 117, 126, 163, 194, 196, 229, 336, 371.

– 1912, No. 1, September 16, p. 1. – 1.

– 1912, No. 37, October 28, p. 2. – 159–161.

– 1912, No. 53, November 17, p. 1. – 221.

– 1913, No. 15 (101), January 19, pp. 1, 2. – 3, 232.

– 1913, No. 95 (181), April 26, p. 2. – 197.

– 1913, No. 108 (194), May 12, p. 1. – 182.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. Manifesto of the Communist Party. December 1847 – January 1848. – 60, 236, 323.

Marx, K. Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, vols. I–III. 1867–1894. – 60, 236, 239.

– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, vol. I. 1867. – 37, 261.

– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, vol. III, pts. 1–2. 1894. – 37, 38–39.

– The Poverty of Philosophy. A Reply to Proudhon's "Philosophy of Poverty". First half of 1847. – 236, 239, 351.

– [Resolution of the General Council on Gladstone's policy toward Irish prisoners]. November 16, 1869. – 303–304, 305.

– Theories of Surplus Value (Vol. IV of *Capital*). January 1862 – July 1863. – 239.

– Inaugural Manifesto of the International Working Men's Association, founded September 28, 1864 at a public meeting held at St. Martin's Hall, Long Acre, London. October 21–27, 1864. – 301.

[Martov, L.] Intervention of the International and Social-Democratic Unity in Russia. II. – *Our Dawn*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 2, pp. 81–88. Signed: L. M. – 117, 123, 125.

– Groundless Triumph. – *Northern Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 44, April 1, p. 2. Signed: L. M. – 87, 88.

– Reply to Bulkin. – *Our Dawn*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 3, pp. 64–70. Signed: L. M. – 132, 168, 194, 334.

– [Letter to N. A. Rubakhin on the essence and history of Menshevism]. – In: Rubakhin, N. A. Among Books. An essay on a survey of Russian book wealth in connection with the history of scientific-philosophical and literary-social ideas. A reference guide for self-education and for organizing and developing general education libraries, as well as bookstores. Vol. II. 2nd ed., enlarged and revised. Moscow, "Nauka", 1913, pp. 771–772, in article: "Preliminary remarks" to subsection B. "Scientific Socialism. State Socialism and Social-Reformism". – 100, 113, 115–116.

– Under a Hail of Blows. – *Northern Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 39, March 26, p. 2. Signed: L. M. – 58–59.

*– The Schism in the Social-Democratic Faction. – *Our Dawn*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 10–11, pp. 89–101. – 24, 407–408.

– The Suicide of the Fourth Duma. – *Northern Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 61, April 23, p. 1. Signed: L. M. – 129.

– Saviors or Destroyers? (Who and how destroyed the RSDLP). Publ. "Voice of the Social-Democrat". Paris, imp. Gnatovsky, 1911. 47 pp. (RSDLP). – 343–344, 393.

International Socialist Congresses. [St. Petersburg], "Morning", [1906]. 90, [5] pp. – 295.

[Meshchersky, V. P.] Secrets. – *Citizen*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 14, April 6, pp. 5–6. Signed: Las-Nanas. – 64.

Moglyanksky, M. M. The "All-Ukrainian" Congress of Students. – *Speech*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 174 (2486), June 29 (July 12), pp. 2–3. – 279–280.

– Self-Determination and Separatism. – *Speech*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 331 (2643), December 3 (16), p. 3. – 280.

Moscow. – *Worker*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 6, May 29, p. 2, in section: On Malinovsky's departure. Workers' responses. Signed: Group (30 people). – 339, 349.

Moscow. April 10. – *Russian Gazette*, Moscow, 1914, No. 82, April 10, p. 2. – 155.

*Thought of Labour*, St. Petersburg. – 142.

– 1914, No. 1, April 20, pp. 1–2. – 140, 141, 142.

– 1914, No. 2, April 23, pp. 3–4. – 142.

P. R. G. – See *Our Workers' Newspaper*.

*People's Duma*, St. Petersburg. – 99.

*Scientific Thought*, Riga, 1908, No. 1, pp. 3–42. – 259–260.

*Beginning*, St. Petersburg. – 99.

*Our Path*, Moscow. – 248.

*Our Dawn*, St. Petersburg. – 2, 12, 115, 116, 117, 123, 125, 168, 193, 196, 334, 336, 385, 391.

– 1910, No. 7, pp. 91–103. – 134, 350–351.

– 1912, No. 6, pp. 8–20. – 402.

*– 1913, No. 10–11, pp. 89–101. – 24, 407–408.

– 1914, No. 2, pp. 81–88. – 117, 123, 125.

– 1914, No. 3, pp. 55–64, 64–70. – 132, 168, 194, 334.

– 1914, No. 4, pp. 59–65. – 224–225.

– 1914, No. 6, pp. 30–41. – 424–425.

*Our Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg. – 162, 163, 167, 218, 330, 334, 340, 341, 342, 346–347, 349, 357, 371, 372, 373, 385, 388, 391, 392, 393, 394, 400, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411, 416, 419, 420, 421, 431, 432.

– 1914, No. 2, May 4, p. 1. – 214, 215–216, 217, 218, 223, 415, 416.

– 1914, No. 3, May 6, p. 2. – 320.

– 1914, No. 17, May 23. 4 pp. – 247.

– 1914, No. 19, May 25. 4 pp. – 247.

– 1914, No. 21, May 29, p. 1. – 346, 347.

– 1914, No. 22, May 30, p. 3. – 346–347.

– 1914, No. 27, June 5, p. 1. – 330, 364, 404.

– 1914, No. 34, June 13, p. 2. – 388, 419–420, 421, 432.

– 1914, No. 41, June 21, p. 3. – 394.

Nekrasov, N. A. The Man of the Forties. – 347.

Nikolayevets. In the Struggle for the Press. (A meeting on the press). – *Northern Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 28, March 13, p. 2, in section: For freedom of the press. – 124, 127, 132, 203–204, 411.

*New Life*, St. Petersburg. – 99.

*New Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg. – 12, 22–23, 163, 168, 187, 231, 232, 343, 412.

– 1913, No. 69, October 29, p. 1; No. 71, October 31, p. 2. – 257, 258, 263, 275, 281, 282, 288, 295, 307–308, 315–316, 318, 436.

– 1913, No. 108, December 15, p. 1; No. 109, December 17, p. 1. – 117.

– 1914, No. 16, January 21, pp. 2–3. – 353, 358.

*New Times*, St. Petersburg. – 5, 6–8, 172, 282.

– 1913, No. 13563, December 13 (26), p. 4. – 282.

Novotorzhsky, G. Is Revision Necessary? (On the tasks of the labor group). – *Contemporary*, St. Petersburg, 1914, book 4, February, pp. 78–84. – 251.

*On Socialist-Revolutionaries. [Principal resolutions adopted at the Second Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: Second Ordinary Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. Complete text of protocols. Publ. CC. Geneva, party print., [1904], pp. 14–15, 358–359. (RSDLP). – 251, 254, 323, 328, 388.

On the Alliance of Narodniks and Liquidators. – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 38, March 16, p. 1. – 121, 323.

On the Unification of National Organizations on the ground. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party concerning the held regular All-Party conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). – 30, 386.

On Unification with the "Left" Wing of the PPS. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. (In December 1908). Publ. newspaper "Proletarian". Paris, 1909, p. 46. (RSDLP). – 25, 216–217.

On Unification with the "Left" Wing of the PPS. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party concerning the held regular All-Party conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). – 89, 225, 226.

[Announcement of the publication of No. 8 of the journal "Contemporary" for 1914]. – *Northern Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 66, April 29, p. 1. – 169–170, 324, 445.

[Announcement of the publication of No. 10 of the journal "Contemporary" for 1914]. – *Unity*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 1, May 18, p. 1. – 169, 324.

Organizational Statute, [adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (held in 1907). Complete text of protocols. Publ. CC. Paris, 1909, p. 459. (RSDLP). – 24, 389.

From the group of trade employees. (Telegram). – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 86, May 14, p. 2, in section: On Malinovsky's departure. Signed: Forty commercial employees of Moscow. – 341–342.

From the editorial office. [Editorial response of "Ray" to the article by N. N. Zhordania "Again on the underground"]. – *Ray*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 95 (181), April 26, p. 2. – 197.

From the guiding collective of the August Bloc. – *Our Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 21, May 29, p. 1, in section: On the Malinovsky case. – 346, 347.

From the Social-Democratic Duma Faction. An open reply. – *Our Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 2, May 4, p. 1. – 214, 215–216, 217, 218, 223, 415, 416.

From the Social-Democratic Faction. – *Our Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 22, May 30, p. 3. Signed: Social-Democratic Faction. – 346–347.

Open Letter to Deputies: Chkheidze, Chkhenkeli, Skobelev, Khaustov, Mankov, and Tulikov. – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 63, April 17, p. 2. Signed: Russian Social-Democratic Labour Faction. – 214, 215, 216–217, 415.

Open Letter [from members of the Paris and Geneva circles of the group "Forward"]. – *Struggle*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 4, April 28, p. 56. – 353, 354, 355, 356–357, 358.

Report. – *Unity*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 3, June 15, p. 4, in section: Workers' Life. – 374.

Report of the Caucasian delegation on the All-Party conference. Publ. Central Bureau of Foreign Groups of the RSDLP. Paris, Redaction du Socialisme, 1909. 53 pp. (RSDLP). – 226.

Report on Contributions Received for the Fund of "Labour Truth" from June 1 to June 10, 1914. – *Labour Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 15, June 14, p. 4. – 418, 419.

Report [on sums received for the fund of the newspaper "Path of Truth" as of June 1, 1914]. – *Labour Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 12, June 11, p. 4. – 419–420.

Report of F. Dan – See Report of the Caucasian delegation on the All-Party conference.

*Party News*, [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 12. – 327.

First of May. [Leaflet. Vienna, April 1913]. 2 pp. Signed: Organizational Committee of the RSDLP. – 402.

The Press. – *Speech*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 340 (2652), December 12 (25), p. 2. – 281, 282.

Peshekhonov, A. V. On Topical Questions. Democratization of Credit. – *Russian Wealth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 4, pp. 335–363. – 155, 157.

– On Topical Questions. Our Platform (its outlines and dimensions). – *Russian Wealth*, St. Petersburg, 1906, [No. 8], pp. 178–206. – 9, 318.

*Pikri* (*Duma*), Tiflis. In Georgian. – 248.

Letter to the Editorial Office. – *Struggle*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 5, May 16, pp. 24–25, in section: Tribune. – 359.

Letter to Party Organizations. [Letter 1. Leaflet]. [No place], [November 1904]. 4 pp. (For party members only). – 123, 133.

Plekhanov, G. V. Warring Brethren. – *Diary of a Social-Democrat*, Geneva, 1905, No. 2, August, pp. 37–49. – 222.

– A Talent for All Sisters. – *Diary of a Social-Democrat*, [Geneva], 1911, No. 15, October, pp. 7–33. – 393.

– On Our Tactics in regard to the Struggle of the Liberal Bourgeoisie Against Tsarism. (Letter to the Central Committee). Publ. RSDLP. Geneva, party print., 1905. 31 pp. (RSDLP). – 133.

– "Open Letter" and "Open Reply". Second Letter. – *Unity*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 2, June 1, pp. 1–2. – 337.

– Under a Hail of Bullets. Sketchy notes. Note No. 1. – *Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 78 (282), April 3, pp. 1–2. – 167, 223, 337.

– Draft Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. – *Dawn*, Stuttgart, 1902, No. 4, August, pp. 11–39, in section: A. – 281, 308.

– Don't Cry Over Spilled Milk. (Statement). – *Unity*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 2, June 1, p. 2. Under general title: On Malinovsky's departure. – 347–348.

– What Not to Do. – *Spark*, [Geneva], 1903, No. 52, November 7, pp. 1–2. – 222.

– What is Necessary in Order to Make Possible the Unification of Our Forces? First Letter. – *Unity*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 1, May 18, pp. 2–3. – 167–170, 233.

[Pokrovsky, M. N. Statement of refusal to participate in the publications of the group "Forward"]. – In: Forward. Collection of articles on current questions. No. 3. Publ. group "Forward". [Geneva, coop. print. "Union"], May 1911, col. 78. Signed: Domov. – 354.

Political Action. [Resolution adopted at the International Congress in London in 1896]. – In: International Socialist Congresses. [St. Petersburg], "Morning", [1906], pp. 25–26. – 295.

State of Affairs in the Party. [Resolution adopted at the plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10, in section: From the Party. – 25–26, 81, 88, 89, 115, 119, 131–132, 133–134, 167, 168, 214, 217–218, 221, 223, 233, 333, 335, 349, 350, 352, 356–367, 367, 370, 384, 385, 448, 449.

Statute on Elections to the State Duma. [June 3 (16), 1907]. – *Collection of Laws and Orders of the Government, published by the Governing Senate*, St. Petersburg, 1907, dept. 1, No. 94, June 3, art. 845, pp. 1303–1380. – 82, 194.

Pomyalovsky, N. G. Essays on the Seminary. – 314.

Potresov, A. N. P. B. Axelrod. (Forty-five Years of Public Activity). [St. Petersburg], "On the Eve", [1914]. 54 pp. – 123.

*Initiative*, Paris. – 120.

*Truth*, St. Petersburg. – 22, 82, 102, 126, 187, 192, 194, 229, 232, 248, 279, 353, 356, 357, 364, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 378, 381, 393, 403, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 418, 424.

– 1913, No. 78 (282), April 3, pp. 1–2. – 167, 223, 337.

*Right*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 33, August 18, col. 1912–1924. – 94–95, 98, 202.

Greetings to "Unity". – *Unity*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 1, May 18, p. 4. – 374.

Greetings to "Unity". – *Unity*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 2, June 1, p. 4. – 374.

Program of the Constitutional-Democratic Party, [adopted at the II Congress]. – In: Constitutional-Democratic Party. (Party of People's Freedom). Resolutions of the II Congress, January 5–11, 1906, and program. St. Petersburg, print. "Common Benefit", 1906, pp. 21–30. – 281, 282, 284, 310.

Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, adopted at the Second Congress of the Party. – In: Second Ordinary Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. Complete text of protocols. Publ. CC. Geneva, party print., [1904], pp. 1–6. (RSDLP). – 3, 24, 26, 98, 214, 215, 218, 244, 257, 258, 265, 267, 268, 269, 272, 275, 278, 279, 294, 295, 307–316, 320, 369–370, 385, 386, 390, 435, 438, 439, 440.

Draft agrarian program, worked out by the Bolsheviks for the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP – See Lenin, V. I. Revision of the agrarian program of the workers' party. Chapter V.

*Proletarian*, [Vyborg – Geneva – Paris]. – 99.

– [Vyborg], 1906, No. 2, August 29, pp. 2–3. In newspaper edition: M. – 133.

– [Geneva], 1908, No. 21, February 26 (13), p. 4. – 389–390.

– [Paris], 1909, No. 44. Supplement to No. 44 of newspaper "Proletarian", April 4 (17), pp. 1–2. – 356.

*Proletarian Truth*, St. Petersburg. – 281, 282, 283.

– 1913, No. 4, December 11, p. 2. – 280.

– 1913, No. 9, December 17, p. 2. – 117, 200–201.

*– 1913, No. 12, December 20, p. 1. – 120, 281–282, 283.

*Education*, St. Petersburg. – 185, 393.

– 1913, No. 10, pp. 95–105; No. 11, pp. 55–59; No. 12, pp. 56–64. Signed: V. Ilyich. – 257, 266.

*Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg. – 78, 104–105, 115, 127, 413, 419, 420, 421, 422, 424, 425.

– 1914, No. 21, February 25, p. 2. – 353, 354.

– 1914, No. 34, March 12, p. 1. – 73.

– 1914, No. 37, March 15, p. 2. – 196–197, 201.

– 1914, No. 38, March 16, p. 1. – 121, 323.

– 1914, No. 47, March 27, p. 1. – 59.

– 1914, No. 48, March 28, p. 2. – 85, 86.

– 1914, No. 50, March 30, p. 3. – 87, 224, 415.

– 1914, No. 54, April 4, p. 1. – 379, 381.

– 1914, No. 55, April 5, p. 3. – 379.

– 1914, No. 63, April 17, p. 2. – 214, 215, 216–217, 415.

– 1914, No. 68, April 23, p. 2. – 151–152.

– 1914, No. 86, May 14, pp. 1, 2. – 236, 341–342.

– 1914, No. 92, May 21, p. 2. – 340, 341, 342–343, 345, 394.

Pushkin, A. S. The Hero. – 65.

– Eugene Onegin. – 192.

R. V. Malinovsky. (Deputy from Moscow Workers). – *Ray*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 37, October 28, p. 2. – 159–161.

*Worker*, Geneva. – 98.

*Workers' Thought*, [St. Petersburg – Berlin – Warsaw – Geneva]. – 96, 97.

*Workers' Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 3, July 16, p. 1. – 280.

*Workers' Cause*, Geneva. – 97–98.

*Worker*, St. Petersburg, 1885, Nos. 1–2, January–July. – 95–96.

*Worker*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 1, April 22, pp. 1–32. – 248, 328–329.

– 1914, No. 4, May 25, p. 1. – 343, 346.

– 1914, No. 6, May 29, p. 2. – 339, 349.

Rakitnikov, N. I. Serfdom and Capitalism. – *Bold Thought*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 7, June 1, p. 2. – 36.

The Schism of the Duma Faction. – *Struggle*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 1, February 22, pp. 27–30. – 197–198, 199, 200.

Resolutions. – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 92, May 21, p. 2, in section: On Malinovsky's departure. Signed: Representatives of 10 professional societies of Moscow. – 340, 341, 342–343, 345, 394.

Resolutions of the December 1913 session of the International Socialist Bureau – See Das Internationale Bureau.

[Resolutions adopted at the plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), pp. 10–11, in section: From the Party. – 24, 25–26, 167, 200, 218, 221, 357.

[Resolutions adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party concerning the held regular All-Party conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–7. (RSDLP). – 24, 25, 26, 167, 200, 218, 221, 225.

[Resolutions adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (held in 1907). Complete text of protocols. Publ. CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 454–458. (RSDLP). – 24, 200, 221.

Resolutions, [adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party 1912. Publ. CC. Paris, coop. print. "Ideal", 1912, pp. 14–34. (RSDLP). – 82, 83, 169, 178, 200, 221, 328, 370, 374.

Resolution on Trade Unions, [adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (held in 1907). Complete text of protocols. Publ. CC. Paris, 1909, p. 458. (RSDLP). – 389–390.

Resolution on Trade Unions, [adopted by the CC RSDLP in January 1908]. – *Proletarian*, [Geneva], 1908, No. 21, February 26 (13), p. 4, in section: From the Party. – 389–390.

Resolution on relations toward non-proletarian parties, [adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (held in 1907). Complete text of protocols. Publ. CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 454–455. (RSDLP). – 251, 254, 328, 388.

Resolution on Reports, [adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. (In December 1908). Publ. newspaper "Proletarian". Paris, 1909, p. 38. (RSDLP). – 25, 216.

Resolution on Reports, [adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party concerning the held regular All-Party conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 4. (RSDLP). – 81, 88, 89, 115, 116, 119, 131, 167, 188, 193, 206, 214, 221, 223, 233, 367, 370, 375, 384, 448, 449.

Resolution of representatives of 10 professional societies of Moscow – See Resolutions.

[Resolution adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP as a supplement to the draft conditions for the unification of the Bund with the RSDLP]. – In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, held in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov print., 1907, p. 392. – 386.

*Speech*, St. Petersburg. – 279, 283, 334, 337, 413.

– 1913, No. 174 (2486), June 29 (July 12), pp. 2–3. – 279–280.

– 1913, No. 307 (2619), November 9 (22), pp. 5–6. – 15.

– 1913, No. 331 (2643), December 3 (16), p. 3. – 280.

– 1913, No. 340 (2652), December 12 (25), p. 2. – 281, 282.

– 1914, No. 83 (2752), March 26 (April 8), pp. 3–4. – 68, 283–284, 285, 286, 287, 293.

*Speech*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 152 (2821), June 7 (20), p. 2. – 331–332, 333–334, 335, 339.

Riga. General meeting of the board members of sick funds for the purpose of nominating candidates to the provincial insurance council. – *Thought of Labour*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 2, April 23, pp. 3–4. Signed: Foreigner. – 142.

Rubakhin, N. A. Among Books. An essay on a survey of Russian book wealth in connection with the history of scientific-philosophical and literary-social ideas. A reference guide for self-education and for organizing and developing general education libraries, as well as bookstores. Vol. II. 2nd ed., enlarged and revised. Moscow, "Nauka", 1913. XV, 930, 67 pp. – 100, 111–114, 115–116.

*Russian Thought*, Moscow – Petrograd. – 90, 172, 338–339.

– 1913, book XII, pp. 1–12. – 268.

– 1914, book III, pp. 10–14. – 90–92, 172–176.

*Russian Gazette*, Moscow, 1914, No. 82, April 10, p. 2. – 155.

*Russian Wealth*, St. Petersburg. – 12, 182, 235, 446.

– 1906, [No. 8], pp. 178–206. – 9, 318.

– 1914, No. 1, pp. 276–299. – 10–12.

– 1914, No. 4, pp. 335–363. – 155, 157.

*Russian Banner*, St. Petersburg. – 162.

*Russian Word*, Moscow. – 450.

[Ryazanov, D. B.] Shattered Illusions. On the causes of the crisis in our party. Publ. by the author. Geneva, 1904. 117 pp. (RSDLP). Authored by: N. Ryazanov. – 205.

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E. Abroad. – 202, 283–284, 313, 314, 315.

– Trifles of Life. – 308.

*St. Petersburg Workers' Leaflet*. – 96.

*Northern Thought*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 1, November 23, p. 3. – 120.

– 1913, No. 2, November 26, p. 2. – 120.

*Northern Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 22, August 28, p. 1. – 94–95.

*Northern Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg. – 2, 12, 78, 87, 89, 115, 116–117, 123, 142, 163, 186, 233, 381, 415, 416, 419, 420, 422, 424, 425, 426.

– 1914, No. 11, February 21, p. 2. – 2, 3, 186, 196.

– 1914, No. 28, March 13, p. 2. – 124, 127, 132, 203–204, 411.

– 1914, No. 35, March 21, p. 2. – 146–147.

– 1914, No. 36, March 22, p. 1. – 418, 420.

– 1914, No. 39, March 26, p. 2. – 58–59.

– 1914, No. 44, April 1, p. 2. – 87, 88.

– 1914, No. 46, April 3, p. 2. – 181–182.

– 1914, No. 48, April 5, pp. 1, 3. – 87, 88, 89, 380.

– 1914, No. 51, April 11, p. 1. – 132, 381.

