Materials of the Cracow Conference of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with Party Workers. December 26, 1912 – January 1, 1913 (January 8–14, 1913)

1. Initial Draft of a Resolution "On the Duma S.-D. Faction"[52]

Not for Publication (α) 6 and 7: equality of representation and votes.

(β) withdrawal from "Luch"… (γ) collective organizational activity of the 6-group.

NB || People begin to respect the party when there is a printing press and technical apparatus.

(β) CC > [53] Koba is popular:

(β) information section.

2. Initial Draft of a Resolution "On the Attitude Toward Liquidationism and on Unity"[54]

Published for the first time from the manuscript

Initial Postscript to the Article "The Development of the Revolutionary Strike and Street Demonstrations"[55]

P.S.

We call the particular attention of s.-d. to the "Tactical Notes" of F. D. in "Luch". How quickly the veneer of ostensible reconciliation and "unification" phrases in the spirit of Trotsky have fallen away! How blatantly the real direction of "Luch" has been exposed—naked liquidationism!

In the legal organ, F. D. systematically conducts a war not only against revolutionary mass strikes (there is no point in even speaking of uprising), but also against all revolutionary agitation among the masses. In essence, F. D. goes far beyond V. A. (in no. 56 of "Luch"), revealing his complete ideological kinship with the Bundist "striking out" of revolution. This is where liquidationist refusal to give a direct, clear, formal "evaluation of the moment" leads to: in fact, F. D. conducts precisely the Larin evaluation, denying the objective conditions that require the workers to organize for revolution, for drawing the masses in general and the peasantry in particular into the revolutionary movement.

We shall return to F. D.'s articles.

Written in January, before January 12 (25), 1913.

First published in 1948 in the 4th edition of the Works of V. I. Lenin, vol. 18

Published from the manuscript

For a Speech on the Budget {180}

I. The fundamental contradiction: a "striking," "brilliant" budget and the incredible poverty of the masses, starvation, unprecedented in any civilized state! Ergo [56]: "whitewashed sepulchres," plunder of the masses, squeezing out taxes; expressed in economic terms: capitalism in Russia is still maintained by the upper layers of the bourgeoisie alone, still occupies a subordinate place in the landlord economy compared with bondage and corvée, still remains merely a veneer of gentry distinction rather than improving the economic system and the development of productive forces of all the masses, as in the West.

This fundamental contradiction both explains Russia's revolutionary situation, and we must illustrate this fundamental contradiction.

II. Russia has already seen a brilliant budget (under Witte). There was also "free cash on hand," there was also boasting before Europe, there was also intensified pumping out of the European bourgeoisie. And what was the result? Collapse.

III. The present budget, of course, has "moved forward" (just as Russian capitalism has): of course! Without moving forward at a snail's pace, the financial system could not hold out for even a year! But your pace is the snail's pace of the landlord "progress."

The same gigantic sums (/4) for militarism, police, etc., that is, for the ruling class of serf-owners.

The same drunkenness of the muzhik (800 million), the same oppression of indirect taxes (57%). On indirect taxes—elaborate.

IV. They say: almost the same thing occurs in Europe. Precisely "almost," gentlemen!

First, Europe already underwent liberation from serf-owners etc. by heroic revolutionary means a hundred years ago. And Russia has not yet undergone this.

Second, Europe does not have the same productive forces.

V. The same comparison concerning workers.

The same concerning railroad workers:

VI. Harvest in Russia (1905–1909) of wheat:

VII. Consumption of iron

VIII. How did America rid itself of slavery?

IX. Income and Expenditure of Peasants committees on agricultural industries, II Duma, p. 1212 {181}.

Poverty, filth, hunger, squeezing out taxes.

Is the data outdated? No. Famine of 1911.

Famine in a number of provinces 1912.

X. Causes?

181 An analysis of the figures cited was given by V. I. Lenin in the article "The Last Valve" (see the present volume, p. 17).

* Versus – with respect to. Ed.

** According to. Ed.

XI. State Council VS large landlord landownership.

182 Lenin refers to the stenographic reports of the State Duma of the II convocation, session II, vol. I, p. 959 and III convocation, session I, part I, p. 662, where formulas for transition to routine business submitted by representatives of the social-democratic factions of the II and III Duma on the question of the budget are cited.

183 This concerns the rules approved by the tsarist government on March 8 (21), 1906, on the procedure for consideration of the state budget of revenues and expenditures. According to these rules, certain expenditure items of the state budget were not subject to consideration by the Duma, for example: a significant portion of the expenses of the tsar's court, payments on state loans, extraordinary supplementary credits for the needs of wartime.

XIII. Russia between Europe and the advanced—democratic Asia.

Written in January – first half of May 1913.

Published for the first time from the manuscript

List of Works by V. I. Lenin Not Yet Located Up to the Present Time
(July 1912 – February 1913) 1912

1912

LETTERS TO THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU K. HUYSMANS

Brief notes on these letters, written in September – November 1912, exist in the book of incoming and outgoing correspondence of the ISB, photocopies of certain pages of which are stored in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU.

In his letters, V. I. Lenin reported on the impossibility of his attendance at a session of the International Socialist Bureau in connection with elections to the IV State Duma, on preparations for the Basel Congress of the II International, on the results of elections to the IV State Duma from Moscow Province, and requested information necessary for him to prepare a report to the Central Committee of the RSDLP on the last session of the ISB.

ARTICLE WITH A CRITIQUE OF BOYCOTTISM

The article with a critique of boycottism was intended for the newspaper "Zvezda" or the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda" which replaced it. The article was written before the closure of "Nevskaya Zvezda," that is, before October 5 (18), 1912.

V. I. Lenin reported on this article in a letter to M. A. Saveliev of February 9 (22), 1913: "I wrote to you a very, very long time ago that in 'Zvezda,' in addition to the article 'English Disputes on Liberal Labor Policy,' there remained articles 'Two Utopias' and a critique of boycottism (against Amphitheatrov, I don't remember the title). I repeat the request: obtain them and send them to me" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 35, p. 55).

LETTER TO M. A. SAVELIEV

This letter, written after October 5 (18), 1912, is known from V. I. Lenin's letter of February 9 (22), 1913 to M. A. Saveliev (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 35, p. 55).

REPORT TO THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU ON ELECTIONS TO THE IV STATE DUMA

The report was written by V. I. Lenin in November, before November 11 (24), 1912. Mention of this report exists in V. I. Lenin's letter to L. B. Kamenev (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

"THE WORKING CLASS AND ITS 'PARLIAMENTARY' REPRESENTATION." ARTICLE II AND ARTICLE IV

In the first half of December 1912, V. I. Lenin writes a series of articles "The Working Class and Its 'Parliamentary' Representation." However, only the first article was published in that period ("Pravda" no. 191, December 12, 1912). In 1954, manuscripts of two more articles were found, which Lenin marked as articles three and five. The fate of the second and fourth articles remains unknown for now.

1912–1913

ARTICLE ON THE COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY CHARACTER OF THE LIBERAL BOURGEOISIE

The last (fourth) page of the manuscript of this article is stored in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU.

1913

LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION TO G. M. VYAZMENSKII, PRINCE N. V. KUZNETSOV

In a letter to G. M. Vyazmenskii, written in January, after January 9 (22), 1913, Lenin reported: "I enclose a letter to Comrade Kuznetsov, which you requested" (Lenin Collection XIII, p. 215). In the letter of recommendation to N. V. Kuznetsov, Lenin apparently requested him to pass on to G. M. Vyazmenskii illegal social-democratic literature for the socialist archive in Berlin.

DRAFT SPEECH ON THE BUDGET FOR A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC DEPUTY OF THE IV STATE DUMA

The draft speech on the budget for a social-democratic deputy of the IV State Duma was written by Lenin in January – first half of May 1913. Pages 11–12 and 19–20 of the manuscript of the draft speech are stored in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU.

"REPLY TO MAEVSKII," "BULGAKOV ON THE PEASANTS," AND TWO ARTICLES ON MORALITY

Lenin mentioned these articles in a letter of February 8 (21), 1913 to the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda" and requested that they be passed on to the journal "Prosveshchenie" (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 35, p. 53).

In a letter to M. A. Saveliev of February 9 (22), 1913, Lenin wrote: "In 'Pravda' there are also a number of articles not used there. I very much request that you obtain them and compose from them notes of a publicist under the signature of at least T… Approximate contents: I. Reply to Maevskii (in 'Luch' on liquidationism). – (Now this theme is more necessary because Dnevnitskii and Plekhanov in no. 234 of 'Pravda' published bad notes.) II. Bulgakov from 'Russian Thought' on the peasants (I don't remember the title). III. On morality (two short articles)…" (Ibid., p. 55).

LETTER TO DEMYAN BEDNY

The contents of this letter are known from Demyan Bedny's reply letter to V. I. Lenin of February 12 (25), 1913. In his letter, Lenin inquired of Demyan Bedny about the work of the "Pravda" editorial office, about the journal "Prosveshchenie," about his attitude toward Machists and Vperedists, and pointed out the necessity of "collegial-Marxist" methods of work in the "Pravda" editorial office (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism).

List of Publications in the Editing of Which V. I. Lenin Participated

JOURNAL "PROSVESHCHENIE"

No. 8–9 – July – August 1912.

No. 1 – January 1913.

No. 2 – February 1913.

NEWSPAPER "RABOCHAYA GAZETA"

No. 9–12 of August (July 30) 1912.

NEWSPAPER "SOTSIAL-DEMOKRAT"

No. 28–29 – November 18 (5), 1912.

No. 30 – January 25 (12), 1913.

List of Works Possibly Belonging to V. I. Lenin "AFTER THE ELECTIONS"

The article "After the Elections" was published on November 13 (26), 1912 in the newspaper "Pravda" no. 167. It explains the tactics of the Bolsheviks in the electoral campaign for the IV State Duma. By its contents, the article "After the Elections" has similarities with Leninist works devoted to elections to the IV Duma, "Some Results of Pre-Electoral Mobilization," "A Conversation on 'Cadet-Hunting,'" "Results of Elections," and others (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 21, pp. 311–316; the present volume, pp. 61–68, 319–344). The article cites a statement by the Cadet Gredeskul, published in the newspaper "Rech'". Lenin uses this statement to characterize the counter-revolutionary character of the Cadets and cites it in a number of articles from that period: "A Little Clarification," "The Illegal Party and Legal Work," and others (see the present volume, pp. 22–23, 176–185).

"THE LABORITES AND SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS"

This article was published on November 21 (December 4), 1912 in the newspaper "Pravda" no. 174. The questions raised in the article "The Laborites and Social-Democrats"—a characterization of the Laborites, exposure of the counter-revolutionary character of the liberal Cadets, definition of the tasks of social-democrats concerning the Laborites—coincide in content with articles by V. I. Lenin "The Peasantry and Elections to the IV Duma," "Liberalism and Democracy," "The Laborites and Working-Class Democracy," and others (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 21, pp. 198–200, 237–246, 267–274). In the article "The Laborites and Social-Democrats," there are coincidences of separate passages of text with the aforementioned works of Lenin.

Index of Literary Works and Sources Cited and Mentioned by V. I. Lenin

[Abrosimov, V. M.] What Are We Suffering From? (Worker – to Worker). – "Luch," St. Pb., 1912, no. 56, November 21, p. 2.

Signature: V. A. – 218–220, 284, 285, 286, 287, 353–364, 396.

The Agrarian Question. Vol. II. Collection of articles by Breyer, Brun, and others. Moscow, "Beseda," 1907. XIII, 648 pp. (Published by Dolgorukov and Petrunkevich). – 51.

Antony Volynsky. Open Letter to the Authors of the Collection "Landmarks." May 1, 1909. – "Slovo," St. Pb., 1909, no. 791, May 10 (23), p. 3. – 83.

Badaev, A. E. [Letter to the Editor]. — "Pravda," St. Pb., 1913, no. 21 (225), January 26, pp. 2–3. Under the general heading: Impressions of s.-d. deputies from the field. – 361.

Baturskii, G. Sowers of Schism. – "Nevskii Golos," St. Pb., 1912, no. 7, August 17, p. 3. – 59.

Belinsky, V. G. Letter to Gogol. – 83.

Disorders in the Sapper Camp. – "Turkestanskie Vedomosti," [Tashkent], 1912, no. 148 (4309), July 4 (17), p. 2. – 2.

* [58] [Blank, R. M.] Petersburg Elections. – "Zaprosы Zhizni," St. Pb., 1912, no. 27, July 6, col. 1585–1586. Signature: B. – 61.

– The Working Press and Liberals. – "Zaprosы Zhizni," St. Pb., 1912, no. 26, June 29, col. 1535–1536. Signature: B. – 61.

– The Social-Democratic Platform. – "Zaprosы Zhizni," St. Pb., 1912, no. 29, July 20, col. 1678–1680. Signature: R. B. – 66.

Bulgakov, S. P. At the Elections. (From a Diary). – "Russkaya Mysl'," Moscow – Pb., 1912, book XI, pp. 185–192. – 366.

In the City Duma. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 279 (2233), October 11 (24), p. 3. – 151.

Varzar, V. E. The Processing Factory-Plant Industry of the Empire at the Beginning of 1909. – "Vestnik Finansov, Promyshlennosti i Torgovli," St. Pb., 1911, no. 50, December 11 (24), pp. 484–486. – 24–25.

"Vestnik Finansov, Promyshlennosti i Torgovli," St. Pb., 1911, no. 50, December 11 (24), pp. 484–486. – 24–25.

*Landmarks. A Collection of Articles on Russian Intellectuals. Moscow, [Sablin printing house, March] 1909. II, 209 pp. – 22, 23, 63, 82, 83, 84, 92, 93, 96, 327.

Vodovozov, V. V. The Labor Group and the Workers' Party. – "Zaprosы Zhizni," St. Pb., 1912, no. 17, April 27, col. 993–998. – 22, 339–340.

* "Vozrozhdenie," Moscow, 1910, no. 11, July 7, col. 1–14. – 65.

"Volna," St. Pb. – 280.

– 1906, no. 15, May 12, p. 1. – 50.

[Volskii, S.] Letter from Petersburg. – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1912, no. 25, April 23 (May 6), pp. 3–4. Signature: S. V. – 7–8.

"Vpered," Geneva. – 280.

*Second Ordinary Congress of the Russian S.-D. Workers' Party. Complete Text of the Minutes. Published by the CC. Geneve, party printing house, [1904]. 397, II pp. (RSDLP). – 171, 174, 263, 266, 267.

Withdrawal from the Commune. Letter from Korchevskii District of Tver Province. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 38, June 13, p. 2. Signature: Peasant-Worker. – 97.

Gereeg, G. Housing and Work. – 271, 275.

[Ginzburg, B. A.] The Working Masses and the Underground. – "Luch," St. Pb., 1913, no. 15 (101), January 19, p. 1. – 309–311, 361–362.

Chief Resolutions [adopted at the Third Congress of the Russian S.-D. Workers' Party]. — In the book: Third Ordinary Congress of the Russian S.-D. Workers' Party. Complete Text of the Minutes. Published by the CC. Geneve, party printing house, 1905, pp. XVI–XXVII. (RSDLP). – 280.

"Golos Moskvy." – 99, 137.

– 1912, no. 51, March 2 (15), p. 2. – 200.

"Golos Moskvy." 1912, no. 153, July 4 (17), p. 2. – 1–2.

– 1912, no. 197, August 26 (September 8), p. 2. – 87.

– 1913, no. 30, February 6 (19), p. 1. – 379–380, 381, 382.

Voice of Russia. – "Novoe Vremя," St. Pb., 1912, no. 13199, December 8 (21), p. 13. – 242, 243.

"Golos Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva – Paris]. – 7.

– [Paris], 1911, no. 26, December, pp. 13–15. – 226.

Voices of Workers. – "Nevskii Golos," St. Pb., 1912, no. 7, August 17, p. 4. – 59.

Gredeskul, N. A. The Turning Point of Russian Intellectuals and Its True Meaning. – In the book: The Intelligentsia in Russia. A Collection of Articles. St. Pb., "Zemlya," 1910, pp. 8–58. – 84.

– Adventures with Public Speech. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 117 (2071), April 30 (May 13), p. 2. – 13, 22–23, 63, 92, 168, 181, 200, 204, 329.

Griboyedov, A. S. Woe from Wit. – 142.

Davydov, D. V. Song of an Old Hussar. – 297.

Dan, F. I. Our "Lords." – "Zhivoe Delo," St. Pb., 1912, no. 3, February 1, p. 1. – 283, 333, 334, 339.

– The Current Task. – "Luch," St. Pb., 1912, no. 65, December 2, p. 1. Signature: F. D. – 287, 353–354.

– Tactical Notes. – "Luch," St. Pb., 1912, no. 66, December 4, p. 1; no. 67, December 5, p. 1; no. 68, December 6, p. 1; no. 69, December 7, p. 1; no. 71, December 9, pp. 1–2; no. 73, December 12, p. 1. Signature: F. D. – 317, 396.

"Delo Zhizni," St. Pb. – 184, 265–266.

The Case of Sixty-Five. – "Golos Moskvy," 1912, no. 153, July 4 (17), p. 2. – 1–2.

Ten Death Sentences. Sevastopol, July 2. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 179 (2133), July 3 (16), p. 3. – 1.

Diplomatic Procrastination. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 267 (2221), September 29 (October 12), p. 4. Signature: D. – 137–138, 146–149.

"Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva], 1912, no. 16, April, pp. 1–11. – 60, 176–177, 178, 179, 183.

Yearbook of the Newspaper "Rech'" for 1912. Published by the editorial office of the newspaper "Rech'". St. Pb., n.d. VI, 712, 44 pp. (Free supplement to the newspaper "Rech'"). – 327, 328, 399.

"Zhivoe Delo," St. Pb. – 7, 8, 224, 236.

– 1912, no. 2, January 27, p. 2. – 333, 334.

– 1912, no. 3, February 1, p. 1. – 283, 333, 334, 339.

– 1912, no. 8, March 9, pp. 1, 4. – 8, 333.

– 1912, no. 9, March 16, p. 4; no. 11, March 30, p. 4; no. 13, April 13, p. 4; no. 15, April 25, p. 4; no. 16, April 28, p. 4. – 8.

"Zhizn'," Moscow, 1910, no. 1, August 30, col. 1–12. – 65.

For the Week. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 123 (2077), May 7 (20), p. 2. – 314.

"Za Partiyu," [Paris], 1912, no. 3, October 15 (2), pp. 1–3. – 230, 240, 341.

"Zavetы," St. Pb. – 62.

– 1912, no. 1, April, pp. 64–82; no. 2, May, pp. 33–55; no. 3, June, pp. 31–46; no. 4, July, pp. 5–43; no. 5, August, pp. 5–20; no. 6, September, pp. 5–41; no. 7, October, pp. 5–47; no. 8, November, pp. 5–40; 1913, no. 1, January, pp. 83–112. – 306.

– 1912, no. 6, September, pp. 1–23. – 365.

Law on the Alteration and Addition of Certain Statutes on Peasant Landownership. [November 9, 1906 – June 14, 1910]. – "Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii pravitel'stva, izdavaemoe pri pravitel'stvuyushchem Senate," St. Pb., 1910, dep. I, no. 97, June 19, art. 1043, pp. 2035–2044. – 371.

Law of 1897 – see On the Duration and Distribution of Working Time in Factory-Plant Establishments.

"Zaprosy Zhizni," St. Pb. – 99.

– 1912, no. 17, April 27, col. 993–998. – 22, 339–340.

– 1912, no. 26, June 29, col. 1535–1536. – 61.

*– 1912, no. 27, July 6, col. 1585–1586. – 61.

– 1912, no. 29, July 20, col. 1678–1680. – 66.

*– 1912, no. 30, July 27, col. 1717–1724. – 61.

*– 1912, no. 31, August 3, col. 1765–1770. – 61.

*– 1912, no. 47, November 23, col. 2685–2690. – 210–211.

Session 11 [of the State Duma. December 13 (26), 1912]. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 343 (2297), December 14 (27), pp. 4–6. Under the general heading: In the State Duma. Signature: L. Nemanov. – 329.

Session 14 [of the State Duma. December 15 (28), 1912]. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 345 (2299), December 16 (29), pp. 5–6. Under the general heading: In the State Duma. Signature: Ya. L. – 340.

Statement of the S.-D. Faction. – "Luch," St. Pb., 1912, no. 51, November 15, p. 3. – 208, 209, 284.

[Statement of the S.-D. Faction]. — "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 169, November 15, p. 2. – 208, 209, 284.

"Zvezda," St. Pb. – 144, 280, 333, 334, 343.

– 1912, no. 11 (47), February 19, p. 1. – 333, 334.

– 1912, no. 24 (60), April 1, p. 3. – 353, 334.

Land Project of the Moderate-Right Peasant Deputies. – "St. Peterburgskie Vedomosti," 1908, no. 24, January 29 (February 11), p. 2. – 200, 205.

"Zemshchina," St. Pb. – 67.

– 1912, no. 1142, October 28, p. 2. – 163–164.

* "Znamya Truda," [Paris], 1908, no. 13, November, pp. 1–3. – 323.

Electoral Platform. [Leaflet]. N.p., [September 1912]. 2 pp. (RSDLP). Signature: Organizational Committee of the RSDLP. – 169, 170, 171–172, 173–174.

Izgoev, A. S. P. A. Stolypin. A Sketch of His Life and Activity. Moscow, Nekrasov, 1912. 133 pp. – 86.

"International." – 273, 274, 276.

"Iskra" (old, Leninist), [Leipzig – Munich – London – Geneva]. – 279.

"Iskra" (new, Menshevik), [Geneva]. – 279.

[Isuv, I. A.] Results of Elections in the Workers' Curia. – "Nasha Zarya," St. Pb., 1912, no. 9–10, pp. 102–117. Signature: M. Oskarov. – 342.

To the Workers of Petersburg. [Leaflet]. St. Pb., [November 13, 1912]. 1 p. Signature: St. Pb. central group of s.-d. professional workers, group of s.-d., group of revolutionary s.-d. – 285.

The Briand Cabinet. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1913, no. 11 (2323), January 12 (25), p. 4. – 297.

Kozminyкh-Lanin, I. M. Duration of the Working Day and Working Year in the Factories and Plants of Moscow Province. Published by the Permanent Commission of the Museum for the Promotion of Labor under the Moscow Branch of the Russian Technical Society. Moscow, [printing house "Pechatnoe Delo"], 1912. 14 pp., 14 sheets of tables. – 28–29, 30–38.

Conference of the Party of People's Freedom. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 133 (2087), May 18 (31), p. 4. – 328.

Conference of Social-Democrats. – "Golos Moskvy," 1912, no. 51, March 2 (15), p. 2. Signature: M. – 200.

*Korobka, P. Demagogy. – "Zaprosy Zhizni," St. Pb., 1912, no. 31, August 3, col. 1765–1770. – 61.

Kosovskii, V. Unforgivable Demagogy. – "Nasha Zarya," St. Pb., 1912, no. 9–10, pp. 117–120. – 341.

Brief Compilation of Statistical Data on St. Petersburg for 1911. St. Pb., [1912]. 69 pp. (Statistical Department of the St. Petersburg City Administration). – 356.

Peasant-Worker. Withdrawal from the Commune – see Withdrawal from the Commune.

Blood Has Answered. – "Zemshchina," St. Pb., 1912, no. 1142, October 28, p. 2. – 163–164.

Kryukov, F. D. Without Fire. – "Russkoe Bogatstvo," St. Pb., 1912, no. 12, pp. 161–186. – 364, 365, 366–368, 369.

*Kuskova, E. D. The Price of Unification. – "Zaprosy Zhizni," St. Pb., 1912, no. 30, July 27, col. 1717–1724. – 61.

Kutler, N. N. Draft Law on Measures to Expand and Improve Peasant Landownership. – In the book: The Agrarian Question. Vol. II. A Collection of Articles by Breyer, Brun, and others. Moscow, "Beseda," 1907, pp. 629–648. (Published by Dolgorukov and Petrunkevich). – 51.

*Larin, Yu. On the Question of the Prospects of Our Socio-Political Development. (Reply to the Editorial Office of "Vozrozhdenie"). – "Vozrozhdenie," Moscow, 1910, no. 11, July 7, col. 1–14. – 65.

Levitskii, V. Social-Democracy in the Second City Curia. – "Nasha Zarya," St. Pb., 1912, no. 9–10, pp. 87–101. – 334–336, 337–338, 342.

[Lenin, V. P.] The Disease of Reformism. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 180, November 29, p. 1. Signature: V. Ilyin. – 317.

– In Switzerland. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 63, July 12, p. 1. Signature: B. Zh. – 77.

– The Land Question in the Duma. – "Volna," St. Pb., 1906, no. 15, May 12, p. 1. – 50.

– Eugene Pottier. (On the 25th Anniversary of His Death). – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1913, no. 2 (206), January 3, p. 1. Signature: N. L. – 276.

*– For 12 Years. A Collection of Articles. Vol. 1. Two Trends in Russian Marxism and Russian Social-Democracy. St. Pb., printing house of Bezobrazov, [1907]. XII, 471 pp. Before the title the author: Vl. Ilyin. On the title page year of publication: 1908. – 280.

– Electoral Platform of the Russian S.-D. Workers' Party. [Leaflet. Published by the Russian Bureau of the CC of the RSDLP. Tiflis], printing house of the CC, [March 1912]. 4 pp. (RSDLP). Signature: CC of the RSDLP. – 5, 169, 174.

[Lenin, V. I.] Results of Elections. – "Prosveshchenie," St. Pb., 1913, no. 1, pp. 10–28. Signature: V. Ilyin. – 373.

– Results and Significance of the Presidential Elections in America. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 164, November 9, p. 1. Signature: V. I. – 212.

– Results of Six Months' Work. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 78, July 29, p. 1; no. 79, July 31, p. 1; no. 80, August 1, p. 1; no. 81, August 2, p. 1. Signature: Statistician. – 69, 69.

