Date: 1912
Source: ru:PSS/v28

NOTEBOOK

"μ"

("MI")
Contents

μ
Contents
Statistics
Schwartz [1-3] * "Vorwarts", 13. IV. 1916[1]
R. Calwer[4] "Atlas of World Trade"[8-9] "Bread in World Circulation"[10-12]
Railways[14-16]
SCHWARTZ. "FINANCIAL SYSTEMS OF THE GREAT POWERS"
0. Schwartz. "Financial Systems of the Great Powers".
(Series in the Göschen Publishing House). Volumes I and II. Leipzig, 1909.
The following table (pp. 1-2)* is a slightly (very slightly) abridged table VI: "Indicators of Economic Development and Welfare".
(National property mostly according to Mulhall).

* see table between pp. 438-439. Ed.

(Volume II, p. 93)
State taxes increased (per capita in marks)
Growth
In England from 1875 to 1907/8 direct from 7.6 to 26.6 = 250% indirect " 31.9 " 32.6 = 2%
In France from 1875 to 1907/8 direct " 12.7 " 18.9 = 49% indirect " 39.2 " 47.2 = 20%
In Prussia from 1875 to 1908 direct " 5.8 " 8.6 = 48% indirect " 6.6 " 20.1 = 209%
In Germany from 1881/2 to 1908 direct " 6.3 " 10.4 = 65% indirect " 11.4 " 24.2 = 112%
Volume II, p. 63 Expenditures on the army and navy together in Germany:
1881/2 1891/2 1908
408 million marks 536 1069 per capita 9.0 marks 10.8 16.9 "VORWÄRTS" No. 103, APRIL 13, 1916
"Vorwärts", 1916, No. 103 (33rd year of publication), 13. IV. 1916.
Editorial: "Future Masters of the World".
National Wealth (1912)
United States 18.74 billion dollars
Germany ...... 75 ""
England ....... 90 ""
Exports of the United States for 10 months of 1915 (1914): to Asia 115.8 (77.6); to South America 116.7 (70.4); to Oceania 77.6 (64.8); to Africa 29.1 (22.1) million dollars.
They pay for the import of munitions etc. by selling American "securities"; England "sold" them for 950 million dollars, France for 150; Holland for 100; Germany for 300, Switzerland for 50.
Production (in million tons)
coal (1913) 517.14 iron ore (1913) 59.44 pig iron (1913) steel (1912) 1.75
United States 31.46
Germany England 278.98 292.01 570.99 35.94 52.19 16.25 19.30 29.94 10.64 17.30 24.31 7.01
Consumption (in thousand tons) (1913) Consumption of copper lead zinc tin cotton (in million bales)
United States 348.1 401.3 313.3 45.0 5.55
Germany England 259.3 404.0 144.7 223.5 191.4 221.3 414.9 415.9 194.6 19.3 43.7 24.4 1.26 4.54 3.28 (This is 1912-3)

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CALWER. "INTRODUCTION TO
Richard Calwer. "Introduction to World Economy" An interesting attempt to summarize data (around 1900) "On the main
in tab
Area million sq. km. Merchant fleet
#MAIN ECONOMIC AREAS OF THE WORLD Population million Inhabitants per 1 sq. km. Railways thousand km. Ships (thousand) Tons (net) million
Central European 27.6 (23.6) 388.4 (146.0 14.05 203.8 41.2 7.9
British 28.9 (28.6) 398.0 (355.4) 13.75 140.3 35.3 11.1
Russian 22.2 130.8 5.9 63.2 5.6 1.0
East Asian 12.4 389.4 31.4 8.2 5.2 0.9
American 30.3 148.5 4.912 378.9 25.7 113.0 6.0
¦121.4 1 455.3 794.4 26.9 "Not accounted for" 14.6 (approximately) 70 22.3
The whole earth 136 1525 816.7
# in brackets below is the area (Fläche) of the colonies and their population.