– 1914, No. 61, April 23, p. 1. – 129.

– 1914, No. 66, April 29, p. 1. – 169–170, 324, 445.

Sedov, L. – See Koltsov, D.

Semkovsky, S. Yu. Simplified Marxism on the National Question. – *New Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 69, October 29, p. 1; No. 71, October 31, p. 2. – 257, 258, 263, 275, 281, 282, 288, 295, 307–308, 315–316, 318, 436.

*Bold Thought*, St. Petersburg. – 252, 326, 331.

– 1914, No. 7, June 1, p. 2. – 236.

– 1914, No. 9, June 6, pp. 1–2. – 239.

Snessarev, P. V. Mirage of "New Times". Almost a Novel. St. Petersburg, print. of Pivovarsky and Typographer, 1914. 135 pp. – 5–8.

*Contemporary*, St. Petersburg. – 153, 169, 251, 253, 324, 329, 340, 445–446.

– 1914, book 4, February, pp. 78–84. – 251.

– 1914, book 6, March, pp. 59–69, 83–87. – 446.

– 1914, book 7, April, pp. 66–78. – 324–325, 326, 327, 388–389.

*Contemporary*, St. Petersburg, 1914, book 9, May, pp. 64–71. – 328.

– 1914, book 12, June, pp. 69–81. – 170.

*Present Situation and Tasks of the Party. A Platform worked out by a group of Bolsheviks. Publ. group "Forward". Paris, coop. print. "Union", [1909]. 32 pp. (RSDLP). – 353–354, 355–356, 359.

*The Contemporary World*, [St. Petersburg, 1911], No. 7, pp. 345–348. – 355.

[Notice of contributions received for the newspaper "Unity"]. – *Unity*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 3, June 15, p. 4, in section: Workers' Life. – 374.

*Social-Democrat*, [Vilno – St. Petersburg – Paris – Geneva]. – 169, 357, 369, 448.

– [Paris], 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), pp. 10–11. – 24, 25–26, 81, 88, 89, 115, 119, 131–132, 133–134, 167, 168, 200, 214, 217–218, 221, 223, 233, 333, 335, 349, 350, 352, 356–357, 367, 370, 384, 385, 448, 449.

– No. 28–29 – No. 32, November 5 (18), 1912 – December 15 (28), 1913. – 377.

*Companion of the Worker for 1914. St. Petersburg, "Priboy", [1914]. [8], 190 pp., [90]. – 247, 249, 376.

Among Newspapers and Journals. – *New Times*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 13563, December 13 (26), p. 4. – 282.

Statistics of Land Tenure in 1905. A compilation of data from 50 provinces of European Russia. St. Petersburg, print. of Minkov, 1907. 199 pp.; L pages of tables. (Central Statistical Commission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 176.

Article 767 [of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire]. – In: Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 9. Laws on Estates. Edition of 1899. St. Petersburg, state print., [n.d.], p. 155. – 17.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Council]. 1913–1914. Session nine. Meetings 1–59 (November 1, 1913 – June 30, 1914) and meeting of July 26, 1914. St. Petersburg, state print., 1914. XLV pp.; 3144, 16 col. – 14–15.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1912–1913. Session one. Part I. Meetings 1–30 (from November 15, 1912 to March 20, 1913). St. Petersburg, state print., 1913. XXI pp., 2437 col. (State Duma. Fourth convocation). – 215.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1913. Session one. Part II. Meetings 31–54 (from March 22 to May 24, 1913). St. Petersburg, state print., 1913. XV pp., 2246 col., pp. 2247–2251 appendix. (State Duma. Fourth convocation). – 149.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1914. Session two. Parts II–III. St. Petersburg, state print., 1914. 2 vols. (State Duma. Fourth convocation).

– Part II. Meetings 29–52 (from January 22 to March 19). XVIII pp., 1992 col. – 411.

– Part III. Meetings 53–75 (from March 21 to May 5, 1914). XIX pp., 2046 col. – 57, 138.

*Steadfast Thought*, St. Petersburg. – 182, 235.

– 1914, No. 5, March 7, p. 3. – 121, 323.

– 1914, No. 13, March 26, p. 1. – 58–59.

– 1914, No. 14, March 28, pp. 2–3. – 60–62.

– 1914, No. 18, April 9. 4 pp. – 401.

– 1914, No. 20, April 13, pp. 1–2. – 155, 157–158.

*Workers' Insurance*, St. Petersburg. – 390.

Streltsov, R. E. The Unification Policy of the International. – *Contemporary*, St. Petersburg, 1914, book 6, March, pp. 83–87. – 446.

Struve, P. B. The Fundamental Antinomy of the Theory of Labor Value. – *Life*, St. Petersburg, 1900, No. 2, pp. 297–306. – 37.

– Economy and Price. Critical studies on the theory and history of economic life. Part I. Economy and Society. – Price-value. St. Petersburg – Moscow, [Ryabushinsky], 1913. IV, XXXV, 358 pp. (Studies and works on political economy and social knowledge, publ. under the editorship of P. B. Struve. Issue III). – 34–54.

– The Economic Problem of "Great Russia". Notes of an economist on war and national economy. – In: Great Russia. A collection of articles on military and social questions. Book 2. Moscow, Ryabushinsky, [1911], pp. 143–154. – 34.

Sukhanov, N. Unity. – *Contemporary*, St. Petersburg, 1914, book 12, June, pp. 69–81. – 170.

– A Few Words on Marxism and Revisionism. – *Contemporary*, St. Petersburg, 1914, book 7, April, pp. 66–78. – 324–325, 326, 327, 388–389.

Sukhanov, N. A Few Words on Populism. – *Contemporary*, St. Petersburg, 1914, book 6, March, pp. 59–69. – 446.

Terlatch, G. A Brief Guide to a Systematic Knowledge of Civil Private Law of Russia. Parts I–II. St. Petersburg, 1810. 110, 241 pp. – 36.

[Tikhomirnov, V. A.] Collections for Marxist newspapers "Truthist" (truth.) and liquidator (liq.) in St. Petersburg from January 1 to May 13, 1914. [Table]. – In: Lenin, V. I. and others. Marxism and Liquidationism. A collection of articles on the fundamental questions of the contemporary workers' movement. Part II. St. Petersburg, "Priboy", 1914, p. 208, in article: Lenin, V. I. "The Working Class and the Workers' Press". – 178, 227–234, 242–243, 412, 431–432.

*Comrade*, St. Petersburg. – 124.

Comrades! Two years have passed since on the distant Lena… [Leaflet. St. Petersburg, April 4, 1914]. 2 pp. Signed: Petrograd Committee of the RSDLP. – 378–379, 380, 381.

– A Song from Sevastopol. – 316.

Third Ordinary Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. Complete text of protocols. Publ. CC. Geneva, party print., 1905. XXIX, 401 pp. – 404.

[Trotsky, L. D.] Our Political Tasks. (Tactical and organizational questions). Publ. RSDLP. Geneva, party print., 1904. XI, 107 pp. (RSDLP). Authored by: N. Trotsky. – 99, 205.

– Parliamentarism and the Working Class. – *Struggle*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 1, February 22, pp. 31–35. Signed: N. Trotsky. – 202–203.

– The Workers' Journal. – *Northern Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 11, February 21, p. 2. Signed: N. Trotsky. – 3, 186.

Trubetskoy, E. N. A New Zemstvo Russia. (From observations of a zemstvo activist). – *Russian Thought*, Moscow – Petrograd, 1913, book XII, pp. 1–12. – 268.

*Labour Truth*, St. Petersburg. – 252, 330, 331, 432.

– 1914, No. 1, May 23, p. 2. – 341.

– 1914, No. 2, May 30, p. 1. – 328–329.

– 1914, No. 4, June 1, p. 1. – 330.

– 1914, No. 7, June 5, p. 3. – 348, 349.

*– 1914, No. 12, June 11, pp. 1, 4. – 249, 419–420.

– 1914, No. 14, June 13, p. 1; No. 15, June 14, p. 1. – 252, 333, 431–432.

– 1914, No. 15, June 14, p. 4. – 418, 419.

– 1914, No. 28, June 29, p. 3. – 360.

*Uralsky, N. How Does This Happen? (Workers' correspondence in the liquidator newspaper). – *Labour Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 12, June 11, p. 1. – 249.

[Conditions for the merger of the SDKPIL with the RSDLP, adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, held in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov print., 1907, pp. 345–348. – 429.

Uspensky, G. I. The Booth. – 282, 285.

F. A. – See Adler, F.

F. D. – See Dan, F. I.

False Explanations. – *Tzeit*, Petrograd, 1914, No. 17 (56), May 8 (21), p. 2. Signed: A-r. In Hebrew. – 225–226.

*Tzeit*, Petrograd. In Hebrew. – 88, 248.

– 1913, No. 2, December 29. 4 pp. In Hebrew. – 245.

– 1913, No. 9, February 21 (March 6), p. 1. In Hebrew. – 215.

– 1913, No. 28, September 17 (30), pp. 3–4. In Hebrew. – 257, 258, 263, 281, 282, 288, 295, 307–308, 313, 314–315, 316, 320.

– 1914, No. 14 (53), April 3 (16), p. 2. In Hebrew. – 88.

– 1914, No. 17 (56), May 8 (21), p. 2. In Hebrew. – 225–226.

*Cherevanin, N. The London Congress of the RSDLP. 1907. With the appendix of adopted resolutions and their drafts. [St. Petersburg], "Struggle", [1907]. 102 pp. – 133, 222.

April 4 in St. Petersburg. – *Northern Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 48, April 5, p. 3. – 380.

What do workers' deputies think about the political situation and on the unification of Marxists? (Conversation with comrades Petrovsky and Chkheidze). – *Unity*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 4, June 29, p. 2. – 414, 415, 416.

What Next? – *Ray*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 53, November 17, p. 1. – 221.

*Paths*, Lvov, 1913, No. 8–9, September 1. – 280.

State Expedition for Printing Government Documents. – *Path of Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 68, April 23, p. 2, in section: Workers' responses. – 151–152.

Emile Vandervelde in Petersburg. – *Our Workers' Newspaper*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 27, June 5, p. 1. – 330, 364, 404.

Emile Vandervelde at the editorial office of the newspaper "Labour Truth". – *Labour Truth*, St. Petersburg, 1914, No. 4, June 1, p. 1. – 330.

Emile Vandervelde on Russia. – *Kiev Thought*, 1914, No. 159, June 12, p. 2. – 332.

*Echo*, St. Petersburg. – 99.

Yurkevich, L. Foreword. – In: Levinsky, V. An Essay on the Development of the Ukrainian Workers' Movement in Galicia. With a foreword by L. Yurkevich. Reprinted from the journal "Bell" (1913, books VI–XII and 1914, book I). Kiev, 1914, pp. V–XII. – 314.

*– Russian Marxists and the Ukrainian Workers' Movement. – *Bell*, [Kiev], 1913, No. 7–8, pp. 83–94. – 257, 258, 263, 281, 282, 288, 295, 307–308, 314–315, 316.

Yakovlevich, Ya. "Obligatory" Economy. – *Russian Thought*, Moscow – Petrograd, 1914, book III, pp. 10–14, in section: In Russia and Abroad. – 90–92, 172–176.

[Adler, F.] That Which Endures in Marxism. – *The Struggle*, Vienna, 1914, No. 7, April, pp. 334–335. Signed: F. A. – 180.

Bernhard, L. The Polish Commonwealth in the Prussian State. The Polish Question. Leipzig, Duncker und Humblot, 1907. X, 686 pp., 2 maps. – 319.

Bernstein, E. [Letter]. – *The People*, Brussels, 1914, April 11. – 181.

– The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy. Stuttgart, 1902. X, 188 pp. – 181.

The Relations between the Political Party and Trade Unions. [Resolution of the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart]. – In: International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart. August 18–24, 1907. Berlin, "Vorwärts" Publishing House, 1907, pp. 50–51. – 389–390.

*Periodic Bulletin of the International Socialist Bureau, Brussels, 1913, No. 11. Supplement to the "Periodic Bulletin of the International Socialist Bureau" No. 11. 6 pp. – 81.

Party Unity. [Resolution of the International Socialist Congress in Amsterdam]. – In: International Socialist Congress at Amsterdam. August 14–20, 1904. Berlin, Dispatch of the "Vorwärts" Publishing House, 1904, p. 32. – 178.

Engels, F. [Letter to K. Marx]. May 23, 1851. – In: The Correspondence between Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. 1844 to 1883. Edited by A. Bebel and E. Bernstein. Vol. 1. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1913, pp. 187–191. – 300.

*– [Letter to K. Marx]. November 20, 1868. – Ibidem, vol. 4, pp. 113–114. – 303.

*– [Letter to K. Marx]. October 24, 1869. – Ibidem, pp. 197–198. – 303, 305.

Law Against Socially Dangerous Activities of the Social Democrats. October 21, 1878. – *Imperial Law Gazette*, Berlin, 1878, No. 34, pp. 351–358. – 368.

Hacker, S. Socialism in Poland. – *The New Era*, Stuttgart, 1895–1896, vol. XIV, vol. II, No. 37, pp. 324–332. – 296.

*Humanity*, Paris, 1914, No. 3717, June 21, p. 3. – 246, 249, 330, 331, 332, 363, 375, 448.

The International Bureau. – *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1913, No. 333, December 18, p. 3. In section: From the Party. – 81, 84, 117, 200, 364, 398–399, 443.

The International Social Democracy and the Nationalities Conflict in Austria. [The draft resolution of the executive of the South Slavic Social-Democratic Party, submitted to the General Party Congress of the Social Democracy in Austria, held in Brünn]. – In: Proceedings of the General Party Congress of the Social Democracy in Austria, held in Brünn from September 24–29, 1899 in the "Workers' Home". According to the stenographic protocols. Vienna, Brand, 1899, p. XV. – 146.

The International Social Democracy and the Nationalities Conflict in Austria. [The resolution of the General Party Congress of the Social Democracy in Austria, held in Brünn]. – Ibidem, pp. XV–XVI. – 271–272.

[Interview of Mr. Emile Vandervelde]. – *The People*, Brussels, 1914, June 21. – 330, 331, 332, 363, 375, 448.

*Young Voice*, Riga. – 22–23, 341.

*The Struggle*, Vienna, 1914, No. 7, April, pp. 334–335. – 180.

Kautsky, K. The End of Poland? – *The New Era*, Stuttgart, 1895–1896, vol. XIV, vol. II, No. 42, pp. 484–491; No. 43, pp. 513–525. – 275, 275, 296.

– Nationality and Internationality. Stuttgart, Singer, [1908]. 36 pp. (Supplementary issues to *The New Era*. No. 1. 1907/1908. Issued January 18, 1908). – 259–260, 262, 263.

The Colonial Question. [Resolution of the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart]. – In: International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart. August 18–24, 1907. Berlin, "Vorwär

Political Action. [Resolution of the International Socialist Workers' and Trade Union Congress in London]. – In: Proceedings and Resolutions of the International Socialist Workers' and Trade Union Congress in London from July 27 to August 1, 1896. Berlin, Expedition of the Publishing House «Vorwärts», 1896, pp. 18, 70–71, 258, 281, 295, 296, 297, 299, 316, 435, 438, 439, 440.

«Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny», [Krakow], 1908, No. 6, August, p. 482–515; No. 7, September, p. 597–631; No. 8–9, October–November, p. 687–710; No. 10, December, p. 795–818; *1909, No. 12, June, p. 136–163; No. 14–15, August–September, p. 351–376. – 257, 258, 259, 260–261, 262, 263, 264–275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 284, 286, 289–294, 295–296, 299, 309, 312, 316, 317–318, 435–440.

«Reichsgesetzblatt», Berlin, 1878, No. 34, pp. 351–358. – 368.

«Sozialistische Monatshefte», Berlin. – 109, 110, 180.

«The Times», London. – 302.

– 1914, No. 40,479, March 24, p. 14. – 74–75.

«Too Haul», Narva. – 248.

[Trotsky, L. D.] From Russian Party Life. – «Vorwärts», Berlin, 1912, No. 72, March 26. 1. Supplement to «Vorwärts», p. 1. – 195, 381–382, 443.

* Proceedings of the General Party Congress of the Social Democracy in Austria, held in Brno from September 24 to 29, 1899 in the «Arbeiterheim». From the stenographic record. Vienna, Brand, 1899. XX, 144 pp. – 146, 271–272.

* Proceedings and Resolutions of the International Socialist Workers' and Trade Union Congress in London from July 27 to August 1, 1896. Berlin, Expedition of the Publishing House «Vorwärts», 1896. 32 pp. – 70–71, 258, 281, 295, 296, 297, 299, 316, 435, 438, 439, 440.

«Vilnis», Riga. – 248.

«Vorwärts», Berlin. – 126, 195, 381–382.

– 1912, No. 72, March 26. 1. Supplement to «Vorwärts», p. 1. – 195, 381–382, 443.

– 1913, No. 333, December 18, p. 3. – 81, 84, 117, 200, 364, 398–399, 443.

Willy, R. Against School Wisdom. A Critique of Philosophy. Munich, Langen. Publishing House for Literature and Art, 1905. 219 pp. – 40.

Z. L. On the Question of Unification in Russia. – «Leipziger Volkszeitung», 1914, No. 157, July 11. 3. Supplement to No. 157 of «Leipziger Volkszeitung», p. 1. – 431, 432.

Index of Names

A

Avenarius (Avenarius), Richard (1843–1896) – German bourgeois philosopher, subjective idealist, from 1877 professor at the University of Zurich. In 1876, in the work «Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäss dem Prinzip des kleinsten Kraftmasses» («Philosophy as Thinking about the World in Accordance with the Principle of the Least Expenditure of Force»), he formulated the fundamental tenets of empirio-criticism – a reactionary philosophy that revived the subjective idealism of Berkeley and Hume.

Principal works: «Der menschliche Weltbegriff», 1891 («The Human Concept of the World») and «Kritik der reinen Erfahrung», 1888–1890 («Critique of Pure Experience»). From 1877 Avenarius edited the journal «Vierteljahrsschrift fur wissenschaftliche Philosophie» («Quarterly of Scientific Philosophy»). – 355.

Adler (Adler), Friedrich (F. A.) (1879–1960) – Austrian social-democrat, one of the theorists of «austro-Marxism», which is a variety of reformism. In 1907–1911 – private lecturer at the University of Zurich; in philosophy – a supporter of empirio-criticism, he attempted to «supplement» Marxism with Machist philosophy. In 1910–1911 – editor of the organ of the Swiss Social-Democratic Party – the newspaper «Volksrecht» («People's Right»), then secretary of the Austrian Social-Democratic Party. On October 21, 1916, he shot the Austrian Prime Minister Count Stürgkh; V. I. Lenin characterized this act as «the act of desperation of a Kautskyite» (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 35, p. 192). Being a reformist in politics, he was among the organizers of the III½ International (1921–1923), and later one of the leaders of the Socialist Labour International. – 180–181.

Aquinas, Thomas – see Thomas Aquinas.

Akimov (Makhnovets[93]), V. P. (1872–1921) – social-democrat, a prominent representative of «economism», an extreme opportunist.

Was one of the leaders of the «Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad», spoke against the «Emancipation of Labour» group and later against «Iskra». After the II Congress of the RSDLP – active Menshevik. During the period of the 1905–1907 revolution he defended the liquidationist idea of creating a non-party workers' organization within which social-democracy would be merely one of the ideological currents. During the years of reaction he withdrew from social-democracy. – 98, 324.

Axelrod, P. B. (1850–1928) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. In 1883 he participated in founding the «Emancipation of Labour» group. From 1900 – member of the editorial board of «Iskra» and «Zarya». After the II Congress of the RSDLP – active Menshevik. In 1905 he put forward the opportunistic idea of convening a «workers' congress», which he opposed to the party of the proletariat. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing – one of the leaders of the liquidators, member of the editorial board of the Menshevik-liquidators' newspaper «Voice of the Social-Democrat»; in 1912 he participated in the anti-party August bloc. During the First World War – a centrist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. He met the October socialist revolution with hostility; while in emigration, he propagandized armed intervention against Soviet Russia. – 3, 113, 123, 216, 254, 402.

Alexeev, P. A. (1849–1891) – well-known revolutionary of the 1870s, by profession a textile worker. In 1873 he was part of a revolutionary workers' circle in Petersburg; from November 1874 he took active part in revolutionary propaganda among workers in Moscow. In April 1875 he was arrested and in 1877 tried under the «trial of the fifty». At trial he refused a defender and on March 10 (22) delivered his famous speech, which he concluded with a prediction of the inevitable fall of tsarist autocracy. Alexeev's speech was later distributed in numerous underground publications and had considerable influence on the revolutionary movement in Russia. V. I. Lenin characterized it as «a great prophecy of the Russian worker-revolutionary» (Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 4, p. 377). On March 14 (26), 1877, Alexeev was sentenced to 10 years hard labour; in 1884 he was released to exile and lived in Yakutia, where on August 16 (28), 1891, he was killed by robbers. – 94.

Alexinsky, G. A. (born 1879) – in the beginning of his political activity – a social-democrat. During the period of the first Russian revolution he joined the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction – a recallist, one of the organizers of the anti-party group «Vperyod» (Forward). During the First World War – a social-chauvinist, contributor to a number of bourgeois newspapers. In 1917 he entered the Plekhanov group «Unity» and took a counter-revolutionary position. In July 1917, having fabricated false documents together with the military counter-intelligence, he slandered V. I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks. In April 1918 he fled abroad. In emigration he joined the camp of extreme reaction. – 119, 222, 354, 355, 394, 428.

Allemane (Allemane), Jean (1843–1935) – French petty-bourgeois socialist, by profession a printing worker. In 1871 he participated in the Paris Commune, for which he was sentenced to life hard labour. In 1879 he was amnestied and in 1882 joined the Possibilists – an opportunistic trend in the Workers' Party of France. In 1890, after a split among the Possibilists, he headed the «Workers' Social-Revolutionary Party» («Allemanists») – one of the opportunistic semi-anarchist groupings in the French workers' movement of the late nineteenth century. The Allemanists in 1901–1902 joined the French Socialist Party and in 1905 – the United Socialist Party of France. In 1901, 1906, and 1910 Allemane was elected to parliament. After his defeat in the parliamentary elections of 1914 he withdrew from political activity. – 83–84.

Amfiteatrov, A. V. (1862–1938) – bourgeois writer-feuilletonist, contributed to both bourgeois-liberal and reactionary press. In 1905 he went to France, where he stayed for several years. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist, one of the founders of the reactionary nationalist newspaper «Russian Will», which in 1917 conducted a pogrom campaign against the Bolshevik party and the newspaper «Pravda». After the October socialist revolution – a White emigrant. – 7–8.

An – see Zhordania, N. N.

