Theses for a Report on the State of Affairs in the Party at a Meeting of Foreign Bolshevik Groups

Theses

on the state of affairs in the party

1. Starting point: objective conditions of the counter-revolutionary epoch.

2. Plenum and "conciliationism." Liquidationism and Otzovism.

3. A year after the plenum. "Bloc of 2 strong factions"{156}.

4. Behavior of liquidators and Otzovists after the plenum.

5. "Agreement" and its 2 component parts: political and "monetary"{157}.

6. XII. 1910—VI. 1911.{158} "Forcible bringing into the CC."

7. "Conference of CC members in Paris." Exit: Russian conference.

Bloc of 3 factions. "Promises" and their fulfillment{159}.

8. Two periods of majority against Bolsheviks cl. 1910: reconcilers + liquidators (1910); reconcilers and Poles (1/2 1911){160}.

9. ROK versus[51] foreign grouplets. "Ruins" of the Bolshevik-Polish bloc?

10. "Isolation" of the foreign [groups] — plus or minus?

11. Faction for party construction.

1) Mikhail + Yuri + Roman.

2) Convocation of a plenum abroad

XII–VI.

3) Russian conference.

Written in December, no later than 14 (27), 1911.

First published in 1933 in Lenin Anthology XXV

Printed from the manuscript

Synopsis of a Report on the Political Situation{161}

Political Situation

1. Crop failure – and famine. "Food" campaign – Lidvaliad{162}.

2. "Agrarian reform" of Stolypin: pouring bourgeois wine into feudal skins. They burst.

3. XII. 1908 on Stolypin's reform{163} and the incomprehension of it by liquidators and Vperiodists.

4. Supply (Intendant) trials: they steal.

5. Mismanagement and disorder.

– Cadet and Octobrist press. Flight from St. Petersburg to Moscow, transportation of freight automobiles, railroad construction, Russian industry on foreign markets, public education and Kassó's "broom" – — all, all everywhere sighs, moans, regrets.

6. The bourgeoisie weeps for the bourgeois order. It wants to "wash the skin (fur), without dipping it in water."

7. Revolution – the sole means. Fear, hatred, disbelief – not in harmony with the times.

8. "Not in harmony with the times." For revolution. The working class and revolution. A slogan summing up the political situation and defining all the content of party agitation and propaganda (in particular before the IV Duma) – for revolution. (Not "universal suffrage.")

etc.

Crop failure

Supply trials

Persia

Kassó and the rout

Jews and "nationalization of trade"

The working class and revolution

1. The "revival" of which everyone speaks is a symptom of a new growth of revolution.

2. Attitude toward the previous revolution: malice, fear, hatred, – cowardice, faintheartedness, pusillanimity – the attitude of the working class ("you'll get another '05").

3. Tasks of the activity of the working class in the new conditions

(α) > consciousness of the masses (δ)

(β) > development of capitalism (α)

(γ) > hostility of the bourgeoisie (β)

(δ) > uniting of enemies (γ)

4. Character of agitation and propaganda.

There is no need for an illegal party "   "    to propagandize revolution (not hegemony)

etc. etc. [liquidationism].

5. "On the palm of [the hand]" = III Duma. Role (of the Cadets.)

Written in late 1911.

Printed for the first time, from the manuscript

Materials for the VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP

1. On the draft resolution "On the Russian Organizational Commission for Convening the Conference"{164}

This is independent of gratitude.

This pertains to the credentials commission.

Instead of "gratitude," I recommend putting (solemn) recognition of the enormous importance of the work done and developing [discussion of] the difficulty of the conditions.

Written in January, no later than 5 (18), 1912.

First published in 1941 in the journal "Proletarian Revolution" no. 1

Printed from the manuscript

2. Synopsis of a Speech on the Constitution of the Conference

1. Collapse and absence of a CC.

4. Everyone is invited and only those are absent who did not wish to help the party.

5. Represented are all organizations operating in Russia.

– — Constitution of the conference as the supreme organ of the party, obligated to create authoritative central institutions and to help everywhere in the restoration of party organizations and party work.

1) National organizations were invited 3–4 times

– — (1) it is established that the blame for separation from Russian organizations falls entirely on the national organizations;

2) partial support for direct liquidationist (Bundist) aspirations; helpless wavering on this question, whether the party should be or not;

3) that it would be the grossest abnormality if Russian organizations, on which lies all the work in the most important centers of the movement, rejected this work and restoration of the party.

___________

4

(1) for three years there was none; (2) for two and a half years they recognized the necessity and prepared; (3) all, without exception, have been notified and invited and given the opportunity to attend; (4) around the ROK 20 Russian organizations rallied.

Written in January, no later than 5 (18), 1912.

First published 18 January 1937 in the newspaper "Pravda" no. 18

Printed from the manuscript

3. Draft Changes to the Organizational Charter of the Party[52]

Organizational Charter

§ 1 – the same.

§ 2 – add on the admissibility of co-optation as a temporary measure (in accordance with the resolution of XII. 1908).

§ 3 – the same.

§ 4 – the same.

§ 5 – the same.

§ 6 – the same.

§ 7 – the same.

§ 8 – abolish entirely. Grant the CC + seats.

§ 9 – instead of 1000 voters – put 30 or 50 and abolish (temporarily) proportional representation.

Written in January, no later than 11 (24), 1912.

First published in 1941 in the journal "Proletarian Revolution" no. 1

Printed from the manuscript

4. On the Draft Resolution "On the Character and Organizational Forms of Party Work"[54]

Insert at the beginning (a) confirmation of the resolution of XII. 1908 or confirmation of its correctness by the experience of three years; (β) recognition that the work of local s.d. forces is creating among us a type of party approximating the German [party] 1878–1890{165}. We must continue along this path [this instead of § 1].

In thesis 5, strike out the formulation and instead of "expansion" say consolidation.

§ 7 – speak more cautiously, similar to XII. 1908.

§ 9 – set forth [the idea] that both in the sense of political agitation, and for guiding the revolutionary struggle, and for linking all illegal organizations and illegal cells in various societies, it is especially important to have regular distribution of a properly and frequently appearing illegal s.d. newspaper.

Written 11 (24) January 1912.

First published in 1941 in the journal "Proletarian Revolution" no. 1

Printed from the manuscript

5. Materials for the Resolution on the "Petition Campaign"[55]

Resolution on the Petition Campaign "Topics"

1) invention of literati with no connection to the masses, [not] emanating from the masses];

2) dead signing, without clear [slogans], without agitation [among] the masses, without interest [on the part of] the masses;

3) the text and character of the petition are unsatisfactory;

4) tearing out a partial demand when circumstances place on the agenda elementary conditions of freedom [for] all the people;

5) failure: 1300 signatures. Kiev, Yekaterinoslav, the Caucasus etc. did not support [it];

6) interest in proletarian meetings showed that one must not seek "paths" to the masses where the liquidators want.

Conclusion:

Recognize the failure as final.

Petitions on specific conditions [of the epoch] are among the least [suitable] means of agitation.

A call for agitation for freedom [of coalition] in connection with general [political] demands and revolutionary agitation among the masses.

Draft Resolution

Recognize:

1) that the so-called "petition campaign" that was begun was started [by a group of Petesburg literati] of liquidationist direction, being in no way a product [of the struggle of the masses], not being connected with the active initiative… of workers' organizations or advanced workers;

2) that the named [campaign both by virtue of the character] of the petition and by virtue of the general political conditions, [inevitably turned into a purely formal] and dead signing of a [piece of paper] not interesting to the masses, [without] broad participation of the workers themselves in the discussion… of the petition either in the press or at meetings;

3) that the petition circulated and those commentaries with which the liquidators accompanied it tore out the demand for political freedom for one, the [most] advanced and most revolutionary class, putting this demand [outside the connection with general] elementary conditions of political freedom [for all the people], thus distorting the tasks of the struggle of the proletariat, [leading] all the people against tsarism and condemning the "campaign" to [failure];

4) that the fate of the given [petition campaign] clearly confirmed the incorrectness and detachment from [the working masses of all] the undertaking: the petition gathered only 1300 votes, [and moreover] in all party organizations, including [in the Caucasus], Yekaterinoslav and Kiev and even in [those] sympathetic to liquidators… the petition campaign, clearly unsupported by the [masses], [encountered absolutely] no support, as our Duma s.d. faction did not support this [campaign either].