WORLD ECONOMY" * (volume 30 of the "Meyer-Rothschild Library"). 1906 (3 marks). economic areas of the world" (I am trying to summarize them face to face):
Telegraph Foreign trade turnover (imports + exports) 1900 billion marks Coal production (1900) million tons Pig iron production million tons. Gold production (1900) thousand kilograms Number of spindles in the cotton industry (1900) million Number of sheep million Wool production million kg.
Lines thousand km. Telegrams (million)
520.2 168.9 40.9 250.8 14.6 8.2 26.0 89.1 214.4
313.3 121 24.8 249.4 9.4 279.9 51.2 158.6 447.0
171.8 20 3.3 16.1 2.9 36.0 7.0 62.4 191.1
60.7 17 2.4 8.3 0.02 12.4 1.8 {1} 175 59.0}
526.8 79 13.8 245.6 14.0 131.6 19.5 143.5 438.1
85.3 770.2 40.9 468.1 105.5 628.5 1349.6
2.5 0.1 0.5 2.7
87.8 770.3 41.4 470.8
-. 46
1911
Germany 10.4 149.8 234.5
Great Britain 15.3 228.8 276.2
U.S. 9.2 34.9 244.6 450.3
623.2 960.9
= 81%

* See V. I. Lenin. Collected Works, 4th ed., volume 22, pp. 259-260. Ed.

1) "Other countries of the world" (i.e., the "East Asian" region plus the rest).

R. Calwer defines colonial possessions as follows (p. 90):
Germany Million inhabitants 2.6 sq. km. (million) 12.0 10.96 50.0 2.0 37.9 2.4 19.0 0.2 0.1
France Holland ... "Belgium Denmark
Italy Spain Portugal Great Britain United States of America 0.5 (up to Tripoli!!) 0.7 0.2 0.3 2.1 7.3 28.6 355.4 0.3 8.6
The author includes all of Europe except England and Russia in the "Central European region".
"Not accounted for", i.e., not distributed by region, include, among other things, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, in Africa Abyssinia, Morocco (the author is behind!!! the booklet was published in 1906!!!) and others.
The development of the railway network in these five regions for 1890 and 1913 (see below for the main figures *) will be:

1890: 1913:
{
Europe Central 166.2 - 268.9 + 102.7
British Empire 107.3 - 207.8 + 100.5
Russian Empire 32.4 - 78.1 + 45.7 (Asia without East Asian colonies)
region 3.3 - 27.5 + 24.2
America (without colonies) 308.1 - 521.9 + 213.8

* See this volume, pp. 462-463. Ed.

= 617.3 1 104.2

"BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE" ("Bulletin de l'institut international de statistique") XIX, 1 (p. 382)
Engines (horsepower) (excluding electric)
steam total thousand thousand
A) Denmark 1897 47.5 52.0
1907 112.0 131
Austria 1902 1 170.o 1 640.0
Switzerland 1905 ? 516.o
Germany 1895 2 720 3 427
1907 6 715 8 264 .
Belgium 1901 683 ?
1906 872 ?
France 1901 1761 2 285
1906 2 605 3 551
B) United States 1905 19 440 22 240
New Zealand 1906 ? 75
C) Norway 1905 79 308
Sweden 1896 104 296
1905 282 735
Finland 1907 70 161
Switzerland 1901 84 284
Holland 1904 331 ?
Italy 1899 390 742
1903 615 1 151
Japan 1895 57 60
1907 237 281
This engine statistics provides information for
A) according to general industrial censuses,
B) according to industrial censuses,
C) according to "administrative" statistics.
I omit (separately) locomotives. I only take steam engines and total [i.e., + water and others, but without electric].
Extreme variety and incompleteness of data!!
BARTHOLOMEW. "ATLAS OF WORLD TRADE"
"Atlas of World Trade" etc. J. G. Bartholomew. London, 1907. A lot of data and diagrams with % etc. and about the whole world. I will give some:

Growth of world trade million pounds sterling United Kingdom Imports Exports U.S. Imports Exports Germany Imports Exports France Imports Exports United Kingdom (million pounds
1800. 302 sterling)
1840. 1850. 573 832 52 98 51 171 20 36 23 28 25 34 27 36 31 32 28 43 Imports from colonies other (U.K.) countries Exports to other colonies countries
1870. 2191 259 199 88 89 179 1875) 129 116 112 238 64 189 55
1890. 3 450 356 263 159 174 207 166 177 150 324 96 234 94
1900. 4 420 460 291 171 282 288 230 188 164 413 109 252 102
1905. 5 440 487 330 242 329 336 279 191 194 437 128 285 123
The map of monetary circulation is very interesting.
Countries with officially gold currency - (most of the world)
" " " silver " - China + Persia
" " " bimetallic currency - only part of Africa + France,
Spain, Italy
" " actually gold currency - France (England) etc.
" " " bimetallic currency - U.S., India
" " " paper " - Spain, Russia, South America