Antid, Otto – see Trotsky, L. D.

Anthony of Volyn (Khrapovitsky, A. P.) (1863–1936) – a fierce Black Hundredist, head of the far-right trend in the Russian Orthodox Church, one of the most prominent conductors of the reactionary policy of tsarism. From 1902 he was the Bishop of Volyn, later Archbishop of Kharkov. During the Civil War and foreign military intervention he collaborated with Denikin. After the defeat of the counter-revolution he fled abroad, where he became one of the leaders of the monarchist emigration. – 172, 175.

Antonov – see Popov, A. V.

Aristotle (384–322 BCE) – a great ancient Greek thinker, ideologist of the ruling class of ancient slave-owning society. Aristotle was a student of Plato but rejected the idealistic theory of his teacher, subjecting it to severe criticism. In his philosophical views he wavered between idealism and materialism. Aristotle developed a comprehensive system of knowledge of his time, formulated the fundamental laws of formal logic, and conducted economic investigations: it is precisely with him that Marx begins his exposition of the history of the doctrine of the commodity, value, money, and the first forms of capital – usurious and merchant capital (see «A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy» and Volume I of «Capital»). – 47.

Asquith (Asquith), Herbert Henry (1852–1928) – English political and state figure, leader of the Liberal Party. He was first elected to parliament in 1886. He repeatedly held ministerial positions; from 1908 to 1916 he headed the government. He was an exponent of the views of English imperialist bourgeoisie and its annexationist aspirations. He pursued a policy of suppressing the workers' and liberation movements. After his resignation in 1916 he played no significant political role. – 74.

B

Babushkin, I. V. (1873–1906) – worker, professional revolutionary, Bolshevik. He began his revolutionary activity in 1893 in a workers' circle directed by V. I. Lenin. He took active part in the compilation by Lenin of the first agitational social-democratic leaflet «To the Workers of the Semyannikov Factory» and in its distribution at the factory. From the moment of Lenin's organization of the Petersburg «Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class» Babushkin became its most active member and Lenin's closest assistant. He took active part in the organization of Lenin's «Iskra», was one of its first agents and an active correspondent. He was repeatedly arrested and exiled. Active participant in the 1905–1907 revolution, member of the Irkutsk and Chita committees of the RSDLP. While transporting weapons from Chita, Babushkin was captured by a punitive detachment and shot without trial or investigation. Lenin, highly valuing Babushkin's self-sacrificing devotion to the revolution, wrote that he was «one of the best, most devoted workers-«Iskra agents», leaders of the revolutionary proletariat» (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 29, p. 465). Lenin wrote an obituary about Babushkin – see Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 20, pp. 79–83. – 96.

Badayev, A. E. (1883–1951) – Bolshevik, by profession a metal worker, a prominent Soviet, party and state figure. He joined the RSDLP in 1904 and conducted party work in Petersburg. Deputy to the IV State Duma from the workers of Petersburg province, he was part of the Bolshevik faction of the Duma; alongside his Duma work, he conducted major revolutionary work outside the Duma: he contributed to the Bolshevik newspaper «Pravda», participated in the Krakow and Poronin conferences of the Central Committee with party workers. In November 1914, together with other Bolshevik deputies, he was arrested and in 1915 exiled to settlement in the Turukhansk region. After returning from exile following the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he took active part in the work of the Bolshevik organization in Petrograd. After the October socialist revolution – in leading party, Soviet and economic work. In 1938–1943 – chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. From 1925 – member of the Central Committee. Author of the repeatedly republished book «The Bolsheviks in the State Duma». – 411.

Bazarov, V. (Rudnev, V. A.) (1874–1939) – philosopher and economist, from 1896 participated in the social-democratic movement. In 1905–1907 he contributed to a number of Bolshevik publications; together with I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov participated in the translation of Marx's «Capital» (vols. 1–3, 1907–1909). During the period of reaction he withdrew from Bolshevism, propagandized «god-building» and empirio-criticism, was one of the principal representatives of the Machist revision of Marxism. In 1917 – a Menshevik-internationalist, one of the editors of the Menshevik newspaper «New Life»; spoke against the October socialist revolution. From 1921 he worked in Gosplan; in his last years of life he engaged in translations of artistic and philosophical literature.

Principal works: «Anarchist Communism and Marxism», «On Two Fronts», «Science and Religion», and others. – 169, 324, 328.

Bark, P. L. (born 1858) – a major banker in tsarist Russia. Was managing director of the Volga-Kama Bank; in 1913 appointed deputy minister of trade and industry, and in 1914 – minister of finance. He remained in this position until the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, then emigrated abroad. – 6.

Batrak – see Zatονsky, M. P.

Bauer (Bauer), Otto (1882–1938) – one of the leaders of Austrian social-democracy and the II International, ideologist of the so-called «austro-Marxism», which is a variety of reformism. Bauer was one of the authors of the bourgeois-nationalist theory of «cultural-national autonomy», the opportunistic meaning of which V. I. Lenin repeatedly exposed.

To the October socialist revolution Bauer responded negatively; as Lenin noted, he showed «complete misunderstanding of the dictatorship of the proletariat and Soviet power» (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 30, p. 37). In 1918–1919 he was minister of foreign affairs of the Austrian Republic. In 1919, 1927, and 1934 he actively participated in suppressing revolutionary demonstrations of the Austrian working class; in his anti-communist statements he aligned with fascism, supported Pan-Germanic propaganda and the idea of the Nazis' «Anschluss». – 260.

Bebel (Bebel), August (1840–1913) – one of the most prominent figures of German social-democracy and the international workers' movement. He began his political activity in the first half of the 1860s; was a member of the I International. In 1869, together with W. Liebknecht, he founded the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party («Eisenachians»); he was repeatedly elected deputy to the Reichstag. In the 1890s and early 1900s he spoke out against reformism and revisionism in the ranks of German social-democracy. V. I. Lenin considered his speeches against the Bernsteinians «a model of upholding Marxist views and fighting for the truly socialist character of the workers' party» (Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 23, p. 369). In his last period of activity Bebel made a number of errors of a centrist character. – 161, 404.

Beilis, M. T. (born 1873) – a shop assistant at a brick factory in Kiev, a Jew, falsely accused in 1911 of murdering a Christian boy allegedly for ritual purposes. – 10, 16, 64.

Belinsky, V. G. (1811–1848) – a great Russian revolutionary democrat, literary critic and publicist, a materialist philosopher. Belinsky was the ideologist of the peasant masses rising up against serfdom. In 1833–1836 he contributed to the journal «Teleskop», in 1838–1839 he edited the journal «Moscow Observer», in 1839–1846 he led the literary-critical section of the journal «Fatherland Notes», from 1847 he became a contributor and ideological leader of the journal «Contemporary». On July 3, 1847, he wrote from abroad the famous «Letter to Gogol». Belinsky laid the foundations of revolutionary-democratic aesthetics and literary criticism. In his articles on Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, and in his reviews of Russian literature from 1840 to 1847, Belinsky demonstrated the originality and greatness of Russian literature, revealed its realism and national character. Belinsky's activity had enormous influence on the further development of social thought and the liberation movement in Russia. – 94.

Bentgsen, E. P. (born 1875) – count, landowner, Octobrist. Was a district noble marshal, elected member of the Staraya Russa district and Novgorod provincial zemstvos and the Petersburg city council. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Novgorod province. – 204.

Berdyaev, N. A. (1874–1948) – reactionary idealist philosopher and mystic. In his earliest literary works he stood on the positions of «legal Marxism», then became an open enemy of Marxism. In 1905 he joined the Cadet Party; during the years of reaction he was one of the representatives of the religious-philosophical trend of god-seeking, participated in the counter-revolutionary collection «Signposts». After the October socialist revolution he came out as an apologist for feudalism and medieval scholasticism, seeing in them the only salvation from growing communism. In 1922, for counter-revolutionary activity, he was expelled abroad, where he was one of the ideologists of the White emigration. – 338–339.

Bernhard (Bernhard), Ludwig (1875–1935) – German economist and publicist. Was a professor at a number of educational institutions in Berlin, Kiel, and other cities. For some time he engaged in Polish-Prussian politics and was a supporter of Germanization of Poles. In his last years of life he studied the economic system of fascism. – 319.

Bernstein (Bernstein), Eduard (1850–1932) – leader of the extreme opportunistic wing of German social-democracy and the II International, theorist of revisionism and reformism. He participated in the social-democratic movement from the mid-1870s. From 1881 to 1889 – editor of the central organ of the German Social-Democratic Party «Der Sozialdemokrat» («Social-Democrat»). In 1896–1898 he published in the journal «Die Neue Zeit» («New Times») a series of articles entitled «The Premises of Socialism and the Tasks of Social-Democracy», later published as a book, where he openly came out with a revision of the philosophical, economic and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism. Bernstein declared the sole task of the workers' movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at improving the economic condition of workers under capitalism; he put forward the opportunistic formula: «the movement is everything, the final goal is nothing». During the First World War he took social-chauvinist positions. In subsequent years Bernstein continued to support the policy of imperialist bourgeoisie, spoke against the October socialist revolution and the Soviet state. – 180–181.

Bismarck (Bismarck), Otto Eduard Leopold (1815–1898) – statesman and diplomat of Prussia and Germany. Bismarck's main goal was to unite «by blood and iron» the small scattered German states and create a unified German Empire under the hegemony of the junker Prussia. In January 1871 Bismarck took the post of Chancellor of the German Empire and for 20 years directed all foreign and domestic policy of Germany, pursuing it in the interests of the junker-landowners, while also trying to ensure an alliance of the junkers with big bourgeoisie. Having failed to suppress the workers' movement with the help of the exceptional law against socialists he passed in 1878, Bismarck came out with a demagogical program of social legislation, introducing laws on compulsory insurance for certain categories of workers. However, Bismarck's attempt to decompose the workers' movement with meager handouts did not succeed. In 1890 he was dismissed. – 301.

Bobrinsky, V. A. (born 1868) – count, reactionary political figure, major landowner and sugar factory owner. From 1895 to 1898 he was chairman of the Bogoroditskaya district zemstvo board. Deputy to the II, III, and IV State Dumas from Tula province. In the Dumas he aligned with the right wing. As an extreme nationalist he was a supporter of forced Russification of the national regions of Russia. After the October socialist revolution he fought against Soviet power in southern Russia. In 1919 he emigrated abroad. – 66, 67–68, 72.

Bogdanov, A. (Malinovsky, A. A., Maksimov, N.) (1873–1928) – social-democrat, philosopher, sociologist, economist, by profession a doctor. After the II Congress of the RSDLP he joined the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing he headed the recallists, was the leader of the anti-party group «Vperyod» (Forward). In philosophy he attempted to create his own system – «empirio-monism», a variety of subjective-idealist Machist philosophy, which V. I. Lenin gave sharp criticism to in his work «Materialism and Empirio-Criticism». At a meeting of the expanded editorial board of the newspaper «Proletarian» in June 1909 Bogdanov was expelled from the ranks of the Bolsheviks. After the October socialist revolution he was one of the organizers and leaders of «Proletkult». From 1926 – director of the Institute of Blood Transfusion founded by him. – 112, 119, 126, 152, 169, 222, 223, 353, 354, 355, 358.

Bogucharsky (Yakovlev, V. Y.) (1861–1915) – liberal-bourgeois figure and historian of the Populist movement in Russia. In the 1890s he joined the «legal Marxists». In 1902–1905 he took active part in the journal «Liberation» headed by P. B. Struve. In 1905 he withdrew from this journal and together with E. D. Kuskova and S. N. Prokopovich began to publish the journal «Without a Title» and the newspaper «Comrade». In 1906–1907, with the participation of V. L. Burtsev, he edited the journal «Bygone Days». In 1914–1915 he worked as scientific secretary of the Free Economic Society. Author and editor of many works on the history of the revolutionary movement in Russia. His most substantial work – a collection of official materials: «State Crimes in Russia in the Nineteenth Century». – 170, 324, 445, 446.

Brynes, B. (Kosinsky, B.) (born 1884) – journalist, participant in the revolutionary movement from 1904, first a social-democrat, then an SR. From 1912 he participated in the activity of the metalworkers' trade union in Riga, contributed to SR press. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 he was a member of the Petrograd Soviet and the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. In 1918 he broke with the SRs, in 1923 was admitted to the Bolshevik party, was engaged in economic work. – 120.

Britman, A. V. – see Popov, A. V.

Bronstein, S. Y. – see Semkovsky, S.

Bulkin (Semenov), F. A. (born 1888) – social-democrat, Menshevik, was a member of the RSDLP from 1904. He conducted party work in Petersburg and Kharkov. Was a delegate to the V Congress of the RSDLP from the Petersburg organization. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing – a liquidator. During the First World War he worked in the military-industrial committees of Novgorod, Samara, and Petersburg, engaged in trade union work. After the October socialist revolution he worked in the Orenburg Soviet as a representative of the Mensheviks. He then withdrew from the Mensheviks and in 1920 was admitted to the RCP(b). In 1922, for participation in the «workers' opposition», he was expelled from the party; in 1927 he rejoined the party and was engaged in economic work in Leningrad, Irkutsk, and other cities. – 132, 168, 194, 334.

Burenin, V. P. (1841–1926) – reactionary publicist and man of letters. From 1876 he was part of the editorial board of the newspaper «New Times», headed the venal literary clique of «New Times» men. V. I. Lenin frequently used the name Burenin to denote dishonest methods of polemics. – 6, 8.

Burtsev, V. L. (1862–1936) – participated in the revolutionary movement of the 1880s, was close to the Narodnaya Volya. After his arrest he fled abroad, where he engaged in collecting and publishing documents of the revolutionary movement. He published the newspapers «Free Russia», «The Future», and the journal «Bygone Days», engaged in exposing secret files of the police department. Before the first Russian revolution he was close to the SRs, after the defeat of the revolution he supported the Cadets. During the First World War – an ardent chauvinist, refused all opposition to tsarism, returned to Russia, spoke out on the side of counter-revolution against the Bolsheviks. After the October socialist revolution he emigrated abroad and participated in the creation of White Guard monarchist organizations to fight against the USSR. – 394.

Buryanov, A. F. (born 1880) – Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing – a liquidator. Deputy to the IV State Duma from Taurida province, was part of the social-democratic faction of the Duma. In 1914 he withdrew from the liquidators and joined the Menshevik-party men; during the First World War he leaned towards defensism. – 3, 125, 190, 219, 233, 338, 339, 374, 391.

V

V. A. T. – see Tikhomirnov, V. A.

V. O. – author of the article «Deterioration of School Affairs», published in «Northern Workers' Gazette» No. 35 of March 21, 1914. – 146.

V—dimoe, V. (Podeinsky, V. V., Vadimov, V.) (born c. 1881) – right SR. In 1906 he published in the SR collection «Conscious Russia», in 1914 contributed to «Bold Thought». After the October socialist revolution he fought against Soviet power. – 239.

Vandervelde (Vandervelde), Émile (1866–1938) – leader of the Workers' Party of Belgium, chairman of the International Socialist Bureau of the II International, held extreme opportunistic positions. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist; was part of the bourgeois government, held various ministerial posts. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 he came to Russia to agitate for the continuation of the imperialist war. He responded to the October socialist revolution with hostility, actively facilitated armed intervention against Soviet Russia; made considerable efforts to restore the II International. In 1925–1927 – minister of foreign affairs of Belgium, participated in the conclusion of the Locarno Treaties (1925) directed against the USSR, actively fought against the creation of a united anti-fascist front of Communists and Socialists. He is the author of a number of books and pamphlets. In Vandervelde's works, as V. I. Lenin pointed out, «petty-bourgeois eclecticism» comes out «against Marxism, sophistry against dialectics, philistine reformism against proletarian revolution» (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 28, p. 302). – 249, 330–331, 332, 363, 364, 375, 399, 404, 448.

Warski (Warski), Adolf (Warszawski, A. S.) (1868–1937) – a prominent figure of the Polish revolutionary movement. In the late 1880s he was one of the organizers of the «Union of Polish Workers», actively participated in the creation of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and later the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. Delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP. After the congress he was included in the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1909–1910 he was part of the editorial board of the Central Organ of the RSDLP newspaper «Social-Democrat». During this period V. I. Lenin characterized Warski as «an experienced writer, a clever Marxist and a fine comrade» (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 36, p. 133). During the years of the First World War – an internationalist. In 1917 he was part of the leadership of the SDKPiL. One of the founders and member of the Central Committee of the Communist Workers' Party of Poland. Was elected deputy to the Polish Sejm, was chairman of its Communist faction. In 1929 he emigrated to the USSR and worked in the Institute of Marx–Engels–Lenin on the history of the Polish workers' movement. – 308–309.

Warszawski, A. S. – see Warski, A.

Weiss (Menders), F. (born 1885) – one of the leaders of the Latvian Mensheviks. He participated in the revolutionary movement from 1904. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing – a liquidator. In 1912–1913 he was a member of the Menshevik Foreign Committee of the Social-Democracy of the Latvian Region, fought against the Latvian Bolsheviks. During the First World War – a Menshevik-internationalist. In bourgeois Latvia he was chairman of the Central Committee of the Latvian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, an opportunistic party of the II International. From 1932 – member of the Executive Committee of the II International. From 1934 to 1940, during the fascist dictatorship, he was a member of the illegal Latvian Socialist Workers'-Peasants' Party, which aimed at the overthrow of fascism. – 224–225.

Willy (Willy), Rudolf (1855–1920) – German Machist philosopher, student of R. Avenarius. Author of works: «Die Gesamterfahrung vom Gesichtspunkt des Primarmonismus», 1908 («Total Experience from the Standpoint of Primary Monism»); «Ideal und Leben…», 1909 («Ideal and Life…») and others. – 40.

Vikhliaev, P. A. (1869–1928) – statistician and agronomist, liberal Populist. He managed the economic section of the Tver zemstvo board and from 1907 to 1917 directed the statistical section of the Moscow zemstvo board. Author of a number of statistical works on peasant economy in tsarist Russia, in which he denied the class stratification of the peasantry and praised the rural commune. In the bourgeois Provisional Government he was deputy minister of agriculture. After the October socialist revolution he worked in the Central Statistical Administration and was a professor in higher educational institutions in Moscow. – 235.

Vladimirov, M. K. (Sheinfínkel, M. K., L. V., L. Vl.) (1879–1925) – social-democrat, Bolshevik, member of the RSDLP from 1903. He conducted party work in Petersburg, Gomel, Odessa, Lugansk, and Ekaterinoslav. Delegate to the III Congress of the RSDLP from the Polesian committee of the party. Participant in the 1905–1907 revolution. For revolutionary activity he was arrested and exiled to eternal settlement in Siberia, but in 1908 he escaped from exile abroad. In 1911 he withdrew from the Bolsheviks, later was part of the Paris group of Plekhanovites that published the newspaper «For the Party». During the First World War he participated in Trotsky's Paris newspaper «Our Word». After the February revolution of 1917 he returned to Russia, was an inter-raioist and together with them at the VI Congress was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October socialist revolution he held a number of responsible posts: in 1921 – Commissar of Food of Ukraine, in 1922 – Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR, from November 1924 – deputy chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR. – 276, 305, 450.

Voinov – see Lunacharsky, A. V.

Volsky, S. A. (Sokolov, A. V.) (born 1880) – social-democrat. After the II Congress of the RSDLP he joined the Bolsheviks.

During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing – one of the leaders of the recallists, participated in the organization and work of faction schools on Capri and in Bologna (Italy), was part of the anti-party group «Vperyod» (Forward). After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 he worked in the military section of the Petrograd Soviet. He responded to the October socialist revolution with hostility, emigrated abroad, but soon returned to Soviet Russia. He worked in forest cooperation, Gosplan, and the Commissariat of Trade. From 1927 he engaged in literary work. – 119, 354, 355.

Voronov, V. (Lebedev, V. I.) (1883–1919) – SR, economist and publicist. In 1909–1910 he was part of the Central Committee of the SR party. From 1912 he actively contributed to a number of SR publications. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. In 1917–1918 he was part of the editorial board of the SR newspaper «Power of the People», then worked in the cooperative system. – 324.

G

Ganetsky (Fürstenberg), Y. S. (1879–1937) – a prominent figure of the Polish and Russian revolutionary movements. Member of the social-democratic party from 1896. Participant in a number of congresses of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, as well as the II, IV, and V Congresses of the RSDLP. At the V Congress of the RSDLP he was elected member of the Central Committee of the party. Member of the Main Board of the SDKPiL. At the VI Congress of the SDKPiL (1908), due to disagreements on a number of internal party questions, he withdrew from the Main Board and after the split of the Polish social-democracy in 1912 was one of the leaders of the so-called «schismatics» opposition, which was closest to the Bolsheviks. During the First World War he aligned with the «Zimmerwald Left». He was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In 1917 – member of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b). After the October socialist revolution he worked in the Commissariat of Finance, was engaged in diplomatic work, was a member of the collegium of the Commissariat of Trade and the Supreme Council of the National Economy. From 1935 – director of the Museum of the Revolution of the USSR. – 308, 309.

Gankevich, N. (born 1869) – one of the founders of the USDRP of Galicia. In 1914–1917 – member of the «Main Ukrainian Council» in Lviv. After the October socialist revolution he was a supporter of an alliance between Ukraine and Poland against the USSR. – 272.

Gapon, G. A. (1870–1906) – priest; provocateur, agent of the tsarist secret police. On the eve of the 1905–1907 revolution, following orders from the police department, he created after the model of Zubatov organizations the «Assembly of Russian Factory and Plant Workers of Petersburg», subsidized by the police department. He provoked the procession of Petersburg workers with a petition to the tsar on January 9, 1905. He fled abroad where he was close to the SRs. After returning to Russia he was exposed and killed by the SRs. – 450.

Garibaldi (Garibaldi), Giuseppe (1807–1882) – a national hero of Italy, one of the greatest leaders of Italian revolutionary democracy, an outstanding military commander. In 1848–1867 he led the struggle of the Italian people against foreign oppression, the feudal-absolutist system and clerical reaction for the unification of Italy. In 1860 he liberated Sicily from the Neapolitan Bourbons, thereby «effectively unifying Italy» (K. Marx and F. Engels. Collected Works, vol. XVI, pt. 1, p. 461). In 1870, together with his sons, he fought in France against the invading Prussians. He welcomed the Paris Commune of 1871, was elected in absentia to the Central Committee of the National Guard. K. Marx, F. Engels, and V. I. Lenin highly valued Garibaldi as an outstanding fighter for freedom. – 301.