Written in January, no later than 17 (30), 1912.

First published in 1941 in the journal "Proletarian Revolution" no. 1

Printed from the manuscript

Plan of a Report "Revolutionary Upsurge of the Russian Proletariat"{166}

1. The Lena events and May 1st in Russia. Mass strikes and their role.

2. The lawfulness of the revolutionary upsurge, its harbingers and its perspectives.

3. The significance of mass strikes in contemporary revolutions. The experience of 1905.

4. Liberalism and democracy in the face of the new revolution.

5. Why did the Cadets declare war on "revolutionary sentiments" and condemn the thought of the "necessity for a new revolution in Russia"?

6. The new situation of the present revolutionary upsurge. Political parties, III Duma, elections. The peasantry and new democratic intelligentsia.

7. "Freedom of coalition" and the slogans of the people's revolution – struggle for a republic, for an 8-hour workday, for confiscation of all landlord land.

Published before 13 June (n.s.) 1912 in an announcement of the report issued by the Paris Section of the Foreign Organization of the RSDLP

Printed from the text of the announcement

List of Undiscovered Works of V. I. Lenin (December 1911 – July 1912)

REPORT "ON THE CURRENT MOMENT AND THE TASKS OF THE PARTY," SPEECHES AND REMARKS AT THE VI (PRAGUE) ALL-RUSSIAN CONFERENCE OF THE RSDLP

The Report "On the Current Moment and the Tasks of the Party" was delivered by V. I. Lenin at the conference between 6 and 12 (19 and 25) January 1912. Information about the report exists in the reminiscences of N. A. Semashko: "Lenin delivered a report on the current moment and the tasks of the party. This was the main question which was to determine the character of the conference, the construction and tasks of the party" (Reminiscences of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, p. 432–433) and E. P. Onufriev: "…These were the theses of Lenin's report on the current moment and the tasks of the party, which was delivered a few days later at the conference" (E. Onufriev. Meetings with Lenin. M., 1959, p. 16).

Information about other reports, speeches, remarks of Lenin at the conference exists in the brief protocol record of individual sessions of the VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP, preserved in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU.

"PETTY TRICKS (REPLY TO BLANK)," "UNDYING HOPES"

About these articles V. I. Lenin wrote in letters to the editorial office of the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda" on 11 (24) July 1912: "… And moreover you will chase away contributors in general if you do not place and do not even reply to and do not send back articles (for example mine: reply to Blank – important! "Undying hopes" and a number of others!!)" (Works, 4th edn., vol. 35, p. 18) and to the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda" on 20 July (2 August) 1912: "I hope you will not refuse also to transmit to 'Nevskaya Zvezda' that I absolutely demand back my article reply to Blank ('Petty Tricks') if it is not published in no. 18. I will then certainly publish it in the journal" (there, p. 28).

ARTICLE ON 9 NOVEMBER (REPLY TO CORRESPONDENT)

On 19 July (1 August) 1912 V. I. Lenin wrote to the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda": "… about the article concerning 9.XI (reply to correspondent) I have long had no answer" (Works, 4th edn., vol. 35, p. 23).

"ON THE ELECTORAL PLATFORM"

V. I. Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper "Pravda" in July 1912 reported the sending of this article and pointed to the necessity of publishing it in "Pravda" (see Works, 4th edn., vol. 35, p. 20–21). In a letter of 19 July (1 August) Lenin wrote: "You write, and as secretary, apparently on behalf of the editorial board, – that 'the editorial board in principle considers my article completely acceptable down to the relation to the liquidators'" (there, p. 22). In reply to Lenin's letter, the editorial board of "Pravda" reported on 30 July (12 August): "The article 'On the Electoral Platform' will come out, but somewhat later. To it, by the way, we must prepare ourselves, so to speak, 'technically,' since it in form sharply goes beyond the bounds of permissibility for censorship" ("From the Epoch of 'Zvezda' and 'Pravda'", vol. III, M.–P., 1923, p. 240).

The article did not appear in "Pravda."

List of Publications and Works in the Editing of Which V. I. Lenin Took Part

NEWSPAPER "SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT"

No. 25–21 (8) December 1911.

No. 26 – 8 May (25 April) 1912.

No. 27–17 (4) June 1912.

"WORKERS' NEWSPAPER"

No. 7 – 22 December 1911 (4 January 1912).

No. 8 – 17 (30) March 1912.

JOURNAL "ENLIGHTENMENT"

No. 1 — December 1911.

No. 2 – January 1912.

No. 3–4 – February – March 1912.

No. 5–7 – April – June 1912.

"ALL-RUSSIAN CONFERENCE OF THE ROS. SOC.-DEM. WORKERS' PARTY 1912"

Paris, pub. Central Committee, 1912.

The pamphlet came out in February 1912. Information about the editing of the pamphlet by V. I. Lenin exists in documents preserved in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU.

"GUIDE FOR VOTERS (OUR ELECTORAL LAW)"

Spb., 1912.

The pamphlet appeared in June 1912. V. I. Lenin compiled and edited materials for this pamphlet. In a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper "Zvezda" in March 1912 Lenin asked them to send him books about the electoral law of 3 (16) June 1907 and other materials for compiling and editing the pamphlet (see Works, 4th edn., vol. 17, p. 466). In a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper "Zvezda" of 9 (22) April 1912 Lenin reported: "… I am sending today new material for the 'Guide for Voters.' Here almost everything, there will still be in two days a couple of articles from here, and then from Tver you should receive an article on the budget" (Works, 4th edn., vol. 35, p. 12).

List of Works Possibly Belonging to V. I. Lenin "ELECTIONS AND PARTIES"

The article was published under the signature "P. P." on 22 May (4 June) 1912 in the newspaper "Pravda" no. 19. This signature stands under several known articles by V. I. Lenin, in particular, under his first article in "Pravda" nos. 13 and 14 "Trudoviks and Workers' Democracy," under the articles "Liberalism and Democracy," "In Switzerland" (see the present volume, pp. 267–274, 237–246, 397–399 and Works, 4th edn., vol. 18, pp. 281–282).

The article "Elections and Parties" is devoted to questions of the electoral campaign for the IV State Duma. On this topic in the newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda" on the same day an article by Lenin "Some Results of Pre-Electoral Mobilization" was published (see the present volume, pp. 311–316), in which there are textual coincidences on fundamental principled questions, as well as in the coverage of the same facts. The questions touched upon in the article – on the division of parties in the elections to the Duma and the presence of three camps: right, liberal, and democratic, on the significance of elections for raising the class consciousness of workers and peasants, coincide in content with articles by Lenin written in this period: "Political Parties in the State Duma over Five Years of the Third Duma," "Electoral Campaign for the IV Duma and the Tasks of Revolutionary Social-Democracy," "Political Parties in Russia" (see there, pp. 167–172, 247–251, 275–287). This provides grounds for supposing that the article was written by Lenin.

Index of Literary Works and Sources Cited and Mentioned by V. I. Lenin

Agrarian Project of the Cadets in the II State Duma – see: Draft of the Main Provisions of a Law on Land Security of the Agricultural Population, submitted to the II State Duma by the Cadets.

Agrarian Bill of the 43 Peasants in the III State Duma – see: Land Project of Moderately Conservative Peasant Deputies, submitted to the III State Duma.