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Share of different countries in The same for world trade: another
source*)*)
1885 1905 1885 1900 1885 1905
U.K. 18.1 15.0 19.2 16.3
British possessions .... 12.8 10.8 11.3 7.1 10.7 10.3 10.4 9.7 11.0 7.5 30.9 29.2 25.8
Germany ... 10.0
France .... 9.9 28.9
U.S. ... 9.3 10.5 9.7 9.8
Holland.. . 5.6 7.0 5.9 6.6
Belgium 3.5 4.0 3.7 3.5
Austria-Hungary 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.7 5.6 3.3 4.6
3.4
... 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.9 2.1 1.8 0.5 1.3 1.5 2.5 1.1 l.1
China 1.4
Japan 0.4.... 1.2
Argentina
Other countries 19.0 21.4
100 100
*)*) This "other source" = "Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich", 24th year of publication, 1903, p. 25*.
Number of speakers in different languages million, in English ,. 111
in German 75 in Russian 75 in French 51 in Spanish 43
in Italian 33 in Portuguese 13
Colonial trade 1905
Direction of export from import to British British possessions possessions
United Kingdom 143.8 143.4 million pounds sterling
British possessions 58.5 56.1
Foreign states 130.2 109.6

Merchant fleet of the main countries (both steam and sailing) Development of world wheat production Wheat production million bushels (1901-3) Wheat consumption sugar meat pounds per capita
million tons billion bushels
British Empire 17.6 1891-2.5 U.S. 664.7 France 486 27 77
U.S. 4.2 1895-2.5 Russia 509.2 New Zealand 400 97 212
Germany 3.8 1900-2.5 France 311.5 Australia 357 101 239
Norway l.8 1902-3.0 India 263.1 U.S. 315 68 150
France 1.7 billions Italy 157.o United Kingdom 290 88 112
Italy 1.1 bushels Spain 133.1 Austria-Hungary 231
Japan 1.0 Austria-Hungary 205.8 Germany 195 27 111
Russia 0.9 Germany 139.8 Canada 155 90
Sweden 0.8 Canada 85.8 Holland - 36 -
Spain 0.7 Argentina 77.2 Russia - 14 51
Holland etc. 0.7 and so on and so on
The whole world 37.6 the whole world 3 026.6 in 1. h. steam 31.7

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Production . rice million English hundredweights Rye production million bushels Barley production million bushels Tea production million English pounds the same Coffee million English pounds
China 550 Russia 887.5 335.2 China 660 Brazil 1659
Germany 386.9 135.1 India 200 Colombia 70
British India 448.3 Austria-Hungary 130.7 124.4 Ceylon 150 Java 86
Java 90.0 France 51.2 Japan 59 Guatemala 74
Japan 89.6 Asian Russia 37.1 Java 19 India 31
Indo-China 33.1 Japan 38.8 Formosa 18
Siam 14.8 U.S. 27.2 131.9 Natal 1.8
Italy and Spain 20.1 Spain 25.7 Caucasus 0.9 and so on India 101.1
total in the world 1 257.9 the whole world 1 672.9 1 218.6 total export = 2 283