Guesde (Guesde), Jules (Basile, Mathieu) (1845–1922) – one of the organizers and leaders of the French socialist movement and the II International. He began his political activity in the second half of the 1860s; spoke in support of the Paris Commune of 1871, was forced to emigrate. In 1876 he returned to France and, under the influence of the works of K. Marx and F. Engels, went over to the positions of Marxism; in 1877 he was one of the founders of the newspaper «L'Egalite» («Equality»), which played a decisive role in organizing the Workers' Party of France in 1879 – the first independent political party of the French proletariat. With the assistance of Marx and Engels, Guesde together with Lafargue worked out the program of the party, adopted at the Havre Congress (1880). Guesde did much to spread the ideas of Marxism and develop the socialist movement in France; he was several times elected a deputy to parliament. In 1904 Lenin characterized Guesde as one of the most consistent and resolute representatives of international social-democracy.

However, while speaking out against the policy of right-wing socialists, Guesde made sectarian errors both in theoretical and tactical questions: he underestimated the role of the party in the struggle of the working class, took an incorrect position on the question of the proletariat's relation to war. When the First World War began, Guesde took social-chauvinist positions, entered the bourgeois government. Lenin wrote: «Learn from the example of Guesde's entire life, we say to the workers, except for his obvious betrayal of socialism in 1914» (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 104). Guesde did not understand the significance of the October socialist revolution and did not follow the majority at the Tours Congress of the French Socialist Party (1920), which decided to join the Comintern. – 450.

Haecker (Haecker), Emil (1875–1934) – a figure of the right wing of the PPS. From 1892 – member of the Polish Social-Democratic Party of Galicia and Silesia (PPSD). From 1894, for nearly forty years, he was editor of the Krakow socialist newspaper «Naprzód» («Forward»). In 1906–1919 – member of the leadership of the PPS. Participant in a number of congresses of the II International. In his last years of life – member of the Main Board of the PPS and the regional committee of this party in Krakow. – 296.

Herzen, A. I. (1812–1870) – a great Russian revolutionary-democrat, materialist philosopher, publicist and writer; founder of «Russian», «peasant» socialism. Herzen entered the liberation movement as a nobleman revolutionary, continuing the traditions of the Decembrists. In 1829–1833, during his time at Moscow University, he was at the head of a circle of advanced, revolutionarily-minded youth, studying the political and theoretical teachings of eighteenth-century revolutionary thinkers and the utopian socialists. In 1834, together with other members of the circle, he was arrested and in 1835 exiled to Perm, and then served his exile in a number of cities – Vyatka, Vladimir, Novgorod. After returning from exile in 1842 he lived in Moscow. The philosophical works he wrote at this time, «Dilettantism in Science» and «Letters on the Study of Nature», played an important role in the development of Russian materialist philosophy. In January 1847, due to persecutions by the tsarist government, Herzen emigrated abroad. In 1852 in London he founded a Russian printing house and initiated a free Russian press abroad. After publishing several revolutionary proclamations and pamphlets and articles, in 1855 he began to publish the almanac «Polar Star» and in 1857, together with N. P. Ogarev, «The Bell».

An assessment of Herzen's role in the history of the Russian liberation movement is given by V. I. Lenin in the article «In Memory of Herzen» (see Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 21, pp. 255–262). – 93, 94.

Gersh, P. M. – see Liebman, F.

Gimmler, N. N. – see Sukhanov, N.

Ginzburg, B. A. – see Koltsov, D.

Gladstone (Gladstone), William Ewart (1809–1898) – English political and state figure, leader of the Liberal Party. He held ministerial positions in a number of cabinets; in 1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886, 1892–1894 – Prime Minister. He widely used the means of social demagogy and half-measures reforms (the electoral reform of 1884 and others) to attract the petty-bourgeois strata and the upper layers of the working class to the side of the Liberals. He pursued a policy of colonial conquest. As a political figure, Gladstone – this, in the definition of V. I. Lenin, «hero of the liberal bourgeois and dull petit bourgeois» – was distinguished by extreme unprincipled-ness, hypocrisy and deceit. – 303–304.

Goldblatt – see Medem, V. D.

Goldenbach – see Ryazanov, D. B.

Goldman, B. I. – see Gorev, B. I.

Goldman, M. I. – see Liber, M. I.

Gompers (Gompers), Samuel (1850–1924) – a figure in the American trade union movement. One of the founders of the American Federation of Labor (AFL); from 1895 he was its permanent chairman. He pursued a policy of class collaboration with capitalists, spoke out against the revolutionary struggle of the working class. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. He was hostile towards the October socialist revolution and the Soviet state. – 106.

Gorev, B. I. (Goldman, B. I., Gorev, A.) (born 1874) – social-democrat. He began to participate in the revolutionary movement from the mid-1890s. In 1905 – member of the Petersburg committee of the RSDLP, Bolshevik. In 1907 he joined the Mensheviks. At the V (London) Congress of the party he was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP by the Mensheviks. He contributed to the organs of the Menshevik-liquidators: the newspaper «Voice of the Social-Democrat» and the journal «Our Dawn». In 1912 he participated in the anti-party August conference in Vienna, where he was elected to the Organization Committee. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – one of the editors of the Menshevik «Workers' Gazette», member of the Menshevik Central Committee and in the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. In August 1920 he announced his withdrawal from the Menshevik organization. Later he was engaged in teaching work in higher educational institutions. – 424, 425.

Goremykin, I. L. (1839–1917) – state figure in tsarist Russia, one of the typical representatives of reactionary bureaucracy, a fierce monarchist. In 1895–1899 – minister of internal affairs, pursued reactionary policy aimed at weakening and liquidating the reforms of the 1860s (the so-called policy of counter-reforms); brutally suppressed the workers' movement. Was chairman of the Council of Ministers from April to August 1906 and from January 1914 to January 1916. – 129, 138.

Gorsky, A. V. (Dubois, A. E.) (born 1881) – Menshevik-liquidator. Contributed to the journal «Renaissance», «New Workers' Gazette» and other liquidator organs, was the publisher of the liquidator journal «Our Dawn»; participated in the work of the social-democratic factions of the III and IV State Dumas. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October socialist revolution he actively fought against the Soviet state, then – a White emigrant. – 132.

Grinberg, V. D. – see Medem, V. D.

Gurvich, F. I. – see Dan, F. I.

Gurevich, E. L. (Smirnov, E.) (born 1865) – publicist, until 1890 – Narodnaya Volya member, then joined the social-democrats; after the II Congress of the RSDLP – Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing – liquidator, contributed to the newspaper of the left Cadets «Comrade». – 413.

Guchkov, A. I. (1862–1936) – a major capitalist, organizer and leader of the Octobrist party. During the period of the first Russian revolution he supported the government's policy of merciless repression against the working class and peasantry. In 1910–1911 – chairman of the II State Duma. During the First World War chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee and member of the Special Council for Defence. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – military and naval minister of the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. In August 1917 he participated in the organization of the Kornilov revolt. After the October socialist revolution he actively fought against Soviet power, a White emigrant. – 15.

D

# Index of Persons [Part 4/6]

**Dan, F. I.** (Gurvich, F. I., F. D.) (1871–1947) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Was a participant in the IV (Unification), V (London) Congresses of the RSDLP and a number of conferences. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, headed a liquidationist group abroad and edited the newspaper *Voice of the Social-Democrat*. During the First World War – a defensist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power. In early 1922 was deported abroad as an enemy of the Soviet state. – 2, 3–4, 87, 88, 89, 117, 124, 142, 162, 168, 169, 191, 197, 198, 216, 224, 226, 324, 328, 340, 343–344, 345–346, 347, 348, 349, 352, 392, 394.

**Damsky, B. G.** (Komarovsky, K. A., X.) (b. 1883) – member of the PPS from 1901. In 1911 joined the RSDLP, contributed to the newspapers *Zvezda* and *Pravda*. In 1913–1914 – editor of the journal *Insurance Questions*. In 1917 – military commissar of the military inspection of the Revolutionary Military Soviet. After the October Socialist Revolution headed a department in *Pravda*, worked in the *Sakhalin Oil* trust. In 1923–1926 – chief editor of *Insurance Questions*, then worked in the USSR trade mission in Vienna. – 393, 442.

**Domov** – see Pokrovsky, M. N.

**Dontsov, D.** – member of the petty-bourgeois Ukrainian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, contributor to the Lvov newspaper *Shlyakhy* and the Moscow journal *Ukrainian Life*. During the First World War was one of the founders of the "League for the Liberation of Ukraine" – a nationalist organization that attempted, with the help of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, to realize the slogan of "independent" Ukraine. After the October Socialist Revolution – an émigré. – 280.

**Dostoevsky, F. M.** (1821–1881) – outstanding Russian writer. Began his literary activity in the 1840s. His first novella *Poor Folk* received high praise from progressive criticism in the person of V. G. Belinsky. In 1847 joined the revolutionary circle of M. V. Petrashevsky. In 1849, in connection with the Petrashevsky affair, was sentenced to death, commuted to exile at hard labor. After serving his sentence in the Omsk hard-labor prison, served as a private soldier in Semipalatinsk. Returning to Petersburg in 1859, resumed his literary activity. Dostoevsky's works (*Notes from Underground*, *Crime and Punishment*, *The Idiot*, and others) are distinguished by their realistic portrayal of reality, human experience, and the individual's rebellion against the suppression of human dignity. At the same time, in a number of Dostoevsky's works, protest against social injustice combines with preaching religious resignation and a cult of suffering. In the novel *Demons*, the writer openly spoke out against materialism and atheism, against the revolutionary movement. The reactionary views expressed by Dostoevsky in his works provoked opposition from revolutionary democrats and all progressive society. – 45.

**Dragomanov, M. P.** (1841–1895) – Ukrainian historian, ethnographer, and publicist, one of the representatives of bourgeois liberalism. Contributed to liberal journals, was persecuted by the tsarist government, emigrated abroad. In emigration denounced the policy of tsarism and at the same time decisively spoke out against socialism and the theory of class struggle, criticized the Narodnaya Volya and the Social-Democrats. Was one of the most prominent leaders of the moderate wing of the Ukrainian national-liberation movement, advocated cultural-national autonomy. – 297.

**Drozdov, I. G.** (b. 1865) – literary economist. In 1887, for participation in student disturbances, was arrested and deported to Chernigov Province, and in 1889 to Eastern Siberia for five years. After exile joined the Social-Democrats, conducted party work in Chernigov, contributed to *Iskra* and a number of journals of Marxist orientation. Under Soviet power engaged in literary work. Author of a number of books on the agrarian question. – 19, 20, 207–209.

**Dubois, A. E.** – see Gorsky, A. V.

**Dühring** (Duhring), Eugene (1833–1921) – German philosopher and economist, petty-bourgeois ideologue. Dühring's philosophical views represented an eclectic mixture of positivism, metaphysical materialism, and idealism. Dühring's views, which found support among part of German Social-Democracy, were subjected to criticism by Engels in the book *Anti-Dühring. The Revolution in Science Effected by Herr Eugen Dühring*. Lenin in his book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* and in a number of other works repeatedly criticized Dühring's eclectic views.

Dühring's principal works: *Critical History of Political Economy and Socialism*, *Course of National and Social Political Economy*, *Course of Philosophy*. – 110.

**E**

**Egorov** – see Martov, L.

**Egorov, N. M.** (b. 1871) – worker, deputy of the III State Duma from Perm Province. Entered the Social-Democratic faction. Contributed to the Bolshevik legal newspaper *Zvezda*, later joined the Trotskyists. In 1913–1914 – regular contributor to the liquidationist newspaper *Luch*. In 1917 entered the organization of the "inter-raionists." – 233.

**Ezhov, V.** – see Tsederbaum, S. O.

**Elpatievsky, S. Ya.** (1854–1933) – Russian writer and publicist, physician by profession. For membership in the "People's Will" in the early 1880s was exiled for 3 years to Eastern Siberia. Later was one of the leaders of the journal *Russian Wealth*, contributed to the newspaper *Russian News*. In 1906 was one of the organizers of the Labor People-Socialist Party (enesy). After the revolution of 1905–1907 – a liquidator, spoke against the Bolshevik party. – 9, 10, 11, 12.

**Ermansky** (Kogan), O. A. (1866–1941) – Social-Democrat, Menshevik. In the revolutionary movement from the late 1880s. In 1905 worked in the Petersburg organization, then in the Odessa Committee of the RSDLP. At the IV (Unification) Congress of the party – delegate from the Odessa organization. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator; actively contributed to Menshevik publications. Participated in the work of the Social-Democratic faction of the III State Duma. During the First World War – a centrist. In 1917 – Menshevik-internationalist. In 1918 – member of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks, one of the editors of their central organ – the journal *Workers' International*. In 1921 left the Menshevik party, was engaged in scientific work in Moscow. – 394.

**Zh**

**Zhordania, N. N.** (An, Kostrov) (1870–1953) – Social-Democrat, one of the leaders of the Caucasian Mensheviks. In 1905 edited the Menshevik newspaper *Social-Democrat* (in Georgian). In 1906 – deputy of the I State Duma. At the V (London) Congress of the party was elected member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge Zhordania, while formally adhering to the Menshevik-party line, actually supported the liquidators. In 1914 contributed to Trotsky's journal *Struggle*; during the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was chairman of the Tiflis Soviet of Workers' Deputies, in 1918–1921 headed the counter-revolutionary Menshevik government of Georgia; from 1921 – a White émigré. – 163, 165, 197, 219, 222, 233, 310, 383–384, 414–415, 416.

**Jaurès** (Jaures), Jean (1859–1914) – prominent activist in the French and international socialist movement, historian. In 1902 Jaurès and his supporters created the French Socialist Party, which in 1905, merging with the Socialist Party of France, became known as the Unified French Socialist Party. Member of parliament in 1885–1889, 1893–1898, 1902–1914; one of the leaders of the parliamentary socialist faction. In 1904 founded and edited until his death the newspaper *L'Humanité* (*Humanity*), which became in 1920 the central organ of the French Communist Party. During the revolution of 1905–1907 in Russia supported the struggle of the Russian people. Jaurès tirelessly spoke in defense of democracy, popular freedoms, for peace, against imperialist oppression and predatory wars. He was convinced that only socialism would finally end wars and colonial oppression. However, Jaurès believed that socialism would triumph not through the class struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, but as a result of the "flowering of the democratic idea." Lenin sharply criticized Jaurès's reformist views, which pushed him toward opportunism.

Jaurès's struggle for peace, against the impending threat of war, provoked hatred toward him from imperialist bourgeoisie. On the eve of the First World War Jaurès was assassinated by a tool of reaction. – 450.

**Z**

**Zasulich, V. I.** (1849–1919) – prominent participant in the Populist and later Social-Democratic movement in Russia. Participated in the creation and activities of the "Emancipation of Labor" group. In 1900 joined the editorial board of *Iskra* and *Zarya*. After the II Congress of the RSDLP became one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge adhered to the liquidators. During the First World War held social-chauvinist positions. Responded negatively to the October Socialist Revolution. – 3.

**Zatovsky, M. P.** (Batrak) (b. 1881) – prominent activist of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1905 was elected to the first Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies. From 1911 worked in the Petersburg Union of Metalworkers, was its chairman. In 1917 – member of the Central Committee of the SR Party. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in Ukraine. – 60, 61, 62.

**Sommer, M.** – see Lyubimov, A. I.

**I**

**Izgoev** (Lande), A. S. (b. 1872) – bourgeois publicist, one of the ideologues of the Cadet party. Initially was a "legal Marxist," at one time adhered to the Social-Democrats, in 1905 crossed over to the Cadet party. Contributed to Cadet organs: the newspaper *Speech*, journals *Southern Notes* and *Russian Thought*, participated in the counter-revolutionary collection *Signposts*. After the October Socialist Revolution contributed to the journal of a decadent intellectual group – *Herald of Literature*. For counter-revolutionary publicistic activity in 1922 was deported abroad. – 131, 338–339.

**Ilyin, V.** – see Lenin, V. I.

**Iogikhes, L.** – see Tyshka, L.

**Ionov** (Koygen, F. M.) (1870–1923) – one of the leaders of the Bund, later – member of the Communist Party. From 1893 worked in Social-Democratic circles in Odessa. In 1903 elected to the Central Committee of the Bund. Was the Bund's representative at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP. Delegate to the V (London) Congress of the party. In December 1908 participated in the V Conference of the RSDLP, stood on the platform of the Menshevik-party members on major questions; later took a conciliatory position toward the liquidators. During the First World War belonged to the internationalist wing of the Bund. After the October Socialist Revolution joined the RCP(b), worked in the Votsk regional committee of the party. – 88, 224.

**K**

**Cambier** (Cambier) – French petty-bourgeois socialist. In 1890 belonged to the "Workers' Social-Revolutionary Party" ("Allemanists") – one of the opportunist semi-anarchist groupings in the French working-class movement of the late nineteenth century. In 1905 – member of the Unified Socialist Party of France. Later left the party. – 83–84.

**Kautsky** (Kautsky), Karl (1854–1938) – one of the leaders of German Social-Democracy and the II International, initially a Marxist, later a renegade from Marxism, ideologue of the most dangerous and harmful variety of opportunism – centrism (Kautskyism). Editor of the theoretical journal of German Social-Democracy *Die Neue Zeit* (*The New Era*).

Began to participate in the socialist movement in 1874. His views at that time represented a mixture of Lassallianism, neo-Malthusianism, and anarchism. In 1881 became acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels and under their influence turned to Marxism, yet even in this period showed wavering toward opportunism, for which K. Marx and F. Engels sharply criticized him. In the 1880s–1890s wrote a number of works on questions of Marxist theory: *The Economic Theory of Karl Marx*, *The Agrarian Question*, and others, which, despite errors in them, played a positive role in propagating Marxism. Later, in the period of widespread revolutionary movement, moved to the positions of opportunism. During the First World War Kautsky stood on the positions of social-chauvinism, cloaking it with phrases about internationalism. Author of the theory of ultra-imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution openly spoke out against proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the working class, against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin in his works *The Collapse of the II International*, *Imperialism, as the Highest Stage of Capitalism*, *The State and Revolution*, *The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky*, and a number of others subjected Kautskyism to devastating criticism. – 200, 259–260, 261–262, 263, 265, 275, 278, 296, 344, 393, 404, 435, 438.

**Kogan, O. A.** – see Ermansky, O. A.

**Kozminykh-Lanin, I. M.** (b. 1874) – mechanical engineer. In 1913–1914 was factory inspector of Moscow Province, later taught in a number of Moscow higher educational institutions. Has works on labor statistics in Moscow Province. – 210–213.

**Koygan** – see Ionov.

**Kokovtsov, V. N.** (1853–1943) – one of the prominent statesmen of tsarist Russia. From 1904 to 1914 (with a short break in 1905–1906) – minister of finance, and from 1911, after the assassination of Stolypin, simultaneously held the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers. During the First World War Kokovtsov – a major banking magnate. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White émigré. – 7, 15.

**Kokoshkin, F. F.** (1871–1918) – bourgeois political figure and publicist. Was one of the founders of the Cadet party, member of its Central Committee; deputy to the I State Duma from Moscow Province. From 1907 – active contributor to liberal organs: the newspaper *Russian News*, journals *Law*, *Russian Thought*, and others. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – minister in the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution actively spoke out against Soviet power. – 68–69, 70, 284, 285, 287, 293, 316, 317, 318, 319.

**Koltsov, D.** (Ginzburg, V. A., L. S., Sedov, L.) (1863–1920) – Social-Democrat, after the II Congress of the RSDLP – active Menshevik, contributor to a number of Menshevik publications. During the period of the first Russian revolution participated in the professional movement in Petersburg; from 1908 worked in Baku. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge stood on the positions of liquidationism. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – commissar of labor in the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Responded hostilely to the October Socialist Revolution. In 1918–1919 worked in cooperative organizations. – 3, 100, 124, 182, 197, 215.

**Kolyubakin, A. M.** (1868–1915) – zemstvo activist, bourgeois liberal, Cadet. In 1905–1906 – chairman of the Novgorod Provincial Zemstvo Board. In 1907 – member of the III State Duma; secretary of the committee of the parliamentary faction of the Cadet party in the III and IV State Dumas, member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. – 68.

**Komarovsky, K. A.** – see Damsky, B. G.

**Kosinsky, B.** – see Braynes, B.

**Kosovsky, V.** (Levinson, M. Ya.) (1870–1941) – one of the leaders of the Bund. In the mid-1890s belonged to Social-Democratic circles in Vilno, in 1897 participated in the constituent congress of the Bund, was elected to the Central Committee and appointed chief editor of the Bund's central organ, the newspaper *Die Arbeiter Stimme* (*Workers' Voice*). At the II Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Foreign Committee of the Bund, anti-Iskrist; after the congress – Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge contributed to Menshevik liquidationist organs: the journal *Our Dawn* and the newspaper *Luch*. During the First World War held a Germanophile position. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility, after the revolution emigrated, worked in Bund organizations in Poland. In 1939 left for the USA. – 320.

**Kostrov** – see Zhordania, N. N.

**Krichevsky, B. N.** (1866–1919) – Social-Democrat, one of the leaders of "economism." From the late 1880s participated in the work of Social-Democratic circles in Russia; in the early 1890s emigrated abroad. For some time adhered to the "Emancipation of Labor" group, participated in its publications. At the end of the 1890s became one of the leaders of the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," in 1899 – editor of the organ of the "Union," the journal *Workers' Cause*, on whose pages Bernsteinian views were propagated. Shortly after the II Congress of the RSDLP withdrew from the Social-Democratic movement. – 98.

**Kuskova, E. D.** (1869–1958) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the mid-1890s, while abroad, grew close to the "Emancipation of Labor" group, but soon under the influence of Bernsteinism took the path of revision of Marxism. The document written by Kuskova in the spirit of Bernsteinism, called *Credo*, most clearly expressed the opportunistic nature of "economism" and provoked sharp protest from a group of Russian Marxists led by V. I. Lenin (see *Works*, 5th ed., vol. 4, pp. 163–176). On the eve of the revolution of 1905–1907 Kuskova joined the liberal "Union of Liberation." In 1906, together with S. N. Prokopovich, published the semi-Cadet journal *Untitled*, was an active contributor to the newspaper of the left Cadets *Tovarishch*. After the October Socialist Revolution spoke out against Soviet power. In 1922 was deported abroad, where became an active figure in the White emigration. – 446, 447.

**L**

**L. V.** – see Vladimirov, M. K.

**L. Vl.** – see Vladimirov, M. K.

**L. M.** – see Martov, L.

**L. S.** – see Koltsov, D.

**Lande, A. S.** – see Izgoev, A. S.

**Larin, Yu.** (Lurie, M. A.) (1882–1932) – Social-Democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – active propagandist of liquidationism. Participated in the anti-party August Bloc, created in 1912 by Trotsky. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed the group of Menshevik-internationalists. In August 1917 was accepted into the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in Soviet and economic organizations. – 77–78.

