EGELGAF. “A HISTORY OF MODERN TIMES”
Gotlob Egelgaf. “The History of Modern Times, from the Peace of Frankfurt to the Present Day.” 4th ed. Stuttgart, 1913.
Preface, XI. 1912
The author is a scoundrel, a Bismarckian. Yet the book remains highly useful as a compendium of facts and a reference work. Its straightforward compilation offers a clear picture of imperialism and the democratic movements as the defining features of the era. (NB: The concept of “era” is of paramount importance!!) As for socialism, it is scarcely touched upon—owing entirely to the author’s obtuse, reactionary mindset.
The author has produced a number of historical works, including a substantial volume on Wilhelm I and on Bismarck; then there are the “Essays on History”—three parts covering the ancient world, the Middle Ages, and the modern era, published between 1905 and 1909 in Leipzig—and the “Annual Political Surveys,” beginning with the year 1908 and continuing through 1912, among others.
It is particularly striking that this idiotic author, who meticulously records dates and other details for every single monarch, every royal family, and even the stillborn child of the Dutch queen (sic! p. 440), and so forth—yet fails to mention, not even in passing, the peasant uprising in Romania in 1907 (*)!!
(*) Incidentally, in the “European Historical Calendar” for 1907, only official government reports are cited regarding this uprising (p. 340), which state that the Russian sailors aboard the Potemkin were “a dangerous element of unrest” (sic!!)...
The “Chronological Table” appended to the book is constructed in an utterly absurd manner: the list is dry, bare, and completely unsystematized.
First and foremost, it is worth noting the following—outside the general framework: From 5: The Germans appropriated 5 billion francs from the French indemnity (1871)—of which 120 million went into the “War Fund.”
sic! Monetary rewards for generals and the like!
Civilized warfare and plunder
12 million—“for monetary awards (subsidies) to 28 distinguished generals and to the President of the Imperial Chancellor’s Chancellery, Delbrück.” 350 million—allocated to fortresses and barracks… 17 million—“to shipowners who,
due to the war, had suffered losses,” etc.
p. 7… “In the 1874 Reichstag elections—in Alsace-Lorraine—10 ultramontane deputies and 5 opponents of annexation were elected. On February 18, these deputies attempted, retroactively, to introduce a motion in the Reichstag calling for a popular referendum on whether the region should belong to France or to Germany; however, the motion was rejected without debate, by a vote of 2 against 3.”
((One wonders: Who were those 2 against 3? In the Reichstag of 1874, elected on January 10, 1874, there were 15 “Alsatian autonomists” plus 9 Social Democrats. Did 15 plus 9 really add up to 24?? (There was 1 Dane, 14 Poles, 4 Welfs.) Presumably, the Alsatians and the Social Democrats were the ones who voted in favor. Where can we find out more? With Bebel?))
The Herero Uprising (Southwest Africa) – 1904–December 1905. Their song:

THE “EGELGAF” NOTEBOOK
Electoral Reforms in England
On the Question of the Outcomes of Colonial Wars:
“To whom does the land of the Herero belong?” and the refrain: “The land of the Herero belongs to us.” The German army numbered as many as 17,000 men (pp. 298–299). The Herero were “largely annihilated” (sic!)—“a heavy blow both for them and for us” (p. 299), since, as they claimed, “there is no longer any labor force available” (!!)…
(to plunder the land and turn themselves into landlords!)
“The fact that the country still retains considerable value and appeal is already evident in the following: according to an official report from October 1906, 5,901 soldiers of the colonial army decided not to return to Germany, but instead to remain in the colony as farmers and stockbreeders. In the months that followed, this number grew even larger, and since the new Reichstag, on May 10, 1907, voted to allocate 5 million marks to farmers as compensation for the losses they had incurred during the war, it became possible to begin the reconstruction of the devastated lands” (p. 299).

1908: The British, together with the Germans, engaged in colonial warfare!!
The Khoikhoi uprising (also in Southwest Africa), which began in September 1904 and continued until 1907. Individual bands of Khoikhoi remained active until late December 1908; these bands “once again triggered joint punitive operations carried out by German and British authorities” (p. 300).
(workers from different countries)
The French Republic’s deep-seated animosity toward Italy—stemming, among other things, from their dispute over the papacy—(and, for example): “In August 1893, Italian workers in Aigues-Mortes were beaten nearly to death by their French competitors” (p. 345).
Number of combatants in millions
Electoral Reforms in England:
..The first reform took place in 1832 (the abolition of “rotten boroughs.” The voting threshold was raised from approx.