Merchant fleet (tonnage-net). Million tons Kingdom U.S. Germany Norway France Japan
1860 4.6 - 1870 5.6 4.2 1880 6.6 4.1 1890 7.9 4.4 1900 9.3 5.2 1905 10.7 6.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.3 0.6 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.3 0.09 0.1 0.9 1.3
World production of sugar The same The same The same The same including beet coffee raw cotton million English pig iron black copper gold
million tons thousand tons hundredweights million tons thousand tons tons
1850 1.4 0.2 1855- 321 1850 12.8 4.4 1851/60 49.9 1851 134
1860 2.2 0.4 1865- 422 1860 22.8 7.2 1861/70 88.5 1860 192
1870 2.7 0.9 1875- 505 1870 24.8 I.9 1871/80 117.0 1870 182
1880 3.7 1.8 1885- 718 1880 32.2 18.1 1881/90 233 1880 164
1890 6.1 3.6 1892- 700 1890 50.0 27.2 1891/900 364 1890 177
1900 9.8 6.1 1903-1150 1900 61.7 40.4 1901 518 1900 377
1903 65.0 1903 46.1 1905 723 1904 500
World coal production Neumann-Spallart. Year of publication 1883/4, p. 322.
Million metric tons The entire world turnover
1860-136 -
1866-185 44.2
1872-260 57.8
1876-287 55.8
1880-345 63.8
1885-413 61.7 billion marks in 1885: world foreign trade
imports + exports
Great Britain 161.9
Germany 73.6
United States 103.9

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The entire merchant fleet of the world:

1872-15.5 million tons
1875-16.7 " "
1880-19.3 1885-20.98
Main countries 1885:
Great Britain... 7.6
Germany... 1.2
United States... 2.6
Norway... 1.5
France... 0.9
Italy... 0.9
Russia... 0.3
Consumption per capita
Tea English pounds (1903) Coffee Wine gallons Beer Spirits Oil (1901-3) Coal English hundredweights
U.K. 6.0 - 0.3 28.8 1.0 19 78.4
U.S. 1.3 11 0.5 18.1 1.0 20 70.5
Germany 0.2 6 1.1 27.2 1.5 8 34.2
France 0.1 4 32.7 7.6 1.7 8 22.7
Russia 1.2 - 1.8 5 2.7
Austria-Hungary 5.0 8.6 1.7 7 7.7
Holland 1.4 14.5 Belgium 40.1 1.6 15
Australia 47 7.1 - 0.8 11.6 0.7 17 24.5
Canada 4.0 - 5.0 0.9 22 33.4
Italy 27.5 Denmark 22
Spain 17.o Belgium 58.4

Production of wine in million gallons of beer spirits (pure alcohol) fish million pounds sterling raw cotton million English hundredweights
France 1216 240 45.1 5 Brazil 0.5
Italy 880 Asia Minor 0.3
Spain 395 8.9 Turkestan 1.8
Russia 137 86.3 8 Africa 1.5
Austria-Hungary 169 420 55.2 Egypt China 5.4 4.0
Algeria 124 Mexico 0.4
Belgium 308 U.S. 45.4
Portugal 134 India 9.6
Germany 49 1512 84.1
Greece 66 '
Canada 4
Japan 5
U.S. 1 561 58.6 11
U.K. 1253 29.2 10
Holland 7.6 the whole world 3 330 the whole world 70.0 (average for 1900- -1903)
"BREAD IN WORLD CIRCULATION" "Bread in World Circulation", published by the Imperial-Royal Ministry of Agriculture etc. Vienna, 1900.
This monumental work (860 + 188 pages of 8vo format) presents such a thorough summary of the richest data ((a mass of basic figures)) on the production, consumption, and trade of bread for 1878-1897 (and often more) that I know of nothing like it. Apparently, the best in this area [NB: A lot from Neumann-Spallart. "Obersichten der Weltwirtschaft" (and Jurachek)].
I choose the most important (*).

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Iron ore Steel Coal Copper million tons (1900-2) (1901-3) (1901-3) (1905) Copper consumption thousand tons Gold production million ounces (1901-3) Kerosene million gallons (1902-4)
U.S. 30.7 14.3 284.0 0.41 215 Trans-
Germany 17.5 7.3 152.8 0.02 144 vaal 4.9
U.K. 13.2 U.S. 3.7 3 573
4.9 225.5 - 133 Austra-
Russia 5.4 2.0 16.1 0.009 29 lia 3.5
France 5.0 Austria- 1.6 31.9 63 Russia 1.1 Canada 0.9 2 728
Japan 51
Hungary 3.4 1.2 39.5 26 Mexico 0.5 India 87
Spain 8.o 0.2 0.04 India 0.5 Romania 98
Mexico 0.06 New
Italy 18 Zealand 0.4 Galicia 179
Sweden 3.7 0.3 Rhodesia 0.3 Sumatra, Belgium -¦ 0.8 22.6 Java,
Australa- Borneo 231 sia 0.04 the whole world 90.4 33.0 812.1 0.7 679 17.7 6 996
(*) The measures used here are metric hundredweight = 1 double hundredweight. Metric quintal = double hundredweight = 100 kilograms (double hundredweight).
So, here a metric quintal is taken = 1 double Hundredweight = 1 metric hundredweight.
Ton = 1000 kilograms.
Acre = 40.467 acres.
Quarter = 2.09 hectoliters.