Akimov, V. P. On Elections to the State Duma. (Letter to the Editor). – "Russian Gazette," M., 1912, no. 135, 13 June, p. 2. – 370, 371, 372.

Axelrod, P. B. On Pressing Topics. (From the Letters of P. B. Axelrod to Friends). – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1912, no. 6, pp. 8–20. – 417–418, 419, 420–422, 423, 459–460.

– On Pressing Topics. (From the Letters of P. B. Axelrod to Friends). – "Nevsky Voice," Spb., 1912, no. 6, 5 July, pp. 2–3. – 412, 413–416, 417.

[Questionnaire on the Investigation of Public Organizations of the Commercial-Industrial Class in Russia]. — In: [Ermansky, O. A.] Representative Organizations of the Commercial-Industrial Class in Russia. According to the data of a questionnaire conducted by Section XI (Industrial-Economic) of the Imperial Russian Technical Society. (Reprint from "Notes of the Imperial Russian Technical Society" for 1912). Spb., 1912, pp. 17–26. Before the title of the book, author: A. O. Gushka. – 288, 289, 291–292, 293–294, 297, 298, 301.

Anthony Volynsky. Open Letter to the Authors of the Anthology "Signposts." 1 May 1909. – "The Word," Spb., 1909, no. 791, 10 (23) May, p. 3. – 283.

Belousov, T. O. [Letter to the Editor]. — "Living Cause," Spb., 1912, no. 7, 2 March, p. 3. Under general heading: Around the Duma. – 190, 192, 194.

Belousov, T. O. [Letter to the Editor]. — "Speech," Spb., 1912, no. 54 (2008), 25 February (9 March), p. 7, in section: Letters to the Editor. – 190, 191, 192, 194.

Conversation with Prince E. N. Trubetskoy. (By telephone from our correspondent). – "Speech," Spb., 1911, no. 287 (1883), 19 October (1 November), p. 3. – 98.

Free Supplement to the Newspaper "Russia" to nos. 1816–1865. [Stenographic Reports of Sessions of the State Duma of the Third Convocation]. Spb., 1911. 1376 pp. – 18–20, 104–116, 117–120.

* [Blank, R. M.] Petersburg Elections. – "Life's Questions," Spb., 1912, no. 27, 6 July, col. 1585–1586. Signature: B. – 473.

– Political Mobilization. – "Life's Questions," Spb., 1912, no. 13, 31 March, col. 778–780, in section: For the Week. Signature: R. B. – 248, 312, 313, 314, 315.

For the Fund of the Daily Workers' Newspaper "Pravda." – "Nevskaya Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 3, 6 May, p. 4. Under general heading: Report on Sums Received by the Editorial Office. – 428.

For the Fund of "Pravda." – "Pravda," Spb., 1912, no. 67, 17 July, p. 4. Under general heading: Report. – 465.

*Varzar, V. E. Statistics of Worker Strikes in Factories and Plants for the Three-Year Period 1906–1908. Spb., Kirschbaum print., 1910. 72, 220 pp. (Ministry of Trade and Industry. Department of Industry). – 317, 318, 320, 339.

*– Statistics of Worker Strikes in Factories and Plants for 1905. Spb., Kirschbaum print., 1908. 111 pp. with tables. (Ministry of Trade and Industry. Department of Industry). – 317, 318, 319, 320, 339, 342.

– Statistical Information on Worker Strikes in Factories and Plants for the Decade 1895–1904. Spb., Kirschbaum print., 1905. 79 pp. (Ministry of Trade and Industry. Department of Industry). – 317, 320, 339.

*Signposts. Anthology of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. M., [Sablin print., March] 1909. II, 209 pp. – 41, 80, 272, 283.

Witte, S. Yu. [Letter to the Editor]. — "New Times," Spb., 1911, no. 12765, 25 September (8 October), p. 3. – 95–96, 97, 102.

Vodovozov, V. V. Electoral Program of the Labor Group. – "Life's Questions," Spb., 1912, no. 13, 31 March, col. 771–778. – 242–246, 249.

– The Labor Group and the Workers' Party. – "Life's Questions," Spb., 1912, no. 17, 27 April, col. 993–998. – 267, 268, 269–270, 271, 272, 273, 274.

"Rebirth," M. – 186.

– 1910, no. 5, 30 March, col. 47–52. – 163–164.

– 1910, no. 9–10, 15 June, col. 17–28. – 32, 80, 82, 84–85, 304.

Disturbances Among Workers. (By telephone from Spb. from our correspondent). – "Moscow Voice," 1911, no. 267, 19 November (2 December), p. 4. – 11.

[Volsky, S] Letter from Petersburg. – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1911, no. 22, 16 (29) November, p. 3, in section: What is happening locally. (Correspondence). Signature: S. V. – 29–30.

[Vorontsov-Dashkov, I. P.] Most Humble Report on the Administration of the Caucasian Region by General-Adjutant Count Vorontsov-Dashkov. [Tiflis], State print., 1907. 164 pp. – 331, 332.

Forward. Anthology of Articles on Pressing Questions. No. 2. Pub. group "Forward." [Paris, cooperative print. "Union"], February 1911. 88 col. – 13.

[Temporary Rules on Meetings, Approved 4 (17) March 1906]. — "Government Gazette," Spb., 1906, no. 54, 8 (21) March, p. 2. – 178.

[Temporary Rules on Societies and Unions, Approved 4 (17) March 1906]. — "Government Gazette," Spb., 1906, no. 54, 8 (21) March, pp. 1–2. – 178.

Temporary Rules for Ensuring Food Needs of Rural Inhabitants, [Approved 12 June 1900]. — "Government Gazette," Spb., 1900, no. 150, 4 (17) July, pp. 1–2; no. 152, 6 (19) July, p. 1; no. 153, 7 (20) July, p. 1. – 108, 109, 110, 112.

All-Russian Conference of the Ross. Soc.-Dem. Workers' Party. (In December 1908). Pub. newspaper "Proletarian." Paris, 1909. 47 pp. (RSDLP). – 79, 84.

* All-Russian Conference of the Ros. Soc.-Dem. Workers' Party 1912. Pub. CC. Paris, cooperative print. "Ideal," 1912. 34 pp. (RSDLP). – 173–175, 199, 203, 208, 212, 216–218, 237, 340, 341, 378, 393, 456, 484.

"Newspaper-Kopeck," Spb. – 440.

G. E. Belousov, Deputy of the 2nd State Duma. – ("L'Avenir") ("The Future"), Paris, 1911, no. 9, 17 December, p. 2. – 22.

Herzen, A. I. Past and Thoughts. – 261.

– The Fossil Bishop, Antediluvian Government and Deceived People. – "The Bell," London, 1861, no. 105, 15 August, pp. 877–879. Signature: I—r. – 260–261.

– To an Old Comrade. – In: [Herzen, A. I.] Anthology of Posthumous Articles of Alexander Ivanovich Herzen. (With portrait of author). Pub. by the deceased's children. Geneva, Chernets print., 1870, pp. 269–289. – 257.

– Ends and Beginnings. (Letter Five). – "The Bell," London, 1862, no. 148, 22 October, pp. 1222–1223. Signature: I—r. – 255.

– N. G. Chernyshevsky. – "The Bell," London, 1864, no. 186, 15 June, p. 1525. Signature: I – r. – 259–260.

– [Letters to Alexander II]. — "The Bell," London, 1857, no. 4, 1 October, pp. 27–31; 1859, no. 49, 1 August; Geneve, 1865, no. 197, 25 May, pp. 1613–1614; 1866, no. 221, 1 June, p. 1805. – 259.

– Letters on the Study of Nature. First Letter. Empiria and Idealism. – "Fatherland Notes," Spb., 1845, vol. XXXIX, [book 4, April], pp. 81–104, in section: II. – 256.