– Liberals and Clericals. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 74, July 25, p. 1. Signature: Miryanin. – 80.

– Liquidators Against Revolutionary Mass Strike. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1912, no. 27, June 17 (4), p. 4. – 284.

– A Little Clarification. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 85, August 8, p. 1. Signature: N. B. – 63, 84, 92, 200.

*– Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. Critical Notes on One Reactionary Philosophy. Moscow, "Zveno," [May] 1909. III, 440 pp. Before the title the author: Vl. Ilyin. – 280.

– On Elections to the IV State Duma. [Resolution adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – In the book: All-Russian Conference of the Russian S.-D. Workers' Party 1912. Published by the CC. Paris, cooperative printing house "Ideal," 1912, pp. 18–21. (RSDLP). – 341.

– On Liquidationism and on the Group of Liquidators. [Resolution adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – Ibid., pp. 28–29. – 224–225, 228–229, 265–266.

– On the Party Organization Abroad. [Resolution adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – Ibid., pp. 30–31. – 15.

– On the Character and Significance of Our Polemic with Liberals. – "Nevskaya Zvezda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 12, June 10, p. 1. Signature: V. I. – 64.

– On the Character and Organizational Forms of Party Work. [Resolution adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – In the book: All-Russian Conference of the Russian S.-D. Workers' Party 1912. Published by the CC. Paris, cooperative printing house "Ideal," 1912, pp. 22–23. (RSDLP). – 276, 260.

– On the Absence of Delegates from National Centers at the General Party Conference. [Resolution adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP]. – Ibid., pp. 15–16. – 230, 267.

– On the Evaluation of the Current Moment. – "Proletarii," Geneva, 1908, no. 38, November 1 (14), pp. 1–3. – 88.

– An Organ of Liberal Labor Policy. – "Zvezda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 11 (47), February 19, p. 1. Signature: F. L—ko. – 333, 334.

– Poor Defense of Liberal Labor Policy. – "Zvezda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 24 (60), April 1, p. 3. Signature: F. L—ko. – 333, 334.

– The Victory of the Cadets and the Tasks of the Workers' Party. St. Pb., ["Nasha Mysl'," 1906]. 79 pp. Before the title the author: N. Lenin. – 328.

– Questions of Principle. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 79, July 31, p. 1. – 22, 49.

– The Denouement of the Party Crisis. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1911, no. 25, December 8 (21), pp. 5–6. – 226.

– Revolutionary Upsurge. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1912, no. 27, June 17 (4), p. 1. – 2, 3.

– [Resolutions adopted at the Cracow Conference of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with Party Workers. Cracow, 1913]. 17 pp. Hectographed. – 251–252.

– Resolution on the Tactics of the S.-D. Faction in [III] the State Duma, [adopted at the Fourth Conference of the RSDLP ("Third All-Russian")]. – "Proletarii," [Vyborg], 1907, no. 20, November 19, p. 4. At the newspaper's place of publication: Moscow. – 235.

– Comparison of the Stolypin and Populist Agrarian Programs. – "Nevskaya Zvezda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 15, July 1, p. 1. Signature: R. S. – 16.

– Strike Struggle and Wages. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 86, August 9, p. 1. – 57.

*– Populist Mensheviks. – "Proletarii," [Vyborg], 1906, no. 4, September 19, pp. 3–6. At the newspaper's place of publication: Moscow. – 182.

Liberalism and Democracy Facing the New Revolution. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1912, no. 27, June 17 (4), pp. 3–4. – 168.

"Listok Golosa Sotsial-Demokrata," [Paris], 1912, no. 6, July, pp. 14–18. – 9.

"Luch," St. Pb. – 111, 112, 218, 229, 236, 238, 248, 260, 266, 269, 284, 286, 287, 311, 343, 354, 361, 393, 394, 395, 396.

– 1912, no. 1, September 16 – 1913, no. 14 (100), January 18. – 310, 343.

"Luch," St. Pb., 1912, no. 1, September 16. 4 pp. – 111, 266, 292.

– 1912, no. 19, October 7, p. 2. – 144, 145.

– 1912, no. 37, October 28, p. 2. – 277, 278.

– 1912, no. 40, November 2, p. 2. – 240.

– 1912, no. 43, November 6, p. 2. – 292.

– 1912, no. 49, November 13, p. 3. – 208.

– 1912, no. 50, November 14, p. 2. – 208.

– 1912, no. 51, November 15, p. 3. – 208, 209, 284.

– 1912, no. 53, November 17, p. 1. – 284, 353–354.

– 1912, no. 56, November 21, pp. 1, 2. – 218–220, 284, 285, 286, 287, 292, 353–354, 396.

– 1912, no. 65, December 2, p. 1. – 257, 353–354.

– 1912, no. 66, December 4, p. 1; no. 67, December 5, p. 1; no. 68, December 6, p. 1; no. 69, December 7, p. 1; no. 71, December 9, pp. 1–2; no. 73, December 12, p. 1. – 317, 396.

– 1913, no. 1 (87), January 1, p. 1. – 316–317.

– 1913, no. 15 (101), January 19, p. 1. – 309–311, 361–362.

*– 1913, no. 27 (113), February 2, pp. 2–3. – 361–362.

*M. Student Moods. – "Zaprosy Zhizni," St. Pb., 1912, no. 47, November 23, col. 2685–2690. Signature: Student M. – 210–211.

[May Manifesto of Petersburg Workers]. — "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1912, no. 27, June 17 (4), p. 4, in the section: Chronicle. Under the general heading: Petersburg. – 11, 167.

Maklakov, V. A. [Letter to the Editor]. — "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 73 (2027), March 15 (28), p. 6. Under the general heading: Letters to the Editor. – 91.

Malinovskii, R. V. [Letter to the Editor]. — "Pravda," St. Pb., 1913, no. 28 (232), February 3, pp. 1–2. Under the general heading: Impressions of s.-d. deputies from the field. – 361.

Manifesto. October 17 (30), 1905. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik," St. Pb., 1905, no. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 366.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. Manifesto of the Communist Party. December 1847 – January 1848. – 298.

Marx, K. Bill on the Abolition of Feudal Obligations. July 30, 1848. – 102, 103.

– Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Introduction. End of 1843 – January 1844. – 298.

– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. III, Part 1–2. 1894. – 153–154.

– Critique of the Gotha Program. Remarks on the Program of the German Workers' Party. May 5, 1875. – 131.

– Letter to L. Kugelmann. April 12, 1871. – 118.

Martov, L. Should We Fight Reaction? – "Zhivoe Delo," St. Pb., 1912, no. 8, March 9, p. 1. – 333.

– Electoral Notes. – "Nasha Zarya," St. Pb., 1912, no. 9–10, pp. 68–74. – 342, 344.

– Notes of a Publicist. "Liquidationism" and "Prospects." – "Zhizn'," Moscow, 1910, no. 1, August 30, col. 1–12. – 65.

– To the Elections. Against Reaction. – "Zhivoe Delo," St. Pb., 1912, no. 2, January 27, p. 2. – 333, 334.

– International Bureau on S.-D. Unity. – "Luch," St. Pb., 1912, no. 37, October 28, p. 2. – 277, 278.

– A Good "Initiative." – "Listok Golosa Sotsial-Demokrata," [Paris], 1912, no. 6, July, pp. 14–18. Signature: L. M. – 9.

Martynov, A. S. On the Ruins of the Bolshevik-Polish Bloc. – "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata," [Paris], 1911, no. 26, December, pp. 13–15. – 226.

Milyukov, P. N. The Intelligentsia and Historical Tradition. – In the book: The Intelligentsia in Russia. A Collection of Articles. St. Pb., "Zemlya," 1910, pp. 89–191. – 84.

– One Position. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 268 (2222), September 30 (October 13), p. 3. – 133–134.

– Political Parties in the State Duma for Five Years. – In the book: Yearbook of the Newspaper "Rech'" for 1912. Published by the editorial office of the newspaper "Rech'". St. Pb., n.d., pp. 77–96. (Free supplement to the newspaper "Rech'"). – 327, 328.

– Three Positions. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 265 (2219), September 27 (October 10), p. 2. – 133–134.

Murate, M. K. [Letter to the Editor]. — "Pravda," St. Pb., 1913, no. 23 (227), January 29, p. 2. Under the general heading: Impressions of s.-d. faction deputies from the field. – 361.

"Mysl'," Moscow. – 280.

At a Turn (1912–1913). – "Luch," St. Pb., 1913, no. 1 (87), January 1, p. 1. – 316–317.

For Strengthening the Newspaper's Means. – "Nevskii Golos," St. Pb., 1912, no. 7, August 17, p. 4. Under the general heading: To the editorship of the newspaper's mail box. – 8, 60.

"Nasha Zarya," St. Pb. – 184, 185, 224–226, 228, 236, 238, 248, 265–266, 311, 337, 343, 395.

– 1912, no. 5, pp. 11–27. – 172–173.

"Nasha Zarya," St. Pb., 1912, no. 6, pp. 73–79. – 9.

– 1912, no. 7–8, pp. 101–104. – 341.

– 1912, no. 9–10, pp. 68–74, 75–87, 87–101, 102–117, 117–120. – 332, 334–336, 337–338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 344.

"Our Consistent Democrats." – "Nevskii Golos," St. Pb., 1912, no. 8, August 24, p. 1. – 105.

"Nevskaya Zvezda," St. Pb. – 59, 61, 67, 99.

– 1912, no. 12, June 10, p. 1. – 64.

– 1912, no. 15, July 1, p. 1. – 16.

"Nevskaya Zvezda" Has Acquired a New Contributor… – "Nevskii Golos," St. Pb., 1912, no. 7, August 17, p. 3. – 59.

"Nevskii Golos," St. Pb. – 3, 60, 285.

– 1912, no. 1, May 20, p. 2. – 284.

– 1912, no. 7, August 17, pp. 3, 4. – 8, 59, 60.

– 1912, no. 8, August 24, p. 1. – 105.

– 1912, no. 9, August 31, pp. 1, 3. – 99–101, 102, 103–106, 177.

Nekrasov, N. A. Who Can Be Happy in Russia? – 83.

– To an Unknown Friend, Who Sent Me a Poem "It Cannot Be." – 84.

Nikolin, N. A Few Words on Cadet-Hunting. – "Nevskii Golos," St. Pb., 1912, no. 9, August 31, p. 1. – 99–101, 102, 103–106.

"Novaya Zhizn'," St. Pb. – 280.

"Novoe Vremya," St. Pb. – 43, 44, 64, 67, 88, 99, 115, 137, 146, 149, 152, 157, 187, 312.

– 1909, no. 11897, April 27 (May 10), p. 3. – 83.

– 1912, no. 13093, August 24 (September 6), p. 3. – 87, 94–95.

– 1912, no. 13106, September 6 (19), p. 2. – 109.

– 1912, no. 13127, September 27 (October 10), p. 3. – 115–116.

– 1912, no. 13178, November 17 (30), p. 13. – 219.

– 1912, no. 13186, November 25 (December 8), p. 3. – 216–217.

– 1912, no. 13199, December 8 (21), p. 13. – 242, 243.

– 1913, no. 13225, January 5 (18), p. 4. – 293.

– 1913, no. 13226, January 6 (19), p. 4. – 293.

– 1913, no. 13236, January 16 (29), p. 5. – 355.

– 1913, no. 13254, February 3 (16), p. 2. – 359–360, 372.

The New President of the French Republic. – "Novoe Vremya," St. Pb., 1913, no. 13225, January 5 (18), p. 4. – 293.

On the Duma S.-D. Faction. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In the book: Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian S.-D. Workers' Party on the Recent Ordinary All-Party Conference. [Published by the CC of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 5–6. (RSDLP). – 235–236.

On the Duration and Distribution of Working Time in Factory-Plant Establishments. [June 2, 1897]. – "Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii pravitel'stva, izdavaemoe pri pravitel'stvuyushchem Senate," St. Pb., 1897, no. 62, June 13, art. 778, pp. 2135–2139. – 29, 35.

On the Modern Moment and the Tasks of the Party. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In the book: Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian S.-D. Workers' Party on the Recent Ordinary All-Party Conference. [Published by the CC of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–5. (RSDLP). – 20, 131.

On Unification with the "Left" of the PPS. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – Ibid., p. 6. – 240.

On the Organizational Forms of Party Building. [Resolution adopted at the August 1912 Conference of Liquidators]. – In the book: Notice of the Conference of Organizations of the RSDLP. Published by the OC. [Vienna], September 1912, pp. 28–29. (RSDLP). – 177–185.

On the Relations Between the State Council and State Duma. (Conversation with State Council Member P. P. Kobylinskii). – "Novoe Vremya," St. Pb., 1913, no. 13254, February 3 (16), p. 2, in the section: Evening Chronicle. Signature: S. M. – 359–360, 372.

Obolenskii, V. A. Essays on Homestead Russia. The Old and New in the Life of the Village in Nikolaevskii District, Samara Province. – "Russkaya Mysl'," Moscow – Pb., 1913, book I, pp. 68–84; book II, pp. 32–50. – 351–352, 389–390.

[Appeal to Society from a Circle of Persons Interested in the Slavic Question]. — "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 287 (2241), October 19 (November 1), p. 4, in the article: Aid to Slavs. – 157–158.

Society of Factory Owners and Manufacturers of the Moscow Industrial District in 1912. Moscow, printing house of Ryabushinsky, 1913. 144 pp. – 281.

Law Approved by the State Council and State Duma on the Insurance of Workers Against Accidents. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik," St. Pb., 1912, no. 176, August 9 (22), pp. 3–5. – 263–264.

Law Approved by the State Council and State Duma on the Security of Workers in Case of Illness. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik," St. Pb., 1912, no. 176, August 9 (22), pp. 2–3. – 203–264.

[Ol'minskii, M. S.] Gentlemen Are Boycotting Workers. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 84, August 5, p. 1. – 61.

The Organizational Question. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In the book: Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian S.-D. Workers' Party on the Recent Ordinary All-Party Conference. [Published by the CC of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). – 176.

[Reports on Collections by Worker Groups for a Daily Workers' Newspaper]. — "Zhivoe Delo," St. Pb., 1912, no. 8, March 9, p. 4; no. 9, March 16, p. 4; no. 11, March 30, p. 4; no. 13, April 13, p. 4; no. 15, April 25, p. 4; no. 16, April 28, p. 4. – 8.

The First Stage of Elections. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 261 (2215), September 23 (October 6), p. 4. Signature: Ya. L. – 129.

First Session of the Fourth State Duma. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 315 (2269), November 16 (29), p. 3. Signature: L. Nemanov. – 207, 208, 323, 328–329.

The First Day of the 4th Duma. – "Luch," St. Pb., 1912, no. 53, November 17, p. 1. – 284, 353–354.

Petrovskii, G. I. [Letter to the Editor]. — "Pravda," St. Pb., 1913, no. 26 (230), February 1, pp. 1–2. Under the general heading: Impressions of s.-d. faction deputies from the field. – 361.

The Press. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 202 (2156), July 26 (August 8), p. 1. – 64.

The Press. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 208 (2162), August 1 (14), p. 1. – 22, 49, 92.

The Press. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 210 (2164), August 3 (16), p. 1. – 47.

The Press. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 278 (2232), October 10 (23), p. 2. – 149.

The Press. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 281 (2236), October 13 (26), p. 3. – 157.

[Peshekhonovshchikov, A. V.] On Current Topics. Popular Socialism or Proletarian? – "Russkoe Bogatstvo," St. Pb., 1912, no. 12, pp. 269–301. Signature: A. V. P. – 304, 306–308, 364, 365–366.

– On Current Topics. Our Platform (Its Outlines and Dimensions). – "Russkoe Bogatstvo," St. Pb., 1906, no. 8, pp. 178–206. – 172, 182, 306.

Letters from the Field. Demonstration in Riga. – Moscow. Strikes and Demonstrations. – Riga. – Riga. Demonstration of Protest. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1913, no. 30, January 12 (25), pp. 7–8. – 283.

Letter to the Editor. – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 120, September 18, pp. 1–2. Signature: Regular Reader from Poroh. – 111.

Letter to the Editor. How It All Happened. – "Nevskii Golos," St. Pb., 1912, no. 9, August 31, p. 3. – 177.

Letter to Party Organizations. [Letter 1. Leaflet]. N.p., [November 1904]. 4 pp. (For Members Only). – 279.

Plan of Zemstvo Campaign – see Letter to Party Organizations.

Plekhanov, G. V. Yet Another Schismatic Conference. – "Za Partiyu," [Paris], 1912, no. 3, October 15 (2), pp. 1–3. – 230, 240, 341.

– On the Question of Convening a Conference of the RSDLP. – "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva], 1912, no. 16, April, pp. 1–11. – 60, 176–177, 178, 179, 183.

On the Question of Cultural-National Autonomy. [Resolution adopted at the August 1912 Conference of Liquidators]. – In the book: Notice of the Conference of Organizations of the RSDLP. Published by the OC. [Vienna], September 1912, p. 42. (RSDLP). – 230.

Rules on the Procedure for Consideration of the State Budget of Revenues and Expenditures, As Well As On the Production of Expenditures from the Treasury Not Provided for by the Budget. [August 8 (21), 1906]. – "Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii pravitel'stva, izdavaemoe pri pravitel'stvuyushchem Senate," St. Pb., 1906, no. 51, March 10, art. 335, pp. 735–737. – 400.

Rules on Elections to the State Duma. [August 6 (19), 1905]. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik," St. Pb., 1905, no. 169, August 6 (19), pp. 2–4. – 320.

Rules on Elections to the State Duma. [June 3 (16), 1907]. – "Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii pravitel'stva, izdavaemoe pri pravitel'stvuyushchem Senate," St. Pb., 1907, dep. 1, no. 94, June 3, art. 845, pp. 1303–1380. – 130, 204, 320.

[Polyakov, S. L.] Parliamentary Diary. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1912, no. 343 (2297), December 14 (27), p. 6. Signature: S. Litovtsev. – 243.

– Parliamentary Diary. – "Rech'," St. Pb., 1913, no. 25 (2337), January 26 (February 8), p. 6. Signature: S. Litovtsev. – 349–350.

Polyanskii, P. S. Homestead or Commune? (Letter from the Village). – "Pravda," St. Pb., 1912, no. 118, September 15, p. 1. – 97.

Pottier, E. Long Live Freedom! – 273, 274.

– The International – see The International.

"Pochin," [Paris], 1912, no. 1, June. 32 pp. – 340.

"Pravda," [Vienna], 1912, no. 25, April 23 (May 6), pp. 3–4. – 7–8.

"Pravda," St. Pb. – 8, 59, 61, 64, 67, 69–71, 73, 99, 112, 144, 210, 229, 

# Resolutions, [Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. — In the book: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party Regarding the All-Party Conference That Has Taken Place. [Publ. by the CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–7. (RSDLP). – 88, 247, 344.

Resolutions, [Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. — In the book: All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party of 1912. Published by the CC. Paris, co-operative printing house "Ideal," 1912, pp. 14–32. (RSDLP). – 2, 5.

Resolutions Adopted [by the first all-Russian] conference [of party workers]. — In the book: First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate appendix to No. 100 of *Iskra*. Geneva, party printing house, 1905, pp. 15–28. (RSDLP). – 280.

[Resolutions of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of *Proletarii*]. — *Proletarii*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46. Appendix to No. 46 of the newspaper *Proletarii*, July 16 (3), pp. 3–7. – 344.

Resolution on the Attitude toward Non-proletarian Parties, [Adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In the book: London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (held in 1907). Complete Text of Protocols. Published by the CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 454–455. (RSDLP). – 161, 338.

Resolution on Reports, [Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. — In the book: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party Regarding the All-Party Conference That Has Taken Place. [Publ. by the CC RSDLP, Paris, 1909], p. 4. (RSDLP). – 176, 178, 265.

[Resolution Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP as a Supplement to the Draft Conditions for the Unification of the Bund with the RSDLP]. — In the book: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, held in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov printing house, 1907, p. 392. – 268.

[Resolution of the Petersburg City Duma. October 10 (23), 1912]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 279 (2233), October 11 (24), p. 3. Under the general heading: In the City Duma. – 151–152.

Resolution of the Social-Democratic Fraction [on the Yagellos question]. — *Pravda*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 182, December 1, p. 2. – 238–241, 262–263.

*Rech'*, St. Petersburg. – 16, 64, 67, 92, 95, 99, 137–138, 149, 152, 157, 187, 293.

– 1911, No. 20 (1616), January 21 (February 3), pp. 1–2. – 328.

– 1912, No. 73 (2027), March 15 (28), p. 6. – 91.

– 1912, No. 79 (2033), March 21 (April 3), p. 1. – 328.

– 1912, No. 117 (2071), April 30 (May 13), p. 2. – 13, 22–23, 63, 92, 168, 181, 200, 204, 329.

– 1912, No. 123 (2077), May 7 (20), p. 2. – 314.

– 1912, No. 133 (2087), May 18 (31), p. 4. – 328.

– 1912, No. 174 (2128), June 28 (July 11), p. 2. – 1.

– 1912, No. 179 (2133), July 3 (16), p. 3. – 1.

– 1912, No. 181 (2135), July 5 (18), p. 4. – 1.

– 1912, No. 187 (2141), July 11 (24), p. 2. – 1.

– 1912, No. 201 (2155), July 25 (August 7), p. 1. – 13–14.

– 1912, No. 202 (2156), July 26 (August 8), p. 1. – 64.

– 1912, No. 208 (2162), August 1 (14), p. 1. – 22, 49, 92.

– 1912, No. 210 (2164), August 3 (16), p. 1. – 47.

– 1912, No. 230 (2184), August 23 (September 5), p. 1. – 81.

– 1912, No. 253 (2207), September 15 (28), p. 2. – 107–108.

– 1912, No. 261 (2215), September 23 (October 6), p. 4. – 129.

– 1912, No. 265 (2219), September 27 (October 10), p. 2. – 133–134.

– 1912, No. 267 (2221), September 29 (October 12), p. 4. – 137–138, 146–149.

– 1912, No. 268 (2222), September 30 (October 13), p. 3. – 133–134.

– 1912, No. 272 (2226), October 4 (17), pp. 1–2. – 153–154.

– 1912, No. 275 (2229), October 7 (20), p. 2. – 142.

– 1912, No. 278 (2232), October 10 (23), pp. 1–2. – 149.

– 1912, No. 279 (2233), October 11 (24), p. 3. – 151–152.

*Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 281 (2236), October 13 (26), p. 3. – 157.

– 1912, No. 287 (2241), October 19 (November 1), p. 4. – 157–158.

– 1912, No. 315 (2269), November 16 (29), pp. 2, 3. – 207, 208, 323, 328–329.

– 1912, No. 343 (2297), December 14 (27), pp. 4–6. – 243, 329.

– 1912, No. 345 (2299), December 16 (29), pp. 2, 5–6. – 340.

– 1913, No. 1 (2313), January 1 (14), p. 4. – 302.

– 1913, No. 11 (2323), January 12 (25), p. 4. – 297.

– 1913, No. 19 (2331), January 20 (February 2), p. 2. – 314–315.

– 1913, No. 25 (2337), January 26 (February 8), p. 6. – 349–350.

– 1913, No. 26 (2338), January 27 (February 9), pp. 1–2. – 349.

– 1913, No. 34 (2346), February 4 (17), p. 2. – 370–371, 372–379, 380.

– 1913, No. 37 (2349), February 7 (20), pp. 1–2. – 383.

Rozanov, V. V. Merezhkovsky versus *Vekhi*. (The Latest Religious-Philosophical Assembly). – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 11897, April 27 (May 10), p. 3. – 83.

*Rossiya*, St. Petersburg. – 64, 99, 149, 163–164.

– 1912, No. 2072, August 15 (28), p. 1. – 57–58.

*Russkaya Molva*, St. Petersburg. – 246, 383.

– 1912, No. 1, December 9 (22), pp. 2–3. – 244–245.

*Russkaya Mysl'*, Moscow. – pp. – 82, 89, 91, 92, 95, 96.

– 1912, book VIII, pp. 138–154. – 82–93, 94–95.

– 1912, book XI, pp. 182–184, 185–192. – 245, 366.

– 1913, book I, pp. 68–84; book II, pp. 32–50. – 351–352, 389–390.

*Russkie Vedomosti*, Moscow. – 16, 179.

*Russkii Vestnik*, Moscow-St. Petersburg. – 87.

*Russkoe Bogatstvo*, St. Petersburg. – 305, 306, 363.

– 1906, No. 8, pp. 178–206. – 172, 182, 306.

– 1912, No. 12, pp. 161–186, 269–301. – 304, 306–308, 364, 365–368, 369.

*Russkoe Slovo*, Moscow. – 137–138, 146.

Savinkov, B. V. The Pale Horse. St. Petersburg, "Shipovnik," 1909. 147 pp. Before the title, author's name: V. Ropshin. – 306.

– That Which Never Was. (Three Brothers). – *Zavety*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 1, April, pp. 64–82; No. 2, May, pp. 33–55; No. 3, June, pp. 31–46; No. 4, July, pp. 5–43; No. 5, August, pp. 5–20; No. 6, September, pp. 5–41; No. 7, October, pp. 5–47; No. 8, November, pp. 5–40; 1913, No. 1, January, pp. 83–112. Signed: V. Ropshin. – 306.

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E. A Liberal. – 84.

Samoylov, F. P. [Letter to the Editor]. — *Pravda*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 24 (228), January 30, p. 2. Under the general heading: Impressions of Social-Democratic Deputies from the Localities. – 361.

St. Petersburg, January 20. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 20 (1616), January 21 (February 3), pp. 1–2. – 328.

St. Petersburg, March 21. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 79 (2033), March 21 (April 3), p. 1. – 328.

St. Petersburg, July 25. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 201 (2155), July 25 (August 7), p. 1. – 13–14.