400,000 to 800,000).

..The second reform occurred in 1867 (the electorate was expanded from 1,056,000 to 1.5 million. Property owners and tenants were granted suffrage).
..The third reform came in 1884 (the electorate was increased by 75%). From 1.5 million to 4 million. The voting requirement was set at one year of residence. Servants, room renters, and the like were excluded. “Thus, by 1912, roughly 2 million of the approximately 6 million adult men in England still did not have the right to vote” (p. 368).
..The fourth reform was enacted in 1912 (all men over 21 were granted the right to vote, without the previous distinctions; the voting requirement was reduced to six months of continuous residence—cf. Schultes’ “European Historical Calendar”) / introduced on June 17, 1912 / passed on July 12, 1912 / scheduled to take effect on June 1, 1914 ((1832–1912, a span of 80 years!))
Criminality!!
“Trifles”: Edward VII (1841–1910) “in his early years was insatiable in his penchant for revelry—often of a rather questionable nature (sic!!)—and for sports” (p. 425).
A pearl!!
“The United States
The military campaign (1900–1901) against the Boxer Rebellion in China—launched by a coalition of Russian, Japanese, German, French, British, and American forces—was described by the French General Frey as follows: this campaign “for the first time realized the dream of political idealists—the United States…”

THE “EGELGAF” NOTEBOOK the civilized world” (!!!)
“The States of the Civilized World” (469)... ((The so‑called “letters from social democrats”—the so‑called “Hunnic letters”—were either lies or fabrications! (467) Of course they were!))
The Hague Conference and Korea!!!!
When the Korean prince Yu-Iong appeared at the Second Hague Conference (opened June 15, 1907), bringing a complaint against the Japanese and declaring Korea’s independence, the Japanese deposed the Korean emperor, installed his son on the throne, and concluded with him a “treaty” on July 24, 1907, stipulating that all diplomatic relations would henceforth be conducted through the Japanese ambassador in Seoul.
, NB, a bourgeois critique: “Revisionists are more dangerous than radical
social democrats”
NB
Regarding the defeat of the revisionists at the Nuremberg Congress (1908)—with 258 votes against 119 cast in favor of the budgets—the author, Egelgaf, remarks:
“In fact, what distinguishes the revisionists from the radical social democrats is not their ultimate goal—namely, the socialization of all relations—but rather their cautious tactics, designed to avoid alienating the bourgeois masses and to align themselves as closely as possible with the bourgeois left. And because they adopt a moderate stance, they are, in essence, more dangerous than the ‘savages’ of the far left” (523).
Bismarck in favor of a republic in France
Bismarck advocated for a republic in France precisely in order to separate it from monarchical Russia—and Count Harry Arpim, who had been “working” in Paris to restore the monarchy, was recalled in March 1874 (March 1874) and sentenced in 1875 to five years of hard labor for publishing a secret state document (!) (he fled to Nice) (p. 93).
Ireland: In December 1796, General Hoche arrived before the island with an army of 20,000, but only storms prevented the landing (p. 380). (The French Revolution had sparked a movement in Ireland.)

not bad!
(“alliance” – and “sale”)
U.S.: From 1775 to 1783, the War of Independence was waged “with the aid of France and Spain.” In 1819, “Spain sold to the United States the peninsula of Florida, which it owned, for five million dollars” (p. 453).
Literature cited: Gilbert, “The South African War,” Paris, 1902.
THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CRISES IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS OF THE GREAT POWERS AFTER 1870–1871
Preparation for war
1914–16 (“milestones”)
1879: The alliance between Germany and Austria
1891: The alliance between Russia and France (The most significant) Crises in the international politics of the great powers after 1870–1871:

1877–1878: (The liberation of national states in the Balkans.) Turkey was plundered (“divided”) by Russia, Britain, and Austria.

1885: Russia narrowly avoided war with
Britain. Central Asia was plundered (“divided”) by Russia and Britain.

1895: (The Sino-Japanese War.) China was plundered (“divided”). (Japan, Russia, Britain, Germany, and France.)
1898: Britain came within a hair’s breadth of war with
France (at Fashoda). Africa was plundered (“divided”).

1904–05: (The Russo-Japanese War.) China and Korea were plundered (“divided”) by Russia and Japan.

1907: The alliance between Russia and Britain
1905: Germany came within a hair’s breadth of war with France and Britain. Morocco was plundered (“divided”).