– [Letter to I. S. Turgenev. 10 March 1864]. – In: Letters of K. Dm. Kavelinov and I. S. Turgenev to Al. Iv. Herzen. With explanatory notes by M. Dragomanov. Geneva, Ukrainian print., 1892, pp. 187–190. — 260.

– [Letter to K. D. Kavelinov. 7 June 1862]. – Ibid., pp. 52–54. – 259.

– Miscellany. – "The Bell," London, 1860, no. 62, 1 February, p. 517. – 260.

– Miscellany. – "The Bell," London, 1861, no. 97, 1 May, pp. 819–820. – 260.

– Gossip, Soot, Grime and So Forth. – "The Bell," London, 1864, no. 177, 15 January, p. 1460. – 260.

– For gentlemen only. – "The Bell," London, 1860, no. 63, 15 February, p. 530. Signature: I—r. – 260.

"Voice of the Earth," Spb. – 161, 162, 187.

"Moscow Voice." – 162, 187, 278.

– 1911, no. 236, 14 (27) October, p. 1. – 97–98, 99.

– 1911, no. 267, 19 November (2 December), p. 4. – 11.

"Voice of the Social-Democrat," [Geneva–Paris]. – 4, 5, 7, 12, 28, 210, 215, 389, 445, 447, 451, 455.

Gorbunov, I. F. The Aeronaut. – 356.

"Mining and Factory Work," Kharkov. – 293.

Guchkov, A. I. Letter to the Editor. – "New Times," Spb., 1911, no. 12767, 27 September (10 October), p. 2. – 96–97.

Dan, F. I. On the Arrangement of the Electoral Campaign. – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1911, no. 7–8, pp. 55–65. – 76.

– Cadets and Progressists. – "Nevsky Voice," Spb., 1912, no. 4, 6 June, p. 2. Signature: F. D. – 378.

– The "Marxist" Line or Political Profiteering? – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1912, no. 1–2, pp. 30–40. – 230.

– Our "Lords." – "Living Cause," Spb., 1912, no. 3, 1 February, p. 1. – 157, 158, 160, 224–225, 250, 315.

[Declaration of Bolsheviks, Adopted at the Plenum of the CC of the RSDLP in January 1910]. — "Social-Democrat," [Paris], 1910, no. 11, 26 (13) February, p. 11, in resolution: On Fractional Centers. – 4, 34, 35, 153, 477.

"The Business of Life," M. – 12, 18–19, 26, 42, 85, 130, 131, 151, 162, 174, 186, 217.

– 1911, no. 6, 25 June, pp. 14–19. – 164.

"Discussion Leaflet," [Paris], 1910, no. 1, 6 (19) March, pp. 3–6. – 2–3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 163.

– 1910, no. 2, 25 May (7 June), pp. 4–14. On newspaper date: 24 May (7 June). – 1, 210, 391–392.

"Diary of the Social-Democrat," [Geneva], 1910, no. 11, March, pp. 1–20. – 391.

– 1911, no. 15, October. Second supplement to no. 15 of "Diary of the Social-Democrat," p. 1. — 211, 218.

– 1912, no. 16, April, pp. 1–11. – 203–204, 253, 357, 358, 389, 445–446, 464.

Yearbook of the Newspaper "Speech" for 1912. Pub. ed. of newspaper "Speech." Spb., n.d. VI, 712, 44 pp. (Free supplement to the newspaper "Speech"). – 167–172.

Ermansky, O. A. On the Characterization of Russian Large Bourgeoisie. – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1912, no. 1–2, pp. 47–59; no. 3, pp. 21–31. – 301–303, 304, 305.

– Representative Organizations of the Commercial-Industrial Class in Russia. According to the data of a questionnaire conducted by Section XI (Industrial-Economic) of the Imperial Russian Technical Society. (Reprint from "Notes of the Imperial Russian Technical Society" for 1912). Spb., 1912. [3], 208 pp.; III l. cartographic. Before the title of the book, author: A. O. Gushka. – 288–301.

"Living Cause," Spb. – 164, 174, 185, 186, 213, 224, 250, 252, 254, 285, 348, 422, 436, 438, 451, 455.

– 1912, nos. 1–3, 20 January – 1 February. – 157.

– 1912, nos. 1 – 16, 20 January – 28 April. – 436, 452, 453.

– 1912, no. 1, 20 January. 4 pp. – 436, 455.

– 1912, no. 2, 27 January, p. 2. – 157, 158–160, 181, 224–225, 228, 250, 315.

– 1912, no. 3, 1 February, p. 1. – 157, 158, 160, 224–225, 250, 315.

– 1912, no. 7, 2 March, pp. 1, 2, 3. – 161–162, 166, 190, 192, 193, 194.

*– 1912, no. 8, 9 March. 4 pp. – 185–186, 187, 188, 189, 213, 224–227, 228, 229, 230, 231.

*— 1912, no. 10, 21 March, p. 1. – 222.

– 1912, no. 16, 28 April. 4 pp. – 455.

"Life," M. – 186.

For Unification – Against Split. – "Living Cause," Spb., 1912, no. 7, 2 March, p. 1. – 161–162.

"For the Party," Paris, 1912, no. 1, 16 (29) April, p. 1. – 254.

"Bequests," Spb., 1912, no. 2, May, pp. 104–131, in section: II. – 419.

Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee. [Appeal of the FBCC and Letter of K. Zetkin and K. Kautsky to the Foreign Bureau of Russian Social-Democracy on the Question of "Holder" Money. 18 November 1911. Leaflet]. N.p., [1911]. 1 p. (RSDLP). – 35–36.

Law of 11 December 1905 – see: Decree to the Governing Senate on Changes and Additions to the Regulation on Elections to the State Duma.

Law of 3 June 1907 – see: Regulation on Elections to the State Duma, Approved 3 June 1907.

Law of 4 March 1906 – see: Temporary Rules on Meetings, Approved 4 (17) March 1906 and Temporary Rules on Societies and Unions, Approved 4 (17) March 1906.

"Life's Questions," Spb. – 242.

– 1912, no. 13, 31 March, col. 771–778, 778–780. – 242–246, 248, 249, 312, 313, 314, 315.

– 1912, no. 17, 27 April, col. 993–998. – 267, 268, 269–270, 271, 272, 273, 274.

– 1912, no. 26, 29 June, col. 1525–1530. – 473.

*– 1912, no. 27, 6 July, col. 1585–1586. – 473.

"Lightning Flashes." Vol. I. Spb., Bezobrazov print., 1907. 127 pp. – 101.

"Zvezda," Spb. – 3, 192, 212, 213, 412, 428, 429, 430, 432, 436, 438, 451, 453.

– 1911, no. 28, 5 November, p. 1. – 38.

– 1911, no. 29, 12 November, p. 2. – 56–60.

– 1911, no. 33, 10 December, p. 1; no. 34, 17 December, pp. 1–2. – 48, 51, 369.

– 1912, nos. 1 (37) – 33 (69), 6 January – 22 April. – 452.

– 1912, no. 1 (37), 6 January. 4 pp. – 455.

– 1912, no. 11 (47), 19 February, p. 1. – 224, 225–227, 229.

– 1912, no. 12 (48), 23 February, p. 3. – 190, 191, 192, 193, 194.

– 1912, no. 17 (53), 13 March. 4 pp. – 213.

– 1912, no. 27 (63), 8 April, pp. 3, 4; no. 32 (68), 19 April, p. 2. – 267, 268, 270, 273, 412.

– 1912, no. 33 (69), 22 April. 4 pp. – 455.

Land Project of Moderately Conservative Peasant Deputies, [Submitted to the III State Duma]. — "St. Petersburg Gazette," 1908, no. 24, 29 January (11 February), p. 2. – 46, 49, 89, 120, 199, 383.