St. Petersburg, August 14. [Editorial]. – *Rossiya*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 2072, August 15 (28), p. 1. – 57–68.

St. Petersburg, September 5. The Power of Money. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 13106, September 6 (19), p. 2. – 109.

St. Petersburg, September 15. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 253 (2207), September 15 (28), p. 2. – 107–108.

St. Petersburg, September 26. Current Tasks of Diplomacy. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 13127, September 21 (October 10), p. 3. – 115–116.

St. Petersburg, October 7. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 275 (2229), October 7 (20), p. 2. – 142.

St. Petersburg, October 10. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 278 (2232), October 10 (23), pp. 1–2. – 149.

St. Petersburg, November 16. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 315 (2269), November 16 (29), p. 2. – 207, 323, 328–329.

St. Petersburg, December 16. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 345 (2299), December 16 (29), p. 2. – 340.

St. Petersburg, January 5. [Editorial]. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 13226, January 6 (19), p. 4. – 293.

St. Petersburg, January 20. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 19 (2331), January 20 (February 2), p. 2. – 314–315.

St. Petersburg, January 27. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 26 (2338), January 27 (February 9), pp. 1–2. – 349.

St. Petersburg, February 7. [Editorial]. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 37 (2349), February 7 (20), pp. 1–2. – 383.

*Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti*, 1908, No. 24, January 29 (February 11), p. 2. – 200, 205.

Summary of Reports of Factory Inspectors for 1910. St. Petersburg, Kirschbaum printing house, 1911. IV, XC, 319 pp. (Ministry of Trade and Industry. Department of Industry). – 26–27, 33, 41–42.

Sevastopol, June 27. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 174 (2128), June 28 (July 11), p. 2. Under the general heading: Judicial Reports. – 1.

Sevastopol, July 4. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 181 (2135), July 5 (18), p. 4. Under the general heading: Judicial Reports. – 1.

*Slovo*, St. Petersburg. – 246.

– 1909, No. 791, May 10 (23), p. 3. – 83.

Capital Punishments. Sevastopol, July 10. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 187 (2141), July 11 (24), p. 2. – 1.

* At First. – *Znamya Truda*, [Paris], 1908, No. 13, November, pp. 1–3. – 323.

Conference of Cadets. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 34 (2346), February 4 (17), p. 2. – 370–371, 372–379, 380.

[Report on the Organization of a Special Peasant Group in the State Duma]. — *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 13186, November 25 (December 8), p. 3. Under the general heading: In the Tauride Palace. – 216–217.

*Social-Democrat*, [Vilna-St. Petersburg]-Paris-Geneva. – 280, 393.

– [Paris], 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), pp. 10–11. – 176.

– 1911, No. 25, December 8 (21), pp. 5–6. – 226.

– 1912, No. 27, June 17 (4), pp. 1, 3–4. – 2, 3, 11, 167, 168, 284.

– 1913, No. 30, January 12 (25), pp. 7–8. – 283.

Social-Democracy Before the Elections. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 7–8, pp. 101–104. Signed: A. B. – 341.

[List of Social-Democratic Electors in the Workers' Curia of St. Petersburg Province]. — *Pravda*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 135, October 5, p. 1. – 144.

Handbook of 1912. [State Duma]. Issue 5. Compiled by the Chancellery of the State Duma. St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1912. 192 pp. (State Duma. IV convocation. I session). – 321–322, 324, 326–327.

Reference Sheet of the State Duma. (Fourth Convocation. First Session). [St. Petersburg], 1912, No. 14, December 2 (15). 14 pp. – 321–322, 324, 326–327.

Among Newspapers and Journals. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 13093, August 24 (September 6), p. 3. – 87, 94–95.

Among Printing Workers. – *Nevskii Golos*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 7, August 17, p. 4. Signed: A—v. – 59.

[Stalin, I. V.] The Mandate of Petersburg Workers to Their Worker Deputy. [Leaflet. St. Petersburg, 1912]. 1 p. – 342.

– Yagellos, as an Incomplete Member of the Social-Democratic Fraction. – *Pravda*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 182, December 1, p. 1. Signed: K. Stalin. – 240–241.

Statistics of Land Ownership 1905. Summary of Data for 50 Provinces of European Russia. St. Petersburg, Minkov printing house, 1907. 199 pp.; L pp. of tables. (Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 129–130.

* Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I–II. St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1906. 2 vols. (State Duma).

– Vol. I. Sessions 1–18 (April 27 – May 30). XXII, 866 pp. – 363.

*– Vol. II. Sessions 19–38 (June 1 – July 4). Pp. 867–2013. – 363.

* Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1907. Second Session. Vol. I–II. St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1907. 2 vols. (State Duma. Second Convocation).

*– Vol. I. Sessions 1–30 (February 20 – April 30). VIII pp., 2344 cols. – 363, 399, 400.

*– Vol. II. Sessions 31–53 (May 1 – June 2). VIII pp., 1610 cols. – 363.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1907–1908. First Session. Part I–II. St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1908. 2 vols. (State Duma. Third Convocation).

– Part I. Sessions 1–30 (November 1, 1907 – February 19, 1908). XIV pp., 2141 cols. – 198, 235, 400.

– Part II. Sessions 31–60 (February 21 – May 6, 1908). XV pp., 2962 cols. – 349, 375.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1912–1913. First Session. Part I. Sessions 1–30 (November 15, 1912 – March 20, 1913). St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1913. XXI pp., 2438 cols. (State Duma. Fourth Convocation). – 242, 243, 262, 263, 320, 322, 326, 327, 340, 375, 376, 377, 379, 380, 383–388, 393.

Stenographic Report of the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency [on the Sessions of the State Duma. 1908. Third Convocation. Second Session. Part I. Sessions 1–35 (October 15 – December 20, 1908). Appendix to the newspaper *Rossiya*]. St. Petersburg, [*Rossiya* printing house], 1908. 1124 pp. – 49–50, 51, 52–54, 340.

Struve, P. B. A. I. Guchkov and D. P. Shipov. – *Russkaya Mysl'*, Moscow-Petersburg, 1912, book XI, pp. 182–184. – 245.

Sudakov, P. I. At a Meeting of Delegates. – *Pravda*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 136, October 6, pp. 2–3. – 144, 145.

– Letter to the Editor. – *Luch*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 19, October 7, p. 2. – 144, 145.

Sukhanov, N. On Questions of Our Disagreements. – *Zavety*, [St. Petersburg], 1912, No. 6, September, pp. 1–23. – 365.

Congress of Delegates from Workers. – *Pravda*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 136, October 6, p. 2. – 144.

Tan. Motley Meetings. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 1 (2313), January 1 (14), p. 4. – 302.

Third State Duma. Faction of Popular Freedom in the Period October 15, 1908 – June 2, 1909. St. Petersburg, 1909. 59, 228 pp. – 55–56.

* [Trotsky, L. D.] Letters on Unity. – *Luch*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 27 (113), February 2, pp. 2–3. Signed: N. Trotsky. – 361–362.

– Principles and Prejudices. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 5, pp. 11–27. Signed: N. Trotsky. – 172–173.

Tugan-Baranovsky, M. I. The Rise in the Cost of Living. – *Rech'*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 272 (2226), October 4 (17), pp. 1–2. – 153–154.

*Turkestanskie Vedomosti*, [Tashkent], 1912, No. 148 (4309), July 4 (17), p. 2. – 2.

Corner Apartments. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 13236, January 16 (29), p. 5, in the section: Chronicle. – 355.

Edict to the Ruling Senate [on the Withdrawal of Peasants from Communes and the Consolidation of Allotment Lands as Private Property. November 9 (22), 1906]. – *Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 252, November 12 (25), p. 1. – 321.

Edict to the Ruling Senate [on Changes and Additions to the Regulations on Elections to the State Duma. December 11 (24), 1905]. – *Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1. – 320.

Index to Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. (Parts I–III). Third Convocation. Session I. 1907–1908. Sessions 1–98 (November 1, 1907 – June 28, 1908). St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1908. III, 672 pp. – 321–322, 324, 326–327.

[Tsederbaum, S. O.] From Spontaneity to Organization. – *Nevskii Golos*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 1, May 20, p. 2. Signed: V. Yezhov. – 284.

– Comrade Yagellos and the Social-Democratic Fraction. – *Luch*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 56, November 21, p. 1. Signed: K. Avgustovsky. – 292.

Chevanin, P. The Results of the Election Struggle. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 9–10, pp. 75–87. – 332, 339, 340, 342.

What Next? – *Golos Moskvy*, 1913, No. 30, February 6 (19), p. 1. – 379–380, 381, 382.

What Next? – *Luch*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 53, November 17, p. 1. – 284, 353–354.

Shagov, P. R. [Letter to the Editor]. — *Pravda*, St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 22 (226), January 27, p. 2. Under the general heading: Impressions of the Social-Democratic Fraction Deputies from the Localities. – 361.

[Shimanovsky, A. B.] How the Socialist-Revolutionaries Regard Elections to the 4th State Duma. [Letter to the Editor]. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 6, pp. 73–79. Signed: A. Savin. – 9.

Shchepetev, A. Russians in Paris. Letter from France. – *Russkaya Mysl'*, Moscow, 1912, book VIII, pp. 138–154. – 82–93, 94–95.

Emigrants in Paris. – *Golos Moskvy*, 1912, No. 197, August 26 (September 8), p. 2, in the section: Press. – 87.

Engels, F. Berlin Debates on Revolution. June 13–14, 1848. – 102.

*Echo*, St. Petersburg. – 280.

[Yagellos, E. I. Open Letter of Deputy Yagellos]. — *Luch*, St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 40, November 2, p. 2. Under the general heading: First Worker Deputy from Poland in the State Duma. – 240.

*American Federationist*, Washington. – 231.

*Appeal to Reason*, Girard. – 109, 110.

– 1912, No. 875, September 7. – 109.

– 1912, November. – 213.

Bauer, O. The War over Macedonia. – *Der Kampf*, [Vienna], 1912–1913, vol. 6, No. 2, November 1, pp. 63–76. – 186.

*Bremer Bürger-Zeitung*, 1912, No. 256, October 31. 2. Appendix, p. 1. – 277.

*Daily Chronicle*, London, 1912. – 159–160.

*The Daily Herald*, London. – 358.

*Deutsche Arbeiter-Sängerzeitung*, Berlin. – 275.

To the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL. – *Gazeta Robotnicza*, organ of the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL, confirmed by the Central Board of the Party. Warsaw, 1912, No. 17. Appendix to No. 17 of *Gazeta Robotnicza*, August 25, p. 2. Signed: Majority of the Investigating Commission, appointed by the Central Board to investigate Matters of Provocation. – 289–290.

To the International Bureau of Socialism in Brussels. – *Gazeta Robotnicza*, organ of the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL. Warsaw, 1912, No. 17–18, September 24, pp. 18–19. – 46.

To All Members of the Party. In June 1912. [Leaflet]. No place, [1912]. 2 pp. (SDPRR. SDKPL). Signed: For the Central Board: Jozef Domanski, J. Karski and others, SDKPL representative in IBS: R. Luxemburg. – 289–290.

To All Comrades. October 1912. [Leaflet]. No place, 1912. 4 pp. (SDPRR. SDKPL). Signed: Central Board SDKPL. – 289–290.

To the Organizations of Warsaw SDKPL. January 1912. [Leaflet]. No place, [1912]. 4 pp. Signed: With Party Regards, Central Board. – 289–290.

To the Foreign Sections of SDKPL. October 18, 1912. [Leaflet]. 4 pp. (SDPRR. SDKPL). Signed: With Party Regards, Central Board SDKPL. – 289–290.

To All Foreign Sections of SDKPL. September 1912. [Leaflet]. No place, [1912]. 2 pp. Signed: With Party Regards, Central Board SDKPL. Hectographed. – 289–290.

To All District Boards and Meetings of SDKPL. – *Gazeta Robotnicza*, organ of the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL, confirmed by the Central Board of the Party. Warsaw, 1912, No. 16, July 14, pp. 8–9. Signed: Central Board SDKPL. – 289–290.

To the District Boards of the Warsaw Organization. March 1, 1912. [Leaflet]. No place, [1912]. 4 pp. Signed: Central Board SDKPL. – 289–290.

*Gazeta Robotnicza*, organ of the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL. Warsaw, 1912, No. 17–18, September 24, pp. 18–19. – 46, 290–291. – 1912, No. 19, November 21, p. 10. – 292.

*Gazeta Robotnicza*, organ of the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL, confirmed by the Central Board of the Party. Warsaw, 1912, No. 16, July 14, pp. 8–9, 10. – 45–46, 289–290, 291, 292.

– 1912, No. 16. Appendix to No. 16 of *Gazeta Robotnicza*, July 22, pp. 1–4. – 290.

– 1912, No. 17. Appendix to No. 17 of *Gazeta Robotnicza*, August 25, p. 2. – 289–290.

[Jowett, F. M.] Parliamentary Policy. [The resolution having been moved at the 20th annual conference held at Merthyr]. – In: Report of the 20th Annual Conference held at Merthyr, May 27–28, 1912. London, June 1912, p. 77. (Independent Labour Party). – 123–128.

*Der Kampf*, [Vienna], 1912–1913, vol. 6, No. 2, November 1, pp. 63–76. – 186.

Kommunikate, Sent to the International Bureau of Socialism. – *Gazeta Robotnicza*, organ of the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL, confirmed by the Central Board of the Party. Warsaw, 1912, No. 16, July 14, p. 10. Signed: Central Board of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. – 45–46, 290, 292.

*Leipziger Volkszeitung*, 1912, No. 204, September 3. 1. Appendix to No. 204, p. 1. – 73–76.

[Lenin, W. L.] Letter of Comrade Lenin, Representative of the Social-Democratic Labor Party of Russia in the International Bureau of Socialism, to the Secretariat of That Bureau. – *Gazeta Robotnicza*, organ of the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL. Warsaw, 1912, No. 19, November 21, p. 10. – 292.

– Regarding the Present Situation in the Social-Democratic Labor Party of Russia. Presented by the Editorial Board of the Central Organ (*Social-Democrat*) of the Social-Democratic Labor Party of Russia. [Leipzig], Leipziger Printing Co., 1912. 16 pp. – 15.

Manifesto of the International on the Present Situation, Adopted at the Extraordinary International Socialist Congress in Basel. — In: Extraordinary International Socialist Congress in Basel. Berlin, "Vorwärts" Publishing House, 1912, pp. 23–27. – 198, 202.

[Murray, R.] Parliamentary Policy. [The resolution having been moved at the 20th annual conference held at Merthyr]. – In: Report of the 20th Annual Conference held at Merthyr, May 27–28, 1912. London, June 1912, p. 78. (Independent Labour Party). – 125.

Declaration. – *Gazeta Robotnicza*, organ of the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL. Warsaw, 1912, No. 17–18, September 24, p. 18. – 290–291.

Pottier, E. Revolutionary Songs. Preface by H. Rochefort. Paris, Dentu, 1887. XX, 240 pp. – 274.

– The Free Delegation to the Philadelphia Exposition. Poetry Offered by the Workers of America to the Workers of France. Published and printed by the "Social-Democratic Party of the Workers of North America." New York, 1876. 8 pp. – 274.

– Who Is the Fool? Songs. With a preface by G. Nadaud. Paris, 1884. – 274.

Report of the 20th Annual Conference held at Merthyr, May 27–28, 1912. London, June 1912. 112 pp. (Independent Labour Party). – 123–128.

[The Resolution of the Thirteenth Party Congress of the British Labour Party]. — *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1913, No. 28, February 2. 2. Appendix to *Vorwärts*, p. 2; No. 29, February 4. 1. Appendix to *Vorwärts*, p. 3, in the article: The Party Congress of the English Workers' Party. – 357–358.

Judges Among Themselves. – *Leipziger Volkszeitung*, 1912, No. 204, September 3. 1. Appendix to No. 204, p. 1. Under the general heading: Political Survey. – 75–76.

Session of the International Bureau. – *Bremer Bürger-Zeitung*, 1912, No. 256, October 31. 2. Appendix to No. 256, p. 1. – 277.

Session of the International Socialist Bureau. – *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1912, No. 256, November 1. 1. Appendix to *Vorwärts*, pp. 1–2. – 277.

Report on the VI Congress of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. Krakow, 1910. 2, XXII, 180 pp. – 288.

The Position of SDKPL in SDPRR. [Resolution Adopted at the National Conference of SDKPL in August 1912]. — In: Notification of the National Conference of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, held in August 1912. No place, [1912], pp. 24–26. (SDPRR. SDKPL). – 223–227, 229.

* Statistical Abstract of the United States 1911, No. 34. Prepared by the Bureau of Statistics, under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. Washington, 1912. 803 pp. (Department of Commerce and Labor). – 346, 398–399.

Comrades! On the 29th of October, we received from Krakus… November 1, 1912. [Leaflet]. No place, [1912]. 1 p. Signed: Central Board SDKPL. Hectographed. – 289–290.

Resolutions [of the National Conference of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, held in August 1912]. — In: Notification of the National Conference of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, held in August 1912. No place, [1912], pp. 15–31. (SDPRR. SDKPL). – 226–227.

[Resolutions of the Inter-district Conference of the Warsaw Organization of SDKPL. December 10, 1911]. – In the leaflet: To the Organizations of Warsaw SDKPL. January 1912. No place, [1912], p. 4. Under the general heading: Warsaw Inter-district Conference. – 289.

*Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1912, No. 256, November 1. 1. Appendix to *Vorwärts*, pp. 1–2. – 277.

– 1913, No. 28, February 2. 2. Appendix to *Vorwärts*, p. 2; No. 29, February 4. 1. Appendix to *Vorwärts*, p. 3. – 357–358.

In the Clutches of the Security Police. – *Gazeta Robotnicza*, organ of the Committee of Warsaw SDKPL, confirmed by the Central Board of the Party. Warsaw, 1912, No. 16. Appendix to No. 16 of *Gazeta Robotnicza*, July 22, pp. 1–4. – 290.

Notification. June 1912. [Leaflet]. No place, [1912]. 2 pp. (SDPRR. SDKPL). Signed: Central Board SDKPL, Committee of Warsaw SDKPL. – 289–290.

---

# INDEX OF NAMES

A

A. V. P. – see Peshekhonov, A. V.

Abrosimov, V. M. (V. A.) (b. 1878) – secret agent of the security police. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, he was active as a liquidator. In 1912, he participated in the anti-party August Conference; he contributed to the Menshevik organs *Nasha Zarya* and *Luch*. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist; member of the bureau and the workers' group of the Central Military-Industrial Committee. – 218–220, 287, 396.

Avgustovsky – see Tsederbaum, S. O.

Avksentiev, N. D. (1878–1943) – one of the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, member of its Central Committee. In 1905, he was a member of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, he adhered to the right wing of the party; was a member of the editorial board of the Socialist-Revolutionary central organ, the newspaper *Znamya Truda*. During the First World War – a rabid social-chauvinist; he contributed to the defensist publications *Za Rubezhom*, *Novosti*, and *Prizyv*. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Soviet of Peasants' Deputies; Minister of Internal Affairs in the second coalition Temporary Government of Kerensky; later chairman of the counter-revolutionary "Temporary Council of the Russian Republic" (Pre-Parliament). After the October Socialist Revolution – one of the organizers of counter-revolutionary uprisings. In 1918 – chairman of the so-called "Ufa Directory"; subsequently emigrated abroad, where he continued actively to struggle against Soviet power. – 9.

Azef, E. F. (1869–1918) – one of the organizers of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and a leader of its "Combat Organization"; secret agent of the Department of Police from 1892. To gain the confidence of the Socialist-Revolutionary leaders, he prepared and carried out several terrorist acts. At the same time, he repeatedly betrayed members of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and its "Combat Organization" to the police. In 1906, he prevented an assassination attempt on Minister of Internal Affairs Durnovo, and in 1907 – on Nicholas II. In 1908, Azef was exposed. – 312.

Akselrod, P. B. (1850–1928) – one of the leaders of Menshevism; in 1883, he participated in the creation of the "Emancipation of Labor" group. From 1900 – member of the editorial board of *Iskra* and *Zarya*. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – an active Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of the liquidators, was a member of the editorial board of the Menshevik-liquidator newspaper *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*; in 1912, he participated in the anti-party August Bloc. During the First World War – a centrist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, supported the bourgeois Temporary Government. He met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility; in emigration, he called for armed intervention against Soviet Russia. – 185, 310.

Alexander II (Romanov) (1818–1881) – Russian emperor (1855–1881). – 371.

Aleksandrov, A. M. (b. 1868) – deputy to the IV State Duma from Ekaterinoslav Province, Cadet, lawyer by profession. He was a delegate to Ekaterinoslav district and provincial zemstvos, spoke on a number of major political trials, participated in organizing the All-Russian Union of Lawyers. He contributed to the Progressive publication *Russkaya Molva*. In 1917, from the Cadet Party, he entered the counter-revolutionary "Temporary Council of the Russian Republic" (Pre-Parliament). – 383.

Alekinsky, G. A. (b. 1879) – at the beginning of his political activity – a social democrat. During the period of the first Russian revolution, he adhered to the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction – a recallist, one of the organizers of the anti-party group *Forward*. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist, contributor to a number of bourgeois newspapers. In 1917, he entered the Plekhanovite group *Unity* and took a counter-revolutionary position. In July 1917, by fabricating false documents in collusion with military counterintelligence, he slandered V. I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks. In April 1918, he fled abroad. In emigration, he joined the camp of extreme reaction. – 280.

Alekhin, N. I. – engineer of communications, worked on the construction of the Siberian Railway. In 1912, he went to Austria on personal business, where he was arrested on suspicion of espionage, but was released two months later. – 312–313.

Andreyev, N. N. – see Nikolin, N.

Anichkov, E. V. (1866 – c. 1937) – liberal-bourgeois critic and literary scholar, nationalist and chauvinist. During the 1905–1907 revolution – an active participant in the All-Russian Peasant Union, subsequently joined the Cadets. He preached reactionary ideas about the religious-cultural origins of art, propagandized Western European and Russian decadent trends, opposed realism. After the October Socialist Revolution – a white émigré. – 157.

Anthony of Volynia (Khrapovitsky, A. P.[59]) (1863–1936) – an ardent Black Hundredist, head of the extreme right faction in the Russian Orthodox Church, one of the most prominent conductors of the reactionary policy of tsarism. From 1902, he was Bishop of Volynia, later Archbishop of Kharkov. During the Civil War and foreign military intervention, he collaborated with Denikin. After the defeat of the counter-revolution, he fled abroad, where he became one of the leaders of the monarchist émigration. – 83.

Antonov, N. I. (b. 1859) – major landowner, deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Kharkov Province, Octobrist. In the Duma, he was an assistant secretary. Before his election to the Duma, he served for more than twenty-five years in the system of the Ministry of Justice. – 340.

Arch (Arch), Joseph (1826–1919) – figure in the English labor movement. In 1872, he founded the National Union of Agricultural Laborers, fought for the improvement of the conditions of rural workers. In 1885, 1892, and 1895–1900, he was a member of Parliament from the Liberal Party. – 40.

Asquith (Asquith), Herbert Henry (1852–1928) – English political and state figure, leader of the Liberal Party. He was first elected to Parliament in 1886. He repeatedly held ministerial posts; from 1908 to 1916, he headed the government. He was a spokesman for the views of English imperialist bourgeoisie and its annexationist aspirations. He pursued a policy of suppressing the workers' and liberation movements. After his resignation in 1916, he played no significant political role. – 382–383.

Astrakhantsev, E. P. (b. 1875) – social democrat, locksmith at the Izhevsk Arms Factory. In 1907, he was elected to the III State Duma from Vyatka Province. He was a member of the social-democratic faction, adhered to the Mensheviks; he contributed to the liquidators' newspaper *Zhivoe Delo*. – 236.

B

Bauer (Bauer), Otto (1882–1938) – one of the leaders of Austrian social-democracy and the II International, ideologue of the so-called "Austro-Marxism," a variety of reformism. Bauer was one of the authors of the bourgeois-nationalist theory of "cultural-national autonomy," the opportunist essence of which V. I. Lenin repeatedly exposed. Bauer responded negatively to the October Socialist Revolution; as Lenin noted, he displayed "complete lack of understanding of the dictatorship of the proletariat and Soviet power" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 30, p. 37). In 1918–1919, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Austrian Republic. In 1919, 1927, and 1934, he actively participated in the suppression of revolutionary uprisings of the Austrian working class; in his anti-communist pronouncements, he converged with fascism, supported pan-German propaganda and the idea of the Nazis' "Anschluss." – 186.

Bebel (Bebel), August (1840–1913) – one of the most prominent figures of German social-democracy and the international labor movement. He began his political activity in the first half of the 1860s; was a member of the I International. In 1869, together with W. Liebknecht, he founded the German Social-Democratic Labor Party ("Eisenachers"); he was repeatedly elected a deputy to the Reichstag. In the 1890s and early 1900s, he spoke against reformism and revisionism in the ranks of German social-democracy. V. I. Lenin considered his speeches against Bernsteinians "models of upholding Marxist views and struggling for the truly socialist character of the workers' party" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 19, p. 268). In the last period of his activity, Bebel made a number of centrist errors. – 275.

Belinsky, V. G. (1811–1848) – great Russian revolutionary democrat, literary critic and publicist, materialist philosopher. Belinsky was the ideologist of the peasant masses rising to struggle against serfdom. In 1833–1836, he contributed to the journal *Teleskop*, in 1838–1839 he edited the journal *Moskovskii Nablyudatel'*, in 1839–1846 he conducted the literary-critical department of the journal *Otechestvennye Zapiski*, and from 1847 he became a contributor and ideological leader of the journal *Sovremennik*. On July 3, 1847, he wrote from abroad the famous "Letter to Gogol," which Lenin called "one of the best works of the uncensored democratic press" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 20, pp. 223–224). Belinsky laid the foundations of revolutionary-democratic aesthetics and literary criticism. In his articles on Pushkin, Lermontov, and Gogol, and in his surveys of Russian literature from 1840 to 1847, Belinsky demonstrated the originality and greatness of Russian literature, revealed its realism and national character. Belinsky's activity had enormous influence on the further development of social thought and the liberation movement in Russia. – 43, 83.