**Lassalle** (Lassalle), Ferdinand (1825–1864) – German petty-bourgeois socialist, founder of one variety of opportunism in the German working-class movement – Lassallianism. Lassalle was one of the founders of the General German Workers' Association (1863). The creation of the Association had positive significance for the workers' movement, but Lassalle, elected president of the Association, led it along an opportunist path.

The Lassallians counted on achieving a "free people's state" through legal agitation for universal suffrage and through the creation of production associations subsidized by the Junker state. Lassalle supported the policy of German unification "from above" under the hegemony of reactionary Prussia. The opportunist policy of the Lassallians was an obstacle to the activities of the I International and to the creation of a genuine workers' party in Germany, and prevented the development of class consciousness among the workers.

The theoretical and political views of the Lassallians were subjected to sharp criticism by the classics of Marxism-Leninism (see K. Marx. *Critique of the Gotha Programme*, V. I. Lenin. *The State and Revolution* and other works). – 122, 265.

**Lafargue** (Lafargue), Paul (1842–1911) – outstanding activist in the French and international workers' movement, talented publicist, one of the first followers of scientific communism in France, close friend and colleague of K. Marx and F. Engels. Was a member of the I International. Together with J. Guesde founded the Workers' Party of France, was editor of its organ – the newspaper *L'Égalité* (*Equality*). Lafargue actively fought against opportunism in the II International; he welcomed the first Russian Marxist organization – the "Emancipation of Labor" group, later regarded the Bolsheviks with sympathy. In his numerous works Lafargue propagated and defended the ideas of Marxism in the fields of political economy, philosophy, history, and linguistics; fought against reformism and revisionism. However, Lafargue's works are not free from erroneous theoretical positions, particularly on the peasant and national questions, on the question of the tasks of the socialist revolution.

Believing that in old age a person becomes useless for revolutionary struggle, Lafargue and his wife Laura (daughter of K. Marx) took their own lives. At their funeral V. I. Lenin delivered a speech on behalf of the RSDLP. – 301.

**Lebedev, B. N.** – see Voronov, B.

**Leninsky, V.** – author of a number of works on the workers' movement in Ukraine; in 1913–1914 contributed to the legal nationalist journal *Dzvin* of Menshevik orientation. – 314.

**Levinson, M. Ya.** – see Kosovsky, V.

**Levitsky, V.** (Tsederbaum, V. O.) (b. 1883) – Social-Democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of liquidationism; belonged to the Menshevik center, was among the Mensheviks who signed the "Open Letter" on the dissolution of the party; edited the journal *Our Dawn*, contributed to the *Voice of the Social-Democrat*, *Renaissance*, and other Menshevik-liquidationist periodicals. During the years of the First World War – a social-chauvinist, supported the extreme right group of defensists. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility, actively fought against Soviet power; in 1920 was brought to trial in connection with the counter-revolutionary "Tactical Center." Later engaged in literary work. – 100, 134, 181, 182, 351.

**Legien** (Legien), Karl (1861–1920) – German right Social-Democrat, one of the leaders of German trade unions, revisionist. From 1890 – chairman of the General Commission of German Trade Unions, from 1903 – secretary, and from 1913 – chairman of the International Secretariat of Trade Unions. From 1893 to 1920 (with breaks) – deputy to the Reichstag from German Social-Democracy. In 1919–1920 – member of the national assembly of the Weimar Republic. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. Actively pursued a policy in the interests of the bourgeoisie, fought against the revolutionary movement of the proletariat. – 106–107, 108, 109, 110.

**Lenin, V. I.** (Ulyanov, V. I., Ilyin, V.) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 113, 169, 207–208, 259, 308, 343, 355, 370–371, 380, 381, 382, 392, 393, 394–395.

**Liber** (Goldman), M. I. (1880–1937) – one of the leaders of the Bund. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, in 1912 – active figure in the anti-party August Bloc created by Trotsky. During the period of the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation; held a Menshevik position, was a supporter of a coalition government. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility. Later was engaged in economic work. – 310, 311.

**Liebknecht** (Liebknecht), Karl (1871–1919) – outstanding activist in the German and international workers' movement; son of Wilhelm Liebknecht, lawyer by profession.

Began to participate in the socialist movement during his student years, actively fought against opportunism and militarism. During the period of the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907 called on German workers to follow the Russian example. In 1912 was elected deputy to the Reichstag. From the beginning of the First World War decisively spoke out against support for "his own" government in a predatory war, alone in the entire Reichstag voted against military appropriations (December 2, 1914). One of the organizers and leaders of the revolutionary "Spartacus Union." In 1916 was sentenced to hard labor. During the November Revolution in Germany, together with R. Luxemburg headed the revolutionary vanguard of German workers, edited the newspaper *Die Rote Fahne* (*The Red Flag*), was one of the founders of the CPG and leaders of the Berlin workers' uprising in January 1919. After the suppression of the uprising was brutally murdered by Noske's gangs.

In assessing the activities of K. Liebknecht, Lenin wrote that "this name is a symbol of a leader's devotion to the interests of the proletariat, fidelity to the socialist revolution… This name is a symbol of irreconcilable struggle against imperialism not in words, but in deed…" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 28, pp. 410–411). – 106.

**Libman, F.** (Gersh, P. M.) (b. 1882) – prominent Bundist, in 1911 belonged to the Central Committee of the Bund, was a member of the editorial board of *Bund Voices*, adhered to the liquidators. During the years of the First World War supported the annexationist policy of tsarism; lived in Switzerland. – 257, 258, 263, 281, 282, 288, 295, 307, 313, 314–315, 316, 320, 436, 437.

**Lola, O. N.** (Stepanyuk, V.) (1884–1919) – worker, Bolshevik, conducted active work in Ukraine. As a result of constant persecution by tsarist authorities was forced to emigrate abroad. In 1914 belonged to the Paris section of the foreign organizations of the RSDLP. – 360.

**Longuet** (Longuet), Charles (1839–1903) – activist in the French workers' movement, Proudhonist, journalist (husband of K. Marx's daughter – Jenny). In 1866–1867 and 1871–1872 was a member of the General Council of the I International, participated in a number of International congresses. In 1871 – member of the Paris Commune. After the defeat of the Paris Commune emigrated to England, where he lived until 1880. Returning to France, joined the Possibilists – an opportunist trend in the Workers' Party of France. – 301.

**Lopatin, G. A.** (1845–1918) – famous revolutionary-Populist. In the 1870s, while living abroad, was on friendly terms with K. Marx and F. Engels, was elected to the General Council of the I International. "Few men do I love and respect as much as him," wrote K. Marx of Lopatin (*Works*, vol. XXVI, 1935, p. 260). Together with N. F. Danielson translated the first volume of *Capital* into Russian. Repeatedly subjected to arrests for revolutionary activity. In 1887 was sentenced to death, commuted to life hard labor, served his sentence in solitary confinement in the Schlüsselburg Fortress. In 1905 was freed by amnesty; later withdrew from political activity. – 300, 436.

**Lukomsky, M. Ya.** (Em-El) (1872–1931) – Menshevik until 1916, thereafter unaffiliated; physician by profession. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator. In 1912–1913 – member of the editorial board of the Menshevik-liquidationist newspaper *Luch*. During the years of the First World War was a front-line physician. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the organs of the People's Commissariat of Health. – 233, 383.

**Lunacharsky, A. V.** (Voinov) (1875–1933) – professional revolutionary, prominent Soviet state figure. Entered the revolutionary movement in the early 1890s. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – Bolshevik. Was a member of the editorial boards of Bolshevik newspapers *Vpered*, *Proletarian*, and later *New Life*. During the years of reaction withdrew from Marxism, participated in the anti-party group *Vpered*, called for combining Marxism with religion. During the First World War Lunacharsky stood on the positions of internationalism. In early 1917 joined the "inter-raionist" group, together with which was accepted into the party at the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b). After the October Socialist Revolution, until 1929, – People's Commissar of Education, then chairman of the Academic Committee at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. From 1930 – academician. In August 1933 was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Spain. Author of a number of works on art and literature. – 119, 169, 222, 324, 328, 340, 354, 355, 393.

**Lurie, M. A.** – see Larin, Yu.

**Lvov-Rogachevsky, V. L.** (1874–1930) – literary scholar, Social-Democrat, Menshevik. In 1898–1899 joined the "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." From 1900 belonged to the Kharkov organization of the RSDLP, then to the literary group at the Kiev Committee of the RSDLP. After the II Congress of the party – Menshevik. During the period of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator. Contributed to liquidationist and liberal periodicals *Southern Worker*, *Our Dawn*, *Luch*, and others. In 1917 withdrew from political activity, engaged in literary work. – 413.

**Lyubimov, A. I.** (Sommer, M.) (1879–1919) – Social-Democrat, participated in the revolutionary movement from 1898, one of the members of the Moscow "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In 1904 was co-opted to the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Delegate to the III Congress of the RSDLP from the Party Council, conciliator. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge leaned toward the liquidators. During the First World War – extreme defensist, belonged to the Plekhanov group *Unity*. – 221.

**Luxemburg** (Luxemburg), Rosa (1871–1919) – outstanding activist in the international workers' movement, one of the leaders of the left wing of the II International. Began revolutionary activity in the second half of the 1880s, was among the founders and leaders of the Social-Democratic Party of Poland, spoke out against nationalism in the ranks of the Polish workers' movement. From 1897 actively participated in the German Social-Democratic movement, fought against Bernsteinism and Millerandism. Luxemburg was a participant in the first Russian revolution (in Warsaw). In 1907 participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where she supported the Bolsheviks. However, during the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge Luxemburg took a conciliatory attitude toward the liquidators; in 1912 condemned in Polish Social-Democracy the so-called "rozlamova" opposition, which stood closest to the Bolsheviks.

From the very beginning of the First World War took an internationalist position. Was one of the initiators of the creation in Germany of the group "International," later renamed the group "Spartacus," and then the "Spartacus Union." After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany actively participated in the Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of Germany. In January 1919 was arrested and murdered by order of the Scheidemann government. Lenin, who highly valued R. Luxemburg, repeatedly spoke out criticizing her errors, thereby helping her take the correct position. – 205, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271–272, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 284, 286, 289–290, 291–292, 294, 295, 296, 299–307, 309, 310, 312, 316, 317–318, 364, 376, 383, 404, 429, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440.

**Lyadov** (Mandelshtam), M. N. (1872–1947) – professional revolutionary. Began revolutionary activity in 1891 in Moscow Populist circles; in 1892 joined a Marxist circle, in 1893 participated in the creation of the Moscow Workers' Union – the first Social-Democratic organization in Moscow. In 1895 led a May Day celebration in Moscow, was arrested and in 1897 exiled for 5 years to Verkhoyansk. Upon returning from exile worked in Saratov. At the II Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Saratov Committee, Iskrist of the majority, after the congress – agent of the Central Committee, actively fought against the Mensheviks in Russia and abroad. In August 1904 participated in a meeting of 22 Bolsheviks in Geneva, entered the Bureau of the Committee of the Majority, was a delegate from the Bolsheviks at the Amsterdam Congress of the II International. Actively participated in the revolution of 1905–1907, was a member of the Moscow Committee of the party, carried out important assignments from the Central Committee of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction joined the Recall Group, was one of the lecturers at the factional school on Capri (Italy), belonged to the anti-party group *Vpered* (left the group in 1911).

After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – vice-chairman of the Baku Soviet of Workers' and Military Deputies, stood on Menshevik positions. In 1920 was restored to the ranks of the RCP(b), was engaged in economic work in Moscow, worked in the Supreme Council of the National Economy, then in the People's Commissariat of Education; from 1923 – rector of the Communist University named after Ya. M. Sverdlov; was a delegate to the XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI congresses of the party. – 354.

**M**

**Mazzini** (Mazzini), Giuseppe (1805–1872) – prominent Italian revolutionary, bourgeois democrat, one of the leaders and ideologues of the Italian national-liberation movement. Mazzini advanced the program of the reunification of Italy "from below" as an independent bourgeois republic; he considered armed uprising the principal means of struggle. However, Mazzini was characterized by conspiratorial tactics and disregard for the interests of the peasantry. Mazzini propagated a utopian petty-bourgeois plan for solving the workers' question through "cooperation of labor and capital." V. I. Lenin placed him among the representatives of non-proletarian, pre-Marxist socialism (see *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 33). – 301.

**MacDonald** (MacDonald), James Ramsay (1866–1937) – English political figure, one of the founders and leaders of the Labour Party. Pursued extremely opportunist policy in the party and in the II International. Preached the reactionary theory of class collaboration and the gradual growth of capitalism into socialism ("constructive socialism"). At the beginning of the First World War took a pacifist position, then moved toward open support of imperialist bourgeoisie. In 1918–1920 tried to prevent the struggle of English workers against anti-Soviet intervention; pursued a policy of splitting the working class. In 1924 and in 1929–1931 MacDonald was Prime Minister. The Labour government of MacDonald brutally suppressed the national-liberation movement in English colonies, pursued an anti-worker policy. In 1931–1935 MacDonald headed the so-called "national government," whose policy was determined by the Conservatives. – 74–75.

**Maklakov, V. A.** (b. 1870) – right Cadet, landowner, lawyer by profession, appeared in many political trials. Deputy to the II, III, and IV State Dumas from Moscow, member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – ambassador of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Paris, then White émigré. – 131.

**Maklakov, N. A.** (1871–1918) – landowner, Black Hundred reactionary. In 1900–1909 served in the ministry of finance, in 1913–1915 – minister of internal affairs, from 1915 – member of the State Council. – 129.

**Maximov, N.** – see Bogdanov, A.

**Maletsky, A. M.** (1879–1937) – Social-Democrat, professional revolutionary. Participated in the revolutionary movement from the late 1890s. In 1904 worked in Lodz, then in Warsaw. In 1906 elected member of the Main Board of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL). In 1907 participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP and the Stuttgart Congress of the II International. In 1909, disagreeing with the leadership of the SDKPiL on a number of internal party questions, withdrew from the Main Board. After the split in Polish Social-Democracy in 1912 was one of the leaders of the so-called "rozlamova" opposition, which stood closest to the Bolsheviks, editor of its organ – the *Workers' Gazette*. Participant in the Basel Congress of the II International (1912) and the Brussels conference (1914). In 1921–1922 – head of the information bureau of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs; in 1922–1925 – secretary of the editorial board of the journal *Comintern*; in 1926–1935 – professor in higher educational institutions, then scholarly consultant on the philosophy department at the Lenin State Library. – 428.

**Malinovsky, A. A.** – see Bogdanov, A.

**Malinovsky, R. V.** (1876–1918) – provocateur, secret agent of the Moscow secret police (Okhrana). In 1906, for mercenary reasons, joined the workers' movement, was a member of the workers' committee and secretary of the board of the metalworkers' union. From 1907 voluntarily provided information to the police, and in 1910 was enrolled as a secret agent of the tsarist Okhrana. In 1912 at the Prague Conference of the RSDLP was elected member of the Central Committee, was elected deputy to the IV State Duma from the workers' curia of Moscow Province, using the services of the Okhrana, which removed unwanted persons from his path. In 1914, at the demand of the ministry of internal affairs, resigned as member of the State Duma and fled abroad. In 1918 came to Soviet Russia, was brought to trial and executed by verdict of the Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. – 159–162, 340, 341, 344, 346–348, 394, 411, 442.

**Manus, I. P.** – major banker, financial magnate and swindler. Owned a large number of shares in the International Commercial Bank, was a member and director of the boards of a number of industrial enterprises and banks. Through Rasputin had influence at court; during the First World War sought to bring Russia and Germany closer together and to conclude a separate peace. – 7.

**Mankov, I. N.** (b. 1881) – Menshevik-liquidator, deputy to the IV State Duma from Irkutsk Province, office worker by profession. In the Duma belonged to the Social-Democratic faction. During the years of the First World War – a social-chauvinist; in 1915, contrary to the decision of the faction, voted in the Duma for the budget, for which he was expelled from the faction. – 346.

**Markov, N. E.** (Markov 2nd) (b. 1876) – major landowner, reactionary political figure of tsarist Russia, one of the leaders of the Black Hundred-pogrom organizations "Union of the Russian People" and "Chamber of the Archangel Michael." Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Kursk Province. In the Duma was one of the leaders of the far right. After the October Socialist Revolution – White émigré. – 72.

**Marx** (Marx), Karl (1818–1883) – founder of scientific communism, genius thinker, leader and teacher of the international proletariat (see V. I. Lenin's article "Karl Marx (A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism)," *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 21, pp. 27–74). – 33–34, 37–38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 49, 51, 60, 110, 158, 236, 239–240, 261, 265, 297, 298, 299–307, 323, 327, 351, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440.

**Martov, L.** (Tsederbaum, Yu. O., Egorov, L. M.) (1873–1923) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, edited the newspaper *Voice of the Social-Democrat*, participated in the anti-party August conference (1912). During the period of the First World War held a centrist position. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed the group of Menshevik-internationalists. After the October Socialist Revolution spoke out against Soviet power. In 1920 emigrated to Germany, published the counter-revolutionary Menshevik *Socialist Herald* in Berlin. – 2, 3, 24, 87, 88, 100, 113, 115–116, 117, 123, 124, 129, 132, 162, 168, 169, 189, 194, 215, 224, 252, 316, 324, 328, 334, 340, 342, 343–344, 345–346, 347, 348, 349, 352, 392, 393, 394, 407, 408, 416, 445, 446.

**Martynov, A.** (Piker, A. S.) (1865–1935) – one of the leaders of "economism," prominent Menshevik; later a member of the Communist Party. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, belonged to the editorial board of the liquidationist organ, the newspaper *Voice of the Social-Democrat*. During the First World War held a centrist position; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Menshevik-internationalist. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from the Mensheviks. In 1923 at the XII Congress of the RCP(b) was accepted into the party, worked at the Institute of Marx and Engels; from 1924 – member of the editorial board of the journal *Communist International*. – 98, 99, 133, 182, 205, 215, 310–311.

**Maslov, P. P.** (1867–1946) – economist, Social-Democrat, author of a number of works on the agrarian question, in which he attempted to revise Marxism. After the II Congress of the RSDLP joined the Mensheviks; put forward the Menshevik program of municipalization of land. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, during the period of the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from political activity, engaged in pedagogical and scientific work. From 1929 – academician. – 239.

**Mach** (Mach), Ernst (1838–1916) – Austrian physicist and philosopher, subjective idealist, one of the founders of empirio-criticism; taught mathematics and physics at the universities of Graz and Prague, from 1895 to 1901 – professor of philosophy at the University of Vienna. In epistemology revived the views of Berkeley and Hume. V. I. Lenin gave comprehensive criticism of the reactionary philosophy of Mach and an analysis of his principal works in the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*. – 355.

**Makhnovets, V. P.** – see Akimov, V. P.

**Medem, V. D.** (Grinberg, V. D., Goldblat) (1879–1923) – one of the leaders of the Bund. In 1906 was elected member of the Central Committee of the Bund, participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, supported the Mensheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution stood at the head of Bund organizations in Poland; in 1921 left for the USA, where on the pages of the right-socialist Jewish newspaper *Vorwärts* (*Forward*) published slanderous articles against Soviet Russia. – 310, 311, 314.

**Menders, F.** – see Weis, F.

**Menshikov, M. O.** (1859–1919) – reactionary publicist, contributor to the Black Hundred newspaper *New Times*. V. I. Lenin called Menshikov "a faithful watchdog of the tsarist Black Hundred" (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 20, p. 142). After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power; in 1919 executed for counter-revolutionary activity. – 7.

**Merezhkovsky, D. S.** (1866–1941) – Russian writer and literary critic, one of the representatives of the decadent-symbolist school. Fought against the realistic and democratic trends in Russian literature. Responded hostilely to the October Socialist Revolution, in 1920 emigrated abroad, where continued to speak out against Soviet power. – 338–339.

# Biographical Index

**Mehring** (Mehring), Franz (1846–1919) – a distinguished figure in the German workers' movement, one of the leaders and theoreticians of the left wing of German social democracy. Was one of the editors of the party's theoretical organ, the journal *Die Neue Zeit* (*New Times*); later edited *Leipziger Volkszeitung* (*Leipzig People's Newspaper*). Mehring actively spoke out against opportunism and revisionism within the ranks of the Second International, condemned Kautskyism, but shared the errors of the German left, who feared organizationally breaking with opportunists. Consistently defended internationalism, welcomed the October Socialist Revolution. Was one of the leaders of the revolutionary "League of Spartacus," played a prominent role in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany. – 374–375.

**Meshchersky**, V. P. (1839–1914) – reactionary publicist, prince. Served in the police and Ministry of Internal Affairs; from 1860 collaborated with *Russian Herald* and *Moscow Gazette*; in 1872–1914 published the Black Hundred journal *Citizen*, in 1903 founded the reactionary journals *Good* and *Friendly Speeches*. In his publications, which were generously subsidized by the tsarist government, Meshchersky spoke out against any concessions by the government not only to workers but also to the liberal bourgeoisie. – 64.

**Miklashevsky**, M. P. – see **Nevedomsky**, M.

**Milyukov**, P. N. (1859–1943) – prominent ideologue of Russian imperialist bourgeoisie, historian and publicist. From 1902 actively collaborated with the liberals' journal *Liberation*, published abroad. In October 1905 – one of the founders of the Cadet party, subsequently chairman of its Central Committee and editor of its central organ – the newspaper *Speech*. Deputy of the Third and Fourth State Dumas. In 1917 – Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution – one of the organizers of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia, an active figure in white emigration. – 57, 130.

**Mikhailovsky**, N. K. (1842–1904) – the most prominent theoretician of liberal populism, publicist, literary critic, positivist philosopher, one of the representatives of the subjective school in sociology. In 1892 took the lead of the journal *Russian Wealth*, on whose pages he waged fierce struggle against Marxists. A critique of Mikhailovsky's views is given in V. I. Lenin's work *What Are the "Friends of the People" and How Do They Fight Against Social-Democrats?* and in other works. – 9.

**Mogilyansky**, M. M. (1873–1942) – lawyer, publicist. In 1906 joined the Cadet party, collaborated with the central organ of this party – the newspaper *Speech* and other Russian, as well as Ukrainian periodicals. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from the Cadet party. In the 1930s worked at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. – 279–280.

**Morley** (Morley), John (1838–1923) – English bourgeois political figure and writer. From 1883 – member of parliament. In 1905–1910 – Under-Secretary of State for India, carried out a policy of suppressing the national-liberation movement; later – Lord President of the Council. In 1914 retired. – 74.

**N**

**Nevedomsky**, M. (Miklashevsky, M. P.) (1866–1943) – social democrat, Menshevik, literary critic and publicist. In the years of reaction – a liquidator, showed solidarity with the authors of the counter-revolutionary collection *Landmarks*, spoke out against the party nature of literature. After the October Socialist Revolution engaged in publicist activity. – 413.