Ivanovo-Voznesensk. (From our correspondent). – "St. Petersburg Gazette," 1912, no. 152, 7 (20) July, p. 4, in section: Internal News. – 410.

From Recent History. – "Speech," Spb., 1911, no. 264 (1860), 26 September (9 October), p. 2. – 97.

[Notice of the Exclusion of Voiloshnikov for 15 Sessions of the State Duma]. — "New Times," Spb., 1911, no. 12834, 3 (16) December, p. 3, in section: In the State Duma. – 22.

[Notice of the Exclusion of Voiloshnikov for 15 Sessions of the State Duma]. — "Speech," Spb., 1911, no. 332 (1928), 3 (16) December, p. 5, in section: Daily News. – 22.

"News of the Russian Society of Vodka Distillers," Sib. – 293.

*Notice [and Resolutions of the Russian Organizational Commission for Convening the All-Party Conference. Leaflet]. N.p., [Fall 1911]. 4 pp. (Separate reprint from no. 25 of "Social-Democrat." RSDLP). – 6, 7, 29, 124, 133.

Notice of a Meeting of Representatives of S.D. Latvian Region, the Bund, S.D. Poland and Lithuania, and the Regional Transcaucasian Organization, [Held in January 1912]. — "Leaflet of 'Voice of the Social-Democrat'," [Paris], 1912, no. 4, February, pp. 1–7. – 445.

Notice [of a Meeting of Members of the CC of the RSDLP. 1911. Leaflet]. N.p., [1911]. 2 pp. (RSDLP). Signature: Meeting of Members of the CC of the RSDLP. – 211.

Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian S.D. Workers' Party on the Held Regular All-Party Conference. [Pub. CC of RSDLP. Paris, 1909]. 8 pp. (RSDLP). – 12, 24, 28, 31, 32, 40, 57, 58, 79–80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 125, 126, 130, 136, 137, 141–142, 143, 150–151, 153, 166, 174, 207, 208–209, 216–217, 298, 303, 356, 485.

Izgoev, A. S. At the Crossroads. VII. The "Signpost-Writer" Among Marxists. – "Russian Thought," M., 1910, book VIII, pp. 63–72, in section: [II]. – 164.

[Ikov, V. K] Journal Review. ("Our Dawn" no. 2; "Contemporary World" and "Russian Wealth" – March). – "Rebirth," M., 1910, no. 5, 30 March, col. 47–52. – 163–164.

Ionov. Is Party Unity Possible? – "Discussion Leaflet," [Paris], 1910, no. 1, 6 (19) March, pp. 3–6. – 2–3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 163.

On the Question of the Electoral Campaign. [Letter from Petersburg from a group of social-democrats]. – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1911, no. 22, 16 (29) November, p. 3, in section: What is happening locally. (Correspondence). – 31–33.

On Elections in Petersburg. – "Nevsky Voice," Spb., 1912, no. 6, 5 July, pp. 1–2. – 436, 438.

*On the Convocation of the Conference. – "Living Cause," Spb., 1912, no. 8, 9 March, p. 2, in section: From Public Life. – 186, 187, 188, 189.

On the Departure of Deputy Belousov. – "Living Cause," Spb., 1912, no. 7, 2 March, p. 1. – 190, 193, 194.

On the Departure of Deputy T. O. Belousov from the Duma Social-Democratic Faction. – "Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 12 (48), 23 February, p. 3. – 190, 191, 192, 193, 194.

Kavelinov, K. D. [Letter to A. I. Herzen. 6 August 1862]. – In: Letters of K. Dm. Kavelinov and I. S. Turgenev to Al. I. Herzen. With explanatory notes by M. Dragomanov. Geneva, Ukrainian print., 1892, pp. 80–82. — 259.

[Kamenev, L. V.] From the History of Russian Liberalism. (P. Milyukov. A Year of Struggle. Journalistic Chronicle). – In: "Lightning Flashes." Vol. I. Spb., Bezobrazov print., 1907, pp. 39–88. Signature: Yu. K. – 101.

Karamzin, N. M. The Sentimental and the Cold. Two Characters. – 91.

"Kiev Thought." – 161, 162, 187.

"The Bell," London–Geneva. – 258–259, 260.

– London, 1857, no. 4, 1 October, pp. 27–31; 1859, no. 49, 1 August; Geneve, 1865, no. 197, 25 May, pp. 1613–1614; 1866, no. 221, 1 June, p. 1805. – 259.

– 1860, no. 62, 1 February, p. 517. – 260.

– 1860, no. 63, 15 February, p. 530. – 260.

– 1861, no. 97, 1 May, pp. 819. – 260.

– 1861, no. 105, 15 August, pp. 877–879. – 260–261.

– 1862, no. 148, 22 October, pp. 1222–1223. – 255.

– 1863, no. 162, 1 May, pp. 1334–1336. – 259.

– 1864, no. 177, 15 January, p. 1460. – 260.

– 1864, no. 186, 15 June, p. 1525. – 259–260.

Conference of Trudoviks. – "Speech," Spb., 1912, no. 84 (2038), 28 March (10 April), p. 4. – 237, 242, 244, 312.

[Kuzminsky, A. M.] Most Humble Report on the Inspection Conducted in 1905, by Supreme Command, by Senator Kuzminsky of the City of Baku and Baku Province. N.p. and n.d. 686 pp. – 329, 331.

[Kulomzin, A. P.] Most Humble Report of State Secretary Kulomzin on a Journey to Siberia to Familiarize Himself with the State of Resettlement Affairs. Spb., [State print.], 1896. 2, VI, 187 pp.; 251 pp. appendix. – 326.

*Larin, Yu. The Rise of Russian Agriculture and Its Socio-Political Consequences. – "Rebirth," M., 1910, no. 9–10, 15 June, col. 17–28. – 32, 80, 82, 84–85, 304.

– Paths of Creation. – "The Business of Life," Spb., 1911, no. 6, 25 June, pp. 14–19. – 164.

Lassalle, F. Franz von Sickingen. A Historical Tragedy. – 90.

Levitsky, V. For Unification – Against Split. – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1912, no. 4, pp. 28–33. – 347, 348, 356–357.

*– Our "Constitution" and the Struggle for Rights. – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1911, no. 11, pp. 3–15. – 71, 82, 94, 165, 186.

[Lenin, V. I.] Two Centers. – "Zvezda," Spb., 1911, no. 28, 5 November, p. 1. – 38.

– Notes of a Publicist. II. The "Unification Crisis" in Our Party. – "Discussion Leaflet," [Paris], 1910, no. 2, 25 May (7 June), pp. 4–14. Signature: N. Lenin. On newspaper date: 24 May (7 June). – 1, 210, 391–392.

– Landowning in European Russia. – "Nevskaya Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 3, 6 May, p. 1. Signature: R. Silin. – 307, 380.

– Electoral Campaign for the IV State Duma. – "Zvezda," Spb., 1911, no. 33, 10 December, p. 1; no. 34, 17 December, pp. 1–2. Signature: V. Frey. – 48, 51, 369.

– How P. B. Axelrod Exposes the Liquidators. – "Nevskaya Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 18, 22 July, p. 1. Signature: V. I. – 417.

– Caricature of Bolshevism. – "Proletarian," [Paris], 1909, no. 44. Supplement to no. 44 of "Proletarian" newspaper, 4 (17) April, pp. 1–2. – 19–20.

– Liberalism and Democracy. – "Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 27 (63), 8 April, p. 3; no. 32 (68), 19 April, p. 2. Signature: P. P. – 267, 268, 270, 273.

– On Elections to the 4th State Duma. [Resolution Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Ros. Soc.-Dem. Workers' Party 1912. Pub. CC. Paris, cooperative print. "Ideal," 1912, pp. 18–21. (RSDLP). – 174, 199, 237, 341, 378.