1911: Germany came within a hair’s breadth of war with France and Britain. Morocco was plundered (“divided”). Morocco was exchanged for the Congo— THE “EGELGAF” NOTEBOOK
NB: A secret treaty between Russia and Austria, signed January 15, 1877, concerning the “division” of Turkey...
NB: In 1876, Alexander II asked Bismarck whether Germany would remain neutral in a war between Russia and Austria [Egelgaf, p. 128].
January 10, 1891: England issued an ultimatum to Portugal: Africa was plundered (“divided”).

1889: The islands of Samoa were plundered (jointly by Britain, Germany, and the United States).

1898: The Spanish-American War. (Cuba and the Philippines were plundered.)
1898: Britain began negotiations with Germany regarding an alliance against Russia. (No agreement was reached!)
October 1898: The Treaty between Britain and Germany provided for the division of Portuguese colonies “in case” of Portugal’s financial insolvency...

1899: “Tensions” arose among Germany, Britain, and the United States over Samoa. Threats of war. Conflict. A treaty was concluded to “divide” these islands: November 14, 1899.

1900: All powers joined together to strangle China: Germany + Russia + the United States + Japan + Britain + France.

1903: Germany, Britain, and Italy extracted debts from Venezuela through bombardment.

1904: The Treaty between Britain and France (April 8): Africa was divided (preparations were underway for war with Germany).

1907: The Treaty between Russia and Britain (August 31): Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet were divided (preparations were being made for war with Germany).

1908: The Treaty between Japan and the United States (November 28) guaranteed the “possession” of both powers in the Pacific Ocean.
July 1910: Russia and Japan concluded a treaty: “an exchange” of Korea for Mongolia!
1911: The Treaty between Russia and Germany (August 19): “reinsurance” of a sort—Baghdad for Persia.

1911: The Treaty between Britain and Japan (Britain remained neutral in the event of a war between Japan and the United States)... (see Franke in the collection “Germany and the World War”).

September 17, 1914: Russia concluded a “treaty” with “independent” Mongolia. (Mongolia was plundered.)

AN EXPERIENCE IN SUMMARIZING KEY DATA FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD
AND OTHERS
A in S D E
Wars Diplomacy Colonial Policy Economic Policy (trusts and the like; customs treaties, etc.; large-scale concessions...) The Labor Movement and Socialist Parties
1870–1875: The Franco-Prussian War (70–71). The “League of Three Emperors” (71). 1872: The meeting of the three emperors in Berlin. 1875: A conflict emerged between Germany and France. Alexander II intervened. (From 1866–7, Russia had taken Kokand.) 1868: Russia took Bukhara. 1873: Russia took Khiva. 1873: Gold currency was introduced in Germany. November 1875: Britain acquired shares in the Suez Canal. The Paris Commune (71). 1871–75: Trials of the Communards. 1875: The Social Democratic Congress in Gotha. Unification.

1876–77: The Russo-Turkish War. 1876: Russia held negotiations with Germany regarding a war between Russia and Austria. January 15, 1877: The Treaty between Russia and Austria (concerning the division of Turkey). 1877: Britain took Transvaal.

DIALECTICS AND SELF-MOVEMENT IN THE HISTORY AFTER 1870. ((EGELGAF: SOURCES))
F G N I K
Revolutionary Movements (of a Non-Proletarian Character) National Movements and the National Question Democratic Reforms Social Reforms Miscellaneous and Notes
1868–1871: Japan. (Revolution and Transformation.) 73: The Republic in Spain. Intervention by the German naval officer Werner, August 1, 1873. 74: Alfonso XII in Spain and 74–76: The Carlist Wars. (1867: The Austro-Hungarian Compromise.) 75: The Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 61–72: The Peasant Reform and Bourgeois-Democratic Reforms. Russia. 71: The Beginning of the “Kulturkampf” in Germany (71–78). 71–79: The Struggle Against Royalists and Clericals in France (75: The Triumph of the Republic). April 2, 1873: Electoral Reform in Austria (Four Electoral Colleges). 75: Civil Marriage in Germany. September 20, 1870: Italy Takes Rome.

76: The Uprising in Bulgaria. 77: The Russo-Turkish War. March 76: A Left-Wing Cabinet in Italy (De Pretis), lasting until 1891. 1877: The Law on Universal School Education (Italy).