Belousov, T. O. (b. 1875) – Menshevik-liquidator, deputy to the III State Duma from Irkutsk Province. In February 1912, he withdrew from the social-democratic fraction of the Duma but did not resign his deputy mandate. V. I. Lenin sharply condemned Belousov's behavior in the article "Concerning the Withdrawal of Deputy T. O. Belousov from the Social-Democratic Duma Faction" (Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 21, pp. 190–195).

Subsequently, he withdrew from political activity and worked in Moscow in cooperative organizations. – 236, 342.

Berezovsky, A. E. (Berezovsky the Elder) (b. 1868) – landowner, Cadet, zemstvo figure, agronomist by profession. Deputy to the III State Duma from Simbirsk Province. In the Duma, he was a member of the food supply, land, and other commissions. From 1918, he worked in his specialty. – 13, 49–50, 51, 52–54, 55, 340.

Burns (Burns), John Elliot (1858–1943) – English political figure. In the 1880s – one of the leaders of trade unions. He was a member of the English Social-Democratic Federation but soon left it. In 1892, he was elected to Parliament, where he spoke against the interests of the working class, for cooperation with capitalists. In 1905–1914 – Minister of Local Government, and then Minister of Commerce (1914). V. I. Lenin characterized Burns as one of the "outright traitors to the working class, sold to the bourgeoisie for a ministerial post" (Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 17, p. 239). In 1914, he resigned. – 297.

Bernstein (Bernstein), Eduard (1850–1932) – leader of the extreme opportunist wing of German social-democracy and the II International, theorist of revisionism and reformism. He participated in the social-democratic movement from the mid-1870s. From 1881 to 1889 – editor of the central organ of the German social-democratic party *Der Sozialdemokrat*. In 1896–1898, he published in the journal *Die Neue Zeit* a series of articles entitled "Problems of Socialism," which were subsequently published as a book, "The Prerequisites of Socialism and the Tasks of Social-Democracy," where he openly came out for a revision of the philosophical, economic, and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism. Bernstein declared the only task of the labor movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at improving the economic position of workers under capitalism, advanced the opportunist formula: "the movement is everything, the final goal is nothing." During the First World War, he took social-chauvinist positions. In subsequent years, Bernstein continued to support the policy of imperialist bourgeoisie, spoke against the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet state. – 175.

Bismarck (Bismarck), Otto Edward Leopold (1815–1898) – statesman and diplomat of Prussia and Germany. Bismarck's main goal was the unification "by blood and iron" of the small scattered German states and the creation of a unified German Empire under the hegemony of the Prussian junkers. In January 1871, Bismarck took the post of Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire and for 20 years directed all of Germany's foreign and internal policy, steering it in the interests of the landowner-junkers while trying at the same time to ensure an alliance between the junkers and large-scale capital. Failing to crush the labor movement through the exceptional law against socialists passed in 1878, Bismarck came forward with a demagogic program of social legislation, introducing laws on compulsory insurance for certain categories of workers. However, Bismarck's attempt to decompose the labor movement with meager handouts was unsuccessful. In 1890, he was dismissed. – 102, 103, 104, 131, 294, 315, 321.

Bissolati (Bissolati), Leonida (1857–1920) – one of the founders of the Italian Socialist Party and a leader of its extreme right reformist wing. In 1896–1904 and 1908–1910, he was editor of the central organ of the socialist party *Avanti!*. From 1897 – a member of Parliament. In 1912, he was expelled from the Italian Socialist Party and formed the "Social-Reform Party." During the First World War – a social-chauvinist, supporter of Italy's participation in the war on the side of the Entente. In 1916–1918, he was in the government as a minister without portfolio. – 175, 219.

Blank, R. M. (b. 1866) – publicist, chemist by profession. He contributed to the journal *Osvobozhdeniye* – the organ of Russian liberal bourgeoisie, was a member of the editorial board and later was the de facto editor of the newspaper *Nasha Zhizn'*, contributed to the left-Cadet newspaper *Tovarishch*. He was editor of the journal of Cadets, Popular Socialists, and Menshevik-liquidators – *Zaprosy Zhizni*. V. I. Lenin, characterizing Blank as the most typical exponent of Cadet policy, exposed the counter-revolutionary essence of his views. – 61, 66.

Bobrinsky, Al. A. (b. 1852) – count, reactionary state figure, major landowner and sugar manufacturer. From 1884, for many years, he was the leader of the nobility in Petersburg Province. In 1906, he was elected chairman of the Council of United Nobility – a counter-revolutionary organization of serf-owner landowners. Deputy to the III State Duma from Kiev Province. From 1912 – member of the State Council; in 1916 – Minister of Agriculture. After the October Socialist Revolution – member of the counter-revolutionary "Council of the State Unification of Russia," then a white émigré. – 65.

Bogdanov, A. (Malinovsky, A. A.) (1873–1928) – social democrat, philosopher, sociologist, economist, doctor by profession. After the II Congress of the RSDLP, he adhered to the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, he headed the recallists and was the leader of the anti-party group *Forward*. In matters of philosophy, he attempted to create his own system – "empiriomonism" (a variety of subjective-idealist machist philosophy), which V. I. Lenin sharply criticized in his work "Materialism and Empirio-criticism." At the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of the newspaper *Proletarii* in June 1909, Bogdanov was expelled from the ranks of the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution, he was one of the organizers and leaders of *Proletkult*. From 1926 – director of the Institute of Blood Transfusion, which he founded. – 280.

Bogoraz, V. G. – see Tan.

Bodeau (Baudin), Pierre (b. 1863) – French political figure. For a time, he was chairman of the Paris Municipal Council, then a member of the Chamber of Deputies of France. In 1899–1902 – Minister of Public Works; in 1913 – Minister of the Navy. Senator from the Ain Department. – 297.

Briand (Briand), Aristide (1862–1932) – French state figure and diplomat. He adhered for some time to the left wing of the socialists. In 1902, he was elected to Parliament and became openly hostile to the working class, a reactionary bourgeois politician. Excluded from the socialist party, he joined the group of "independent socialists," which in 1911 took the name "Republican Socialist Party." In 1909, Briand became Premier of the "cabinet of three renegades" (Briand-Millerand-Viviani). In 1913, 1915–1917, 1921–1922 – Prime Minister; in 1924, he was France's representative to the League of Nations. In 1925, he participated in the conclusion of the Locarno Treaties directed against the USSR. In 1926–1931, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs. – 297.

Bulgakov, S. N. (1871–1944) – bourgeois economist, idealist philosopher. In the 1890s, he was a "legal Marxist." He spoke out for a revision of Marx's teaching on the agrarian question; he explained the impoverishment of the people by the so-called "law of diminishing soil fertility." After the 1905–1907 revolution, he joined the Cadets, preached philosophical mysticism, participated in the counter-revolutionary collection *Vekhi*. From 1918 – a priest. In 1922, for counter-revolutionary activity, he was expelled abroad, where he carried on hostile propaganda against the USSR. – 219–220, 366.

Bykov, A. N. – see Severyanin, A.

V

V. A. – see Abrosimov, V. M.

V. V. – see Vorontsov, V. P.

Vaillant (Vaillant), Édouard Marie (1840–1915) – French socialist, follower of Blanqui, one of the leaders of the II International. He was a member of the General Council of the I International, participated in the Executive Commission of the Paris Commune. He was one of the initiators of the formation of the Socialist Party of France (1901). In 1905, after the unification of the Socialist Party with the reformist French Socialist Party, Vaillant took an opportunist position on important questions. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. – 294.

Warski (Warski), Adolf (Varshavsky, A. S.) (1868–1937) – prominent figure of the Polish revolutionary movement. In the late 1880s, he was one of the organizers of the "Union of Polish Workers," actively participated in the creation of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland, and later the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. Delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP. After the congress, he became a member of the CC RSDLP. In 1909–1910, he was a member of the editorial board of the Central Organ of the RSDLP, the newspaper *Social-Democrat*. During this period, V. I. Lenin characterized Warski as an "experienced writer, intelligent Marxist and excellent comrade" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 36, p. 133). During the First World War – an internationalist. In 1917, he was in the leadership of SDKPL. One of the founders and a member of the CC of the Communist Workers' Party of Poland. He was elected a deputy to the Polish Sejm and was chairman of its communist fraction. In 1929, he emigrated to the USSR; he worked in the Institute of Marx-Engels-Lenin on the history of the Polish labor movement. – 225.

Weisman, S. – Russian security police agent, later an Austrian spy. In 1900, he was assigned to Vienna to organize surveillance of Russian political émigrés and until 1905 provided information to the Russian police. He later lived in America for some time. From 1908 – a collaborator of the Austrian Ministry of Internal Affairs. – 312–313.

Wilson (Wilson), Woodrow (1856–1924) – American statesman. In 1910–1912 – governor of the state of New Jersey. In 1913 elected President of the USA from the Democratic Party and remained in office until 1921. Conducted a policy of brutal suppression of the labor movement within the country.

The foreign policy of Wilson's government was predatory and expansionist in character, particularly with regard to Latin American countries, in the affairs of which he repeatedly intervened by armed force. V. I. Lenin wrote that "Wilson's idealized democratic republic turned out in fact to be a form of the most rabid imperialism, the most shameless oppression and strangulation of weak and small nations" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 28, p. 169). Defending the interests of American billionaires, Wilson facilitated the dragging of the USA into the first world war on the side of the Entente.

After the victory of the October Socialist Revolution he put forward a plan for the partition of Russia, supported anti-Soviet counterrevolutionary forces, and was one of the organizers of the military intervention of the USA against Soviet Russia. In 1918 he put forward an imperialist peace program (the "fourteen points"), directed at establishing world domination by the USA. He headed the American delegation at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920). In the presidential elections of 1920 he suffered defeat and withdrew from political activity. – 109, 192.

Witte, S. Yu. (1849–1915) – statesman who expressed the interests of "military-feudal imperialism" of tsarist Russia, convinced supporter of autocracy, seeking to preserve the monarchy through insignificant concessions to the liberal bourgeoisie and cruel repressions against the people; one of the organizers of the suppression of the 1905–1907 revolution. As Minister of Railways (February–August 1892), Minister of Finance (1892–1903), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (October 1905–April 1906), Witte through his measures in the sphere of finance, customs policy, railroad construction, factory legislation, and the all-round encouragement of foreign capital investments contributed to the development of capitalism in Russia and the strengthening of its dependence on imperialist powers. "Minister-broker," "stock exchange agent" – this is how V. I. Lenin characterized him. – 55, 66, 86, 163, 397.

Vodovozov, V. V. (1864–1933) – publicist of liberal-Populist tendency. From 1904 – member of the editorial board of the newspaper "Our Life"; in 1906 collaborated in the left-Cadet newspaper "Comrade"; during the electoral campaign for the II State Duma he joined the Trudoviks. In 1912 published in the journal "Life's Questions," in which Cadets, "popular socialists," and Menshevik-liquidators collaborated. In 1917 Vodovozov was in the editorial board of the journal "The Past," collaborated in the liberal-bourgeois newspaper "Day." He took a hostile stance toward the October Socialist Revolution. In 1926 he emigrated abroad. – 22, 339–340.

Voiloshnikov, A. A. (1877–1930) – member of the III State Duma from the Cossack population of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Host, was in the social-democratic faction, aligned with the Bolsheviks. For speeches on the statute of military service Voiloshnikov was excluded by the Chairman of the Duma for 15 sessions. In 1911–1912 collaborated in the Bolshevik newspapers "Star" and "Pravda." From 1913 – Chairman of the Board of the Trans-Baikal Provincial Union of Cooperatives. After the October Socialist Revolution was engaged in economic work in Novosibirsk, Saratov, Kazan, and Moscow. – 134, 236.

Volsky, S. (Sokolov, A. V., S. V.) (born in 1880) – social-democrat. After the II Congress of the RSDLP aligned with the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of the Otzovists, took part in organizing and working in factional schools at Capri and in Bologna (Italy), was in the anti-party group "Forward." After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 worked in the military section of the Petrograd Soviet. He took a hostile stance toward the October Socialist Revolution, emigrated, but soon returned to Soviet Russia. Worked in Gosplan and in the People's Commissariat of Trade. From 1927 engaged in literary work. – 7–8.

Borovskii, V. V. (Orlovskii, P.) (1871–1923) – professional revolutionary, prominent activist of the Bolshevik party, outstanding Soviet diplomat, publicist, and literary critic. Began revolutionary activity from 1890 in student circles. From 1894 – active member of the Moscow "Workers' Union," closely connected with the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In 1902 became a contributor to Lenin's "Spark." After the II Congress of the RSDLP aligned with the Bolsheviks. In 1905 together with V. I. Lenin, M. S. Olminsky, and A. V. Lunacharsky was in the editorial board of the newspapers "Forward" and "Proletarian." Delegate to the III Congress of the party from the Nikolaev Committee of the RSDLP. From the end of 1905 worked in the Petrograd organization of Bolsheviks and in the editorial board of the Bolshevik newspaper "New Life." In 1906 – delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP. From 1907 to 1912 headed the Odessa Bolshevik organization. For active revolutionary activity was subject to arrests and exile. In 1915 moved to Stockholm, and in 1917, at the proposal of V. I. Lenin, entered the Foreign Bureau of the CC RSDLP. After the October Socialist Revolution – in leading diplomatic work. Killed in Lausanne on May 10, 1923 by a White Guardist. – 280.

Voronin, S. A. (1880–1915) – worker, deputy of the III State Duma from Vladimir Province. Was in the social-democratic faction, aligned with the Bolsheviks. Collaborated in the Bolshevik legal newspaper "Star." – 236.

Vorontsov, V. P. (V. V.) (1847–1918) – economist and publicist, one of the ideologues of liberal Populism of the 80s–90s, author of books "The Fates of Capitalism in Russia," "Our Directions," "Essays on Theoretical Economics" and others, in which he denied the development of capitalism in Russia, praised small commodity production, idealized the peasant commune. He preached reconciliation with the tsarist government and spoke against Marxism. Vorontsov's views were subjected to sharp criticism in many works by V. I. Lenin. – 304.

G

Haase (Haase), Hugo (1863–1919) – one of the leaders of German social-democracy, centrist. In 1911 was elected Chairman of the Board of the German Social-Democratic Party. Deputy of the Reichstag in 1897–1907 and 1912–1918. From 1912 – Chairman of the social-democratic faction of the Reichstag. During the first world war stood on social-chauvinist positions. In 1917 founded together with Kautsky the "Independent Social-Democratic Party of Germany." Lenin called Haase and other leaders of the "independent" German party "servile souls, doctrinaires, cowards, spineless accomplices of the bourgeoisie and reformists" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 29, p. 520). During the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany Haase was part of the so-called Council of People's Commissioners, which pursued a policy of suppression of the revolutionary movement. – 277–278.

Gabrilovitch, L. E. (Galich, L.) (born in 1878) – Cadet, publicist. Was a private docent of Petersburg University, collaborated in the liberal newspaper "Russian Word," in Cadet organs – the journal "Russian Thought," the newspaper "Speech" and in other bourgeois publications. – 94.

Habsburgs (Habsburg) – imperial dynasty in the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (1273–1438 with breaks, 1438–1806), the Austrian Empire (1804–1867), and Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). – 136, 137.

Galich, L. – see Gabrilovitch, L. E.

Ganetskii (Fürstenberg), Ya. S. (1879–1937) – prominent activist of the Polish and Russian revolutionary movement. Member of the social-democratic party from 1896. Participant in a number of congresses of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, as well as of the II, IV, and V Congresses of the RSDLP. At the V Congress of the RSDLP was elected member of the CC of the party. Member of the Main Board of the SDKPL. At the VI Congress of the SDKPL (1908), in connection with disagreements on a number of internal party questions, left the Main Board, and after the split of Polish social-democracy in 1912 was one of the leaders of the so-called "rozlamova" opposition, which stood closest to the Bolsheviks. During the first world war aligned with the "Zimmerwald Left." Repeatedly subjected to arrests and exile. In 1917 – member of the Foreign Bureau of the CC RSDLP(b). After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance, was engaged in diplomatic work, was member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Trade and of the Supreme Council of the National Economy. From 1935 – Director of the Museum of the Revolution of the USSR. – 45–46, 289, 292.

Gapon, G. A. (1870–1906) – priest; provocateur, agent of the tsarist secret police. On the eve of the 1905–1907 revolution, at the behest of the department of police, created on the model of the Zubatov organizations the "Assembly of Russian Factory and Plant Workers of Petersburg," subsidized by the department of police. Provoked the procession of Petersburg workers with a petition to the tsar on January 9, 1905. Fled abroad, where he was close to the Socialist Revolutionaries. After his return to Russia he was exposed and killed by Socialist Revolutionaries. – 209.

Hardie (Hardie), James Keir (1856–1915) – activist of the English labor movement, reformist, one of the leaders of the Independent Labor Party and founders of the Labour Party. Began his political career as a leader of the trade-union organization of Scottish miners. In 1888 founded the Scottish Labor Party. In 1892 was elected to Parliament, pursued a policy of accommodation with representatives of bourgeois parties. At the beginning of the first world war took a centrist position, then openly joined the social-chauvinists. – 126.

Hegetschkori, E. P. (born in 1879) – Menshevik. Deputy of the III State Duma from Kutaisi Province, one of the leaders of the social-democratic faction in the Duma. From November 1917 – Chairman of the counterrevolutionary government of Transcaucasia (Transcaucasian Commissariat), then Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Menshevik government of Georgia. After the establishment in 1921 of Soviet power in Georgia – White émigré. – 236.

Herwegh (Herwegh), Georg (1817–1875) – renowned German poet of the period of preparation for the bourgeois revolution of 1848–1849, petty-bourgeois democrat. In his works exposed spiritual and secular authorities, called for revolutionary uprising and struggle for freedom. In 1842 became acquainted with K. Marx, collaborated in the "Rhenish Gazette" edited by Marx. However, Herwegh's work was contradictory. While calling for a just war for freedom, he at the same time expressed hopes for reforms from above. K. Marx broke with Herwegh in 1848. In 1863 Herwegh wrote a workers' song for the General German Workers' Union, which was the only significant poem of the later period of the poet's activity. – 275.

Herzen, A. I. (1812–1870) – great Russian revolutionary-democrat, philosopher-materialist, publicist, and writer; founder of "Russian," "peasant" socialism. Herzen entered the liberation movement as a noble revolutionary, continuing the traditions of the Decembrists. In 1829–1833, during his time at Moscow University, headed a circle of advanced, revolutionary-minded youth studying political and theoretical doctrines of revolutionary thinkers of the eighteenth century and utopian socialists. In 1834 together with other members of the circle was arrested and in 1835 exiled to Perm, then to Vyatka, to Vladimir, and Novgorod. After returning from exile in 1842 lived in Moscow. The philosophical works written by him at this time "Dilettantism in Science" and "Letters on the Study of Nature" played an important role in the development of Russian materialist philosophy. In January 1847, in connection with persecutions by the tsarist government, Herzen emigrated. In 1852 in London he founded a Russian printing house and laid the foundation for a free Russian press abroad. After the publication of several revolutionary proclamations, brochures, and articles, in 1855 he began to publish the almanac "Polar Star," and in 1857 together with N. P. Ogarev – "The Bell."

The evaluation of Herzen's role in the history of the Russian liberation movement was given by V. I. Lenin in the article "In Memory of Herzen" (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 21, pp. 255–262). – 304.

Gimmer, N. N. – see Sukhanov, N.

Glasier (Gleijer) (Glasier), John Bruce (1859–1920) – English socialist, one of the founders of the Labour Party; by profession a metal-worker. Began taking part in the socialist movement from the early 80s of the nineteenth century. In 1893 joined the Independent Labor Party, was member of its National Council, and in 1899–1900 was its Chairman. Was a delegate to the International Socialist Bureau from the Independent Labor Party. From 1906 to 1910 edited the weekly organ of the Independent Labor Party "The Labour Leader" and from 1913 to 1917 – the monthly "The Socialist Review." V. I. Lenin wrote about Glasier: "… though he does have a proletarian streak, he is still an unbearable opportunist" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 35, p. 144). – 358.

Gogol, N. V. (1809–1852) – great Russian writer, one of the founders of critical realism in Russian literature. In his works ("The Inspector General," "Dead Souls" and others) he gave a scathing picture of the life and customs of landowners and officials in serf Russia. V. I. Lenin repeatedly used in his works the artistic images created by Gogol. – 83.

Golovin, F. A. (born in 1867) – zemstvo activist, Cadet. From 1898 to 1907 – member of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo Board, then its Chairman. One of the organizers of the Cadet party. Was Chairman of the II and deputy of the III State Dumas. Participant in a major railroad concession. In March 1917 – commissar of the bourgeois Provisional Government for the Ministry of the Court. – 90, 91.

Goldman, M. I. – see Liber, M. I.

Gompers (Gompers), Samuel (1850–1924) – activist of the American trade-union movement. One of the founders of the American Federation of Labor (AFL); from 1895 was its permanent Chairman. Pursued a policy of class collaboration with capitalists, spoke against revolutionary struggle of the working class. During the first world war – a social-chauvinist. Took a hostile attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet state. – 231–232.

Goremykin, I. L. (1839–1917) – statesman of tsarist Russia, one of the typical representatives of reactionary bureaucracy, ardent monarchist. In 1895–1899 – Minister of Internal Affairs, pursued a reactionary policy directed at weakening and eliminating reforms of the 1860s (the so-called policy of counter-reforms); brutally suppressed the labor movement. Was Chairman of the Council of Ministers from April to August 1906 and from January 1914 to January 1916. – 66.

Gredeskul, N. A. (born in 1864) – lawyer and publicist, professor, Cadet. Deputy of the I State Duma, was Vice-Chairman of the Duma. Collaborated in the Cadet newspaper "Speech" and in a number of other bourgeois-liberal organs. In 1916 withdrew from the Cadet party. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 participated in the publication of the bourgeois newspaper "Russian Will," which conducted agitation against the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution was a professor in higher educational institutions of Leningrad. In 1926 published his memoirs "Russia Before and Now," in which he positively evaluated the October Revolution and its achievements. – 13, 22–23, 63, 67, 84, 90–91, 92, 96, 168, 181, 200, 329, 383.

Gurvich, F. I. – see Dan, F. I.

Gurko, V. I. (1863–1927) – reactionary activist of tsarist Russia. In 1906 – Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. Played a prominent role in the government of Goremykin; having become involved in embezzlement and misappropriation, by Senate judgment was removed from office. In 1912 elected member of the State Council. After the October Socialist Revolution struggled against Soviet power, White émigré. – 56.

Guryev, A. N. (born in 1864) – bourgeois economist, financier, and publicist. From 1889 to 1903 – official of the Ministry of Finance, one of the close associates of S. Yu. Witte. In 1903 retired, collaborated in official press. In 1918 was a participant in a special commission on matters of monetary circulation. – 163–164.

Gutovskii, V. A. – see Maevskii, E.

Guchkov, A. I. (1862–1936) – major capitalist, organizer and leader of the Octobrist party. During the period of the 1905–1907 revolution spoke against the revolutionary movement, supporting the government's policy of ruthless repressions against the working class and peasantry. In 1910–1911 – Chairman of the III State Duma. During the first world war – Chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee and member of the Special Conference on Defense. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – military and naval minister of the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. In August 1917 participated in organizing the Kornilov mutiny. After the October Socialist Revolution actively struggled against Soviet power, White émigré. – 107–108, 131, 168, 214, 323.

Huysmans (Huysmans), Camille (1871–1968) – one of the oldest activists of the Belgian labor movement; professor of philology, journalist. In 1904–1919 – secretary of the International Socialist Bureau of the II International, held a centrist position. Repeatedly entered the Belgian government, in 1946–1947 – Prime Minister. From 1910 – deputy of parliament; in 1936–1939, 1954–1959 – Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies. In recent years spoke for establishing contacts of socialist parties with the CPSU, for the restoration of unity of the international labor movement. – 292.

D

Dan, F. I. (Gurvich, F. I., F. D.) (1871–1947) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Was a participant in the IV (Unification), V (London) Congresses of the RSDLP and a number of conferences. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge headed a group of liquidators abroad, edited the liquidationist newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat." During the first world war – a defensist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution struggled against Soviet power. In early 1922 was expelled abroad as an enemy of the Soviet state. – 287, 310, 317, 333, 396.

Danielson, N. F. (Nikolayon) (1844–1918) – writer-economist, one of the ideologues of liberal Populism of the 80s–90s. Completed the first translation of "Capital" by K. Marx into Russian, begun by G. A. Lopatin, in connection with which he conducted correspondence with K. Marx and F. Engels. However, Danielson did not understand the essence of Marxism and subsequently spoke against it. In 1893 published the book "Essays on Our Post-Reform Public Economy," which together with works by V. P. Vorontsov served as theoretical justification for liberal Populism. V. I. Lenin in a number of his works sharply criticized Danielson's views. – 304.

Debs (Debs), Eugene Victor (1855–1926) – prominent activist of the labor movement in the USA. In 1893 organized the American Railway Union, where he was president until 1897. The Union under the leadership of Debs conducted several strikes, of which the 1894 strike at the Pullman railroad car factories in Chicago particularly stands out, brutally suppressed by troops. Debs was one of the organizers of the social-democratic party, which formed the basic nucleus of the Socialist Party, formed in 1900–1901. Was nominated as candidate for President of the USA in 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920. In 1905 participated in creating the trade-union organization Industrial Workers of the World. During the first world war stood on internationalist positions, sharply condemned the betrayal of social-chauvinists, spoke against the USA's entry into the war. Debs welcomed the victory of the October Socialist Revolution. In 1918 for anti-imperialist propaganda was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment, but in 1921 was amnestied. Debs was the most popular leader of American socialists; however, he was not a Marxist and allowed in his activity a number of opportunistic errors. – 192.