– On the Tasks of the S.D. in the Struggle Against Famine. [Resolution Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – Ibid., pp. 23–24. – 174.

– On the Constitution of the Conference. [Resolution Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – Ibid., pp. 14–15. – 173, 208, 212, 393, 484.

*– On Liquidationism and the Group of Liquidators. [Resolution Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – Ibid., pp. 28–29. – 174, 203, 208, 212, 216–218, 393.

– On Slogans and on the Arrangement of Duma and Non-Duma S.D. Work. – "Social-Democrat," [Paris], 1911, no. 25, 8 (21) December, pp. 1–2. – 22.

– On a New Faction of Reconcilers or the Virtuous. – "Social-Democrat," [Paris], 1911, no. 24, 18 (31) October, pp. 2–7. Signature: N. Lenin. – 5, 6, 8.

– On the Party Organization Abroad. [Resolution Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Ros. Soc.-Dem. Workers' Party 1912. Pub. CC. Paris, cooperative print. "Ideal," 1912, pp. 30–31. (RSDLP). – 174–175, 216, 393.

– On the Current Moment and the Tasks of the Party. [Resolution Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – Ibid., pp. 17–18. – 173–174, 340.

– On the Character and Significance of Our Polemic with Liberals. – "Nevskaya Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 12, 10 June, p. 1. Signature: V. I. – 371.

– On the Character and Organizational Forms of Party Work. [Resolution Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Ros. Soc.-Dem. Workers' Party 1912. Pub. CC. Paris, cooperative print. "Ideal," 1912, pp. 22–23. (RSDLP). – 174.

*– On Relations Toward the Duma Bill on State Insurance of Workers. [Resolution Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – Ibid., pp. 24–26. – 174.

– On the Absence of Delegates from National Centers at the All-Party Conference. [Resolution Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912]. – Ibid., pp. 15–16. – 218.

– On the Assessment of the Current Moment. – "Proletarian," Geneva, 1908, no. 38, (14) 1 November, pp. 1–3. – 19.

– Organ of Liberal Labor Policy. – "Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 11 (47), 19 February, p. 1. Signature: F. L—ko. – 224, 225–227, 229.

– The Last Valve. – "Nevskaya Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 20, 5 August, p. 1. Signature: R. S. – 386.

– Revolutionary Upsurge. – "Social-Democrat," [Paris], 1912, no. 27, 17 (4) June, p. 1. – 353.

– Comparison of Stolypin's and Populist Agrarian Programs. – "Nevskaya Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 15, 1 July, p. 1. Signature: R. S. – 310.

– The Essence of the "Agrarian Question in Russia." – "Nevskaya Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 6, 22 May, pp. 1–2. Signature: R. S. – 266, 380.

– What Is To Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1902. VII, 144 pp. Before the title, author: N. Lenin. – 51.

The Lena Massacre and the 3rd June Monarchy. [Editorial]. – "Social-Democrat," [Paris], 1912, no. 26, 8 May (25 April), p. 1. – 341.

"Leaflet of 'Voice of the Social-Democrat'," [Paris], 1912, no. 4, February, pp. 1–7. – 445.

"Leaflet of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee," [Paris], 1911, no. 1, 8 September. 10 pp. – 9.

"Leaflet of the Organizational Committee for Convening the All-Party Conference," Bruxelles, 1912, no. 3, 19 (6) July. 7 pp. – 446.

*London Congress of the Russian Soc.-Dem. Workers' Party (Held in 1907). Complete Text of Proceedings. Pub. CC. Paris, 1909. 486 pp. (RSDLP). – 14, 86, 139, 142, 153, 471.

Manifesto. 17 (30) October 1905. – "Government Gazette," Spb., 1905, no. 222, 18 (31) October, p. 1. – 178–179.

Marx, K. Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, vol. III, parts 1–2. 1894. – 405.

– The Poverty of Philosophy. A Reply to the "Philosophy of Poverty" of M. Proudhon. First half of 1847. – 405.

– Letter to F. Lassalle. 19 April 1859. – 90.

– Theories of Surplus Value (Volume IV of "Capital"). January 1862 – July 1863. – 383, 405.

Martov, L. Should We Struggle Against Reaction? – "Living Cause," Spb., 1912, no. 8, 9 March, p. 1. – 185–186, 188, 224–227, 228, 229, 230, 231.

– "Strike Together!" – ("L'Avenir") ("The Future"), Paris, 1911, no. 5, 19 November, pp. 1–2. – 15.

– On Elections. Against Reaction. – "Living Cause," Spb., 1912, no. 2, 27 January, p. 2. – 157, 158–160, 181, 224–225, 228, 250, 315.

– On How One Can Be Wrong on Both Sides. – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1912, no. 5, pp. 33–42. – 422.

– Dangerous Symptoms. (On the Departure of T. O. Belousov from the Duma Faction). – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1912, no. 4, pp. 3–11. – 357.

– Fundamental Positions of the Platform. – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1911, no. 7–8, pp. 42–54. – 75, 76, 78, 79–80, 82–85, 90–94.

– Political Review. Before the Elections. – "Our Dawn," Spb., 1912, no. 3, pp. 67–76. – 371.

Local Organizations on the Decisions of the Conference. – "Workers' Newspaper," [Paris], 1912, no. 8, 17 (30) March, p. 2. – 215.

Milyukov, P. N. Political Parties in the State Duma Over Five Years. – In: Yearbook of the Newspaper "Speech" for 1912. Pub. ed. of newspaper "Speech." Spb., n.d., pp. 77–96. (Free supplement to the newspaper "Speech"). – 167–172.

Moscow. On the Question of Convening the All-Party Conference. – "Social-Democrat," [Paris], 1911, no. 24, 18 (31) October, p. 8, in section: Chronicle. – 7.

Moscow, 28 September. – "Russian Gazette," M., 1911, no. 222, 28 September, pp. 1–2. – 97.

"Thought," M. – 3, 212, 213.

For Strengthening the Means of the Newspaper. – "Nevsky Voice," Spb., 1912, no. 7, 17 August, p. 4. Under general heading: To the Fund of the Newspaper. – 463–464.

"Our Dawn," Spb. – 4, 18, 26, 27, 28, 42, 51, 73, 76, 77, 78, 85, 130, 131, 151, 162, 174, 186, 188, 208, 213, 217, 250, 254, 285, 348, 353, 358, 371, 389, 393, 415, 418, 449.

– 1910, no. 2, pp. 50–62. – 163, 164.

– 1911, no. 6. 72 pp. On cover of journal: no. 5. – 69, 73–78.

– 1911, no. 7–8. 114 pp. – 73, 75, 76, 78, 79–80, 82–85, 90–94.

– 1911, no. 9–10, pp. 31–35. – 23–28, 32, 58, 250.

*– 1911, no. 11, pp. 3–15, 128–132. – 71, 82, 94, 163, 165, 186.

– 1912, no. 1–2, pp. 30–40, 47–59. – 230, 301–303, 304, 305.

– 1912, no. 3, pp. 21–31, 67–76, 79. – 301–303, 304–305, 371.

– 1912, no. 4, pp. 3–11, 28–33. – 347, 348, 356–357.

– 1912, no. 5, pp. 33–42. – 422.

– 1912, no. 6, pp. 8–20. – 417–418, 419, 420–422, 423, 459–460.

"Nevskaya Zvezda," Spb. – 428, 429, 432, 436, 438, 451, 453, 458.

– 1912, nos. 1–14, 26 February – 24 June. – 452.

– 1912, no. 1, 26 February. 4 pp. – 455.

– 1912, no. 2, 3 May. 4 pp. – 455.

– 1912, no. 3, 6 May, pp. 1, 4. – 307, 380, 423.

– 1912, no. 6, 22 May, pp. 1–2. – 266, 380.

– 1912, no. 12, 10 June, p. 1. – 371.