And in S D E
Economic Policy – Workers’
Colonial – Policies (Trusts and the Movement
Wars Diplomacy for the Proletariat; Customs Treaties etc.; Major Concessions...) Socialist Parties
78: Berlin – 78: England – 78: The Law
Congress (plundering Turkey). on Social
Germany takes Cyprus. Policies in Ger- mania.
October 11, 1878: (October 19).
The Treaty Between Austria and
Prussia (regarding the Abolition of the Prague Conditions Concerning Denmark).

79: The War – 79: The Alliance – 79: The “Afri- 79: The Protec-
England with Germany canian Zionist with the Zulus. with Austria Union” (a tariff union in Ger-
(October 7, 1879). Dutch mania—uniting industrialists in South Africa). and agricultural producers).
–1880 80: The Hamburg merchant Godfrey founded a trading company in Samoa. (The Reichstag rejected a subsidy on April 27, 1880.)
1881 February 27, 1881: 81 (August 3): 81: France
The Boers defeat the English; England takes Tunisia.
the English knew of their dependence in Assab.
Majuba). Transvaal. 81: Russia subjugated the Turkmen. – 81

NOTEBOOK “EGELGAF”
Continuation
F G N I K
Revolutionary Movements (of a Non-Proletarian Character) National Movements and the National Question Democratic Reforms Social Reforms Miscellaneous and Notes
79: Resignation, January 30, 1879:
Falck (the “Cultural Kampf” leader.
See 87).

79: New Shipbuilding – 79: Anti-Secu-
Production in Germany. larist Movement in Germany (78: The Founding of the Christian Social Party).

March 1, 1881: 81: Irish Land – 81: The
Alexander II was assassinated. Gladstone’s Bill. Wilhelm I’s social reforms.

And in S D E
Economic Policy – Workers’
Colonial – Policies (Trusts and the Movement
Wars Diplomacy for the Proletariat; Customs Treaties etc.; Major Concessions...) Socialist Parties
82: England Takes Egypt.

83: The “Triple Alliance” (Germany + Austria + Italy)
(May 20, 1882).

84: The Meeting – 84: Germany of Three Emperors in Skerne–
Southwestern
Africa. November 15, 1884. Berlin.
Conference on the Congo: Dividing
Africa. 84: Russia “Independence”
–1885 85: France’s War with China (over Tonkin). Congo!! 85: Germany’s Dispute with Spain over the Caroline Islands. 85: England Takes Bechuanaland (South Africa). 85: Italy in Massawa. 85: France Takes Tonkin. 85: England Takes Burma. 85: Subsidies for Steamship Companies in Germany. 1880–88: The Railway to Samarkand.

1886

NOTEBOOK “EGELGAF”
Continuation
F G N I K
Revolutionary Movements (of a Non-Proletarian Character) National Movements and the National Question Democratic Reforms Social Reforms Miscellaneous and Notes
82: The University of Prague is divided into Czech and German sections. 82: Secular Schools in France.

83: Health Insurance in Germany.

84: Gladstone’s Electoral Reform. 84: Accident Insurance in Germany.

86: The First Polish Bill (Germany) (Immigration Commission). 86: Gladstone’s First Homestead Bill. 86: Boulanger—Minister of War.

And in S D E
Wars Diplomacy Colonial Policy Economic Policy (Trusts and the like; Customs Treaties etc.; Major Concessions...) Workers’ Movement and Socialist Parties
–1890 87: The “Reinsurance Treaty” (Germany with Russia). 90: The Treaty Between England and Germany. (Heligoland exchanged for a portion of Africa.) 88: “Papamá” in France. October 4, 1888: Deutsche Bank receives a concession for the Baghdad Railway (to Angora*). 89: Cecil Rhodes founded the Chartered Company of South Africa. 90: The End of the Exclusive Law in Germany.

1891 January 10, 1891: England Issues an Ultimatum to the Portuguese (who were plundering Africa). 91: The Franco-Russian Alliance. 91: Germany’s Trade Agreements with Austria and Other States (Tariff Reductions). 92: Currency Reform in Austria.

* Modern-day Ankara. Ed.

NOTEBOOK “EGELGAF”
Continuation
F G N I ) K
Revolutionary Movements (of a Non-Proletarian Character) National Movements and the National Question Democratic Reforms Social Reforms Miscellaneous and Notes
87: The End of the “Kulturkampf” in Germany (May 23, 1887). 88: Democratic Local Self-Government in England. 89: Old-Age Insurance (in Germany). 90: The Fall of Bismarck
1891: Income Tax in Germany. 92: The “Small Landholding Act” in England. 92: The “Adherents” (to the Republic) in France.