Giolitti (Giolitti), Giovanni (1842–1928) – Italian statesman, leader of the Liberal Party. From 1882 – member of parliament; in 1889–1890 – Minister of Finance; in 1892–1921 repeatedly was Prime Minister. Being a representative of the interests of large Italian capital, initiated a bloc of Italian bourgeoisie with clericals; through minor reforms, through cooperation with opportunistic leaders of the Socialist Party sought to hold back the labor movement from revolutionary actions. In 1922, after the fascists came to power, withdrew from active political activity. – 219.

Jowett (Jowett), Frederick William (1864–1944) – English political figure, one of the leaders of the Independent Labor Party. From 1887 engaged in journalism. In 1892 elected to the municipal council of the city of Bradford. Member of parliament in 1906–1918, 1922–1924, and 1929–1931. In 1909–1910 and 1914–1917 was Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Independent Labor Party; in 1924 was in the first Labour government of MacDonald as Chairman of the Parliamentary Commission on Public Works. Subsequently – member of the advisory council of the Independent Labor Party. – 123, 124, 125, 127.

Donohoe (Donohoe), Martin Henry (1869–1927) – English journalist and war correspondent. From 1899 correspondent of the London newspaper "Daily Chronicle" in Paris; was on many fronts of the Russian-Japanese, Balkan, and other wars. In the first world war – officer of the British intelligence corps. – 159–160.

E

Evseev, I. T. (born in 1877) – deputy of the IV State Duma from Petersburg Province, by origin a peasant, Progressist. In the Duma was member of the Bureau of a special peasant group. Before election to the Duma, from 1897 to 1902 was a rural teacher, then served as statistician in the provincial zemstvo. From 1908 to 1911 – member of the Yamburgskaya District Zemstvo Board. Then was a member of the District and Provincial Zemstvo Assemblies, Chairman of the District Court. – 216.

Egorov, N. M. (born in 1871) – worker, deputy of the III State Duma from Perm Province. Was in the social-democratic faction. Collaborated in the Bolshevik legal newspaper "Star," then aligned with the Trotskyists. In 1913 – permanent contributor to the newspaper of the liquidators "Ray." In 1917 was in the group of "inter-rayonists." – 236.

Ezhov, V. – see Tsederbaum, S. O.

Efremov, I. N. (born in 1866) – major landowner, deputy of the I, III, IV State Dumas. One of the organizers of the party of "peaceful renewal," subsequently – leader of the bourgeois party of Progressists. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was member of the Executive Committee of the State Duma, was part of the bourgeois Provisional Government. – 329.

Zh

Jonnart (Jonnart), Charles Célestin (1857–1930) – French political figure, exponent of the interests of large monopolies. From 1889 to 1917 – member of the Chamber of Deputies of France. In 1893–1894 – Minister of Public Works. In 1900–1901, 1903–1911 – Governor-General of Algeria; in 1913 – Minister of Foreign Affairs. Was appointed in 1917 General Commissioner of the Allies in Greece, then was Chairman of the Inter-Allied Reparations Commission. In 1920 at the presidential elections of the republic unsuccessfully nominated his candidacy. From 1921 to 1924 – ambassador to the Vatican. Subsequently withdrew from political activity. – 297.

Jaurès (Jaurès), Jean (1859–1914) – prominent activist of the French and international socialist movement, historian. In 1902 Jaurès and his supporters created the French Socialist Party, which in 1905, merging with the Socialist Party of France, received the name of the United French Socialist Party. Member of parliament in 1885–1889, 1893–1898, 1902–1914; one of the leaders of the parliamentary socialist faction. In 1904 founded and edited until his death the newspaper "L'Humanité" ("Humanity"), which became in 1920 the central organ of the French Communist Party. During the 1905–1907 revolution in Russia welcomed the struggle of the Russian people. Jaurès tirelessly spoke in defense of democracy, popular freedoms, for peace, against imperialist oppression and wars of conquest. He was convinced that only socialism would finally end wars and colonial oppression. However, Jaurès believed that socialism would triumph not through the class struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, but as a result of "the flowering of the democratic idea." Lenin sharply criticized Jaurès's reformist views, which pushed him onto the path of opportunism.

Jaurès's struggle for peace, against the impending threat of war aroused hatred toward him from the imperialist bourgeoisie. On the eve of the first world war Jaurès was killed by a tool of reaction. – 175.

Z

Zakharov, M. V. (born in 1881) – worker, Bolshevik. Deputy of the III State Duma from Moscow Province. Contributor to the Bolshevik legal newspaper "Star." – 236.

Zelenin, I. V. (1887–1912) – one of the leaders of the armed uprising being prepared on the ships of the Black Sea Fleet in 1912. Served in the fleet from 1908. Shot by sentence of a military-naval court in Sevastopol. – 1.

Zinoviev (Radomyslskii), G. E. (1883–1936) – was member of the RSDLP from 1901. From 1908 to April 1917 was in emigration, was in the editorial boards of the Central Organ of the party "Social-Democrat" and of the Bolshevik newspaper "Proletarian." During the years of reaction held a conciliationist attitude toward liquidators, Otzovists, and Trotskyists. During the period of preparation and conducting of the October Socialist Revolution showed wavering; in October 1917 together with Kamenev published in the semi-Menshevik newspaper "New Life" a statement of disagreement with the decision of the CC on armed uprising, thereby revealing to the bourgeois Provisional Government the plans of the party. After the October Socialist Revolution – Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, was member of the Politburo of the CC, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Repeatedly spoke against the Leninist policy of the party: in November 1917 was a supporter of creating a coalition government with the participation of Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries; in 1925 – one of the organizers of the "new opposition"; in 1926 – one of the leaders of the anti-party Trotskyist-Zinovievist bloc. In November 1927 for factional activity was excluded from the party. In 1928 declared recognition of his errors and was reinstated in the party, but did not cease anti-party activity and in 1932 was again excluded from the VKP(b). Reinstated in the party again in 1933. In 1934 for anti-party activity was for the third time excluded from the party. – 280.

I

Izgoev (Lande), A. S. (born in 1872) – bourgeois publicist. Initially was a "legal Marxist," for a time aligned with social-democrats; in 1905 went over to the Cadet party and became one of its ideologues. Collaborated in Cadet organs: the newspaper "Speech," the journals "Southern Notes" and "Russian Thought," participated in the counterrevolutionary collection "Landmarks." After the October Socialist Revolution collaborated in the journal of a decadent group of intellectuals – "Herald of Literature." For counterrevolutionary publicist activity in 1922 was expelled abroad. – 62, 84, 86, 90, 94, 125, 219–220.

Ilin, V. – see Lenin, V. I.

Iogikhes, Leo – see Tyshka, Yan.

Isuv, I. A. (Oskarov) (1878–1920) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In 1907 entered the CC of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator, collaborated in the journal "Our Dawn" and other liquidationist publications. During the first world war – defensist. In 1917 was member of the Moscow Committee of Mensheviks, was in the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet and in the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the Museum of Labor. – 342.

Ichas, M. M. (1885–1941) – Lithuanian public and state figure, journalist, by profession a lawyer. In 1912 was elected deputy of the IV State Duma from Kovno Province, where entered the Bureau of a special peasant group, then aligned with the Cadets. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was Vice-Minister of Education. In 1918 fled from Soviet Russia to Lithuania occupied by German troops, where took active part in forming the first government of bourgeois Lithuania. In 1918–1919 – Minister of Finance. Used state funds for personal enrichment, became owner of a number of industrial enterprises. After the establishment of Soviet power in Lithuania fled to Germany, then to Portugal and Brazil. – 216.

K

Kavelin, K. D. (1818–1885) – historian and lawyer, professor of Moscow (1844–1848) and Petersburg (1857–1861) Universities, representative of noble-bourgeois liberalism. Collaborated in "The Contemporary," "Notes of the Fatherland," and "Herald of Europe." During the period of preparation and conduct of the "peasant" reform of 1861 spoke against the revolutionary-democratic movement, approved the reactionary policy of autocracy. – 84.

Kamenev, L. B. (Rozenfeld, L. B., Kamenev, Yu.) (1883–1936) – was member of the RSDLP from 1901. After the II Congress of the RSDLP aligned with the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction held a conciliationist position toward liquidators, Otzovists, and Trotskyists. In 1915, having been arrested, before the tsarist court renounced the Bolshevik slogan of the defeat of the tsarist government in the imperialist war. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 spoke against the course of the party toward socialist revolution and against Lenin's April Theses. In October 1917 together with Zinoviev published in the semi-Menshevik newspaper "New Life" a statement of disagreement with the decision of the CC on armed uprising, thereby revealing to the bourgeois Provisional Government the plans of the party.

After the October Socialist Revolution occupied a number of responsible posts. Repeatedly spoke against the Leninist policy of the party: in November 1917 was a supporter of creating a coalition government with the participation of Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries; in 1925 – one of the organizers of the "new opposition"; in 1926 – one of the leaders of the anti-party Trotskyist-Zinovievist bloc. In 1927 the XV Congress of the VKP(b) excluded him from the party as an active figure of the Trotskyist opposition. In 1928 declared recognition of his errors and was reinstated in the party, however did not cease anti-party activity and in 1932 was again excluded from the VKP(b). Reinstated in the party again in 1933. In 1934 for anti-party activity was for the third time excluded from the party. – 280.

Karaulov, V. A. (1854–1910) – Cadet, by profession a lawyer. Deputy of the III State Duma from Yenisei Province; in the Duma occupied, as Lenin wrote, "one of the foremost places among the basest, counterrevolutionary Cadets with an eternal hypocritical phrase on the lips" (Works, 5th ed., vol. 20, p. 98). – 13, 67, 96.

Karaulov, M. A. (1878–1917) – Cossack sub-captain, deputy of the II and IV State Dumas from the Terek region, monarchist. Edited the journal "Cossack Week." In the IV State Duma was in the Bureau of a special peasant group, defended the municipalization of land. In 1917 was in the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution – one of the chief leaders of counterrevolution on the Terek. First Ataman of the Terek Cossack Host, actively struggled against Soviet power. – 216–217.

Kareev, N. I. (1850–1931) – historian, sociologist, and publicist, known for his works on the agrarian history of France. Was one of the representatives of the subjective school in sociology. From the 90s spoke against Marxism. From 1905 – member of the Cadet party. In 1910 elected corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences; from 1929 – Honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – 157.

Karpişin, A. K. (1888–1912) – one of the leaders of the armed uprising being prepared on the ships of the Black Sea Fleet in 1912. Served in the fleet from 1909, was a machine petty officer on the battleship "John Chrysostom." Shot by sentence of a military-naval court in Sevastopol. – [page number missing in source]

Kasso, L. A. (1865–1914) – major landowner, professor of Kharkov and then Moscow Universities. In 1910–1914 was Minister of Public Education. Pursued a reactionary policy toward primary, secondary, and higher education, brutally dealt with revolutionary students and progressive professors. – 379, 380, 383.

Katkov, M. N. (1818–1887) – landowner, reactionary publicist. Began his political activity as a supporter of moderate noble liberalism. In the early 60s turned toward nationalism, chauvinism, Black Hundreds. In 1863–1887 was editor-publisher of "Moscow News," which became the mouthpiece of monarchical reaction. Katkov himself called himself "the faithful watchdog of autocracy." Katkov's name became a symbol of the most rabid reaction. – 43–44, 87.

Klöti (Klöti), Emil (born in 1877) – Swiss political figure, social-democrat, opportunist. From 1907 to 1928 – member of the Zurich municipal council. During the first world war – a social-chauvinist. In 1919–1930 – member of the National Council. In 1921–1922 – President; in 1928–1942 – Mayor of the city of Zurich. – 77.

Koba – see Stalin, I. V.

Kobylinskii, P. P. (born in 1847) – landowner, from 1906 – member of the State Council, one of the leaders of the Rights; by education a lawyer. Served in the department of the Ministry of Justice; from 1886 – Vice-Director of the Department. From 1890 – Chief Procurator of the III Department of the Senate. – 359–360, 372.

Kovalevskii, M. M. (1851–1916) – historian, political figure of bourgeois-liberal direction. From 1880 – professor of Moscow University. Was deputy of the I State Duma from Kharkov Province; later – member of the State Council. Was one of the founders of the Party of Democratic Reforms, standing to the right of the Cadets. In 1906–1907 published the newspaper "The Country"; from 1909 became owner and editor of the journal "Herald of Europe," took part in publishing the journal "Life's Questions."

Author of works: "Communal Land-Holding, Its Causes, Course, and Consequences of Its Dissolution," "Essays on the Origin and Development of the Family and Property," "The Origin of Modern Democracy," "Sociology," and others. – 62, 157, 245.

Kozlovskii, P. I. (born in 1874) – sanitary physician of the Vyborg District of Petersburg, had a practice at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor. Author of a number of medical works. – 355.

Kozminykh-Lanin, I. M. (born in 1874) – mechanical engineer. In 1913 was a factory inspector of Moscow Province, then taught at a number of Moscow higher educational institutions. Has works on labor statistics in Moscow Province. – 28–29, 30–38.

Kokovtsov, V. N. (1853–1943) – one of the prominent statesmen of tsarist Russia. From 1904 to 1914 (with a small break in 1905–1906) – Minister of Finance, and from 1911, after the assassination of Stolypin, simultaneously held the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers. During the first world war Kokovtsov – major banking figure. After the October Socialist Revolution – White émigré. – 243.

Kolb (Kolb), Wilhelm (1870–1918) – German social-democrat, outspoken opportunist and revisionist, editor of "Volksfreund" ("Friend of the People"). During the first world war – ardent social-chauvinist. – 175.

Conway (Conway), Michael (born in 1869) – member of the Independent Labor Party of England, by profession a teacher. From 1919 was member of the Executive Committee of the National Union of Teachers; in 1923–1924 was Chairman of this union. Repeatedly elected to the municipal council of the city of Bradford, where he headed the group of Labour supporters. – 123.

Korobka, N. I. (1872–1920) – historian of literature and critic, contributor to the Cadet liberal-bourgeois press; spoke against labor press. In 1910–1915 – member of the Petersburg City Duma. Collaborated in the journals "Russian Wealth," "Russian Thought," "Education" and others. – 61, 67.

Krupenski, P. N. (born in 1863) – deputy of the II, III, and IV State Dumas from Bessarabia Province, major landowner. In the IV Duma – one of the leaders of the center faction, member of budget commissions, commissions on military and naval affairs, executive, and others; spoke with pogrom speeches against the left parties. From 1910 to 1917 – Chamberlain of the Court. After the October Socialist Revolution aided foreign military intervention in southern Russia. – 329.

Kryukov, F. D. (1870–1920) – writer-publicist, Trudovik, deputy of the I State Duma from the Don region. Took part in organizing the party of "popular socialists" (Enesov). Collaborated in liberal-bourgeois journals "Northern Herald," "Russian Wealth" and in the newspapers "Russian News," "Son of the Fatherland," "Petersburg Gazette." – 365, 366, 368.

Kuznetsov, G. S. (born in 1881) – worker, Menshevik. Deputy of the III State Duma from Ekaterinoslav Province, was in the social-democratic faction. Member of the commission on the labor question. – 236.

Kuskova, E. D. (1869–1958) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the mid-90s, while abroad, drew close to the group "Emancipation of Labor," however soon under the influence of Bernsteinism took the path of revision of Marxism. The document written by Kuskova in the spirit of Bernsteinism, which received the name "Credo," most vividly expressed the opportunistic essence of "economism" and provoked sharp protest from the group of Russian Marxists headed by V. I. Lenin (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 4, pp. 163–176). On the eve of the 1905–1907 revolution Kuskova entered the liberal "Union for Emancipation." In 1906 together with S. N. Prokopovich published the semi-Cadet journal "Without a Title"; was an active contributor to the newspaper of the left Cadets "Comrade." After the October Socialist Revolution spoke against Soviet power. In 1922 was expelled abroad, where became an active figure of the White emigration. – 61, 67.

Kutler, N. N. (1859–1924) – prominent figure of the Cadet party; worked in the Ministry of Finance, later – Minister of Agriculture and Land Organization; member of the II and III State Dumas, one of the authors of the draft agrarian program of the Cadets. A detailed criticism of this draft and of Kutler's position V. I. Lenin gave in his works "Draft of a Speech on the Agrarian Question in the Second State Duma" and "The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907" (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 15, pp. 141–150; vol. 16, pp. 193–413).

After the October Socialist Revolution Kutler worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance. – 51, 55–56.

L

L-ko, F. – see Lenin, V. I.

L. M. – see Martov, L.

Lande, A. S. – see Izgoev, A. S.

Larin, Yu. (Lurye, M. A.) (1882–1932) – social-democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – active propagandist of liquidationism. Took part in the anti-party August Bloc, created in 1912 by Trotsky. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed the group of Menshevik-internationalists. In August 1917 was accepted into the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in Soviet and economic organizations. – 65, 180.

Lassalle (Lassalle), Ferdinand (1825–1864) – German petty-bourgeois socialist, founder of one of the varieties of opportunism in the German labor movement – Lassalleanism.

Lassalle was one of the founders of the General German Workers' Union (1863). The creation of the Union had positive significance for the labor movement; however, Lassalle, elected president of the Union, led it along the opportunistic path. The Lassalleans hoped through legal agitation for universal suffrage, through the creation of productive associations subsidized by the Junker state, to achieve the building of a "free people's state." Lassalle supported the policy of German unification "from above," under the hegemony of reactionary Prussia. The opportunistic policy of the Lassalleans was an obstacle to the activity of the I International and to the creation of a true workers' party in Germany, hindered the development of class consciousness among workers. The theoretical and political views of the Lassalleans were subjected to sharp criticism by the classics of Marxism-Leninism (see K. Marx. "Critique of the Gotha Program"; V. I. Lenin. "The State and Revolution" and other works). – 275.

Levitskii, V. (Tsederbaum, V. O.) (born in 1883) – social-democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of liquidationism; was in the Menshevik center, was among the Mensheviks who signed the "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party; edited the journal "Our Dawn," collaborated in "Voice of the Social-Democrat," "Renaissance," and in other Menshevik-liquidationist periodicals. During the first world war – a social-chauvinist, supported the extreme right group of defensists. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility, actively struggled against Soviet power; in 1920 was called as a defendant in the case of the counterrevolutionary "Tactical Center." Later engaged in literary work. – 180, 184, 185, 310, 334, 337, 338, 342.

Leder, V. L. (1882–1938) – one of the prominent activists of the Polish labor movement. From 1900 member of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPL). In 1904 entered the Warsaw Committee, and in 1905 – the Foreign Committee of the SDKPL. From 1905 to 1911 – member of the Main Board of the SDKPL. Repeatedly subjected to arrests. In 1908 in connection with government persecutions emigrated. From 1910 to 1911 – secretary of the Main Board of the SDKPL and representative of the SDKPL in the editorial board of the Central Organ of the RSDLP "Social-Democrat." Was in the Foreign Organizational and Technical Commissions. Supported the conciliators in their speeches against the Bolsheviks. During the first world war stood on social-chauvinist positions. In 1919–1920 took active part in the work of the Communist Workers' Party of Poland. From 1921 – responsible worker of the Comintern and of Profintern, active contributor to the Soviet press. – 289.

# BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

**Lenin, V. I.** {Ulyanov, V. I., Lenin, N., Ilyin, V., L-ko, F.) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 2, 15, 16, 45–46, 50, 57, 59, 64, 77, 80, 212, 277–278, 280, 292, 333, 334, 343, 379.

**Lansbury, George** (1859–1940) – one of the leaders of the English Labour Party. In 1892 joined the Social-Democratic Federation; in 1906 went over to the Labourites. In 1910–1912 and 1922–1940 served as a member of Parliament. In 1912–1922 edited and published the daily newspaper "The Daily Herald." In 1929–1931 – Minister of Public Works. In 1931–1935 – chairman of the Labour Party. – 127.

**Liber** (Goldman), M. I. (1880–1937) – one of the leaders of the Bund. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator; in 1912 an active figure in the anti-party August Bloc created by Trotsky. During the period of the first world war – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation; held a Menshevik position and was a supporter of a coalition government. Met the October Socialist revolution with hostility. Later engaged in economic work. – 292.

**Lipkin, F. A.** – see Cherevnin, N.

**Lloyd George, David** (1863–1945) – English statesman and diplomat, leader of the Liberal Party. From 1890 – member of Parliament. In 1905–1908 – Minister of Trade; in 1908–1915 – Minister of Finance. Played a prominent role in determining the political line of the English government aimed at preparing for the first world war. Spoke out against the revolutionary movement of the proletariat; through flattery, lies, and promises to the workers he attempted to delay or prevent the creation of a revolutionary party of the working class. V. I. Lenin wrote that "Lloyd George serves the bourgeoisie splendidly and serves it precisely among the workers, conducts its influence precisely in the proletariat, there where it is most necessary and most difficult to morally subject the masses to itself" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 23, p. 106). In 1916–1922 – Prime Minister; sought to strengthen the positions of English imperialism in the Near and Middle East, on the Balkans, brutally suppressed the national-liberation movement in the colonies and dependent countries. After the October Socialist revolution in Russia – one of the instigators and organizers of military intervention and blockade directed against the Soviet state. In 1922, after a series of political setbacks, submitted his resignation, but retained considerable political influence until the end of his life. – 39, 381, 382–383.

**Lunacharsky, A. V.** (1875–1933) – professional revolutionary, subsequently a prominent Soviet statesman. Entered the revolutionary movement in the early 1890s. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – a Bolshevik. Served on the editorial boards of the Bolshevik newspapers "Forward," "The Proletarian," and later "New Life." During the years of reaction he moved away from Marxism, participated in the anti-party group "Forward," and put forward the demand to unite Marxism with religion. During the first world war Lunacharsky stood on the positions of internationalism. In early 1917 he joined the group of "Inter-Raionists," and together with them was admitted to the party at the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b). After the October Socialist revolution, until 1929 – Commissar of Enlightenment; then chairman of the Scholarly Committee attached to the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. From 1930 – Academician. In August 1933 was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Spain. Author of several works on art and literature. – 280.

**Lurie, M. A.** – see Larin, Yu.

**Lvov, N. N.** (1867–1944) – landowner; by V. I. Lenin's definition – "a model of a traitor among the Cadets." One of the founders of the "Union of Liberation." In 1906 – member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party; later – one of the founders of the "Party of Peaceful Renewal." Member of the I, III, and IV State Dumas. In the III and IV Dumas spoke as one of the leaders of the Progressists. In 1917 was part of the leadership of the Union of Landowners. After the October Socialist revolution – a White Guard journalist; later – a White emigrant. – 327, 329.

**Luxemburg, Rosa** (1871–1919) – outstanding figure in the international labor movement, one of the leaders of the left wing of the II International. Began her revolutionary activity in the second half of the 1880s; was among the founders and leaders of the Social-Democratic Party of Poland and spoke out against nationalism in the ranks of the Polish labor movement. From 1897 actively participated in the German Social-Democratic movement and waged struggle against Bernsteinism and Millerandism. Luxemburg was a participant in the first Russian revolution (in Warsaw); in 1907 participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where she supported the Bolsheviks. However, during the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge Luxemburg took a conciliatory position toward the liquidators; in 1912 condemned in Polish Social-Democracy the so-called "Rozlamova" opposition, which stood closest to the Bolsheviks.

From the very beginning of the first world war she took an internationalist position. Was one of the initiators of creating the group "International" in Germany, which was subsequently renamed the group "Spartacus" and then the "Spartacus League." After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany, she took a leading part in the Founding Congress of the Communist Party of Germany. In January 1919 she was arrested and killed by order of the Scheidemann government. Lenin, who highly valued R. Luxemburg, repeatedly came forward with criticism of her errors, thereby helping her take the correct position. – 225, 291.

**M**

**M.** – see Maevsky, E.

**Maevsky, E.** (Gutoevsky, V. A., M.) (1875–1918) – Social-Democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator; collaborated in the journal "Our Dawn," the newspaper "Ray," and other organs of Menshevik liquidators. During the period of the first world war – a defensist. After the October Socialist revolution fought against Soviet power. – 342.

**Makarov, A. A.** (1857–1919) – a reactionary statesman of Tsarist Russia. In 1906 appointed Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. From 1907 – Senator and chairman of the commission for police reform. In 1911–1912 – Minister of Internal Affairs and Chief of the Gendarmes. In April 1912 spoke in the State Duma regarding the Lena events, in which, justifying those responsible for the shooting of workers, he said: "it was so and it will be so henceforth." In 1916 – Minister of Justice. – 132, 175, 219, 323.

**MacDonald, James Ramsay** (1866–1937) – English political figure, one of the founders and leaders of the Independent Labour Party and the Labour Party. Pursued an extremely opportunist policy, preached the reactionary theory of class collaboration and the gradual growth of capitalism into socialism. At the beginning of the first world war took a pacifist position; then moved to openly supporting imperialist bourgeoisie. In 1918–1920 attempted to hinder the struggle of English workers who spoke out against anti-Soviet intervention; pursued a policy of splitting the working class. In 1924 and in 1929–1931 MacDonald was Prime Minister. The Labour government of MacDonald suppressed the national-liberation movement in English colonies and pursued anti-working-class policies. In 1931–1935 MacDonald headed the so-called "National government," whose policies were determined by the Conservatives. – 175.

**Maklakov, V. A.** (born 1870) – right-wing Cadet, landowner, by profession a lawyer who appeared in many political trials. Deputy to the II, III, and IV State Dumas from Moscow, member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – ambassador of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Paris; later a White emigrant. – 90, 91, 214, 242, 243, 245, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 375, 383.