– 1912, no. 14, 24 June. 4 pp. – 455.

– 1912, no. 15, 1 July, p. 1. – 310.

– 1912, no. 16, 8 July, p. 2. – 416, 435–436, 456.

"Nevskaya Zvezda," Spb., 1912, no. 17, 15 July, p. 1. – 400–401, 403, 404–405, 406.

– 1912, no. 18, 22 July, p. 1. – 417.

– 1912, no. 20, 5 August, p. 1. – 386.

"Nevsky Voice," Spb. – 371, 395, 415, 436, 438, 451, 453, 455, 458.

– 1912, nos. 1–5, 20 May – 28 June. – 436, 452.

– 1912, no. 1, 20 May. 4 pp. – 321–324, 353–354, 455.

– 1912, no. 4, 6 June, p. 2. – 378.

– 1912, no. 5, 28 June. 4 pp. – 455.

– 1912, no. 6, 5 July. 4 pp. – 412, 413–416, 417, 436, 438, 456, 458, 463.

– 1912, no. 7, 17 August. 4 pp. – 458, 463–464.

Cannot Remain Silent. [Editorial]. – "Living Cause," Spb., 1912, no. 

On the Duma Social-Democratic Fraction. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party regarding the held regular all-party conference. [Published by the CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 5–6. (RSDLP). – 141–142.

On the Contemporary Moment and the Tasks of the Party. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – Ibid., pp. 4–5. – 12, 24, 40, 57, 58, 79–80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 125, 126, 136, 137, 298, 303.

On Factional Centers. [Resolution adopted at the plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), p. 11. – 34, 130, 131, 151, 162–163, 210, 217, 477.

On the Unification of National Organizations at the Local Level. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party regarding the held regular all-party conference. [Published by the CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). – 207.

On Unification with the "Left" Wing of the PPS. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – Ibid., p. 6. – 356.

"Obskaya Zhizn," Novo-Nikolaevsk, 1911, No. 171, August 6, p. 3. – 92.

* Philistine Politics. [Editorial]. – "Zhivoe Delo," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 10, March 21, p. 1. – 222.

Explanations of Count S. Yu. Witte. – "Russkiye Vedomosti," Moscow, 1911, No. 221, September 27, p. 5. – 97.

Ogarev, P. P. Funeral Oration. – "Kolokol," London, 1863, No. 162, May 1, pp. 1334–1336. – 259.

[Olminsky, M. S.] The State, Bureaucracy and Absolutism in the History of Russia. St. Petersburg, "Zhizn i Znanie," 1910. 175 pp. Author's name before title: M. Aleksandrov. – 32, 58.

The Organizational Question. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party regarding the held regular all-party conference. [Published by the CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). – 143.

Organizational Statute [adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party (held in 1907). Complete text of the protocols. Published by the CC. Paris, 1909, p. 459. (RSDLP). – 153.

[Ordzhonikidze, G. K.] Letter to the Editor. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1911, No. 25, December 8 (21), p. 9. Signed: N. – 8.

[Fundamental Provisions of the Draft Law on the Organization of Local Committees on the Agrarian Question, submitted to the I State Duma by 35 members of the Labor Group]. – In: Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. Session One. Vol. I. Sittings 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). St. Petersburg, state printer, 1906, pp. 672–673. (State Duma). – 283, 314.

"Otechestvennyye Zapiski," St. Petersburg, 1845, vol. XXXIX, [book 4, April], pp. 81–104, in section: P. – 256.

"Echoes of the Bund," [Geneva]. – 5.

Report [on Contributions to the Fund of the Newspaper "Pravda"]. – "Pravda," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 60, July 8, p. 3. – 465.

Paris, April 29. [Editorial]. – "Za Partiyu," Paris, 1912, No. 1, April 16 (29), p. 1. – 254.

Petrunkevich, I. I. The Historical "Reference" of "Golos Moskvy" and Historical Truth. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 287 (1883), October 19 (November 1), p. 2. – 99–100, 102.

– [Letter to the Editor]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 295 (1891), October 27 (November 9), pp. 6–7. – 100, 102.

The Press. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 266 (1862), September 28 (October 11), p. 2. – 97.

The Press. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 88 (2042), April 1 (14), p. 2. – 244, 245.

The Press. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 93 (2047), April 6 (19), p. 2. – 314–315.

The Press. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 126 (2080), May 10 (23), p. 2. – 359, 360, 361.

The Press. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 132 (2086), May 17 (30), p. 2. – 321, 343.

Letter to the Editor. – "Nevskaya Zvezda," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 16, July 8, p. 2. Signed: A Supporter of the "Star." – 416, 435–436, 456.

[Plekhanov, G. V.] Eternal Memory! – "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva], 1911, No. 15, October. Second Appendix to No. 15 of the "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata," p. 1. Signed: G. P. – 211, 218.

– On the Question of Convening a Conference of the RSDLP. – "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva], 1912, No. 16, April, pp. 1–11. – 203–204, 253, 357, 358, 389, 445–446, 464.

– On Trifles, Especially on Mr. Potresov. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1910, No. 13, April 26 (May 9), pp. 3–6. – 164, 208, 210.

– The Last Plenary Session of Our Central Committee. – "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva], 1910, No. 11, March, pp. 1–20. – 391.

Regarding the Polemic between Count Witte and A. I. Guchkov. – "Novoe Vremya," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 12785, October 15 (28), p. 3. – PS.

The State of Affairs in the Party. [Resolution adopted at the plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10. – 3, 130, 151, 210, 217, 390, 391.

Regulations on Elections to the State Duma. – In: Handbook 1910. Issue 2. St. Petersburg, state printer, 1910, pp. 257–372. (State Duma. Third Convocation – 3rd Session). – 55, 158, 224.

Regulations on Elections to the State Duma. (Compilation of Laws, vol. I, part 2, edition 1907 and as continued through 1910). With explanations of the Governing Senate and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. St. Petersburg, 1912. [1], 268 pp. – 231–232.

Regulations on Elections to the State Duma [approved June 3, 1907]. With explanations of the Governing Senate and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. St. Petersburg, Senate printer, 1907. 188 pp.; 2 diagrams. (Published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 43, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 139–140, 158, 174, 199, 225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 239, 241, 278, 281, 294, 372, 377, 378.

Regulations on Measures for the Protection of State Order and Public Peace. [August 14, 1881]. – In: Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Collection 3. Vol. I, from No. 1–585 and additions. St. Petersburg, 1885, article 350, pp. 261–266. – 104, 114.

"Polyarnaya Zvezda," London – Geneva. – 258.

Potresov, L. P. Critical Sketches. On Why Trifles Won the Day. – "Nasha Zarya," St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 2, pp. 50–62. – 163, 164.

"Pravda," [Vienna]. – 5, 152, 209, 215, 390, 445, 447–448, 451.

– 1910, No. 17, November 20 (December 3). Supplement to No. 17 of "Pravda." 8 pp. – 31, 149–150.

– 1911, No. 22, November 16 (29), pp. 1, 3. – 29–30, 31–33.

"Pravda," [Vienna], 1912, No. 24, March 14 (27), pp. 1–3. – 230, 253.

– 1912, No. 25, April 23 (May 6), pp. 1–2, 5. – 203, 205, 215, 216, 340–341, 351, 352.

"Pravda," St. Petersburg. – 395, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 434, 436, 438, 439, 451, 453, 458, 465, 473.

– 1912, Nos. 1–53, April 22 – June 30. – 452.

– 1912, No. 1, April 22. 4 pp. – 428, 430, 455.

– 1912, No. 53, June 30. 4 pp. – 455.

– 1912, No. 60, July 8, p. 3. – 465.

– 1912, No. 61, July 10, p. 2. – 435–436, 456.

– 1912, No. 67, July 17, p. 4. – 465.