* The Nile Flood. Ed.

And in S D E
Wars Diplomacy Colonial Policy Economic Policy Workers’ Movement and Socialist Parties
–1895 94–95: The Sino-Japanese War. 1895: France’s War Against Madagascar. 95: The Peace of Shimonoseki. 95: The Treaty on the Pamir (Russia with Afghanistan). 93: France Takes Dahomey. 93: Deutsche Bank secures yet another concession for the Baghdad Railway. 95: The Canal Named After Emperor Wilhelm II*. 1893: A Railway Strike in Holland.

1896 96: Abyssinia Defeats Italy (March 1) (Peace Signed October 26, 1896). 97: The Greco-Turkish War. 97: Russia’s Agreement with Austria Regarding the Balkans. 96: Jameson’s Raid (England in South Africa). 96: England Takes Ashanti. 97: France Takes Madagascar. 97: Germany Takes Kiaochao. o

THE “EGELGAF” NOTEBOOK
Continuation
V G n I K
Revolutionary Movements of a Non-Proletarian Character: National Movements and the National Question [Democratic Reforms, Social Reforms, Miscellaneous and Notes]
95: The Cuban Uprising. 93: Gladstone’s Second Bill on Home Rule. 93: Two-Year Military Service (Germany). 1893: Electoral Reform in Belgium (Multiple Voting). 94: The Dreyfus Affair Begins (France). 94: Civil Marriage in Hungary. 1888–1895: Vatican–Quirinal Negotiations—A Fiasco! 93: The “Farmers’ League” (Germany).

96: Badeni Establishes the Fifth Chamber in the Austrian Parliament. 97: Lueger Becomes Mayor of Vienna.

And in S D E
Wars, Diplomacy, Colonial Policy, Economic Policy, the Workers’ Movement, and Socialist Parties
–1900 98: The Spanish–American War. 99–1902: The Anglo–Boer War. 98: Fashoda (England and France Divide Africa, March 21, 1899). 98: Wilhelm II in Jerusalem. 98 (?): The Andijan Uprising. 99: Germany Acquires the Caroline Islands, the Samoa Islands, and Other Territories.

1901 1900–01: The Boxer Rebellion in China. 1902: The Anglo–Japanese Agreement. 01: Completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway, January 22. 02: The German–French Society Secures a Concession for the Baghdad Railway—plus Navigation in Mesopotamia and Mining Operations. 1902: Customs Tariffs in Germany.

THE “EGELGAF” NOTEBOOK
Continuation
F G n I | k
Revolutionary Movements of a Non-Proletarian Character: National Movements and the National Question, Democratic Reforms, Social Reforms, Miscellaneous and Notes
98: The Second Polish Bill (Germany). 99: Suppression of Finland. 98: The “Away from Rome” Movement in Austria. 98: The First Naval Law in Germany (April 30, 1898—establishment of the Naval League). 900: The Second Naval Law in Germany.

1902: The Third Polish Bill (Germany). 01: The “Commonwealth” of Australia. 01: The French Law on Associations (Against Religious Orders). 1902: Abolition of the “Dictatorship Clause” in Alsace–Lorraine.

And in S D E
Wars, Diplomacy, Colonial Policy, Economic Policy, the Workers’ Movement, and Socialist Parties
–1905 1904–07: The War Against the Herero. 1904–05: The Russo–Japanese War. 1904: The Anglo–French Agreement. 1904: Loubet in Italy. 1905: The Second Anglo–Japanese Agreement. 04: England in Lhasa. 05: Wilhelm II in Tangier, Morocco. 1903: Chamberlain Advocates for a Customs Union within the British Empire. 1905: New Trade Agreements for Germany.

1906 1907: The End of the War in Africa (with the Herero and Others). 1906: The Algeciras Conference. 1907: The Franco–Russian Agreement with Japan. 1907: The Russian Agreement with England. 1907 (August): The Court Imposes a $29 Million Fine on Standard Oil Company.

THE “EGELGAF” NOTEBOOK

– the content received by members of parliament in certain bourgeois countries. Ed.
Continuation
F G n I K
Revolutionary Movements of a Non-Proletarian Character: National Movements and the National Question, Democratic Reforms, Social Reforms, Miscellaneous and Notes
1905: The Revolution in Russia. 1905: Norway’s Separation. 1903: The Hungarian Crisis (a conflict with Austria over language in the military). – 1905 1903: Combes Closes Catholic Orders in France. 1903: The Irish Land Bill (agrarian reform). 1905: Two-Year Military Service in Germany. 1905: Separation of Church and State in France.