**Mac-Lachlan** – figure in the Independent Labour Party of England. – 125–126.

**Maletsky, A. M.** (1879–1937) – Social-Democrat, professional revolutionary. Participated in the revolutionary movement from the late 1890s. In 1904 worked in Lodz, then in Warsaw. In 1906 elected member of the Chief Board of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL). In 1907 participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP and the Stuttgart Congress of the II International. In 1909, disagreeing with the leadership of SDKPiL on a number of internal party questions, left the Chief Board. After the split of Polish Social-Democracy in 1912 was one of the leaders of the so-called "Rozlamova" opposition, which stood closest to the Bolsheviks, and editor of its organ – the "Workers' Gazette." Participant in the Basel Congress of the II International (1912) and the Brussels meeting convened by the International Socialist Bureau (1914). In 1921–1922 – head of the Information Bureau of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs; in 1922–1925 – secretary of the editorial board of the journal "Communist International"; in 1926–1935 – teacher in higher educational institutions, then scholarly consultant in the Philosophy Department of the Lenin State Library. – 45–46, 289, 292.

**Malinovsky, A. A.** – see Bogdanov, A.

**Malinovsky, R. V.** (1876–1918) – provocateur, secret agent of the Moscow Okhrana (secret police). In 1906, for mercenary purposes, joined the labor movement, served as a member of a workers' committee and secretary of the board of the metalworkers' union. From 1907 voluntarily provided information to the police; in 1910 was enrolled as a secret agent of the Tsarist Okhrana. In 1912 at the Prague Conference of the RSDLP was elected member of the Central Committee, was elected Deputy to the IV State Duma from the workers' curia of Moscow province, using for this purpose the services of the Okhrana, which removed unwanted persons from his path. In 1914 by the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs resigned his powers as a member of the State Duma and fled abroad. In 1918 came to Soviet Russia, was brought to trial and shot by the decision of the Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. – 243.

**Mansyrev, S. P.** (born 1866) – Prince, major landowner, Deputy to the IV State Duma from the city of Riga, Cadet. From 1890 to 1896 served as a tax inspector in Lifland Province under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In Riga was chairman of a number of liberal societies. In 1912–1913 collaborated in the organ of the Progressist Party newspaper "Russian Speech." – 162, 383.

**Markov, N. E.** (Markov II) (born 1876) – major landowner, reactionary political figure of Tsarist Russia, one of the leaders of the Black Hundreds pogrom organizations "Union of the Russian People" and the "Chamber of the Archangel Michael." Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Kursk Province. In the Duma – one of the leaders of the right wing. After the October Socialist revolution – a White emigrant. – 19, 20, 323, 371, 389.

**Marx, Karl** (1818–1883) – founder of scientific communism, brilliant thinker, leader and teacher of the international proletariat (see V. I. Lenin's article "Karl Marx (A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism)," Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, pp. 27–74). – 102, 103, 218, 125, 131, 153–154, 298.

**Martov, L.** (Tsederbaum, Y. O.) (1873–1923) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator; edited the newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat," participated in the anti-party August Conference (1912). During the period of the first world war held a centrist position. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed the group of Menshevik-Internationalists. After the October Socialist revolution spoke out against Soviet power. In 1920 emigrated to Germany; published in Berlin the counter-revolutionary Menshevik "Socialist Herald." – 9, 65, 236, 277, 278, 292, 310, 333, 334, 339, 342, 344.

**Martynov, A.** (Picker, A. S.) (1865–1935) – one of the leaders of "Economism," prominent Menshevik; later a member of the Communist Party. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator; was part of the editorial board of the organ of the liquidators newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat." During the first world war held a centrist position; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a Menshevik-Internationalist. After the October Socialist revolution broke with the Mensheviks. In 1923 at the XII Congress of the RCP(b) was admitted to the party and worked in the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels; from 1924 – member of the editorial board of the journal "Communist International." – 310.

**Maslov, P. P.** (1867–1946) – economist, Social-Democrat, author of a number of works on the agrarian question in which he attempted to revise Marxism. After the II Congress of the RSDLP went over to the Mensheviks; put forward the Menshevik program of municipalization of land. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator; during the period of the first world war – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist revolution withdrew from political activity and engaged in pedagogical and scholarly work. From 1929 – Academician. – 17.

**Meyendorff, A. F.** (born 1869) – Octobrist, landowner, by education a lawyer. From 1892 to 1907 served in the Senate, in the chancery of the State Council and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1902–1905 – Privatdozent at the University of St. Petersburg. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Lifland Province; during the first two sessions of the III Duma was Vice-Chairman. In 1919 emigrated abroad. – 322.

**Menshikov, M. O.** (1859–1919) – reactionary publicist, contributor to the Black Hundreds newspaper "New Times." V. I. Lenin called Menshikov "a faithful watchdog of the Tsar's Black Hundreds" (Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 20, p. 142). After the October Socialist revolution actively fought against Soviet power; in 1919 was shot for counter-revolutionary activity. – 88.

**Murray, Robert** (born 1870) – member of the Independent Labour Party of England, opportunist, by profession a journalist. Wrote on social, literary, and other questions. Member of the National Union of Journalists. In 1922–1924 – member of Parliament. – 125.

**Mershy, P. F.** (born 1877) – Deputy to the IV State Duma from Kievan Province, member of the Bureau of the special peasant group, aligned with the Nationalists. Before his election to the Duma served as a district zemstvo instructor on cooperation and as a volost (administrative district) clerk. From 1911 – district zemstvo deputy. – 216.

**Milyukov, P. N.** (1859–1943) – leader of the Cadet Party, prominent ideologue of Russian imperialist bourgeoisie, historian and publicist. From 1902 actively collaborated in the journal of liberals "Liberation," published abroad. In October 1905 – one of the founders of the Cadet Party; later chairman of its Central Committee and editor of the central organ – the newspaper "Speech." Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas. In 1917 – Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist revolution – one of the organizers of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia and an active figure in the White emigration. – 48, 55, 56, 62, 66, 75, 84, 92, 133–134, 146, 285, 323, 327, 328, 329, 330, 337, 349, 379, 382, 383.

**Mikhail** – Old Believer bishop, author of the article "The Penultimate and Last Stages," published in the newspaper "Speech" No. 230 of August 23 (September 5), 1912. – 81.

**Morgans** – family of billionaire bankers, representing one of the largest groups of financial oligarchy in the USA. The Morgan banking house was founded by Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890). Within the sphere of influence of the Morgan group are major banks, powerful insurance and railroad companies, enterprises of the military-metallurgical, aviation, and electrical industries, etc. The Morgans play an important role in determining the foreign and domestic policy of the USA. – 194, 214–215.

**N**

**Napoleon III** (Bonaparte, Louis) (1808–1873) – Emperor of France from 1852 to 1870, nephew of Napoleon I. After the defeat of the 1848 revolution was elected President of the French Republic; on the night of December 2, 1851 carried out a coup d'état. A characterization of Napoleon III is given in K. Marx's work "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" (see K. Marx and F. Engels. Collected Works, 2nd ed., vol. 8, pp. 115–217). – 203, 321.

**Naryshkin, A. A.** (1839–1916) – major landowner of Orel Province, reactionary. In 1892 was appointed governor of Podolsk; in 1894 – Deputy Minister of State Property. From 1898 – Senator; from 1906 – member of the State Council. Was Vice-Chairman of the Council of the United Nobility. – 55.

**Neznamov** – see Protopopov, V. V.

**Nekrasov, N. A.** (1821–1878) – great Russian poet, revolutionary democrat. V. I. Lenin highly valued Nekrasov's creative work and frequently used images from his works. – 83, 84.

**Nikolaev, N. N.** (born 1872) – landowner, Cadet, Deputy to the IV State Duma from the Kuban and Terek regions and the Black Sea Province. Served as an assistant secretary of the Yekaterinodara District Court; was a deputy of the city duma. From 1906 – chairman of the Kuban regional committee of the Cadet Party. – 162.

**Nicholas II** (Romanov) (1868–1918) – the last Russian Emperor, reigned from 1894 until the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917. On July 17, 1918 was shot in Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) by order of the Ural Regional Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. – 10, 137.

**Nikolay** – he – see Danielson, N. F.

**Nikolin, N.** (Andreev, N. N.) (born 1876) – Social-Democrat, in the 1890s participated in Marxist circles. While abroad in 1901–1905, aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. Upon returning to Russia participated in the work of Social-Democratic organizations and workers' clubs in St. Petersburg. From 1910 aligned with the Mensheviks, collaborated in the newspaper "Ray" and other publications of the liquidators. After the October Socialist revolution engaged in teaching work in a number of higher educational institutions in Leningrad. – 99–106.

**O**

**Oboliensky, V. A.** – Prince, major landowner, active figure in the Cadet Party. Collaborated in the Black Hundreds-Cadet journal "Russian Thought" and in the organ of the Progressists newspaper "Russian Speech." In 1917 – member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party. – 351–352, 383, 389.

**Orlovsky, P.** – see Borovsky, V. V.

**Oskarov** – see Isuyev, I. A.

**P**

**P.** – see Poletayev, N. G.

**Pams, Jules** (1852–1930) – French political figure, Radical, by profession a lawyer. From 1893 – member of the Chamber of Deputies, later Senator. In 1911–1913 – Minister of Agriculture. In 1913 put forward his candidacy for the Presidency of France but was defeated. In 1918–1919 – Minister of Internal Affairs. – 293.

**Panteleev, L. F.** (1840–1919) – writer, publicist, and public figure, participant in the revolutionary movement of the 1860s. From 1877 engaged in publishing activities, collaborated in a number of periodicals. Subsequently joined the Cadet Party. From 1910 – chairman of the committee of the Literary Fund. – 157.

**Peter I the Great** (1672–1725) – Russian Tsar from 1682 to 1725, first Emperor of all Russia. – 371.

**Peshekhonov, A. V.** (A. V. P.) (1867–1933) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the 1890s – liberal Populist, contributor and from 1904 – member of the editorial board of the journal "Russian Wealth"; collaborated in the liberal-monarchist journal "Liberation" and the Socialist-Revolutionary newspaper "Revolutionary Russia." From 1906 – one of the leaders of the petty-bourgeois "Party of People's Socialists" (Eneisty). In 1917 – Minister of Food Supply in the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist revolution fought against Soviet power; from 1922 – a White emigrant. – 172, 182, 304, 305, 306–307, 364, 365–366.

**Picker, A. S.** – see Martynov, A.

**Pirogov, N. I.** (1810–1881) – great Russian surgeon and anatomist, founder of military field surgery and surgical anatomy, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Participant in the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. Upon returning from the war in 1856 was appointed curator of the Odessa and then the Kiev educational districts. Sharply criticized the existing system of education, advocated general education, and spoke out against the limitation of educational rights based on social or national status. At the same time he held reactionary views on a number of questions, including tolerating corporal punishment of students. In 1861, for attempting to carry out educational reforms, was retired. In 1862 left the country, where he remained until 1866. Upon returning to Russia, went to the countryside, where he lived until the end of his life. Author of many scholarly works that brought him world fame. – 385.

**Plekhanov, G. V.** (1856–1918) – outstanding figure in Russian and international labor movement, first propagandist of Marxism in Russia. In 1883 created the first Russian Marxist organization in Geneva – the group "Emancipation of Labor." Plekhanov fought against Populism and spoke out against revisionism in the international labor movement. In the early 1900s was part of the editorial board of the newspaper "Spark" and the journal "Dawn."

From 1883 to 1903 Plekhanov wrote a number of works that played a great role in defending and propagating the materialist worldview: "Socialism and Political Struggle," "Our Disagreements," "On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History," "Essays on the History of Materialism," "On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History," and others. However, already at that time he had serious errors which became the seed of his future Menshevik views. After the II Congress of the RSDLP Plekhanov took a position of conciliation with opportunism and then went over to the Mensheviks. During the period of the first Russian revolution took the Menshevik position on all major questions. Condemned the December armed uprising of 1905. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge spoke out against the Machist revision of Marxism and liquidationism; headed the group of Menshevik-Partyists. During the first world war took the position of social-chauvinism. Returning after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 to Russia, headed the far-right group of Menshevik-Defensists "Unity," actively spoke out against the Bolsheviks and against the socialist revolution, holding that Russia was not ripe for the transition to socialism. Took a negative view of the October Socialist revolution, but did not participate in the struggle against Soviet power.

Lenin highly valued Plekhanov's philosophical works and his role in spreading Marxism in Russia; at the same time he sharply criticized Plekhanov for deviations from Marxism and major errors in political activity. – 9, 60, 176–177, 178, 179, 183, 230, 240, 280, 341, 394.

**Pokrovsky, I. P.** (born 1872) – Social-Democrat. Deputy to the III State Duma from the Kuban and Terek regions and the Black Sea Province, aligned with the Bolshevik part of the Social-Democratic faction. In 1910, as a representative of the Social-Democratic faction of the III Duma, joined the editorial board of the Bolshevik legal newspaper "Star." – 162, 198, 236, 336, 337.

**Poletayev, N. G.** (P.) (1872–1930) – Social-Democrat, Bolshevik, by profession a worker-lathe operator. In the 1890s participated in workers' circles. Repeatedly subjected to imprisonment. In 1905 – member of the Executive Committee of the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies. Deputy to the III State Duma from St. Petersburg Province; was part of the Social-Democratic faction of the Duma. Took an active part in the publication of the Bolshevik newspapers "Star" and "Pravda." After the October Socialist revolution was engaged in economic work. – 236, 342.

**Polansky, N. S.** – author of the article "Homestead or Community? (Letters from the Village)," published in the newspaper "Pravda" No. 118 of September 15, 1912. – 97–98.

**Potresov, A. P.** (1869–1934) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – ideologue of liquidationism, played a leading role in the journals "Renaissance," "Our Dawn," and other organs of Menshevik liquidators. During the first world war – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist revolution emigrated; abroad collaborated in Kerensky's weekly "Days," spoke out with attacks on Soviet Russia. – 310.

**Pottier, Eugène** (1816–1887) – French poet, active figure in the labor movement and the I International, author of the proletarian hymn "The Internationale." – 273–274, 276.

**Priedkalni, A. Ya.** (1873–1923) – Latvian Social-Democrat, by profession a physician. In 1907 was elected to the III State Duma, was part of the Social-Democratic faction, aligned with the Bolsheviks. Collaborated in the Bolshevik newspapers "Star" and "Pravda." After the October Socialist revolution engaged in scientific work in the field of medicine, directed a children's city hospital in Riga. – 162, 236, 336, 337.

**Prokopovich, S. N.** (1871–1955) – bourgeois economist and publicist. In the late 1890s – prominent representative of "Economism," one of the first preachers of Bernsteinism in Russia. Later an active member of the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation." In 1906 – member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party. Editor-publisher of the semi-Cadet, semi-Menshevik journal "Without a Title." In 1917 – Minister of Food Supply in the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist revolution was expelled from the USSR for anti-Soviet activity. – 62.

**Protopopov, V. V.** (Neznamov) (1866–1916) – dramatist and journalist of a bourgeois-liberal tendency. Collaborated in periodicals: "News," "Petrograd Gazette," "Stock Exchange News," "New Times." From 1903 – director of the Literary-Artistic Society. In 1915 founded the "Financial Gazette." Author of many plays. – 219.

**Protopopov, D. D.** (born 1865) – publicist, member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party. Deputy to the I State Duma from Samara Province. Publisher of the biweekly journal "Zemstvo Affairs," contributor to "Russian News" and other publications. Took a hostile position toward the October revolution and Soviet power. In 1920 was convicted in the so-called "Tactical Center" case. – 245.

**Poincaré, Raymond** (1860–1934) – French bourgeois political figure, by profession a lawyer. In 1887 first elected to the Chamber of Deputies. From 1893 repeatedly served in the French government; was a spokesman for the most aggressive circles of French bourgeoisie. In 1912 became Prime Minister, and from 1913 to 1920 was President of France. In these positions showed himself as an active supporter of preparations for war, for which he earned the nickname "Poincaré the War." After the October Socialist revolution supported the actions of all anti-Soviet forces against Soviet Russia; one of the organizers of foreign military intervention. In 1922–1924 and 1926–1929 – Prime Minister of France. His policy was characterized by sharp anti-Soviet direction, encroachment on the vital rights and democratic freedoms of French working people, and persecution of French Communists. – 293–294.

**Purishkevich, V. M.** (1870–1920) – major landowner, fervent reactionary and Black Hundreds member, monarchist. Was one of the initiators of creating the Black Hundreds "Union of the Russian People"; in 1907 left this union and formed a new monarchist counter-revolutionary organization – the "Chamber of the Archangel Michael." Deputy to the II, III, and IV State Dumas from Bessarabia Province; acquired wide notoriety through his pogrom and anti-Semitic speeches in the Duma. After the October Socialist revolution actively fought against Soviet power. – 19, 20–21, 48, 66, 75, 105, 117, 118–119, 131, 163, 164, 174–175, 244–245, 245–246, 302–303, 305, 315, 317, 321, 323–324, 337, 345, 368, 389.

**Pflüger, Paul Bernhard** (born 1865) – Swiss Social-Democrat, opportunist. In 1898–1923 – member of the Zurich city magistrate, was simultaneously a cantonal councilor (1899–1920) and national councilor (1911–1917). During the years of the first world war – a social-chauvinist. – 77.

**R**

**R-koe, P.** – see Rozhkov, N. A.

**Rodzianko, M. V.** (1859–1924) – major landowner, one of the leaders of the Octobrist Party, monarchist. From March 1911 – chairman of the III and then IV State Duma; supported the Tsarist government in the struggle against the revolutionary movement. During the period of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 organized a counter-revolutionary center – the Temporary Committee of the State Duma, and then a "private meeting" of members of the State Duma. Was one of the chief figures in Kornilov's conspiracy. After the October Socialist revolution fled to Denikin, attempted to unite all counter-revolutionary forces for struggle against Soviet power; later emigrated. – 208, 285, 286, 323, 326, 328–329, 330, 376.

**Rozhkov, P. A.** (R-kov, N.) (1868–1927) – historian and publicist. In early 1905 joined the RSDLP; for some time aligned with the Bolsheviks. After the defeat of the 1905–1907 revolution became one of the ideological leaders of liquidationism; collaborated in the journal "Our Dawn," edited the newspaper of the Menshevik-liquidator trend "New Siberia." After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 Rozhkov was part of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks, for several months was Deputy Minister of Posts and Telegraphs in the bourgeois Provisional Government. Took a hostile position toward the October Socialist revolution. During the period of foreign military intervention and civil war fought against Soviet power. In 1922 broke with the Mensheviks. In subsequent years was engaged in scholarly-pedagogical and administrative work in various institutions. Author of a number of works on Russian history. – 184.

**Rozanov, V. V.** (1856–1919) – reactionary philosopher, publicist, and critic, contributor to the newspapers "Moscow News," "New Times," and the journal "Russian Messenger." Preached idealism and mysticism, spoke in defense of autocracy. – 83, 88.

**Rockefellers** – family of major financial magnates in the USA. The founder of the dynasty – John Davison Rockefeller (1839–1937) created the "Standard Oil" trust, which monopolized the petroleum industry of the USA. At the present time the Rockefellers are one of the main financial-monopolist groups of the USA; play an important role in determining the foreign and domestic policy of the country. – 194, 214–215.

**Romanovs** – dynasty of Russian Tsars and Emperors who reigned from 1613 to 1917. – 136, 252.

**Ropshin, V.** – see Savinkov, B. V.

**Roosevelt, Theodore** (1858–1919) – American statesman. Belonged to the Republican Party. In 1897–1898 – Assistant Secretary of the Navy. In 1897–1900 – governor of the State of New York. In 1901–1909 – President of the USA. Roosevelt was one of the most influential representatives of the monopolies of the USA and an ideologue of American imperialism. The government of Theodore Roosevelt pursued an arms race and aggressive foreign policy toward the countries of Latin America (seizure of the Panama Canal zone in 1903, occupation of Cuba in 1906–1909). In 1912 Roosevelt was one of the creators of the National Progressive Party of the USA, which put forward his candidacy for the presidency. In the 1912 presidential elections he ran with a program of bourgeois reformism and was defeated. During the first world war demanded the speedy entry of the USA into the war. – 109, 192, 193, 194, 212, 213.

**Ryabushinsky, P. P.** (born 1871) – major Moscow banker and industrialist, one of the chief figures of counter-revolution. Took active part in creating the bourgeois party of Progressists, published the newspaper "Morning of Russia," which expressed the interests of big bourgeoisie. In August 1917 threatened to strangle the revolution with the "bony hand of famine," was one of the instigators and organizers of Kornilov's conspiracy. After the triumph of the Great October Socialist revolution emigrated to France, where conducted counter-revolutionary activity against the Soviet state. – 90–91, 131.

**S**

**S. V.** – see Volsky, S.

**Sabler** (Desyatovsky), V. K. (born 1847) – landowner, Black Hundreds member, prominent Tsarist official, by profession a lawyer. In 1872–1873 taught at the University of Moscow. Later served as director of the chancery and Deputy Procurator of the Synod; was a Senator and member of the State Council. From 1911 to 1915 – Procurator of the Synod. – 132.

**Savin, Ant.** – see Shimanovsky, A. B.

**Savinkov, B. V.** (Ropshin, V.) (1879–1925) – prominent figure in the party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, one of the leaders of its "Combat Organization." After the February revolution of 1917 – Deputy Minister of War and then military governor-general of Petrograd; by his initiative the death penalty was introduced at the front. After the October Socialist revolution – organizer of a number of counter-revolutionary uprisings and military intervention against the Soviet republic. In 1924 illegally came to the USSR, was arrested. The Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced Savinkov to death; by a decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR the death penalty was commuted to imprisonment for 10 years. In 1925, while in prison, committed suicide.

Savinkov wrote several novels infused with mysticism under the pseudonym V. Ropshin – "The Pale Horse," "What Never Was," and others, as well as autobiographical "Memoirs of a Terrorist." – 306.

**Sazonov, S. D.** (1861–1927) – prominent diplomat of Tsarist Russia, spokesman for the interests of large landowners and capitalists, supporter of strengthening the Entente. From 1904 held a number of diplomatic posts in Europe; in 1909 appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1910–1916 – Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1916 was appointed Ambassador to London. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 supported the counter-revolutionary policy of the Provisional Government. After the October Socialist revolution was a representative of Kolchak and then Denikin in Paris, where he remained in emigration. – 138, 146–149.

**Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E.** (Shchedrin, N.) (1826–1889) – great Russian satirical writer, revolutionary democrat. In his works he subjected the autocratic-serf system of Russia to devastating criticism, created a whole gallery of images of tyrannical landowners, representatives of Tsarist bureaucracy, cowardly liberals, and was the first in Russian artistic literature to depict types of bourgeois predators. Lenin called the image of the main character of the novel "The Golovlyov Family" – Judushka Golovlyev – immortal and repeatedly used, as well as other images from Saltykov-Shchedrin's works, in his own works to expose social groups and political parties hostile to the people. K. Marx highly valued the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin. – 84.

**Severianin, A.** (Bykov, A. N.) (1860–1919) – Cadet, by education a technologist-engineer. From 1889 to 1906 was a factory inspector. Collaborated in bourgeois-liberal organs: "Russian News," "Russian Word," "Messenger of Europe," and others. Author of books: "After 10 Years of Practice," "Among the Black Earth Fields," "Factory Legislation and Its Development in Russia." – 94.

**Silyakov, T. T.** (1887–1912) – one of the leaders of the planned armed uprising on the vessels of the Black Sea Fleet in 1912. Served in the fleet from 1908. Shot by court-martial in Sevastopol. – 1.

**Smillie, Robert** (1857–1940) – figure in the English labor movement. From early childhood worked in factories, from the age of 17 – in the mines. In 1894–1918 and 1921–1940 was chairman of the union of Scottish coal miners. In 1912–1921 – chairman of the federation of coal miners of Great Britain. Under his leadership in 1912 a major strike of coal miners was carried out. During the first world war – a pacifist. In 1923–1929 – member of Parliament. In 1928 – member of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress, aligned with its left wing. – 39.

**Snowden, Phillip** (1864–1937) – English political figure, representative of the right wing of the Independent Labour Party, a member of which he had been for 34 years (until 1927), one of the leaders of the Labour Party. In 1903–1906 and 1917–1920 was chairman of the Independent Labour Party. From 1906 – member of Parliament. During the first world war – a centrist; stood for coalition with the bourgeoisie. In the Cabinet of MacDonald in 1924, and also in 1929–1931 – Chancellor of the Exchequer. A fierce opponent of communism. Author of a number of works on the labor movement of England. – 127.

**Sokolov, A. V.** – see Volsky, S.

**Stalin, I. V.** (Dzhugashvili, I. V., Stalin, K., Koba) (1879–1953) – one of the prominent figures of the Russian and international revolutionary labor movement, the Communist Party, and the Soviet state. Joined the RSDLP in 1898; after the II Congress of the party – a Bolshevik. Conducted party work in Tiflis, Batumi, Baku, and St. Petersburg. In January 1912 was inducted into the Central Committee elected at the VI (Prague) Conference of the RSDLP; participated in editing the Bolshevik newspaper "Pravda." During the period of preparation and conduct of the October Socialist revolution was part of the Military-Revolutionary Center created by the Central Committee of the party to prepare the uprising. At the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets was elected to the Council of People's Commissars, where he headed the People's Commissariat for Nationalities. During the period of foreign military intervention and civil war was a member of the Revolutionary War Council of the Republic and served on various fronts. In 1922 was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b).

Stalin played a large role in the realization of Lenin's plan for industrializing the USSR and the collectivization of agriculture, in the struggle for building socialism, for the independence of the Soviet country, and for the strengthening of peace; he is largely responsible for the ideological struggle against the enemies of Leninism – Trotskyists, right opportunists, and bourgeois nationalists. From 1941 Stalin was Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR. During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) – Chairman of the State Committee of Defense, People's Commissar of Defense, and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

In Stalin's activity, along with the positive, there was also a negative aspect. Occupying the most important party and state posts, Stalin permitted gross violations of Leninist principles of collective leadership and of the norms of party life, violations of socialist legality, and unjustified mass repressions against prominent statesmen, political and military figures of the Soviet Union and other honest Soviet people.