**Nekrasov**, N. V. (born 1879) – deputy of the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Tomsk province, professor, Cadet. In 1917 was a member of the Provisional Government as Minister of Communications, Minister Without Portfolio, and Minister of Finance. In summer 1917 withdrew from the Cadet party. Under Soviet power worked in the Central Union. – 68.

**Nikitsky**, A. A. – see **Novotorzhsky**, G.

**Novich**, St. – see **Portugheis**, S. I.

**Novotorzhsky**, G. (Nikitsky, A. A.) – publicist, contributor to the journal *Contemporary*, around which Menshevik liquidators, "people's socialists," and left liberals grouped themselves. Moreover published in *Russian Wealth*, *Russian News*, and other publications. – 446.

**O**

**Olguin** – see **Fomin**, V. P.

**Oldenburg**, S. F. (1863–1934) – major scholar-orientalist. From 1901 – academician. In 1917 was Minister of Education in the Provisional Government, member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. From 1904 to 1929 permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences. From 1930 – director of the Institute of Oriental Studies. Author of a number of works on folklore, ethnography, art of the peoples of China, India, Indonesia, and other countries. – 52.

**P**

**Petty** (Petty), William (1623–1687) – distinguished English economist and statistician, founder of classical bourgeois political economy in England. K. Marx wrote that "William Petty, the father of political economy and in some sense the inventor of statistics…" (K. Marx and F. Engels. *Works*, 2nd ed., vol. 23, p. 282). In his economic works Petty laid the foundations of the labor theory of value, and also investigated a number of other problems of political economy, including differential rent, which, according to K. Marx's assessment, he expounded better than A. Smith. – 41.

**Peshekhonov**, A. V. (1867–1933) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the 1890s – a liberal populist, contributor, and from 1904 – member of the editorial board of the journal *Russian Wealth*; collaborated with the liberal-monarchist journal *Liberation* and the Socialist Revolutionary newspaper *Revolutionary Russia*. From 1906 – one of the leaders of the petit bourgeois party of "people's socialists" (Enesy). In 1917 – Minister of Food Supply of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power; from 1922 – a white emigrant. – 157, 237, 318, 326, 436.

**Plekhanov**, G. V. (1856–1918) – a distinguished figure in Russian and international workers' movement, the first propagandist of Marxism in Russia. In 1883 created in Geneva the first Russian Marxist organization – the group "Emancipation of Labor." Plekhanov fought with populism, spoke out against revisionism in the international workers' movement. At the beginning of the 1900s was in the editorial board of the newspaper *Spark* and the journal *Dawn*.

From 1883 to 1903 Plekhanov wrote a number of works that played a great role in the defense and propagation of the materialist world-view: *Socialism and Political Struggle*, *Our Disagreements*, *On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History*, *Essays on the History of Materialism*, *On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History*, and others. However, even at that time he had serious errors, which were the embryo of his future Menshevik views. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP Plekhanov took the position of reconciliation with opportunism, and then joined the Mensheviks. During the period of the first Russian revolution stood on Menshevik positions on all fundamental questions. Condemned the December armed uprising of 1905. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge spoke out against the machist revision of Marxism and liquidationism, headed a group of Menshevik-partisans. During the First World War took the position of social-patriotism. Having returned after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 to Russia, headed the far-right group of Menshevik-defensists "Unity," actively spoke out against the Bolsheviks, against the socialist revolution, believing that Russia had not matured for the transition to socialism. Took a negative attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution but did not participate in the struggle against Soviet power.

Lenin highly valued Plekhanov's philosophical works and his role in disseminating Marxism in Russia; at the same time he sharply criticized Plekhanov for deviations from Marxism and major errors in political activity. – 3, 98, 113, 125, 133, 167–170, 179, 181, 182, 196, 222, 223, 233, 242, 251, 253, 281, 308, 309, 311, 314, 324, 325, 328, 329, 332, 337, 338, 339, 340, 347–350, 351, 352, 355, 372, 374, 375, 376, 383, 393, 395, 402, 403, 404, 413, 428, 445, 446.

**Pokrovsky**, M. P. (Domov) (1868–1932) – member of the RSDLP from 1905, Bolshevik, prominent historian.

Took active part in the revolution of 1905–1907, was a member of the Moscow committee of the party. At the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP elected candidate member of the Central Committee. From 1908 to 1917 lived in emigration. In the years of reaction aligned with the Otzovists and ultimatists, and then with the anti-party group "Forward," with which he broke in 1911. In 1917 returned to Russia, took part in the armed uprising in Moscow, was a member of the Zamoskvoretsky revolutionary headquarters. From November 1917 to March 1918 – chairman of the Moscow Soviet. For some time aligned with the group of "left communists," spoke out against the signing of the Brest Peace Treaty. From 1918 – Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. In 1923–1927 actively participated in the struggle against Trotskyism. In various years headed the Communist Academy, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Institute of Red Professors, and others. From 1929 – academician. Repeatedly elected to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

Pokrovsky is the author of many scientific works on the history of the USSR, in which he subjected bourgeois historiography to criticism. V. I. Lenin positively evaluated his work *Russian History in the Most Concise Outline*. However, despite the significance of his works, Pokrovsky was not entirely consistent as a Marxist and allowed serious errors in his exposition of the historical process.

Author of works: *Russian History from Ancient Times*, *An Outline of the History of Russian Culture*, *Russian History in the Most Concise Outline*, and others. – 354.

**Pomyalovsky**, P. G. (1835–1863) – Russian democratic writer. In his works spoke out against the foundations of autocratic-bureaucratic Russia, violence and arbitrariness. Pomyalovsky's creative work was highly valued by N. G. Chernyshevsky and A. M. Gorky. – 314.

**Popov** (Britman), A. V. (Antonov) (died 1914) – social democrat, professional revolutionary. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP joined the Bolsheviks; one of the authors of the appeal of the Bern group supporting the party to the party's majority supporters abroad (1905). In 1905–1907 took active part in the activities of the military organization of Petersburg and Kronstadt. Subjected to repeated arrests. In 1908 exiled to hard labor, from which he soon escaped, subsequently lived abroad; was in the Paris section of the RSDLP and in the composition of the Committee of Overseas Organizations of the party. From the beginning of the First World War volunteered in the French army and died on the front in November 1914. – 394.

**Popov**, I. F. (1886–1957) – social democrat. In 1905–1914 was a member of the Bolshevik party, conducted revolutionary work in Moscow and abroad. In 1908 emigrated to Belgium, where he carried out the connection of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with the International Socialist Bureau. Collaborated with *Pravda*, *Enlightenment*, *Le Peuple*, and other publications. During the First World War was taken prisoner by the Germans. In 1918 returned to Soviet Russia, worked as a trade representative in Switzerland, then in the publishing house of the People's Commissariat of the RCP, in organs of the press and theatrical organizations. Author of works about revolutionary events in Russia; wrote the widely known play about the youth of V. I. Lenin – *The Family*. – 401, 403.

**Portugheis**, S. I. (Novich, St.) – Menshevik, publicist. Was a delegate of the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP from the Odessa organization. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, collaborated with the newspaper *Voice of the Social-Democrat*, the journal *Our Dawn*, and other organs of the Menshevik liquidators. During the First World War – a defeatist. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power, collaborated with the white-guard press in the south of the country, subsequently emigrated abroad; in his articles and books slandered the Soviet Union and the Communist Party. – 413.

**Potresov**, A. N. (1869–1934) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – ideologue of liquidationism, played a leadership role in the journals *Renaissance*, *Our Dawn*, and other organs of the Menshevik liquidators. During the First World War – a social-patriot. After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated, collaborated abroad in Kerensky's weekly *Days*, made attacks on Soviet Russia. – 3, 121, 123, 124, 168, 169–170, 223, 251, 324, 337, 413, 445.

**Prokopovich**, S. N. (1871–1955) – bourgeois economist and publicist. At the end of the 1890s – a prominent representative of "economism," one of the first preachers of Bernsteinism in Russia. Later an active member of the liberal-monarchist "Union for Liberation." In 1906 – member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. Editor-publisher of the semi-Cadet, semi-Menshevik journal *Untitled*. In 1917 – Minister of Food Supply of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power; for anti-Soviet activity was expelled from the USSR. – 98, 446, 447.

**Proudhon** (Proudhon), Pierre-Joseph (1809–1865) – French publicist, economist and sociologist, ideologue of the petit bourgeoisie, one of the founders of anarchism, a compositor by profession. In 1840 published the book *What is Property?*. Proudhon dreamed of perpetuating small private property and criticized large capitalist property from a petit bourgeois position. Proudhon considered the state to be the main source of class contradictions; he put forward utopian projects for the peaceful "abolition of the state," preached a negative attitude toward political struggle. In 1846 published the book *System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Misery*, where he set forth his petit bourgeois philosophical and economic views. Marx in his work *The Poverty of Philosophy* gave a devastating critique of Proudhon's book, showing its scientific inconsistency. Elected during the revolution of 1848 to the Constituent Assembly, Proudhon condemned the revolutionary activities of the working class. – 301, 302, 351.

**Purishkevich**, V. M. (1870–1920) – a major landowner, fierce reactionary Black Hundred monarchist. Was one of the initiators of the creation of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People"; in 1907 withdrew from this union and formed a new monarchist counter-revolutionary organization – the "Chamber of the Archangel Michael." Deputy of the Second, Third, and Fourth State Dumas from Bessarabia province; became widely known for his pogroms and anti-Semitic speeches in the Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power. – 65, 67–68, 69, 72, 86, 130, 148, 150, 162, 172, 282–283, 287, 316, 317, 318, 319.

**R**

**Raiskaya**, E. E. (born 1862) – actress of the Maly Theatre in Petersburg. – 8.

**Rakitnikov**, N. I. (born 1864) – populist, subsequently Socialist Revolutionary, journalist. From 1901 member of the Central Committee of the Socialist Revolutionary party, conducted work in various cities of Russia and abroad, collaborated with Socialist Revolutionary organs of the press. In 1916 returned to Russia. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was Deputy Minister of Agriculture. After the October Socialist Revolution took part in the activities of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly in Samara. In 1919 withdrew from the Central Committee of the Socialist Revolutionary party, recognized Soviet power. Subsequently withdrew from political activity. – 236, 237, 324, 328.

**Rasputin** (Novykh), G. E. (1872–1916) – adventurer, who wielded great influence at the court of Nicholas II. Came from peasants of Tobolsk province. In 1907 under the guise of a "holy elder" and "prophet" gained the trust of the tsarist family. In "Rasputinism" found the most vivid expression the obscurantism, fanaticism, moral decay characteristic of the ruling stratum of tsarist Russia. Rasputin was killed in Petrograd by a group of monarchists who attempted through this act to save the prestige of the monarchy. – 451.

**Reger** (Reger), Tadeusz (1872–1938) – member of the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia and Silesia (GTPSD), journalist. In 1903–1920 – founder and editor of the socialist weekly *Robotnik Slajski* (*Silesian Worker*), collaborated with a number of periodicals. From 1911 to 1917 – member of the Austrian parliament. In 1919–1935 – deputy of the Polish Sejm, aligned with the right wing of the PPS, was a member of the Main Board of the party and secretary of the district committee of the PPS in the city of Teschen. – 272.

**Renouvier** (Renouvier), Charles (1815–1903) – French eclectic philosopher, head of the neocritical philosophical school; educated as a mathematician. From 1890 took active part in the journal *L'Annee Philosophique* (*Philosophical Annual*). Characterizing Renouvier as a reactionary philosopher, V. I. Lenin wrote: "His theoretical philosophy is a union of Hume's phenomenalism with Kant's apriorism. The thing-in-itself is decisively rejected. The connection of phenomena, order, law is declared a priori; the law is written with a capital letter and turned into the basis of religion. Catholic priests are delighted with this philosophy" (Works, 5th ed., vol. 18, p. 221). – 40, 48.

**Rodzyanko**, M. V. (1859–1924) – major landowner, one of the leaders of the Octobrist party, monarchist. From March 1911 – chairman of the Third and subsequently Fourth State Duma; supported the tsarist government in its struggle against the revolutionary movement. During the period of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 organized a counter-revolutionary center – the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, and subsequently a "private meeting" of members of the State Duma. Was one of the chief organizers of the Kornilov plot. After the October Socialist Revolution fled to Denikin, attempted to unite all counter-revolutionary forces in the struggle against Soviet power; subsequently emigrated. – 129, 130.

**Rozanov**, V. V. (1856–1919) – reactionary philosopher, publicist and critic, contributor to the newspapers *Moscow Gazette*, *New Times*, and the journal *Russian Herald*. Preached idealism and mysticism, spoke in defense of autocracy. – 172.

**Rozanov**, V. N. (Enzis) (1876–1939) – social democrat, Menshevik. Began political activity in the mid-1890s in Moscow; in 1899 was exiled to Smolensk. Was in the group "Southern Worker," in 1901–1903 worked in southern Russia; was a member of the Organizing Committee for the convocation of the Second Congress of the RSDLP. At the congress – a delegate from the group "Southern Worker," occupied a centrist position; after the congress – an active Menshevik. At the end of 1904 was coopted into the conciliationist Central Committee; in February 1905 was arrested. At the Menshevik conference in May 1905 was elected to the Organizing Commission – the leading Menshevik center; at the Fourth Congress of the RSDLP – to the Central Committee by the Mensheviks. In 1908 emigrated. After the February revolution of 1917 – member of the Menshevik faction of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, a defeatist. Took a hostile attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution, actively participated in a number of counter-revolutionary organizations; in the trial of the "Tactical Center" was condemned. After amnesty withdrew from political activity, worked in medical institutions. – 413.

**Ropshin**, V. – see **Savinkov**, B. V.

**Rubakin**, N. A. (1862–1946) – Russian bibliographer and writer, author of numerous works on bibliography, the history of the book trade in Russia, popular scientific essays on geography, natural sciences, and others. In 1907 emigrated to Switzerland, where he lived until the end of his life. Rubakin's main bibliographic work – *Among Books* (1906). V. I. Lenin met with Rubakin abroad and used books from his library. Subsequently Rubakin maintained close contact with the Soviet Union, bequeathed to the USSR his library of 80,000 volumes of books, which is kept in the State Library named after V. I. Lenin. – 100, 111, 112–114, 115.

**Rubanovich**, I. A. (1860–1920) – one of the leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary party. Initially took active part in the Populist movement; in the 1880s emigrated to Paris, where in 1893 joined the "group of old Populists." With the formation of the Socialist Revolutionary party – an active member. Took close part in the journal *Herald of the Russian Revolution*, which from 1902 became the official organ of the Socialist Revolutionary party. Representative of the Socialist Revolutionary party at the International Socialist Congresses in Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907). Member of the International Socialist Bureau. During the First World War – a social-patriot. After the October Socialist Revolution – an opponent of Soviet power. – 402.

**Rudnev**, V. A. – see **Bazarov**, V.

**Rybalka**, L. – see **Yurkevich**, L.

**Ryabushinsky**, V. P. – one of the representatives of the family of major Moscow industrialists and bankers. Was from 1894 a member of the board of the "Partnership of Manufactures of P. M. Ryabushinsky with C—es." – 34, 63.

**Ryazanov** (Goldendakh), D. B. (1870–1938) – participated in the social democratic movement from the 1890s, worked in Odessa and Kishinev. In 1900 went abroad, was one of the organizers of the literary group "Struggle," which spoke out against the party program worked out by *Spark* and Lenin's organizational principles for building the party. The Second Congress of the RSDLP expressed itself against the participation in the work of the congress of the group "Struggle" and rejected the proposal to invite Ryazanov to the congress as its representative. In 1907 worked in the Central Bureau of Trade Unions in Petersburg; subsequently went abroad. In 1909 was a lecturer at the Capri School of the factional group "Forward"; gave lectures on the trade union movement at the party school in Longjumeau; at the request of the German social democratic party prepared the publication of the Works of K. Marx and F. Engels. During the First World War – a centrist, collaborated with the Menshevik-Trotskyist newspapers *Voice* and *Our Word*. At the Sixth Congress of the party (1917) together with the "Inter-raioncy" was accepted into the RSDLP(b). After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the professional movement; was one of the organizers of the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels and its director until 1931. At the beginning of 1918 temporarily withdrew from the party due to disagreement on the question of the Brest Peace; during the trade union discussion (1920–1921) took an anti-party position and was removed from work in the trade unions. In February 1931 was excluded from the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) for aiding counter-revolutionary activity by Mensheviks. – 205.

**S**

**Savenko**, A. I. (born 1874) – bourgeois nationalist, publicist, major landowner. In 1908 founded in Kiev a "Club of Russian Nationalists." Deputy of the Fourth State Duma from Kiev province; in the Duma was a member of the "Progressive Bloc." Collaborated with Black Hundred newspapers *New Times* and *Kievlanin*. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against the Soviet state; subsequently – a white emigrant. – 285.

**Savinkov**, B. V. (Ropshin, V.) (1879–1925) – prominent figure in the Socialist Revolutionary party, one of the leaders of its "Combat Organization." After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Deputy War Minister, and subsequently military governor-general of Petrograd; at his initiative the death penalty was introduced at the front. After the October Socialist Revolution – organizer of a number of counter-revolutionary uprisings and military intervention against the Soviet republic. In 1924 illegally came to the USSR, was arrested. The Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced Savinkov to death, by decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR the death sentence was commuted to imprisonment for 10 years. In 1925, while in prison, he took his own life.

Savinkov wrote several mysticism-infused novels under the pseudonym V. Ropshin – *The Pale Horse*, *What Did Not Come to Pass*, and others, as well as the autobiographical *Memoirs of a Terrorist*. – 120.

**Salazkin**, A. S. (born 1870) – major merchant and landowner, Cadet, deputy of the Second and Fourth State Dumas from Ryazan province. From 1910 – chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair and Exchange Committee; during the First World War – authorized representative of the Ministry of Agriculture for the procurement of bread for the army in Nizhny Novgorod province. After the October Socialist Revolution conducted counter-revolutionary work in southern Russia. – 10.

**Saltykov-Shchedrin**, M. E. (Shchedrin, P.) (1826–1889) – great Russian satirist writer, revolutionary democrat. In his works subjected to devastating critique the autocratic-serf system of Russia, created an entire gallery of images of despotic landowners, representatives of tsarist bureaucracy, cowardly liberals, and for the first time in Russian artistic literature depicted types of bourgeois predators. The image of the main character of the novel *The Golovlyov Family* – Iudushka Golovlev – Lenin called immortal and repeatedly used, as well as other images from Saltykov-Shchedrin's works, in his works, exposing hostile social groups and political parties. K. Marx highly valued the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin. – 202.

**Sedov**, L. – see **Koltsov**, D.

**Semenov**, F. A. – see **Bulkin**, F. A.

**Semkovsky**, S. (Bronstein, S. Yu.) (born 1882) – social democrat, Menshevik. Was in the editorial board of Trotsky's Vienna *Pravda*, collaborated with organs of the Menshevik liquidators and foreign social democratic press. V. I. Lenin in a number of his works sharply criticized Semkovsky's position on the national and other questions. During the First World War – a centrist. After returning in 1917 from emigration to Russia entered the composition of the Menshevik Central Committee. In 1920 broke with the Mensheviks. Subsequently was a professor in higher educational institutions of Ukraine, conducted scientific and literary work. – 196, 222, 224, 225, 257, 258, 263, 275, 281, 282, 288, 295, 307, 315, 316, 318, 436, 437.

**Saint-Simon** (Saint-Simon), Henri-Claude (1760–1825) – great French utopian socialist; subjected the capitalist system to criticism and came forward with a program of replacing it with a society based on the principles of association. Saint-Simon believed that in the new society everyone should work and the role of people should correspond to their labor achievements; advanced the idea of the partnership of industry and science, of centralized and planned production. But in Saint-Simon, as Engels wrote, "alongside the proletarian trend, the bourgeois trend retained a certain significance" (*Anti-Dühring*, 1957, p. 18). He left private property and interest on capital untouched, had a negative attitude toward political struggle and revolution, not understanding the historical mission of the proletariat, believed that governmental reforms and moral education of society in the spirit of a new religion would lead to the elimination of class contradictions.

Saint-Simon's main works: *Letters of a Geneva Inhabitant to His Contemporaries*, *Introduction to the Scientific Works of the Nineteenth Century*, *Catechism of Industrialists*, *The New Christianity*. – 48, 49.

**Seely** (Seely), John Edward Bernard (1868–1947) – English political and state figure, general. From 1900 repeatedly elected to parliament, initially from the Conservative (until 1904), and subsequently from the Liberal party. In 1908 – Assistant Colonial Secretary; from 1911 – Assistant War Secretary. In 1912–1914 – War Secretary. During the First World War served on the general staff, subsequently commanded a Canadian brigade. In 1918–1919 – Assistant Minister of War Supplies, subsequently Minister of Aviation. After 1924 engaged in public activity. – 74.

**Skobelev**, M. I. (1885–1939) – from 1903 took part in the social democratic movement in the ranks of the Mensheviks, by profession an engineer. In 1906 emigrated abroad, collaborated with Menshevik publications, was in the editorial board of Trotsky's *Pravda*. Deputy of the Fourth State Duma from the Russian curia of the Caucasus. During the First World War – a centrist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution – Deputy Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, Deputy Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation; from May to August 1917 – Minister of Labor of the Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from the Mensheviks, worked in the cooperative system, subsequently in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade. From 1922 to 1937 was a member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), was on responsible economic work; in 1936–1937 worked in the All-Union Radio Committee. – 125, 346.

**Smirnov**, E. – see **Gurevich**, E. L.

**Snessarev**, N. V. (born 1864) – journalist and publicist. Initially collaborated with the newspaper *Son of the Fatherland*; from 1887 to 1913 – contributor and secretary of the editorial board of *New Times*. After his scandalous removal from the newspaper wrote the book *The Mirage of "New Times."* – 5, 6, 7–8.

**Sokolov**, A. V. – see **Volsky**, S. A.

**Steklov**, Yu. M. (1873–1941) – professional revolutionary, participated in the social democratic movement from 1893, one of the organizers of the first social democratic circles in Odessa. In 1894 was arrested and exiled for 10 years to the Yakut region. In 1899 escaped abroad. Was one of the organizers of the literary group "Struggle," which attempted to reconcile revolutionary and opportunist tendencies in Russian social democracy. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP aligned with the Bolsheviks. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge collaborated with the Central Organ of the RSDLP – the newspaper *Social-Democrat*, with the Bolshevik newspapers *Star* and *Pravda*. Participated in the work of the social democratic faction of the Third and Fourth State Dumas. Was a lecturer at the party school in Longjumeau (France). After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 stood on the positions of "revolutionary defeatism," was a member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and editor of *News of the Petrograd Soviet*. Subsequently went over to the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution – member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee, editor of the newspaper *News of the Central Executive Committee*, journal *Soviet Construction*, from 1929 – Deputy Chairman of the Scholarly Committee of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Author of a number of works on the history of the revolutionary movement. – 446.