1906: Parliament in Persia. 1907: A State Coup in Russia. 1906–07: A Schoolchildren’s Strike in Prussian Poland (up to 50,000 participants). 1906: Diet Sessions* in the Reichstag. July 12, 1906: Restoration of Dreyfus’s Rights. 1907: Universal Suffrage in Austria. 1907: Agrarian Legislation in England (Support for Smallholders). o

And in S D E
The Workers’
Colonial–Economic–Movement
Wars, Diplomacy, and Social– Political Policy, Political Policy, Socialist Parties
1908 (June 9) |
08): A Meeting Between Edward VII and
Nicholas II in Reval.

1908: The Japanese–United States Agreement Concerning the Pacific Ocean.

1909: Ne- 1909: Barri- mezzo–French- cady in Bar-
Cuz Agreement on Madrid.
Morocco. The Assassination of Ferrer (October 13).
–1910 1910: Pots- 1910: Jap- 1910: Briand dam’s meeting- nian annec- suppresses
with Nicholas II). reu. railway workers’ strike.

THE “EGELGAF” NOTEBOOK
Continuation
F G N I K
Revolutionary Movements, National Movements, Democratic–
Social–Miscellaneous and
Non-Proletarian Character, the National Question, Socialist Reforms, Reform Notes
1908: The Assassination of 1908: Iceland
Karl I in Portugal. Demands Independence from Denmark; Gains Parliament.

1908: The Revolu- 1908: The Fourth tion in Turkey. Polish Bill (Compulsory Purchase). 1908: Austria Annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1908: Bulgaria Declares Itself Independent.

1909: The Over- 1909: New throw of Abdül- land grants to
Hamid. rural farmers.
1909: The Over- measures.
throw of the Shah in Persia.

1910: The Repub- 1910: Victory of 1910: Conflict lic of Portugal. the “National Lower and Upper
Party of Labor” over the Party of Independents in Hungary. 1910: The Destruction of Finland’s Independence—by the House of Lords in England. >

April 21, 1910:
A Law (Belgium) Regarding Flemish and Language in Secondary Schools (in the Four Flemish Provinces).

And in S D E
The Workers’
Colonial–Economic–Movement
Wars, Diplomacy, and Social– Political Policy, Political Policy, Socialist Parties
1911| 1911 (September 29) 1911: Rus- 1911: Fran- May 15: The
(-October 18) sian–German- Spain and the Court agreement on Morocco. declares
war (Tri- illegal).
politan- no “forward”!! “Stan- cial–Persian war. dard Oil
company”.
1911: The German– French Agreement on Morocco.

1912: The Balkan
War (First and Second)
(October 8–October 17).

1912: Declaration of
War. 1913: Russia’s Attempt on Armenia.

1914: The European
War.
–1915

THE “EGELGAF” NOTEBOOK
Properly Speaking and
F G N I K
Revolutionary Movements, National Movements, and Democratic–Social–Miscellaneous and
Non-Proletarian Character, the National Question, Reforms, Reform Notes
1911: Abolition (Reduction) of the Privileges of the Upper House in England. April 21, 1911: Separation of Church and State in Portugal. 1911: The Insurance Act in England.

1912: The Republic in China. 1912: Asquith’s Home Rule Bill. May 25: Electoral reform in Italy (the electorate expanded from 2 million to 6 million). June 17, 1912: Electoral reform in England (universal suffrage). April 1, 1912: Home Rule was adopted for
Ireland.

DRAFT OUTLINE FOR THE TABLE “AN EXPERIENCE IN SUMMARIZING THE MAIN DATA OF WORLD HISTORY SINCE 1870”
I
3 – I) Wars, diplomacy, and colonial policy. 1 – II) Economic policy (§ 8).

1 – III) The labor movement and socialist parties.

2 – IV) Revolutionary movements—and other democratic national movements. 2 – V) Democratic reforms and social reforms.
II
1) Wars.

2) Diplomacy…

3) Colonial policy.

4) The labor movement and socialist parties.

5) Revolutionary movements—both bourgeois and not exclusively socialist.

6) Democratic reforms (including those directed against the Church).

7) Social reforms.

8) Economic policy:
trusts; customs legislation; trade agreements; tariff wars.

9) National movements.