The Party decisively condemned and ended the cult of Stalin's personality, which was alien to Marxism-Leninism, and its consequences; approved the work of the Central Committee in restoring and developing the Leninist principles of leadership and the norms of party life in all areas of party, state, and ideological work; took measures to prevent such errors and distortions in the future. – 240–241, 393.

**Stishinskiy, A. S.** (born 1857) – Tsarist official, reactionary, zealous defender of the interests of landowners. From 1873 to 1882 served in the state chancery, then in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. From 1896 – Deputy State Secretary; in 1899–1904 – Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. In the Goremykin government was chief administrator of land settlement and agriculture. One of the instigators of the Black Hundreds "Union of the Russian People." From 1904 – member of the State Council. – 295.

**Stolypin, P. A.** (1862–1911) – statesman of Tsarist Russia, major landowner. In 1906–1911 – Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs. His name is connected with a period of the most severe political reaction with widespread application of capital punishment for the purpose of suppressing the revolutionary movement (Stolypin's reaction of 1907–1910). Stolypin carried out an agrarian reform with the aim of creating in the persons of the kulaks a support for Tsarist autocracy in the countryside. However, his attempt to strengthen autocracy through carrying out certain reforms from above in the interests of the bourgeoisie and landowners ended in failure. In 1911 Stolypin was killed in Kiev by the Socialist-Revolutionary Bogrov. – 16–21, 66, 86, 323.

**Struve, P. B.** (1870–1944) – bourgeois economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the Cadet Party. In the 1890s – the most prominent representative of "Legal Marxism," put forward "supplements" and "criticism" of the economic and philosophical teaching of K. Marx, and attempted to adapt Marxism and the labor movement to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Struve was one of the theoreticians and organizers of the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation" (1903–1905) and editor of its illegal organ – the journal "Liberation." With the creation of the Cadet Party in 1905 – member of its Central Committee. One of the ideologues of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist revolution – a fierce enemy of Soviet power, member of the counter-revolutionary government of Wrangel, a White emigrant. – 82, 84, 86, 88, 90–91, 94, 245, 383.

**Suvorin, A. S.** (1834–1912) – reactionary journalist and publisher. From 1876 to 1912 owner-publisher of the corrupt bourgeois newspaper "New Times" – organ of reactionary noble and bureaucratic circles. Began his journalistic activity in provincial newspapers, moved to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg, collaborated in "Notes of the Fatherland" and "The Contemporary"; from 1876 sharply turned toward reaction. – 43–44, 89.

**Sudakov, P. I.** (1878–1950) – member of the RSDLP from 1897. In 1899–1905 and 1911–1913 worked as a fitter at the factory of the Joint-Stock Company "Creighton and Co." in St. Petersburg. In 1912, with his election as delegate for the elections to the IV State Duma, went over to the Mensheviks. In 1914 broke with the Mensheviks and returned to the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist revolution was chairman of the extraordinary commission for supplying the Red Army; chairman of the Council of the National Economy of the Northern District. From 1921 to 1924 worked in the Supreme Council of the National Economy as chairman of the Chief Metallurgy Administration. In subsequent years occupied administrative-economic posts in the Military-Industrial Administration and the State Planning Commission of the RSFSR. – 144–145.

Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) – a prominent Chinese revolutionary-democrat and statesman. A physician by profession. In 1894 he founded the revolutionary organization Xingzhonghui (Society for the Restoration of China), which aimed at the violent overthrow of the Manchu dynasty. In 1905 Sun Yat-sen reorganized Xingzhonghui into a more mass-based organization – Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance) with a broader revolutionary program. The new organization's program was founded on three principles developed by Sun Yat-sen: nationalism (overthrow of the Manchu dynasty), people's rule (establishment of a republic), and people's welfare (equalization of rights to land). Lenin highly valued the revolutionary-democratic essence of this program, while at the same time criticizing some of Sun Yat-sen's erroneous Populist views. Tongmenghui was the principal political organization that prepared the 1911 revolution in China. However, Chinese democracy under Sun Yat-sen's leadership failed to mobilize and organize the broad masses of the people in the course of the revolution, failed to advance and implement a consistent anti-imperialist and anti-feudal program. Sun Yat-sen, elected provisional president of the republic, resigned from this post in February 1912. On the basis of the Tongmenghui organization, the Guomindang party was formed in August 1912. Sun Yat-sen was elected chairman of the party.

In subsequent years Sun Yat-sen continued his struggle against internal reaction and foreign imperialists. Sun Yat-sen welcomed the October socialist revolution, which exerted great influence on his worldview, and called for the establishment of friendly relations between China and Soviet Russia. For the purpose of creating a national united front for the struggle for independence and democratization of the country, Sun Yat-sen actively advocated cooperation between the Guomindang and the Communist Party of China. – 66, 190.

Surkov, P. I. (1876–1946) – social-democrat, Bolshevik, a textile worker by profession. Deputy to the Third State Duma from the workers of Kostroma province. Contributed to the legal Bolshevik newspaper "Zvezda," published in Petersburg. After the October socialist revolution – non-party; worked in various Soviet institutions. – 236.

Sukhanov, N. (Gimmer, N. I.) (born 1882) – economist and publicist of petty-bourgeois tendencies. Initially a Populist, then, joining the Mensheviks, attempted to combine Populism with Marxism. V. I. Lenin wrote that "Mr. Sukhanov is nothing other than a bourgeois obscuring the class antagonism between workers and employers" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 20, p. 430). During the First World War he declared himself an internationalist. In 1917 he was elected a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet; contributed to the newspaper "Novaya Zhizn" and actively supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. Until 1920 he belonged to L. Martov's Menshevik group; worked in Soviet economic bodies and institutions. In 1931 he was convicted as a leader of an underground Menshevik organization. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Sukhanov's Menshevik views in his works (see "Methods of Struggle of Bourgeois Intellectuals Against Workers," Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 20, pp. 425–454; "On Our Revolution (Concerning N. Sukhanov's Notes)," Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 33, pp. 436–439; and others). – 306, 365.

T

Tagiyev, Haji Zeynal Abudin (1838–1925) – a major Azerbaijani capitalist. At Tagiyev's enterprises, owing to brutal exploitation of workers, strikes frequently broke out. In 1912 he was brought to trial on the charge of cruel treatment of his employee, engineer Bebutov. – 91.

Tan (Bogoraz, V. G.) (1865–1936) – writer-publicist, ethnographer and linguist. In 1905 he participated in the creation of the Peasant Union. In 1906 he was one of the organizers of the petty-bourgeois party of "national socialists" (Eneses), contributed to the newspaper "Rodnaya Zemlya." During the First World War – a defensist. After the October socialist revolution – professor at Leningrad State University; subsequently – director of the Museum of the History of Religion of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – 302.

Taft (Taft), William Howard (1857–1930) – American statesman and political figure, a lawyer by profession. In 1901–1904 – governor of the Philippine Islands. In 1904–1908 – War Secretary, brutally suppressed the uprising in Cuba in 1906. In 1908 he was elected President of the USA from the Republican Party. As president, Taft pursued a policy of protectionism, brutally suppressed the labor movement within the country, proclaimed and implemented "dollar diplomacy," aimed at subjugating other countries to American monopolies, widely using methods of military-political pressure and direct armed intervention (intervention in Nicaragua). In 1912 he again ran as a candidate for president but was defeated. In 1921–1930 – Chairman of the Supreme Court of the USA. – 109, 192.

Tolmachev, I. N. (born 1863) – general of the Tsarist army, an active figure in the Black Hundred organization "Union of the Russian People." In 1907–1911 – Odessa city governor, brutally persecuted workers' organizations, progressive press, and encouraged murders of revolutionaries and Jewish pogroms. The administrative arbitrariness and lawlessness permitted by Tolmachev assumed such a scandalous character that it forced the Tsarist government to remove him from office in 1911. – 332.

Thorne (Thome), Bill (1857–1946) – figure of the English labor movement. From 1884 he participated in the work of the Social-Democratic Federation of England; from 1889 – general secretary of the national union of gas workers and general laborers. In 1906 he was elected to Parliament, of which he remained a deputy until 1945. During the First World War was a defensist; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 came to Russia and conducted agitation for the continuation of the imperialist war. Subsequently remained on the right flank of the English labor movement. – 358.

Treshchenkov, N. V. (1875–1915) – one of the organizers of the massacre of workers at the Lena goldfields in April 1912, gendarme captain, chief of the local police. – 174, 287.

Trotsky (Bronstein), L. D. (1879–1940) – the bitterest enemy of Leninism. During the years of reaction and a new revolutionary upsurge, masking himself with a veil of "non-factionalism," he actually stood on the positions of the liquidators. In 1912 he was the organizer of the anti-party August Bloc. During the First World War he occupied a centrist position, waged struggle against V. I. Lenin on questions of war, peace, and revolution. Returning after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 from emigration, he joined the group of "inter-raionists" and together with them at the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b) was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October socialist revolution he held a number of state posts. In 1918 he opposed the Brest Peace; in 1920–1921 he headed the opposition in the trade-union discussion; from 1923 he waged bitter factional struggle against the party's general line, against Lenin's program of building socialism, preaching the impossibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR. The Communist Party, having exposed Trotskyism as a petty-bourgeois deviation in the party, smashed it both ideologically and organizationally. In 1927 Trotsky was expelled from the party; in 1929 for anti-Soviet activity he was exiled from the USSR and in 1932 was deprived of Soviet citizenship. While abroad, he continued his struggle against the Soviet state and the Communist Party, against the international communist movement. – 7, 10, 170, 172, 175, 183, 184, 185, 292, 361–362, 396.

Tugan-Baranovsky, M. I. (1865–1919) – Russian bourgeois economist, in the 1890s – a prominent representative of "legal Marxism." During the revolution of 1905–1907 – a member of the Cadet party. After the October socialist revolution – an active figure of counter-revolution in Ukraine, Minister of Finance of the bourgeois Ukrainian Central Rada. Tugan-Baranovsky's principal works of the 1890s: "Industrial Crises in Modern England, Their Causes and Effects on Public Life" (1894), "The Russian Factory in the Past and Present" (1898), and others. – 153–154.

Tyszka (Tyszka), Jan (Jogichess, Leo) (1867–1919) – prominent figure of the Polish and German labor movement. Was one of the founders of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and a member of the Main Board of this party. From 1900 – member of the Main Board of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. Waged struggle against revisionism in the international labor movement, spoke out against nationalism, defending the necessity of joint struggle by the Polish and Russian proletariat. Took active part in the revolution of 1905–1907. Participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, at which he was elected to the Central Committee. During the years of reaction Tyszka, condemning the liquidators, nonetheless adopted in a number of cases a conciliatory position toward them. In 1912 he spoke out against the decisions of the Prague Conference. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Tyszka's activities during this period. During the First World War Tyszka, while in Germany, participated in the work of German social-democracy, stood on internationalist positions; was one of the organizers of the "Spartacus League." In 1916–1918 he was in prison. After his liberation by the November revolution of 1918, he participated in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany and was elected secretary of its Central Committee. In March 1919 he was arrested and then murdered in a Berlin prison. – 223–227, 229, 288–292.

F

F. D. – see Dan, F. I.

Falborg, G. A. (1864–1942) – prominent figure in public education and the zemstvo movement, one of the founders of the Pedagogical Academy in Petersburg. Was a member of the central bureau of the "Union of Unions." In 1912 Falborg participated in the preparation and voting on a resolution of the Petersburg City Duma on the Balkan War. This resolution V. I. Lenin called "a specimen of bourgeois chauvinism." During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October socialist revolution worked as chairman of the State Planning Commission of Abkhazia; subsequently returned to Leningrad. Author of several works on public education. – 151, 157.

Firsov, K. K. (born 1864) – deputy to the Fourth State Duma from Astrakhan province, member of the Bureau of the Special Peasant Group, a private attorney, of peasant origin. Before his election to the Duma engaged in agriculture and horticulture. – 216.

Vogelsanger (Vogelsanger), Johann Jacob (1849–1923) – Swiss social-democrat, opportunist. In 1878–1892 – editor of the newspaper "Grütlianer" ("The Grütlian"). In 1890–1905 – national councillor in Zurich; in 1892–1919 – member of the Zurich magistrate. – 77.

Frank (Frank), Ludwig (1874–1914) – German social-democrat, one of the leaders of the revisionists, a social-chauvinist, a lawyer by profession. From 1907 – member of the Reichstag. At the Magdeburg Party Congress (1910) spoke in favor of voting for military credits. At the beginning of the First World War joined the army as a volunteer, killed at the front. – 175.

Fürstenberg, Y. S. – see Ganetsky, Y. S.

KH

Khvostov, A. N. (1872–1918) – a major landowner. Was assistant prosecutor of the Moscow District Court, vice-governor of Tula. In 1906–1910 – governor of Vologda, and subsequently of Nizhny Novgorod. Became widely known for his Black Hundred activities. Deputy to the Fourth State Duma from Orel province. In the Duma was one of the leaders of the right faction. In 1915–1916 – Minister of Internal Affairs and head of the corps of gendarmes. – 175, 245–246, 332.

Hayes (Hayes), Max (born 1866) – figure of the American labor movement, publicist. From 1892 edited the newspaper "Cleveland Citizen," which from 1896 became a trade-union organ. In 1900 – one of the leaders of the Socialist Labor Party of the USA. In 1902 was elected to the National Convention of the American Federation of Labor. For many years held various posts in trade-union and socialist organizations. Hayes adhered to reformist views, considered the growth of monopolies an inevitable stage in the country's economic development, which posed no threat to the labor movement and which would supposedly facilitate the transition to socialism. Author of several works on the labor movement in America. – 231.

Khrapovitsky, A. P. – see Antony of Volyn.

TS

Tsederbaum, V. O. – see Levitsky, V.

Tsederbaum, S. O. (Avgustovsky, Ezhov, V.) (1879–1939) – social-democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and a new revolutionary upsurge – an active liquidator, participated in Menshevik-liquidator newspapers and journals. During the First World War – a defensist. After the October socialist revolution withdrew from political activity. – 180, 284, 292, 310.

Tsederbaum, Yu. O. – see Martov, L.

CH

Cherevanin, N. (Lipkin, F. A.) (1868–1938) – one of the leaders of Menshevism, an extreme liquidator. Contributor to liquidator publications; among 16 Mensheviks signed in 1910 an "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party. After the August anti-party conference of 1912 – member of the Menshevik center (OK). During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. In 1917 one of the editors of "Rabochaya Gazeta" – the central organ of the Mensheviks and member of the Menshevik Central Committee. Took a hostile stance toward the October socialist revolution. – 332, 337, 339, 340, 342.

Chernyshevsky, N. G. (1828–1889) – a great Russian revolutionary democrat and utopian socialist, scholar, writer, literary critic; one of the outstanding precursors of Russian social-democracy. Chernyshevsky was the ideological inspiration and leader of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1860s in Russia. The journal "Sovremennik" which he edited was the voice of the revolutionary forces of Russia. Chernyshevsky spoke out with angry denunciation of the serf-owning character of the "peasant reform" of 1861, calling on peasants to rise in rebellion. In 1862 he was arrested by the Tsarist government and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he spent about two years, and was then sentenced to seven years of hard labor and eternal exile in Siberia. Chernyshevsky spent more than 20 years in exile. Until the end of his days he remained a passionate fighter against social inequality, against all manifestations of political and economic oppression.

Chernyshevsky wrote a series of brilliant works in the fields of political economy, history, ethics, and aesthetics. His literary-critical works had enormous influence on the development of Russian literature and art. Generations of revolutionaries in Russia and abroad were educated on Chernyshevsky's novel "What Is to Be Done?" – 43, 84, 304.

Chkheidze, N. S. (1864–1926) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Tiflis province, headed the Menshevik faction of the Fourth Duma. Lenin called Chkheidze a "semi-party social-democrat," who showed in the Duma "his skill in covering up opportunists and serving them." During the First World War – a centrist. During the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, a defensist. Chkheidze was chairman of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation, actively supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October socialist revolution – chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia – a counter-revolutionary Menshevik government. In 1921, after the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, emigrated to Paris. – 236.

Chkhenkeli, A. I. (born 1874) – social-democrat, Menshevik, a lawyer by profession. During the years of reaction and a new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator. Deputy to the Fourth State Duma from Batumi and Kars regions and Sukhumi district. In the Duma was part of the Menshevik seven of the social-democratic faction, and subsequently the Menshevik faction, defended cultural-national autonomy – a bourgeois-nationalist program for the resolution of the national question. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – representative of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Transcaucasia. In 1918–1921 – Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Menshevik government of Georgia, subsequently a White émigré. – 263, 393.

SH

Shagov, N. R. (1882–1918) – an active participant in the revolutionary movement, Bolshevik, deputy to the Fourth State Duma from Kostroma province, a textile worker by profession. In the Duma was part of the Bolshevik six of the social-democratic faction, and subsequently the Bolshevik faction. Participated in the Krakow and Poronin meetings of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers. In 1914, together with other members of the Duma's Bolshevik faction, was arrested and exiled to eternal exile in Siberia, from which he returned only in 1917. – 361.

Shimanovsky, A. B. (Savin, Ant.) (born 1878) – publicist, an agronomist by profession. In 1904 joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, conducted agitation work in Riga and Petersburg. In 1909 was elected a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Subsequently broke with the SRs and joined the Menshevik-liquidators, contributed to their organ "Nasha Zarya." After 1912 withdrew from political activity. During the years of Soviet power worked in the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. – 9.

Shipov, D. N. (1851–1920) – a major landowner, prominent figure of the zemstvo movement, one of the organizers of the October party and chairman of its Central Committee. In 1906 he left the "Union of October 17" and became one of the leaders of the party of "peaceful renewal"; that same year was elected a member of the State Council. Met the October revolution with hostility, was one of the leaders of the counter-revolutionary White Guard organization "National Center." – 245.

Shurkhanov, V. E. (born 1876) – worker, deputy to the Third State Duma from Kharkov province. Member of the social-democratic faction. Contributed to the Bolshevik newspaper "Zvezda" and to the liquidator newspaper "Zhivoe Delo." From 1913, as was later revealed, was a secret agent of the security police. – 236.

SHCH

Shchedrin, N. – see Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E.

Shchepetev, A. – Cadet-Black Hundredist, publicist. Contributed to the newspaper "Russkaya Mysl." – 82, 87, 88, 90–92, 94, 95.

E

Edward VII (1841–1910) – King of England (1901–1910). – 297.

Engels (Engels), Friedrich (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of the international proletariat, friend and comrade of K. Marx (see V. I. Lenin's article "Friedrich Engels," Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1–14). – 120.

Erismann (Erismann), Max (1847–1923) – Swiss social-democrat, opportunist. For a long time was a member of the city magistrate of Zurich. Subsequently colonel of artillery. – 77, 78.

Étienne (Etienne), Eugène (1844–1921) – French political and statesman. From 1887 to 1892 – assistant secretary of state of the Ministry of Colonies. Subsequently was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies of France from Oran. In 1905 – Minister of Internal Affairs; in 1906 – War Minister. In 1913 in Briand's cabinet was again appointed War Minister. Was a major financial operator, enriching himself through shady financial machinations in the colonies. – 297.

YA

Jagiello (Jagiello), E. I. (born 1873) – figure of the Polish labor movement, member of the PPS-"Left," a machine-operator by profession. In 1912, during elections to the Fourth State Duma, by the bloc of the PPS-"Left" and the Bund, Jagiello was put forward as a candidate for deputy to the Duma and, despite protests by Polish social-democrats, was elected. By the votes of the Menshevik "seven," in defiance of sharp protests by the Bolsheviks, Jagiello was admitted to the Duma's social-democratic faction. After the end of the First World War gravitated toward the left wing of the Polish labor movement; subsequently withdrew from political activity. – 238–239, 240, 262–263, 267, 393.

Dates of the Life and Activity of V. I. Lenin (July 1912 – February 1913)

1912

July 1912 – February 1913.

Lenin lives in Krakow, establishes close ties with Russia, directs the work of party organizations, leads the newspaper "Pravda," the activities of the Bolsheviks in the election campaign for the Fourth State Duma, and the Duma's social-democratic faction.

July 30 (August 12).

Lenin's articles "Uprisings in the Army and Navy," "On the Eve of Elections to the Fourth Duma," "Can 'Freedom of Association' Now Be the Basis of the Labor Movement?" are published in "Rabochaya Gazeta" No. 9.

July 31 (August 13).

Lenin's article "Fundamental Questions" is published as the leading article in No. 79 of the newspaper "Pravda."

July.

Lenin writes "Letter to Swiss Workers," which was printed in August 1912 in Zurich as a hectographed leaflet in German.

Between August 3 and 25 (August 16 and September 7).

Lenin makes notes and underlines in an article by N. I. Korobka, published August 3 (16), 1912, in the journal "Zaprosы Zhizni" No. 31, which he uses in his article "Remarks on 'Cadet-Hunting'."

August 5 (18).

Lenin's article "The Last Valve" is published in the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda" No. 20.

August 8 (21).

Lenin's articles "A Brief Note" and "Workers' Wages and Capitalists' Profits in Russia" are published in No. 85 of the newspaper "Pravda."

August 9 (22).

Lenin's article "Strike Struggle and Wages" is published as the leading article in No. 86 of the newspaper "Pravda."

August 11 (24).

Lenin's article "The Working Day in Factories of Moscow Province" is published in No. 88 of the newspaper "Pravda."

August, before 12 (25).

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin writes about the character and ideological roots of the struggle of tendencies in Russian social-democracy, gives an evaluation of articles by Gorky published in the journal "Zaprosы Zhizni."

Lenin writes a letter to A. A. Polyakov (Katsap) requesting information about the Moscow districts' decision to send Katsap to the August conference of liquidators and the necessity in connection with this of his meeting with the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee in Krakow.

August 12 (25).

Lenin's article "The Working Day and Working Year in Moscow Province" is published in the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda" No. 21. Lenin's articles "In England" and "Concentration of Production in Russia" are published in No. 89 of the newspaper "Pravda."

August 18 (31).

Lenin writes a statement "To the Secretariat of the International Socialist Bureau" protesting against a circular from the Main Board of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania informing the ISB of a split among Polish social-democrats. The statement was published November 21, 1912, in "Gazeta Robotnicza" No. 19.

Lenin's article "Career" is published in No. 94 of the newspaper "Pravda."

Between August 18 and 23 (August 31 and September 5).

Lenin extracts from the newspaper "Nevsky Golos" No. 7 of August 17, 1912, about collection of funds for the liquidator newspaper, which he uses in his article "Liquidators and 'Unity'."

Between August 18 and 24 (August 31 and September 6).

Lenin writes "Preliminary Postscript to the Pamphlet 'On the Present Situation in the RSDLP'."

August 19 (September 1).

Lenin's article "Cadets and the Agrarian Question" is published in the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda" No. 22.

August, after 20 (September 2).

Lenin writes a note to the editorial office of the newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrat" evaluating the August 1912 conference of liquidators.

August 21 (September 3).

Lenin's article "Poor Defense" is published as the leading article in No. 96 of the newspaper "Pravda."

August 22 (September 4).

Lenin in Krakow moves to an apartment at No. 47 Lubomirski Street.

August 24 (September 6).

Lenin's article "Liquidators and 'Unity'" is published in No. 99 of the newspaper "Pravda."

August 26 (September 8).

In a letter to the editorial office of "Pravda," Lenin asks them to send him missing issues of the newspapers "Zvezda," "Nevskaya Zvezda," "Pravda," and "Zhivoe Delo," recommends publishing monthly statistics on the circulation and distribution of the newspaper "Pravda," gives a positive evaluation of an article by M. S. Olminsky (Vitminsky) "Cultured People and Unclean Conscience."

Lenin's article "Remarks on 'Cadet-Hunting'" is published in the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda" No. 23.

August 29 (September 11).

Lenin's article "Workers and 'Pravda'" is published in No. 103 of the newspaper "Pravda."

August 30 (September 12).

Lenin's articles "Before and Now" and "International Congress of Judges" are published in No. 104 of the newspaper "Pravda."

August 31 (September 13).

Lenin's article "In Switzerland" is published in No. 105 of the newspaper "Pravda."

August 1912 – January 1913.

In letters to L. B. Kamenev, Lenin gives instructions on the behavior of the RSDLP delegation at the Chemnitz Congress of German social-democracy, about taking a series of concrete measures to prepare for the Basel Congress of the Second International and about the work of the RSDLP delegation at the congress, demands timely preparation for printing the next issues (Nos. 28–29 and No. 30) of the newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrat," reports on the composition and progress of the Krakow meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers, gives practical advice on publishing the pamphlet "Notice and Resolutions of the Meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with Party Workers."

September 1 (14).

Lenin's article "Clergy and Politics" is published as the leading article in No. 106 of the newspaper "Pravda."

September 2 (15).

Lenin writes a postscript to his pamphlet "On the Present Situation in the RSDLP."

September 2 and 9 (15 and 22).

Lenin's article "Yet Another Assault on Democracy" is published in Nos. 24 and 25 of the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda."

September, after 4 (17).

Lenin writes the article "Rosa Luxemburg and the Polish 'Partei' Vorstand Following in Martov's Footsteps."

September 5 (18).

Lenin's article "Unity of Cadets and Novoe Vremya Men" is published in No. 109 of the newspaper "Pravda."

September 15 (28).

Lenin's article "Concerning a Letter from N. S. Polyansky" is published in No. 118 of the newspaper "Pravda."

September 16 (29).

Lenin's article "On Political Line" is published in the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda" No. 26.

September 17–18 (September 30 – October 1).

Lenin writes the article "With What Do the Cadets Go to the Elections?"

September 18 (October 1).