1 pood = 16.379 kilograms.
Cf. p. 8, note 2: 3.674 bushels = 1 quintal (= 1 double hundredweight).
p. 6, note 2: 1 hectoliter of wheat = 78 kilograms etc. (oats 1 hectoliter = 45 kilograms) and so on.
[E.g., p. 271: 49 348 poods = 8 083 quintals.]

World production in mil
Average annual Wheat Rye Barley Oats Corn1) Total
1878-82 1883-87 1888-92 1893-97 554.5 579.7 592.0 642.7 303.7 330.2 310.2 370.1 176.4 182.9 191.5 214.4 319.7 356.9 366.6 408.7 492.0 543.9 603.1 608.4 1 846.3 1 993.6 2 063.4 2 244.3
Western Europe
1878-82 1893-97 233.4 250.1 130.4 145.2 102.8 100.5 159.3 171.2 70.1 74.2
see next page.*
Eastern Europe
1878-82 1893-97 87.5 147.2 162.2 209.3 43.2 71.6 90.5 118.3 29.7 37.6
next page, note: 1*
Western Europe
1876-85 1886-95 10.89 11.16 10.17 10.89 13.0 13.18 11.73 12.01 10.93
Harvest per hectare3)
Eastern Europe
1876-85 1886-95 6.69 7.36 6.20 6.64 6.92 7.78 5.98 6.45 10.06 10.60
Harvest per hectare3)
United States
1876-85 1886-95 8.35 8.58 8.18 7.95 12.45 12.66 10.09 9.36 15.89 14.79
1) Corn in the U.S.: 379.2 2; 426. 9; 471. 4; 465.8
2) These figures, p. 21, the authors take from the work of Sund
ria, Galicia and Bukovina; the data for 1876-85 and e in kilograms per 1 inhabitant.

* See this volume, pp. 456-459. Ed.

3) These figures, p. 26, also according to Sundberg, mean

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lion metric hundredweights in % p. 37 p. 39
Population of Europe, America and Australia
Wheat Rye Barley Oats Corn Total
%
100 100 100 100 100 100 440 million = 100
105 109 104 112 111 108 466 106
107 102 109 115 123 112 495 112
116 122 122 128 124 122 526 119
103 57 43 71 19 17 2)
96 56 39 73 kg per 1 inhabitant
102 153 45 82 45 47 2)
110 145 49 79
[(i.e. > 75% in the U.S.)).
berg, who includes Hungary in Eastern Europe - 1886-95 mean the amount of bread produced
harvest per hectare in metric hundredweights.

Consumption per 1 inhabitant (kilograms)
Europe wheat rye barley oats corn
1878-82 111.9 89.8 44.4 76.7 36.7
1883-87 112.4 92.1 42.5 74.5 33.3
1888-92 108.1 81.8 41.1 70.6 35.3
1893-97 116.1 91.9 45.2 75.6 34.9
U.S.
1878-82 100 9 19 101 592
1883-87 107 8 21 131 621
1888-92 105 8 23 129 648
1893-97 78 6 16 117 525
#
"Statistisches
The following countries are included Jahrbuch für das following countries 1): Deutsche Reich",
Average production 1915 d- Production:
wheat rye million million tons million
double hundredweights (1000 kg.) double hundredweights
1878-82 1893-7 1913 1878-82 1893-7
1. Belgium 4.7 5.0 0.40 4.2 5.1
2. Bulgaria 7.4 9.9 l.65 l.9 1.9
3. Denmark 1.2 1.0