**Stolypin**, P. A. (1862–1911) – state figure of tsarist Russia, major landowner. In 1906–1911 – Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs. Associated with his name is a period of the harshest political reaction with wide application of the death penalty for the purpose of suppressing the revolutionary movement ("Stolypin reaction" 1907–1910). Stolypin carried out an agrarian reform with the purpose of creating in the person of the kulaks a support for tsarist autocracy in the countryside. However, his attempt to strengthen autocracy through the implementation of certain reforms from above in the interests of the bourgeoisie and landowners failed. In 1911 Stolypin was killed in Kiev by the Socialist Revolutionary Bogrov. – 15, 66, 171.

**Streltsov**, R. E. (born 1875) – litterateur, publicist. From 1900 to 1914 was in emigration, mainly in Germany, collaborated with foreign social democratic publications, as well as with the left-Cadet newspaper *Comrade* published in Russia. Upon return to Russia was in various commissions under the city government of Petrograd. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in economic organs in Moscow and Yaroslavl. – 446.

**Struve**, P. B. (1870–1944) – bourgeois economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the Cadet party. In the 1890s – the most prominent representative of "legal Marxism," spoke out with "supplements" and "criticism" of the economic and philosophical teaching of K. Marx, sought to adapt Marxism and the workers' movement to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Struve was one of the theorists and organizers of the liberal-monarchist "Union for Liberation" (1903–1905) and editor of its illegal organ – the journal *Liberation*. With the formation in 1905 of the Cadet party – member of its Central Committee. One of the ideologues of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – a fierce enemy of Soviet power, member of the counter-revolutionary government of Wrangel, a white emigrant. – 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46–48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 131, 297, 338, 447.

**Suvorin**, A. S. (1834–1912) – reactionary journalist and publisher. From 1876 to 1912 – owner-publisher of the venal bourgeois newspaper *New Times* – the organ of reactionary noble and bureaucratic circles. Began his journalistic activity in provincial press, moved to Moscow, subsequently to Petersburg, collaborated with *Notes of the Fatherland* and *Contemporary*; from 1876 took a sharp turn toward reaction. – 6, 8.

**Sukhanov**, N. (Gimmler, N. I.) (born 1882) – economist and publicist of a petit bourgeois type. Initially was a Populist, subsequently, joining the Mensheviks, attempted to combine Populism with Marxism. During the First World War declared himself an internationalist. In 1917 was elected a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet; contributor to the newspaper *New Life*, actively supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. Until 1920 aligned with the Menshevik group of L. Martov; worked in Soviet economic organs and institutions. In 1931 was condemned as the leader of an underground Menshevik organization. V. I. Lenin in his works sharply criticized Sukhanov's Menshevik views. – 152, 153, 169, 170, 252, 324–325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 339, 445, 446.

**T**

**Tikhomirnov**, V. A. (V. A. T.) (1889–1919) – social democrat, Bolshevik. Member of the RSDLP from 1905. Conducted active revolutionary work in Kazan, Petersburg, and Moscow, was subjected to arrests and exiles. Participated in the preparation of the publication of the newspaper *Pravda* and collaborated with it. Took active part in the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, was a delegate of the Sixth Congress of the RSDLP(b). After the congress was sent to Moscow, participated in the October battles in Moscow. After the October Revolution – member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. – 227, 412.

**Tolstoy**, L. N. (1828–1910) – a genius Russian writer, one of the greatest writers of the world, exerting an enormous influence on the development of Russian and world literature.

V. I. Lenin devoted a number of works to the characterization of Tolstoy's world-view and evaluation of all his activity: *Leo Tolstoy as a Mirror of the Russian Revolution*, *L. N. Tolstoy*, *L. N. Tolstoy and the Contemporary Workers' Movement*, *Tolstoy and the Proletarian Struggle*, *L. N. Tolstoy and His Epoch* (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 17, pp. 206–213; vol. 20, pp. 19–24, 38–41, 70–71, 100–104) and others. – 33.

**Trotsky** (Bronstein), L. D. (Antid, Otto) (1879–1940) – the deadliest enemy of Leninism. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge, masking himself with the mask of "non-factionalism," in fact stood on the positions of the liquidators. In 1912 was the organizer of the anti-party August Bloc. During the First World War occupied a centrist position, conducted struggle against V. I. Lenin on the questions of war, peace, and revolution. Having returned after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 from emigration, entered the group of "Inter-raioncy" and together with them at the Sixth Congress of the RSDLP(b) was accepted into the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution occupied a number of state posts. In 1918 was an opponent of the Brest Peace, in 1920–1921 headed the opposition in the trade union discussion; from 1923 waged fierce factional struggle against the general line of the party, against Lenin's program of building socialism, preached the impossibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR. The Communist Party, having exposed Trotskyism as a petit bourgeois deviation in the party, crushed it ideologically and organizationally. In 1927 Trotsky was excluded from the party; in 1929 for anti-Soviet activity was expelled from the USSR and in 1932 was deprived of Soviet citizenship. Being abroad, continued his struggle against the Soviet state and the Communist Party, against the international communist movement. – 1, 2, 3–4, 83, 99, 109, 123, 125, 126, 133, 142, 152, 170, 179, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196–197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 217–218, 222, 233, 242, 243, 312–313, 318, 324, 328, 329, 338, 339, 340, 349–350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 376, 383–384, 395, 400, 413.

**Trubetskoy**, E. N. (1863–1920) – prince, one of the ideologues of Russian bourgeois liberalism, idealist philosopher. Was a professor of philosophy of law at Kiev and subsequently at Moscow University. Until 1906 – a Cadet. From 1906 – one of the organizers of the constitutional-monarchist party of "peaceful renewal." Played a prominent role in the tsarist repression of the first Russian revolution and in the creation of the Stolypin regime in the country. During the First World War – one of the ideologues of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – a bitter enemy of Soviet power, an active Denikinite. – 268.

**Tugan-Baranovsky**, M. I. (1865–1919) – Russian bourgeois economist, in the 1890s – a prominent representative of "legal Marxism." During the revolution of 1905–1907 – a member of the Cadet party. After the October Socialist Revolution – an active figure in the counter-revolution in Ukraine, Minister of Finance of the bourgeois Ukrainian Central Rada. Tugan-Baranovsky's main works of the 1890s: *Industrial Crises in Contemporary England, Their Causes and Influence on National Life*, *The Russian Factory in the Past and Present*, and others. – 33, 112.

**Tulyakov**, I. N. (born 1877) – worker, social democrat, Menshevik, deputy of the Fourth State Duma from the workers of Don Cossack Region. – 196, 346, 416.

**Tyszka** (Tyszka), Jan (Jogiheles, Leo) (1867–1919) – prominent figure in the Polish and German workers' movement. Was one of the founders of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (1893) and member of the Main Board of this party. Waged struggle against revisionism in the international workers' movement, spoke out against nationalism, defending the necessity of the joint struggle of the Polish and Russian proletariat. Took active part in the revolution of 1905–1907; in spring 1906 was arrested in Warsaw, subsequently sentenced to 8 years hard labor. After his escape continued revolutionary work abroad. Participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP, at which was elected to the membership of the Central Committee. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge Tyszka, condemning the liquidators, in a number of cases, however, took a conciliationist position toward them. In 1912 spoke out against the decisions of the Prague Conference. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Tyszka's activities during this period. During the First World War Tyszka, being in Germany, participated in the work of German social democracy, stood on internationalist positions; was one of the organizers of the "League of Spartacus." In 1916–1918 was imprisoned. After his release by the November Revolution of 1918 participated in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany and was elected secretary of its Central Committee. Arrested in March 1919, was killed in a Berlin prison. – 339, 429, 430.

**F**

**F. A.** – see **Adler**, F.

**F. D.** – see **Dan**, F. I.

**Thomas Aquinas** (Aquinas) (1225–1274) – a distinguished representative of medieval scholasticism, ideologue of Western European feudalism, by his political convictions – a fierce monarchist. His philosophy – theological dogmatism – contained in its essence a distorted and adapted to the demands of the church teaching of Aristotle and was directed toward the preservation and strengthening of the power of the Catholic Church, the structure of social inequality and exploitation. At the end of the nineteenth century by command of Pope Leo XIII the teaching of Thomas Aquinas was recognized as the sole philosophy of the Catholic Church. Contemporary reactionary philosophers use the teaching of Thomas Aquinas for the purpose of defending capitalism. – 39, 40.

**Fomin**, V. P. (Olguin) – social democrat; after the Second Congress of the RSDLP – Menshevik; from 1909 – Menshevik-partisan, supporter of G. V. Plekhanov; lived abroad. In 1909–1910 collaborated with *Voice of the Social-Democrat*; in 1912–1914 – with the leaflet of the Menshevik-partisans *For the Party*. – 374.

**Fürstenberg**, Ya. S. – see **Ganetsky**, Ya. S.

**Kh**

**Khalturin**, S. N. (1857–1882) – one of the first Russian worker-revolutionaries, by profession a cabinetmaker. From the mid-1870s took active part in the workers' movement, was in the Populist "Society of Friends," which attempted to unite workers' circles in Petersburg. But in contrast to the Populists, Khalturin considered political struggle the main task of the revolutionary movement, and in the nascent proletariat saw its decisive force. Together with another distinguished worker-revolutionary, the locksmith V. P. Obnorsky, Khalturin in 1878 organized the illegal "Northern Union of Russian Workers," conducted preparations for the publication of an independent workers' newspaper. In 1879 the majority of members of the "Union" were arrested. Remaining at liberty, Khalturin came close to the "People's Will" party and its leader A. I. Zhelyabov. Under the influence of the Populists, Khalturin, who was working at that time as a cabinetmaker in the Winter Palace, organized an attempt on the tsar; on February 5 (17), 1880, an explosion occurred in the palace, however, neither the tsar nor his family were harmed. Persecuted by the police, Khalturin continued his revolutionary work in southern Russia. In 1882 together with his comrade N. A. Zhelvakov he organized in Odessa an attempt on the life of the military prosecutor, the notorious General Strelnikov. During the attempt both were arrested and sentenced by court-martial to death by execution. – 94.

**Khaustov**, V. I. (born 1884) – social democrat, Menshevik, by profession a lathe-worker, deputy of the Fourth State Duma from the workers of Ufa province; was in the social democratic faction. During the First World War – an internationalist. – 346.

**Hochberg** (Hochberg), Karl (1853–1885) – German right-wing social democrat, journalist. At the end of the 1870s – beginning of 1880s published the journals *Die Zukunft* (*The Future*), *Jahrbuch fur Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik* (*Yearbook of Social Science and Social Politics*) and *Staatswirtschaftliche Abhandlungen* (*Political-Economic Treatises*). After the adoption of the exceptional law against socialists together with Schramm and Bernstein spoke out against the revolutionary tactics of the party, calling for an alliance with the bourgeoisie and the subordination to it of the interests of the proletariat. These opportunist views provoked sharp protest from K. Marx and F. Engels, who regarded them as a betrayal of the party. – 110.

**Khrapovitsky**, A. P. – see **Anthony of Volyn**.

# BIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE SECTION

Khrustales-Nosar, G. S. (1877–1918) – assistant attorney-at-law, Menshevik. In 1905 was chairman of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, which was in the hands of the Mensheviks. In 1906 was brought to trial in connection with the case of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, exiled to Siberia, but fled from there abroad; participant in the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. Supported the opportunistic idea of convening a "workers' congress." During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidationist, collaborated in the Menshevik newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat." In 1909 left the party, engaged in murky financial operations. During the First World War returned to Russia. After the October Socialist Revolution conducted active counterrevolutionary activity in Ukraine, supported Hetman Skoropadsky and Petlyura. In 1918 was shot. – 161.

Ts

Tsederbaum, V. O. – see Levitsky, V.

Tsederbaum, S. O. (Yezhov, V.) (1879–1939) – social-democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – active liquidationist, took part in newspapers and journals of the Menshevik liquidationists. During the First World War – a defensist. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from political activity. – 3, 57, 124, 394.

Ch

Cherevatin, N. (Lipkin, F. A.) (1868–1938) – one of the leaders of Menshevism, extreme liquidationist. Contributor to liquidationist publications; among 16 Mensheviks signed an "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party (1910); after the August anti-party conference of 1912 – member of the Menshevik center (OK). During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. In 1917 one of the editors of "Workers' Gazette" – the central organ of the Mensheviks and member of the Menshevik Central Committee. Took a hostile stance toward the October Socialist Revolution. – 133, 169, 222, 328, 413.

Chernov, V. M. (1876–1952) – one of the leaders and theoreticians of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. In 1902–1905 – editor of the central organ of the Socialist Revolutionaries – the newspaper "Revolutionary Russia." Came forward with articles directed against Marxism, attempting to prove the inapplicability of Marx's theory to agriculture. In 1917 – Minister of Agriculture of the bourgeois Provisional Government, conducted a policy of cruel repressions against peasants who were seizing landowners' lands. After the October Socialist Revolution – one of the organizers of anti-Soviet uprisings. In 1920 emigrated; continued anti-Soviet activity abroad. – 120, 235, 324, 328, 329, 339.

Chernyshevsky, N. G. (1828–1889) – great Russian revolutionary democrat and utopian socialist, scholar, writer, literary critic, one of the outstanding precursors of Russian social-democracy. Chernyshevsky was the ideological inspiration and leader of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1860s in Russia. The journal "Contemporary" which he edited was the voice of the revolutionary forces of Russia. Chernyshevsky came forward with angry exposés of the serf character of the "peasant reform" of 1861, called upon peasants to rise up. In 1862 he was arrested by the tsarist government and imprisoned in the Petropavlovsk Fortress, where he remained for about two years, and was then sentenced to seven years of hard labor and eternal exile in Siberia. Chernyshevsky spent 20 years in exile. Until the end of his days he remained a passionate fighter against social inequality, against all manifestations of political and economic oppression. – 94, 297.

Chirkin, V. G. (1877–1954) – worker; entered the revolutionary movement in 1903. In early 1905 joined the Mensheviks. By the Mensheviks was elected delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. From 1906 – active participant in the trade union movement. Repeatedly subjected to arrests and exile. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – delegate to the I and II Congresses of Soviets. In 1918 broke with the Mensheviks and in 1920 joined the Bolshevik party. Worked in responsible economic positions. – 334.

Tskheidze, N. S. (1864–1926) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Tiflis Province, headed the Menshevik faction of the IV Duma. Lenin called Tskheidze a "semi-party social-democrat," who showed in the Duma "his ability to cover up opportunists and serve them." During the First World War – a centrist. During the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, a defensist. Tskheidze was chairman of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation, actively supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution – chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia – the counterrevolutionary Menshevik government. In 1921, after the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, emigrated to Paris. – 3, 4, 24, 26, 89, 125, 128, 168, 196, 214, 215, 216, 219, 344, 346, 347, 391, 400, 414, 415, 416.

Tskhenkheli, A. I. (born 1874) – social-democrat, Menshevik, a lawyer by profession. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – liquidationist. Deputy to the IV State Duma from Batumi and Kars Regions and the Sukhumi District. In the Duma was part of the Menshevik faction. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – representative of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Transcaucasia. In 1918–1921 – Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Menshevik government of Georgia, later a White emigrant. – 346.

Sh

Schweitzer (Schweitzer), Johann Baptist (1833–1875) – German public figure and writer, follower of F. Lassalle, a lawyer by profession. Began his political activity as a liberal; under the influence of Lassalle joined the workers' movement. From 1864 edited the central organ of the General German Workers' Association – the newspaper "Der Sozial-Demokrat" ("Social-Democrat"); in 1867 was elected president of the Association. Schweitzer conducted Lassallean, opportunistic tactics of agreement with the Prussian government, was a supporter of the Junker-Prussian path of German unification "from above." K. Marx and F. Engels subjected Schweitzer's "royal-Prussian governmental socialism" to sharp criticism. Within the Association Schweitzer conducted a policy of personal dictatorship, which aroused the discontent of its members. In 1871 Schweitzer was forced to leave the position of president and withdrew from political activity. – 122.

Shevchenko, T. G. (1814–1861) – great Ukrainian poet, artist, thinker, revolutionary-democrat, fighter against tsarism and serfdom. In his works, filled with hatred for oppressors, he reflected the struggle of revolutionary Ukrainian peasantry and the conditions of life of the entire Ukrainian people. Was one of the founders of critical realism in Ukrainian art. Shevchenko's creative work was highly valued by N. A. Dobrolyubov, N. G. Chernyshevsky, and also by Marxist criticism in the person of G. V. Plekhanov, A. V. Lunacharsky, and M. Gorky. – 66, 67.

Sheinfinkels, M. K. – see Vladimirov, M. K.

Shelgunov, V. A. (1867–1939) – worker, professional revolutionary, Bolshevik. Entered the revolutionary movement in 1886, was part of the Brusnev group. From 1892 conducted propaganda of Marxism in workers' circles in Petersburg. Was one of the organizers and activists of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class," in connection with which was arrested and exiled. After exile worked in Yekaterinoslav, Baku, Tiflis, and Petrograd. In 1910 participated in the founding of the newspaper "Star," and later the newspaper "Pravda." Repeatedly subjected to arrests and exiles, as a result of which lost his sight. After the October Socialist Revolution lived in Moscow, took part in the work of the Moskvoresk party organization. – 96.

Sher, V. V. (born 1883) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Participated in the revolutionary movement from 1902, from 1905 – member of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – liquidationist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – secretary of the Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies in Moscow; after the July events – assistant to the commander of troops of the Moscow Military District, and then head of the political administration of the military ministry. Under Soviet power worked in Tsentrosoyz, VSNKh, and Gosbank. From 1925 renewed hostile activity against the Soviet state, for which was arrested and condemned in 1931 by the Supreme Court of the USSR. – 324, 328, 339.

Shubinsky (Shubinskop), N. P. (born 1853) – landowner, Octobrist. Worked as an attorney of the Moscow Court of Appeals, was a member of the Kalyazin District and Tver Provincial zemstvos, from 1900 – member of the Moscow City Duma. Was marshal of the nobility of Kalyazin District. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Tver Province. In the Duma came forward with Black Hundred speeches. – n.d.

Schulze-Delitzsch (Schulze-Delitzsch), Hermann (1808–1883) – German vulgar economist, public figure, in 1867–1883 deputy to the Reichstag. Preached harmony of class interests between capitalists and workers; from 1849 launched a campaign among German workers and craftsmen for the creation of cooperative societies and savings banks, in which he saw the path to the realization of social peace within capitalist society. K. Marx and F. Engels repeatedly criticized the reactionary views of Schulze-Delitzsch. – 122.

Shch

Shcheglovitov, I. G. (1861–1918) – major landowner, extreme reactionary. From 1906 to 1915 – Minister of Justice. Conducted a Black Hundred policy, openly subordinated the courts to the instructions of the police authorities. Was one of the organizers of the introduction of military-field courts, the Third of June state coup, the trial of social-democrat members of the II and IV State Dumas, the Beilis case, etc. In 1917 – chairman of the State Council. – 129.

Shchedrin, N. – see Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E.

E

Em-El – see Lukomsky, M. Ya.

Engels (Engels), Friedrich (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of the international proletariat, friend and comrade-in-arms of K. Marx (see V. I. Lenin's article "Friedrich Engels." Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1–14). – 265, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 306, 307, 323.

Enzis – see Rozanov, V. P.

Yu

Yurkevich (Rybalka), L. (1885–1918) – Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist, opportunist. Member of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. In 1913–1914 took active part in the nationalist journal of Menshevik tendency "Dzvin" ("Bell"). During the First World War published the monthly newspaper "Borotba" ("Struggle") in Lausanne, in which came forward as a defeatist and waged a struggle against the pro-German nationalist "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine." Lenin sharply criticized Yurkevich, called him a nationalist philistine, a representative of "the most base, stupid, and reactionary nationalism" (Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 24, p. 127). – 257, 258, 263, 281, 282, 288, 295, 307, 314–315, 316, 436, 437.

Yushkevich, P. S. (1873–1945) – social-democrat, Menshevik, a mathematician by education; in philosophy adhered to positivism and pragmatism – tendencies close to Machism; author of the article "Modern Energetics from the Point of View of Empiriosymbolism," included in the collection "Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism," which V. I. Lenin subjected to criticism in the book "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism." Engaged in literary activity and translations.

In 1917–1919, being an opponent of Soviet power, collaborated in Ukraine in the Menshevik journal "Union" and other anti-Bolshevik publications; later withdrew from political activity. – 121.

Ya

Jagello (Jagello), E. I. (born 1873) – activist in the Polish workers' movement, member of the PPS–"Left," a lathe operator by profession. In 1912, during elections to the IV State Duma, by a bloc of the PPS–"Left" and the Bund, Jagello was put forward as a candidate for deputy to the Duma and, despite protests from Polish social-democrats, was elected. By the votes of the Menshevik "seven," against sharp protests from the Bolsheviks, Jagello was accepted into the Duma social-democratic faction. After the end of the First World War joined the left wing of the Polish workers' movement; later withdrew from political activity. – 24, 25, 89, 216–217, 225, 226, 346, 386, 441, 442.

Yakovlev, V. Ya. – see Bogucharksy.

Kh. – see Danskiy, B. G.

Z. L. – 431, 432.

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# CHRONOLOGY OF V. I. LENIN'S LIFE AND ACTIVITY

(March – July 1914)

March – July 1914.

Lenin lives in Cracow. On April 26 (May 9) moves to Poronin.

March 15 (28).

Lenin's article "The Disintegration of the 'August' Bloc" is published in No. 37 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

March 19 (April 1).

Lenin sends to Inessa Armand a draft "Appeal to Ukrainian Workers" written by him for transmission to O. N. Lola. Lenin wrote to Armand: "It is terribly important that from the midst of Ukrainian social-democrats a voice should be heard for unity against the division of workers by nations."

March 20 (April 2).

Lenin's article "Capitalism and the Press" is published in No. 41 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

March 22 (April 4).

No. 3 of the journal "Enlightenment" appears with Lenin's articles "A Radical Bourgeois on Russian Workers" and "Political Lessons."

Between March 25 and April 10 (April 7 and 23).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper "Put Pravdy," entitled "On the Question of Articles about Ireland," asks to inform him whether his article "Constitutional Crisis in England" will be published in the next issue; criticizes G. V. Plekhanov, who was preaching unity with the liquidationists.