Lenin's article "Successes of American Workers" is published in No. 120 of the newspaper "Pravda."

September, after 18 (October 1).

Lenin writes the article "Unity of Workers and Elections."

September, before 20 (October 3).

In a letter to the secretary of the International Socialist Bureau K. Huysmans, Lenin reports that he will not be able to attend the meeting of the ISB between November 1–9, 1912, in connection with the elections to the Fourth State Duma.

September, after 20 (October 3).

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda," inquiring about the candidates running in Petersburg in the second curia for elections to the Fourth State Duma, points out to the editorial office of "Pravda" the necessity of intensifying the struggle against the liquidators in connection with the election campaign.

September 25 (October 8).

Lenin writes a letter to V. A. Karpinsky in Geneva about the XIX International Peace Congress, speaks out against "diplomatic maneuvering" with opportunists.

September 28 (October 11).

Lenin's article "The End of the War Between Italy and Turkey" is published in No. 129 of the newspaper "Pravda."

End of September.

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial offices of "Pravda" and "Nevskaya Zvezda," pointing out the necessity for the leadership organ of workers' democracy to pursue a firm and consistent policy in the struggle against opportunists, daily explain to the working masses the anti-Marxist line of the liquidators, not allow violations of the principle of collegiality in the work of the editorial office.

Beginning of October.

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin inquires about his health, asks him to write for "Pravda," reports on the progress of elections to the Fourth State Duma.

October 4 (17).

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin, on behalf of the editorial office of "Pravda," offers him permanent collaboration with the newspaper, reports on the escalating struggle against the liquidators in connection with elections to the Fourth State Duma, about the victory over the liquidators in Moscow and Kharkov.

Lenin's article "Gambling" is published as the leading article in No. 134 of the newspaper "Pravda."

Before October 5 (18).

Lenin writes the articles "Two Utopias," "English Disputes on Liberal Labor Policy," and an article criticizing boycottism. The article "English Disputes on Liberal Labor Policy" was published in April 1913 in the journal "Prosveshchenie" No. 4.

October 5 (18).

Lenin's article "Clergy at Elections and Elections with Clergy" is published as the leading article in the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda" No. 27.

October 6 (19).

Lenin's article "The 'Position' of Mr. Milyukov" is published in No. 136 of the newspaper "Pravda."

Before October 10 (23).

Lenin writes an appeal of the Central Committee of the RSDLP "To All Citizens of Russia," which he sends on October 10 (23) to the secretary of the International Socialist Bureau K. Huysmans and asks him to communicate the text of this appeal to the secretaries of social-democratic parties and for publication.

October 11 (24).

In a letter to K. Huysmans, Lenin reports about sending a statement from the Warsaw committee of Polish social-democracy, in which accusations against the Warsaw committee presented to the International Socialist Bureau by the Main Board of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania are refuted, and proposes bringing this document to the attention of all parties belonging to the Second International.

October 12 (25).

In a letter to N. G. Poletaev, Lenin gives instructions to the editorial office of "Pravda" to devote a special issue of the newspaper to elections to the Fourth State Duma, demands more extensive propaganda of the Bolsheviks' election platform before the congress of representatives of the workers' curia of Petersburg, publish in full the lists of Bolshevik candidates for electors, reports on sending his articles on the given question to the editorial office.

October 16 (29).

Lenin's articles "Deputy of Petersburg Workers" and "Balkan Peoples and European Diplomacy" are published in No. 144 of the newspaper "Pravda."

Before October 17 (30).

Lenin in a letter to A. M. Gorky reports about receiving his letter, welcomes the plan to collect materials on the history of the revolution.

October 17 (30).

Lenin's article "On Political Spinelessness (Letter to the Editorial Office)" is published in No. 145 of the newspaper "Pravda."

October 18 (31).

Lenin's articles "On the Fox and the Henhouse" and "Shameful Resolution" are published in No. 146 of the newspaper "Pravda."

October 19 (November 1).

Lenin's article "Cadet Professor" is published in No. 147 of the newspaper "Pravda."

October 20 (November 2).

Lenin writes two letters to the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda," in which he reports about receiving information on voting in elections for the workers' curia in Petersburg, points out the necessity of further study of the results of elections to the Fourth Duma and publication of a report on the elections of workers' electors indicating the number of votes received by them, as well as a questionnaire on the voting of the Putilov workers, Semennikov workers, etc. Lenin meets with worker Vasily Shumkin, sent by the Moscow organization of Bolsheviks to Krakow for illegal literature.

October, after 20 (November 2).

In a letter to the editorial office of "Pravda," Lenin reports about A. M. Gorky's agreement to contribute to the newspaper, asks them to send him a number of issues of "Pravda" and "Nevskaya Zvezda," asks whether "Pravda" intends to respond to the malicious attacks of the liquidator newspaper "Luch."

October 21 (November 3).

Lenin's article "A New Chapter of World History" is published in No. 149 of the newspaper "Pravda."

October 24 (November 6).

Lenin's article "Cadets and Nationalists" is published in No. 151 of the newspaper "Pravda."

October 25 – November 7 (November 7–20).

Lenin corresponds with K. Huysmans on questions connected with preparations for the Basel Congress of the Second International, reports on the results of elections of deputies to the Fourth State Duma in Moscow Province, asks him to send certain information necessary for him to prepare a report to the Central Committee of the RSDLP on the last meeting of the ISB.

October 28 (November 10).

Lenin's article "Horrors of War" is published in No. 155 of the newspaper "Pravda."

October – beginning of November.

Lenin edits Nos. 28–29 of the newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrat."

November 1 (14).

Lenin's article "Cadets and Large Capital" is published as the leading article in No. 157 of the newspaper "Pravda."

November 4 (17).

Lenin in a letter to G. V. Plekhanov asks him to inform the commission of the Basel Congress of the Second International about the Bolsheviks' disagreement with an article by K. Kautsky "Der Krieg und die Internationale" ("War and the International"), published November 8, 1912, in the journal "Die Neue Zeit" No. 6, in which the necessity of revolutionary mass strike was denied.

Lenin's article "True Russian Customs" is published in No. 160 of the newspaper "Pravda."

Before November 5 (18).

Lenin sends to the printer of the newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrat" the "Instructions of Petersburg Workers to Their Worker Deputy" compiled by I. V. Stalin.

November 5 (18).

Lenin's articles "Platform of the Reformists and Platform of Revolutionary Social-Democrats" and "Illegal Party and Legal Work" are published in the newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrat" Nos. 28–29.

November 7 (20).

Lenin's article "The Social Significance of Serbian-Bulgarian Victories" is published as the leading article in No. 162 of the newspaper "Pravda."

November 8 (21).

Lenin's article "Renewed China" is published in No. 163 of the newspaper "Pravda."

November 9 (22).

Lenin's article "Results and Significance of Presidential Elections in America" is published in No. 164 of the newspaper "Pravda."

Before November 11 (24).

Lenin writes a report to the International Socialist Bureau on elections to the Fourth State Duma. In a telegram to Ya. A. Berzin, Lenin asks him to inquire of K. Huysmans about the reasons for the "Polish opposition" ("rozlamovtsy") not receiving an invitation to the Basel Congress of the Second International.

November 11 (24).

In a letter to the editorial office of "Pravda," Lenin asks them to place in the newspaper in a prominent place the "Instructions of Petersburg Workers to Their Worker Deputy," written by I. V. Stalin.

After November 11 (24).

Lenin writes theses "On the Question of Certain Statements by Worker Deputies," which formed the basis of a declaration of the social-democratic faction of the Fourth State Duma.

November 12 or 13 (25 or 26).

Lenin holds a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Krakow, at which the following questions are discussed: financial difficulties in the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda," the forthcoming meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers, and others.

Before November 13 (26).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of "Pravda" asks them to send him No. 8 of the newspaper.

November 13 (26).

Lenin sends to the Bolshevik deputies to the Fourth State Duma a draft declaration of the social-democratic faction written by him.

In a letter to the editorial office of "Pravda," Lenin points out shortcomings in No. 166 of the newspaper from November 11 (24), 1912, demands that member of the social-democratic faction of the Fourth State Duma A. E. Badaev devote more attention to work in "Pravda."

Before November 15 (28).

Lenin has a conversation with Fourth State Duma deputy M. K. Muranов about forthcoming Duma work.

Second half of November.

Lenin writes the article "On the Question of the Events of November 15 (Unspoken Speech)."

November 17 (30).

Lenin writes a letter to V. I. Nevsky (Krivobokoyv), thanking him for the received account of elections to the Fourth State Duma and offering him to come to Krakow to participate in the meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers.

After November 17 (30).

Lenin makes underlines and notes in the article "Neues vom Wesen der Röntgenstrahlen" ("Latest Information on the Nature of X-Rays"), published November 30, 1912, in the supplement to the newspaper "Bremer Bürger-Zeitung" No. 281.

November 21 (December 4).

Lenin in a letter to V. I. Nevsky (Krivobokov) in Kharkov asks him to come to Krakow to participate in the meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers.

November 22 (December 5).

Lenin in a letter to Demyan Bedny expresses satisfaction about his return to the ranks of contributors to "Pravda," asks him to report in more detail about the situation in the editorial office of the newspaper and about its work.

November 23 (December 6).

Lenin writes a letter to I. V. Stalin about the necessity of publishing a leaflet with a call for workers to participate in a one-day strike, meetings, and demonstrations on the anniversary of the events of January 9, 1905, and about the tasks of Bolshevik deputies to the Fourth State Duma in the struggle against the liquidators.

Between November 24 and 29 (December 7 and 12).

Lenin writes the article "On the Question of Partisanship Among Democratic Students."

Before November 25 (December 8).

Lenin writes the articles "After Elections in America" and "Zeal Without Wisdom."

November 27–28 (December 10–11).

Lenin writes the article "More on Peasant Deputies in the Fourth Duma."

November 28 (December 11).

Lenin sends a letter to I. V. Stalin with draft resolutions for Bolshevik deputies to the Fourth State Duma: regarding the admission to the s.-d. faction of deputy Jagiello; on the relationship to a strike on the day of the opening of the Duma; on the disorganizing conduct of the liquidators at the elections of s.-d. candidates from the workers' curia of Petersburg to the Fourth Duma. Lenin sends to the Petersburg editorial office of the journal "Prosveshchenie" to the Bolshevik deputies a questionnaire sheet for summarizing the election results for the workers' curia.

November 29 (December 12).

Lenin's article "The Disease of Reformism" is published in No. 180 of the newspaper "Pravda."

November 30 (December 13).

Lenin's article "Impoverishment in Capitalist Society" is published in No. 181 of the newspaper "Pravda."

November.

Lenin writes the article "The 'Sick Questions' of Our Party." The article was published in August 1913 in No. 1 of the journal "Pismo Dyskusyjne," published by the Warsaw and Lodz committees of Polish social-democracy.

November – December.

Lenin corresponds with relatives, shows lively interest in his family, is concerned about the health of his mother and sisters, reports about his life in Krakow.

After November.

Lenin compiles the table of contents of the notebook "National Question. II," extracts with critical remarks from books: S. N. Shchogolev. "The Ukrainian Movement as a Contemporary Stage of South-Russian Separatism" (Kiev, 1912), "Protocols of Conferences of Russian National-Socialist Parties. April 16–20, 1907" (St. Petersburg, 1908), M. S. Grushevsky. "Ukrainianism in Russia, Its Demands and Needs" (St. Petersburg, 1906), and from articles by Struve on "Ukrainianism" in the journal "Russkaya Mysl."

Lenin makes notes on the pamphlet K. Fortunatov. "National Areas of Russia (A Sketch of Statistical Research Based on Data from the 1897 General Census)" (St. Petersburg, 1906).

December 1 (14).

Lenin writes a letter to I. V. Stalin about the necessity of taking urgent measures to transfer the publishing of "Pravda" and the editorial cash box to the name of M. K. Muranов; about the monetary crisis in the editorial office of "Pravda" and measures to prevent it; about the struggle against the liquidators; about the organization of the planned meeting in Krakow of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers.

December 4 (17).

In a letter to the Bolshevik deputies to the Fourth State Duma on behalf of N. I. Podvoysky, Lenin reports about measures to put the financial situation of "Pravda" in order and asks them to hurry with sending materials from the Fourth State Duma.

Before December 7 (20).

Lenin writes the article "In America."

In a letter to G. L. Shklovsky, Lenin points out insufficient coverage in the newspaper "Pravda" of the work of the Basel Congress of the Second International; reports about monetary difficulties in the editorial offices of the journal "Prosveshchenie" and the newspaper "Pravda" and the necessity for their full support, about the results of the election campaign to the Fourth State Duma, about the state of illegal work.

December 7 (20).

In a letter to I. V. Stalin and R. V. Malinovsky, Lenin protests against the inclusion in the declaration of the Duma's social-democratic faction of a point demanding cultural-national autonomy, adopted by the Menshevik deputies; expresses indignation about the silence of Bolshevik deputies of the Duma's s.-d. faction on this question; asks them to ensure the arrival in Krakow of all six Bolshevik deputies for the meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers.

December 9 (22).

Lenin writes a letter to K. Huysmans in French on the question of representation of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in the International Socialist Bureau.

December 9 or 10 (22 or 23).

Lenin writes a letter to A. M. Gorky about the difficult financial situation of the newspaper "Pravda" and the necessity of its support, about the successes of the Bolsheviks in the election campaign to the Fourth State Duma and revolutionary work among the masses.

December 15 (28).

Lenin's article "'Reconciliation' of Nationalists with Cadets" is published as the leading article in No. 194 of the newspaper "Pravda."

First half of December.

Lenin writes a series of articles under the title "The Working Class and Its 'Parliamentary' Representation." The first article is published December 12, 1912, in the newspaper "Pravda" No. 191. The remaining articles were not published at that time.

December, no earlier than 21 (January 3, 1913).

Lenin works on proofreading articles for No. 30 of the newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrat."

December 22 (January 4, 1913).

Lenin's article "National-Liberals" is published as the leading article in the newspaper "Pravda" No. 200.

December 26 (January 8, 1913).

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin reports about the arrival in Krakow of Bolshevik deputies of the social-democratic faction of the Fourth State Duma, as well as party workers from Russia for participation in the meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers; about monetary difficulties in the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda" and measures to eliminate them; about the growth of revolutionary sentiment among workers and the necessity of intensifying the struggle against the liquidators.

December 26 – January 1 (January 8–14, 1913)

Lenin presides over the Krakow meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers.

Lenin delivers reports "On the Revolutionary Upsurge, Strikes, and the Tasks of the Party," "On the Attitude Toward Liquidationism and on Unity."

Lenin drafts and edits the resolutions of the meeting: "Revolutionary Upsurge, Strikes, and the Tasks of the Party," "Construction of the Illegal Organization," "On the Duma s.-d. Faction," "On Illegal Literature," "On the Insurance Campaign," "On the Attitude Toward Liquidationism and on Unity," "On the 'National' s.-d. Organizations," "On the Reorganization and Work of the Editorial Office of the Newspaper 'Pravda'." Lenin keeps notes of the speeches at the meeting.

December.

Lenin writes theses "On the Attitude Toward Liquidationism and on Unity" for the Krakow meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with party workers.

No earlier than 1912.

Lenin extracts in German and makes remarks on the pamphlet Karl Radek. "Der deutsche Imperialismus und die Arbeiterklasse." Bremen, 1912 (Karl Radek. "German Imperialism and the Working Class." Bremen, 1912).

End of year.

Lenin writes a letter in German to the editorial office of the newspaper "Bremer Bürger-Zeitung," asking them to send issues of the newspaper with a review of a book by R. Luxemburg, points out the necessity for the editorial office of the newspaper to correct an incorrect report on the October meeting of the ISB.

End of 1912 – beginning of 1913.

Lenin writes remarks on the pamphlet A. Pannekoek. "Klassenkampf und Nation." Reichenberg, 1912 (A. Pannekoek. "Class Struggle and Nation." Reichenberg, 1912), makes notes and underlines in the pamphlet Josef Strasser. "Der Arbeiter und die Nation." Reichenberg, 1912 (Joseph Strasser. "The Worker and the Nation." Reichenberg, 1912).

1912–1913.

Lenin writes an article exposing the counter-revolutionary character of liberal bourgeoisie.

1913

January 1 (14).

# Lenin's Article "English Working-Class Movement in 1912" is Published in No. 1 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## Early January.

After the conclusion of the Kraków Conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers, Lenin conducts sessions of the Central Committee, at which the following questions are discussed: the composition of the CC, the work of the *Pravda* editorial office, the activities of Bolshevik deputies of the Social-Democratic faction of the Fourth State Duma, and others.

## Between January 1 and 8 (January 14 and 21).

Lenin writes a "Notice" concerning the Kraków Conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers and edits the conference resolutions. The resolutions were initially issued in Kraków in a hectographed edition in January 1913.

## January 3 (16).

Lenin's article "Eugène Potier (On the 25th Anniversary of His Death)" is published in No. 2 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## January, after 3 (16).

Lenin writes the article "The Development of Workers' Choirs in Germany."

## January 6 (19).

Lenin writes the article "Better Late Than Never." The article was published on January 11, 1913, in the newspaper *Pravda* No. 8.

## January, before 8 (21).

Following the Kraków Conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers, Lenin converses with Bolshevik deputies, inquiring about their work in electoral districts.

## January 8 (21).

Lenin writes a letter to A. M. Gorky, in which he asks him to render assistance to the Bolshevik journal *Prosveshchenie* [Enlightenment].

## January, after 9 (22).

In a letter to G. M. Vyazemsky, the director of the Russian socialist archive in Berlin, Lenin informs him that he will endeavor to fulfill his request regarding the sending of Russian Social-Democratic underground literature, and asks him to send "for a week" the *Izvestiya of the CC RSDLP* for 1907.

## January, before 12 (25).

Lenin writes the initial postscript to his article "The Development of Revolutionary Strikes and Street Demonstrations."

Lenin writes the article "On Bolshevism." The article was published in 1913 in the second volume of the second edition of N. A. Rubakín's book *Among Books*.

## January 12 (25).

In a letter to N. A. Rubakín, Lenin informs him of the sending of the article "On Bolshevism" for the second volume of the book *Among Books*, and makes it a definite condition for publication that there be no "alterations whatsoever."

In a letter to N. I. Podvoysky, Lenin informs him of the absence of news concerning the plan for reorganizing the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda*, criticizes the errors of the editorial office, and demands the establishment of control over the newspaper's monetary resources.

Lenin's articles "The Development of Revolutionary Strikes and Street Demonstrations" and "The Split in Polish Social-Democracy" are published in the newspaper *Sotsial-Demokrat* No. 30.

## January, after 12 (25).

Lenin sends to Paris the "Notice" and resolutions of the Kraków Conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers for their publication as a separate pamphlet. The pamphlet appeared in the first half of February (n. st.) 1913.

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin informs him of the sending of the resolutions of the Kraków Conference of the CC RSDLP with party workers, of the plan for publishing a legal workers' newspaper in Moscow, approves Gorky's idea of publishing a thick Bolshevik journal, while at the same time pointing to the necessity of strengthening and expanding the journal *Prosveshchenie*.

## January 15 (28).

Lenin's article "The Significance of Poincaré's Election" is published in No. 11 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## January 17 (30).

Lenin's article "Frankly" is published in No. 13 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## January 18 (31).

In a letter to N. Osinsky, Lenin asks him to obtain local zemstvo and factory-statistical publications. Lenin's article "Briand's Cabinet" is published in No. 14 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## January 19 (February 1).

Lenin's articles "Life Teaches" (leading article) and "New Democracy" are published in No. 15 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## January 20 and 22 (February 2 and 4).

Lenin's article "On Populism" is published in Nos. 16 and 17 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## Between January 20 and April 23 (February 2 and May 6).

Lenin makes notes, underlinings, and numerical calculations of monetary receipts in the newspaper *Luch* [The Ray] for January–March 1913. These data were used by him in the article "Something About Results and Facts."

## January 22 (February 4).

Lenin writes an address "To Social-Democrats," directed against the liquidators. The address was published at the end of January 1913 in Kraków as a separate leaflet on the hectograph.

## January 25 (February 7).

Lenin's article "In the World of Azefs" is published in No. 20 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## January 27 (February 9).

In a letter to Ya. M. Sverdlov, Lenin emphasizes the significance of the newspaper *Pravda*, criticizes deficiencies in the work of the editorial office, and demands immediate reorganization of the newspaper's editorial office.

## January 29 (February 11).

Lenin's article "The Bourgeoisie and Reformism" is published in No. 23 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## January 30 (February 12).

Lenin's article "On an Open Party" is published in No. 24 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## January 31 (February 13).

In a letter to N. A. Rubakín, Lenin refuses to consent to editorial changes in the article "On Bolshevism."

## January.

In a letter to I. A. Pyatnitsky (Albert), Lenin subjects to criticism his remarks on the resolution of the Kraków Conference "On 'National' S.-D. Organizations" and expounds the Bolshevik position on the national question.

Lenin's article "Results of the Elections" is published in the journal *Prosveshchenie* No. 1.

## January–First Half of May.

Lenin writes a plan and draft of a speech on the budget for a S.-D. deputy of the Fourth State Duma; makes excerpts from the *Yearbook of Russia* for 1910 and 1912, and from a statistical reference book of the United States ("Statistical abstract of the United States." Washington, 1912).

## End of January–Beginning of February.

Lenin writes the articles "Russians and Negroes" and "The Collapse of Constitutional Illusions."

## January–February.

Lenin reviews the reference book "Monatliche Übersicht der bedeutenderen Erscheinungen des deutschen Buchhandels" [Monthly Overview of More Significant Phenomena in German Book Trade]. J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung in Leipzig.

## February 1 (14).

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of *Pravda* with criticism of the editorial office and a protest against the publication in No. 24 of the newspaper of a letter from A. Bogdanov concerning the conditions of his collaboration in *Pravda*.

Lenin's article "Mobilization of Peasant Land" is published in No. 26 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## Between February 1 and 12 (February 14 and 25).

Lenin writes a letter to A. M. Gorky, expressing satisfaction regarding his agreement to edit the fiction section of the journal *Prosveshchenie*; reports on the activities of Bolshevik deputies of the S.-D. faction of the Fourth State Duma, on the Machist-idealist pronouncements of A. Bogdanov, and also on the elaboration by the Bolsheviks of the national question.

## February 2 (15).

Lenin's article "Something About Strikes" is published in No. 27 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## February 5 (18).

Lenin's article "On One Discovery" is published in No. 29 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## February 6 (19).

Lenin's article "Congress of the English Labor Party" is published in No. 30 of *Pravda*.

## February 6–9 (19–22).

Lenin writes the article "Growing Contradiction. Notes of a Publicist." The article was published in March and April 1913 in the journal *Prosveshchenie* Nos. 3 and 4.

## February 6 (19).

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of *Pravda* with congratulations regarding the beginning of the reorganization of the newspaper's editorial office and wishes for further success in its work.

## Before February 8 (21).

Lenin writes the articles "Reply to Mayevsky," "Bulgakov on the Peasants," and two articles on morality.

## February 8 (21).

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of *Pravda*, in which he congratulates the editorial office on the improvement in the conduct of the newspaper, points to the necessity of publishing a special issue on the 30th anniversary of the death of K. Marx, and asks that they send him *Pravda*, new books, and journals more carefully.

## February, not before 8 (21).

Lenin draws up a plan for a pamphlet or collection for the 30th anniversary of the death of K. Marx.

## February 9 (22).

In a letter to M. A. Savelev, Lenin asks him to send his articles not published in the newspaper *Zvezda* [Star]: "English Disputes on Liberal Labor Policy," "Two Utopias," and an article criticizing boycottism (against Amphiteatrov), and from articles not published in the newspaper *Pravda* and additionally sent, to compile "Notes of a Publicist" and publish under the signature "T" in the journal *Prosveshchenie*.

## February 11 (24).

Lenin writes letters to Saratov to M. A. Ulyanova and A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, tells about his life in Kraków, informs of his intention to organize the publication of Social-Democratic pamphlets at *Pravda*.

## February, before 12 (25).

In a letter to Demyan Bedny, Lenin inquires about the work of the editorial office of *Pravda*, about the journal *Prosveshchenie*, about his attitude toward the Machists and the Vperedists, and points to the necessity of collegial conduct of affairs in the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## February 12 (25).

In a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Sotsial-Demokrat*, Lenin gives a high appraisal of I. V. Stalin's article "The National Question and Social-Democracy" and criticizes A. A. Troyanovský for his intention to publish it as a discussion piece in the journal *Prosveshchenie*, informs of the beginning of reorganization in the editorial office of *Pravda*, of the strengthening of illegal Social-Democratic organizations in Petersburg, the Moscow region, and the South.

In a letter to N. G. Poletaev, Lenin points out his incorrect evaluation of the withdrawal of Bolshevik deputies of the S.-D. faction from the editorial office of *Luch*, expresses regret at Poletaev's absence from among the contributors to the newspaper *Pravda*, and expresses his thoughts regarding the plan proposed by Poletaev for publishing a large newspaper, as well as books and pamphlets.

Lenin's article "We Thank You for the Frankness" is published as the leading article in No. 35 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## Middle of February.

Under Lenin's direction, a conference of the CC RSDLP takes place, at which the following questions are discussed: the further work of the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda*, the journal *Prosveshchenie*, the necessity of publishing a series of Social-Democratic pamphlets at *Pravda*.

## February 16 (March 1).

Lenin's article "The Question of Unity" is published as the leading article in No. 39 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## February, after 21 (March 6).

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin informs him of a manifesto issued in Russia concerning amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, and advises Gorky to take advantage of the amnesty to return to his homeland.

## February 23 (March 8).

Lenin's article "Some Results of 'Land Organization'" is published in No. 45 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

## February.

Lenin's article "What Is Taking Place in Populism and What Is Taking Place in the Countryside?" is published in the journal *Prosveshchenie* No. 2.