March, before 26 (April 8).

In a letter to Inessa Armand, Lenin subjects German opportunists to sharp criticism, while at the same time pointing to the necessity of taking over everything valuable that exists in the German social-democratic party, taking it over "without indulgence to opportunists."

March, before 27 (April 9).

Lenin in a letter to G. L. Shklovskiy expresses concern about the health of member of the Duma faction of Bolsheviks F. N. Samoilov, asks to organize his treatment.

March 28 (April 10).

The "Draft Law on National Equality" written by Lenin is published in No. 48 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

Lenin in a letter to his mother, M. A. Ulyanova, informs her about his forthcoming move to Poronin in the first days of May.

March 29 (April 11).

Lenin's article "Wages of Rural Workers" is published in No. 49 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

March 30 (April 12).

Lenin's articles "Latvian Workers on the Split in the Social-Democratic Faction" and "Exposure of the 'August' Fiction" are published in No. 50 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

March.

Lenin's article "Yet Another Destruction of Socialism" is published in the journal "Contemporary World" No. 3.

March – April.

Lenin writes the article "Response of Workers to the Formation of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Faction in the State Duma."

March – July.

Lenin writes a plan for the article "Karl Marx."

April, after 1 (14).

Lenin in a letter to Inessa Armand informs him about receiving Bundist literature, about sending No. 3 of the journal "Working Woman," and expresses satisfaction with the organization of its publication.

April 2–4 (15–17).

Lenin works out the agenda of a meeting of the Central Committee of the party with a representative of the Duma faction of Bolsheviks.

Lenin conducts in Cracow meetings of the Central Committee of the party with a representative of the Duma faction of Bolsheviks about participation in the Vienna Congress of the II International, about preparation of the party's next congress, about work among peasants and on other current organizational questions; writes a draft resolution on the creation of an Organizational Section of the CC to direct illegal work, adopted by the CC.

April, before 4 (17).

Lenin writes a letter to V. M. Zagorskiy asking him to send him the decisions of party conferences and the program of the party.

April 4 (17).

Lenin's article "On the Forms of the Workers' Movement (Lockout and Marxist Tactics)" is published in No. 54 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

April, after 4 (17).

Lenin conducts in Cracow a meeting of the Foreign Bureau of the CC of the RSDLP with a representative of the leading collective of the Moscow region about convening a regional conference, about preparation for the party's next congress and the Vienna Congress of the II International, about publishing a Moscow newspaper, about distributing "Pravda," etc.

April 6 (19).

Lenin's article "Beautification of the Bourgeoisie by Left-Narodniks" is published in No. 56 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

April, after 6 (19).

Lenin writes a draft speech "On the Question of National Policy" for the Bolshevik faction in the State Duma.

April 9 (22).

Lenin in a letter to his sister, M. I. Ulyanova, informs her that he has received information about the changed composition of the Olonets exile: "the overwhelming majority are workers... of 150 people in the district 2 liquidationists, few left-narodniks"; that he considers it necessary to gather such information for publication in the journal "Enlightenment."

April 10 (23).

Lenin's article "Constitutional Crisis in England" is published in No. 57 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

April 11 (24).

Lenin forwards to Inessa Armand a letter from O. N. Lola concerning the appeal to Ukrainian workers. In his letter to Armand, Lenin asks her to meet with Ukrainian social-democrats, to clarify their position on the question of a separate national-Ukrainian social-democratic organization, and to try to create a group of anti-separatists; points out the necessity of organizing links in Paris and Switzerland to prepare for the party congress and the republication of the party program and statutes with changes made by the Prague Party Conference of 1912.

April 12 (25).

Lenin's article "Unity" is published in No. 59 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

April 13 (26).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the journal "Dzvin" expresses deep indignation at the preaching of the separation of Ukrainian workers into a separate social-democratic organization, which was being carried out by Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists.

April 15 (28).

Lenin's article "Organized Marxists on the Intervention of the International Bureau" is published in No. 61 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

April 16 (29).

Lenin's articles "National Equality" and "Liquidationists and the Latvian Workers' Movement" are published in No. 62 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

April 20 (May 3).

Lenin's article "Serf Economy in the Countryside" is published in No. 66 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

April, before 22 (May 5).

Lenin sends to the editorial office of the newspaper "Put Pravdy" the article "Our Tasks" for the first issue of the newspaper "Worker," devoted to the history of the workers' press in Russia.

April 22 (May 5).

Lenin's articles "From the Past of the Workers' Press in Russia" and "Our Tasks" are published in No. 1 of the newspaper "Worker."

In the newspaper "Put Pravdy" a telegram "From Contributors" is published, signed: V. Ilin. Warmly welcoming the newspaper on the occasion of its two-year anniversary, wishing the workers' press further success, Lenin contributed his one-day earnings to the fund of the newspaper.

No. 4 of the journal "Enlightenment" appears with Lenin's articles "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination," "What Should Not Be Imitated in the German Workers' Movement," and a review of N. A. Rubakin's book "Among Books."

April, after 22 (May 5).

Lenin makes corrections to his article "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination."

April 23 (May 6).

In No. 68 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy," in connection with Press Day, a telegram from Austria is published signed by V. Ilin and others: "With you in spirit."

April 26 (May 9).

Lenin moves from Cracow to Poronin.

April 29 (May 12).

Lenin's article "Definition of Liquidationism" is published in No. 73 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

April.

Lenin writes a letter to N. I. Bukharin concerning the preparation of draft speeches on the national question for the Bolshevik faction of the Duma.

Lenin writes a conclusion to the collection "Marxism and Liquidationism."

April – May.

Lenin writes a plan and a sketchy outline of a report of the CC of the RSDLP to the Vienna Congress of the II International.

Between May 2 and 18 (May 15 and 31).

Lenin in a letter to I. Rudis-Hipsliss expresses his thoughts on the publication of a Latvian supplement to "Pravda," asks to send translations of articles from Latvian social-democratic newspapers; congratulates him on a successful May Day celebration, especially in Riga and Petersburg.

May 3 (16).

Lenin's article "More on the Political Crisis" is published in No. 76 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

May 4 (17).

Lenin's article "Ideological Struggle in the Workers' Movement" is published in No. 77 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

May 5 (18).

Lenin in a letter to N. N. Nakorvakov expresses gratitude for sending official publications of U.S. statistics concerning agriculture; congratulates him on the splendid May Day celebration held in Russia; informs about the growth of the Ural organization.

After May 5 (18).

Lenin works on the official publications of U.S. statistics "Thirteenth Census of the United States, Taken in the Year 1910. Volume V. Agriculture. 1909 and 1910. Washington 1914."

May 6 (19).

Lenin in a letter to S. G. Shaumyan outlines a plan of struggle against supporters of "cultural-national autonomy" and the content of the projected law on equality of nations and protection of the rights of national minorities which he was drafting.

Lenin writes a letter to V. A. Karpinsky asking him to send him the first volume of N. A. Rubakin's book "Among Books."

After May 6 (19).

Lenin performs numerical calculations on a table compiled by V. A. Tikhomirnov about the number of group workers' collections for "Put Pravdy" and "Northern Workers' Gazette" for March and April (through May 6 (19)) 1914. Lenin writes "Draft Law on Equality of Nations and on the Protection of the Rights of National Minorities."

May 7 (20).

Lenin in a letter to A. A. Troyanovskiy informs him about the discussion of a draft agreement on relations with the editorial office of the journal "Enlightenment," which was receiving financial aid from A. A. Troyanovskiy; asks to speed up the sending of a discussion article on the national question for "Enlightenment"; also informs that the end of the article "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" should be printed in May.

Before May 8 (21).

Lenin in a letter to G. I. Chudnovskiy proposes a number of additions to his article "New Theory of Accumulation" in order to make it popular.

May 8 (21).

Lenin's article "Neighbors on the Estate" is published in No. 80 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

May 9 (22).

Lenin's article "Narodniks and 'Factional Violence'" is published in No. 81 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

May 9 or 10 (22 or 23).

Lenin in a letter to G. L. Shklovskiy writes about the desertion of member of the RSDLP Faction R. Malinovsky, who arbitrarily relinquished his deputy mandate in the IV State Duma, reports that Malinovsky is accused of provocation; inquires about the possibility of F. N. Samoilov's journey from abroad to Moscow in connection with the election of a new deputy to the Duma.

May 10 (23).

Lenin's article "Corruption of Workers by Refined Nationalism" is published in No. 82 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

After May 10 (23).

Lenin writes a letter to V. A. Karpinsky with thanks for Volume I of N. A. Rubakin's book "Among Books"; sharply criticizes the journal "Contemporary," expresses indignation at the collaboration of Dan, Martov, and Plekhanov in this journal; writes about sending V. A. Karpinsky a delegate credential for the Vienna Congress of the II International.

Between May 10 and 18 (23 and 31).

Lenin, in response to N. I. Podvoyskiy's request for help with guidance and advice in statistical work, sends his remarks and suggestions.

May 11 (24).

Lenin sends a telegram to A. E. Badaev about the necessity of electing a new chairman of the Bolshevik faction in connection with the desertion of R. Malinovsky, who arbitrarily relinquished his deputy mandate in the IV State Duma.

May 13 (26).

Lenin's articles "On the Political Situation" and "Unity of Workers and 'Trends' of the Intelligentsia" are published in No. 85 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

May 14 (27).

Lenin's article "On the Left-Narodniks" is published in No. 86 of the newspaper "Put Pravdy."

Between May 18 and 22 (May 31 and June 4).

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper "Put Pravdy" "On the Question of Peshekhonovs, Malinovsky, and Others," in which he expresses a wish for further success in the struggle against the liquidationists, clarifies what should be the position of the editorial office toward Plekhanov and his newspaper "Unity."

May, before 20 (June 2).

Lenin in a letter to A. V. Britman asks about the available funds for the publication of the Central Organ.

May 22 (June 4).

Lenin's article "Liquidationists and the Biography of Malinovsky" is published in No. 2 of the newspaper "Worker."

May, before 23 (June 5).

Lenin in a letter to Inessa Armand writes about the necessity of discussing the question of a delegation to the Vienna Congress of the II International.

May 23 (June 5).

Lenin writes a letter to Inessa Armand with a sharply negative review of V. Vynnychenko's novel "Testament of the Fathers."

Before May 24 (June 6).

Lenin writes a letter to M. M. Litvinov with a proposal to go as a delegate to the Vienna Congress.

May 24 (June 6).

Lenin's article "On Two Paths" is published in No. 3 of the newspaper "Worker."

Between May 24 and June 8 (June 6 and 21).

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of Granat publications asking to inform him what size and by what date the publishing house needs an article on K. Marx.

May 25 (June 7).

Lenin's article "Plekhanov, Not Knowing What He Wants" is published in No. 4 of the newspaper "Worker."

May, before 28 (June 10).

Lenin writes a draft speech "On the Question of the Budget of the Ministry of Agriculture" for the Bolshevik faction in the State Duma.

After May 29 (June 11).

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda" "More on Malinovsky's Departure."

May 30 (June 12).

Lenin's article "On Unity" is published in No. 2 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

End of May – June.

Lenin in a letter to S. G. Shaumyan makes critical remarks in connection with his statements regarding the draft law on national equality; asks to provide "a critique of my articles in 'Enlightenment,'" and also to gather data about social-democratic newspapers published in the Caucasus in Georgian, Armenian, and other languages, necessary for preparation for the Vienna Congress of the II International.

May.

Lenin writes plans for an article about the journal "Contemporary."

June 1 (14).

No. 5 of the journal "Enlightenment" appears with Lenin's articles "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" (continuation), "Haste Makes Waste," "On the Violation of Unity Covered by Cries about Unity," and reviews of I. Drozdov's book "Wages of Agricultural Workers in Russia in Connection with the Agrarian Movement of 1905–1906" and I. M. Kozminyкh-Lanin's brochure "Overtime Work in Factories and Plants of Moscow Province."

June 5 (18).

Lenin's article "Clarity Has Been Achieved. To the Attention of Conscious Workers" is published in No. 7 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

Between June 6 and 20 (June 19 and July 3).

Between June 6 and 26 (June 19 and July 9).

Lenin compiles a summary of numerical data on the strength of different tendencies in the workers' movement.

June 9 (22).

Lenin's articles "On Adventurism" and "Decisions of Latvian Marxists and the Liquidationists" are published in No. 7 of the newspaper "Worker."

June 13 and 14 (26 and 27).

Lenin's article "The Working Class and the Workers' Press" is published in Nos. 14 and 15 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

June, after 13 (26).

Lenin performs calculations of workers' groups and collections of money for the Marxist and liquidationist newspapers, makes notations on tables on this question compiled by V. A. Tikhomirnov.

Before June 16 (29).

Lenin writes a letter to M. K. Vladimirov about the publication in Paris of the program and statutes of the party. Lenin on behalf of the CC of the RSDLP informs the secretary of the International Socialist Bureau K. Huysmans that the CC of the RSDLP appointed M. M. Litvinov as its representative in the ISB.

June, before 17 (30).

June 19 (July 2).

Lenin's article "Left-Narro-ndism and Marxism" is published in No. 19 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

June 21 (July 4).

Lenin by order of the CC of the RSDLP sends letters to Inessa Armand, I. F. Popov, M. F. Vladimirskiy, A. A. Bekzadyan with a proposal to enter the delegation of the CC of the RSDLP to the Brussels meeting of the ISB.

June, not before 21 (July 4).

By order of the CC of the RSDLP, Lenin informs the Executive Committee of the ISB that the CC by special resolution decided not to participate in the Brussels meeting if the Polish opposition is not invited to it on equal terms with the other participants; asks to inform which organizations and individuals are invited to the meeting.

June 22 (July 5).

Lenin's article "The Land Question in Russia" is published in No. 22 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

June 23 (July 6).

Lenin determines the final composition of the delegation of the CC of the RSDLP to the Brussels meeting convened by the International Socialist Bureau.

Lenin in a letter to Inessa Armand insists on her trip to the Brussels meeting, informs her of the composition of the delegation.

June 23–30 (July 6–13).

Lenin compiles a plan and theses of a report of the CC to the Brussels meeting.

Lenin writes a report of the CC of the RSDLP and instructive directives of the CC delegation at the Brussels meeting.

June, before 24 (July 7).

Lenin writes a letter to N. V. Kuznetsov asking him to arrange with M. F. Vladimirskiy about his participation in the Brussels meeting.

June 24 (July 7).

Lenin's article "On the Political Significance of Swearing (On the Question of Unity)" is published in No. 23 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

Before June 25 (July 8).

Lenin in a letter to V. Mickiewicz-Kapsukasas asks about the history of the founding and direction of the Lithuanian newspaper "Vilnis."

Before June 26 (July 9).

Lenin performs calculations of the number of workers' groups and the sums of collections for the Bolshevik and liquidationist press that passed through the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions of the Duma from October 1913 to June 6, 1914.

Lenin performs calculations of the percentages of contributions from workers' groups to "Pravda."

June 26 (July 9).

Lenin writes a letter to Inessa Armand about preparation for the international women's conference. Lenin in another letter to Inessa Armand informs her of the approval by the CC of the composition of the delegation of the RSDLP to the Brussels meeting, and that tomorrow he will send the beginning and end of the report of the CC.

Lenin's article "Objective Data on the Strength of Different Tendencies in the Workers' Movement" is published in No. 25 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

Lenin sends to the Russian Bureau of the CC a letter asking to gather and send him information about Bolshevik and liquidationist newspapers published since 1911 in the Caucasus.

After June 26 (July 9).

Lenin compiles a numerical summary about the circulation of Pravda-ist and liquidationist newspapers.

Before June 27 (July 10).

June 27 (July 10).

Lenin sends to the delegation of Bolsheviks at the Brussels meeting the report of the CC of the RSDLP which he has written.

Lenin sends letters to M. M. Litvinov, Inessa Armand, I. F. Popov, and M. F. Vladimirskiy in connection with preparation for the Brussels meeting.

Between June 27 and July 3 (July 10 and 16).

Lenin writes inserts in the report of the CC of the RSDLP to the Brussels meeting.

June 28 (July 11).

Lenin sends instructive directives to the delegation of the CC of the RSDLP at the Brussels meeting.

Lenin's article "How Strong Is the Left-Narodnik Tendency among Workers" is published in No. 27 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

June 29 (July 12).

Lenin in a letter to Inessa Armand informs her of the arrival of two Petersburg workers, of the expected arrival of G. I. Petrovsky; emphasizes the extreme necessity of her presence at the Brussels meeting.

Between June 29 and July 6 (July 12 and 19).

Lenin presides over a meeting of the Central Committee of the party with party workers who arrived from Russia regarding questions of the work of the Duma faction and preparation of the party congress.

June 30 (July 13).

Lenin in a letter to Inessa Armand outlines the tactics of the delegation of Bolsheviks at the meeting in Brussels, draws attention to the necessity of explaining to members of the ISB the peculiarities and difficulties of the work of the RSDLP under illegal conditions, gives instruction on the use of party decisions in the struggle against the liquidationists and the Executive Committee of the ISB, informs: "Tomorrow I will send the end of the report."

June 30 – July 1 (July 13–14).

Lenin sends newspapers and other materials to Inessa Armand and I. F. Popov for preparation for the Brussels meeting.

July 2 (15).

Lenin's article "Clarity Above All! (On the Question of Unity)" is published in No. 30 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

July 2 and 3 (15 and 16).

Lenin's article "Toward the Results of the Day of the Workers' Press. From the Report of the Newspaper 'Put Pravdy'" is published in Nos. 30 and 31 of the newspaper "Labor Pravda."

Not later than July 3 (16).

Lenin in a letter to Inessa Armand informs her of a meeting of the CC with party workers taking place in Poronin; makes a request that after the conclusion of the Brussels meeting she give detailed telegraphic information about its results.

July 3–5 (16–18).

Lenin from Poronin (Galicia) directs the work of the delegation of Bolsheviks at the Brussels meeting.

July 4 or 5 (17 or 18).

Lenin sends to the delegation of the CC of the RSDLP at the Brussels meeting a telegram about the necessity of submitting a statement on behalf of three delegations on the essence of liquidationism.

Before July 5 (18).

Lenin from Poronin telegraphs the Executive Committee of the ISB about sending it materials connected with E. Vandervelde's trip to Petersburg. The telegram was sent with the aim of exposing the slanderous rumors spread by the leaders of the II International that Lenin was allegedly in Brussels and did not appear at the meeting convened by the ISB. Lenin sent a copy of the telegram to the delegation of the CC of the RSDLP at the Brussels meeting.

July 5 (18).

The collection "Marxism and Liquidationism" (Part II), prepared by Lenin, appears.

July 5 or 6 (18 or 19).

Lenin writes draft decisions of the CC of the RSDLP on relations with the Polish opposition and on the expression of gratitude to the delegation of the CC at the Brussels meeting. The drafts were adopted by the CC of the RSDLP.

After July 5 (18).

Lenin writes a letter to V. M. Kasparov in Berlin in which he asks to inform him about the development of revolutionary events in Russia.

Lenin makes the notation: "finally adopted resolution" on a typed copy of the resolution of the Brussels meeting, inserts the text omitted in this copy.

Lenin writes a note "Polish Opposition at the Brussels Conference."

Lenin writes a letter to G. L. Shklovskiy in which he informs him of the results of the Brussels meeting; asks to give a detailed answer about whether he is preparing for the Vienna Congress; inquires about the health of F. N. Samoilov.

Between July 5 and 17 (18 and 30).

Lenin sends 2 letters and a postcard to Latvian social-democrat I. E. German about the attitude of Latvian social-democrats toward the RSDLP, notes with satisfaction the statements in 1914 of the Latvians and their CC against the liquidationists, but expresses doubt about the possibility of complete unification of the SDLK with the Bolshevik party, insists on the necessity of previously achieving clarity on principled questions – can the SDLK go together with the RSDLP against liquidationism, nationalism, and the separatism of the Bund.

July 6 (19).

Lenin in a letter to Inessa Armand exposes the behavior of the leaders of the II International at the Brussels meeting.

Lenin in another letter to Inessa Armand informs him about receiving a report on the Brussels meeting written by M. F. Vladimirskiy; thanks the delegation for the excellent work conducted at the meeting; writes that the next party congress will take place on August 20–25 and that Armand is delegated to the congress.

July 7 (20).

Lenin in a letter to Inessa Armand writes on the question of the behavior of the Polish opposition at the Brussels meeting; gives instruction to take measures to obtain mandates for the Vienna Congress; asks her to mark on the manuscript which passages of the report of the CC of the RSDLP were read by her at the Brussels meeting and which were omitted.

After July 7 (20).

Lenin writes the article "Polish Social-Democratic Opposition at the Crossroads."

Before July 8 (21).

Lenin writes a letter to I. F. Popov regarding the information he is sending about the progress of the Brussels meeting.

July 8 (21).

Lenin's response to an article from the newspaper "Leipziger Volkszeitung" is published in No. 165 of that newspaper.

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of Granat publications informs them that due to unforeseen circumstances he is forced to interrupt the work on the begun article "Karl Marx" and asks the editorial office to find another author.

July 11 (24).

Lenin writes Inessa Armand a letter in which he approves of the refusal of the delegation of the CC of the RSDLP to vote on the resolution proposed by Kautsky at the Brussels meeting; informs her that he intends to discuss with the Latvian social-democrat Zvairbul-Putnis who arrived in Poronin the question of Latvian participation in the party congress; advises informing K. Kautsky about the behavior of the liquidationists.

July 12 (25).

Lenin writes a letter to Inessa Armand about the approaching revolution in Russia, about the war between Austria and Serbia. Lenin in a letter to a Swedish social-democrat appeals for a reliable conspiratorial address for establishing contact with Petersburg.

July 13 (26).

Lenin in a letter to I. Rudis-Hipsliss informs him about his conversation with the Latvian social-democrat Zvairbul-Putnis about affairs in the SDLK; asks about the position of Latvian social-democrats on the national question, asks to inform about the attitude of Latvian workers toward establishing closer links with the CC of the RSDLP.

July 15 (28).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of Granat publications gives consent to complete the article "Karl Marx" for the Encyclopedic Dictionary.

Between July 15 and 18 (28 and 31).

Lenin outlines the content of the next issue of the newspaper "Social-Democrat," writes plans for a leading article "Revolution and War"; works out technical questions of publication.

July 18 (31).

Lenin in a letter to G. L. Shklovskiy informs him that the international congress is being postponed to Paris on August 9, writes about the composition of the delegation, about the necessity of F. N. Samoilov's trip to the congress; appeals with a request to arrange the sick Samoilov so that he can continue his treatment even in Paris.

Second half of July.

Lenin writes a letter to V. M. Kasparov asking him to compile and send a collection of clippings from the newspaper "Vorwärts" about the Petersburg workers' movement.