"Pravitelstvenny Vestnik," St. Petersburg, 1900, No. 150, July 4 (17), pp. 1–2; No. 152, July 6 (19), p. 1; No. 153, July 7 (20), p. 1. – 108, 109, 110, 112.

– 1905, No. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 178–179.

– 1905, No. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1. – 238, 241, 378.

– 1906, No. 54, March 8 (21), pp. 1–2. – 178.

– 1906, No. 252, November 12 (25), p. 1. – 117, 119, 120, 325–326.

The Stay of V. P. Kokovtsov in Moscow. (By telephone from our correspondent). – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 91 (2045), April 4 (17), pp. 3–4. – 311.

Program of the Constitutional-Democratic Party, worked out by the founding congress of the party October 12–15, 1905. [No place], [1905]. 1 p. – 221–222, 223.

[Program of the Union of the Russian People]. – "Russkoye Znamya," St. Petersburg, 1907, November 21 (December 4). – 277, 278.

Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party, adopted at the Second Congress of the party. – In: The Second Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party. Complete text of the protocols. Published by the CC. Geneva, party printer, [1904], pp. 1–6. (RSDLP). – 69, 71.

* Program of the "Union of October 17." [Leaflet. Poltava, Shindler electric printer, n.d.]. 4 pp. – 281.

Draft of the Main Foundations of a Law on Land Security for the Agricultural Population [submitted to the II State Duma by the Cadets]. – In: [Materials received by the General Assembly of the State Duma of the 2nd Convocation]. [No place], [1907], sheet 293–295. – 46, 49, 89.

Draft of the Organization of Local Land Committees submitted to the I State Duma by 35 members of the Labor Group – see Fundamental Provisions of the Draft Law on the Organization of Local Committees on the Agrarian Question, submitted to the I State Duma by 35 members of the Labor Group.

[Proclamation of Petrograd Workers distributed before May 1, 1912]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," Paris, 1912, No. 27, June 17 (4), p. 4, in section: Chronicle. Under the general heading: Petersburg. – 341, 347–348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 354.

Prokopovich, S. N. Bilingual Politics. (Letter to the Editor). – "Zaprosy Zhizni," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 26, June 29, columns 1525–1530. – 473.

– Before the Danger. – "Russkiye Vedomosti," Moscow, 1912, No. 104, May 8, p. 2. – 359, 360, 362–363, 365, 370.

"Proletariy," Geneva, 1908, No. 38, November 1 (14), pp. 1–3. – 19.

– [Paris], 1909, No. 44. Supplement to No. 44 of the newspaper "Proletariy," April 4 (17), pp. 1–2. – 19–20, 32.

"Promyshlennost i Torgovlya," St. Petersburg. – 293.

"Prosveshcheniye," St. Petersburg. – 212, 213.

Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, held in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov printer, 1907. VI, 420 pp. – 355.

Pushkin, A. S. The Hero. – 420.

"Rabochaya Gazeta," [Paris]. – 3, 65, 152, 153–154.

– 1912, No. 8, March 17 (30), p. 2. – 215.

[Editorial Note regarding the article by S. P. Prokopovich "Before the Danger"]. – "Russkiye Vedomosti," Moscow, 1912, No. 104, May 8, p. 2. – 359, 361, 365.

[Resolutions adopted at the plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), pp. 10–11. – 151, 174, 390.

[Resolutions adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party regarding the held regular all-party conference. [Published by the CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–7. (RSDLP). – 28, 31, 32, 153, 166, 174, 485.

[Resolutions adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party (held in 1907). Complete text of the protocols. Published by the CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 453–457. (RSDLP). – 139.

Resolutions [adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP 1912]. – In: The All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party 1912. Published by the CC. Paris, coop. printer "Ideal," 1912, pp. 14–34. (RSDLP). – 393, 456.

Resolutions of the Conference [at the Foreign Bureau of the CC RSDLP]. – "Listok Zarubezhnogo Byuro Tsentralnogo Komiteta," [Paris], 1911, No. 1, September 8, pp. 4–5. – 9.

* Resolution of the Foreign Organizational Commission on Its Attitude toward the Russian Organizational Commission. November 13, 1911. [Leaflet]. [No place], 1911. 1 p. (RSDLP). – 7.

Resolution on the Attitude toward Non-Proletarian Parties [adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP in 1907]. – In: The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party (held in 1907). Complete text of the protocols. Published by the CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 454–455. (RSDLP). – 14, 86, 142, 471.

Resolution on Reports [adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party regarding the held regular all-party conference. [Published by the CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 4. (RSDLP). – 130, 150–151, 208–209, 216–217.

Resolution adopted by the Zamoskvoretsky, Preobrazhenskiy, Khamovnicheskiy, Rogozhskiy, Presenskiy and Butyrskiy districts of the Moscow organization of the RSDLP. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1911, No. 25, December 8 (21), p. 10. Under the general heading: Moscow. – 7.

Resolution adopted at the general assembly of the party social-democratic club in Vienna November 26, 1910. [Leaflet]. [No place], [1910]. 2 pp. – 211.

Resolution of the St. Petersburg "Recallists," proposed by them at the expanded session of the Petersburg Committee before the all-party conference. – "Proletariy," [Paris], 1909, No. 44. Supplement to No. 44 of the newspaper "Proletariy," April 4 (17), p. 1. – 19, 32.

Resolution of the Conference of Representatives of the Foreign Committee of the Bund, Menshevik-Partisans, the "Forward" group, Bolshevik-Partisans, "Voice of the Social-Democrat" and "Pravda" regarding the notification about the held All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP. – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1912, No. 25, April 23 (May 6), p. 5. – 203, 205, 215, 216.

"Rech," St. Petersburg. – 12, 155, 190, 238, 304, 312, 313, 386, 470, 473.

– 1907, No. 241, October 12 (25), p. 3. – 234–235.

– 1909, No. 167 (1045), June 21 (July 4), p. 3. – 11, 41, 72, 80, 181, 219, 314.

– 1911, No. 264 (1860), September 26 (October 9), p. 2. – 97.

– 1911, No. 266 (1862), September 28 (October 11), p. 2. – 97.

– 1911, No. 287 (1883), October 19 (November 1), pp. 2, 3. – 98, 99–100, 102.

– 1911, No. 293 (1889), October 25 (November 7), pp. 1–2. – 40.

– 1911, No. 295 (1891), October 27 (November 9), pp. 6–7. – 100, 102.

– 1911, No. 332 (1928), December 3 (16), p. 5. – 22.

– 1912, No. 54 (2008), February 25 (March 9), p. 7. – 190, 191, 192, 194.

– 1912, No. 79 (2033), March 21 (April 3), p. 1. – 219, 221–222, 235, 248, 283, 316.

– 1912, No. 84 (2038), March 28 (April 10), pp. 1–2, 4. – 237, 238, 240, 242, 244, 312.

– 1912, No. 88 (2042), April 1 (14), p. 2. – 244, 245.

– 1912, No. 91 (2045), April 4 (17), pp. 3–4. – 311.

– 1912, No. 93 (2047), April 6 (19), pp. 2, 3. – 311, 314–315.

– 1912, No. 106 (2060), April 19 (May 2), p. 2. – 367.

– 1912, No. 126 (2080), May 10 (23), p. 2. – 359, 360, 361.

– 1912, No. 132 (2086), May 17 (30), p. 2. – 321, 343.

– 1912, No. 162 (2116), June 16 (29), p. 1. – 370–371, 372.

– 1912, No. 195 (2149), July 19 (August 1), p. 1. – 471.

[Rozhkov, N. A.] The Contemporary Situation in Russia and the Basic Task of the Workers' Movement at the Present Time. – "Nasha Zarya," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 9–10, pp. 31–35. Signed: N. R-kov. – 23–28, 32, 58, 250.

– The Point of Support. – "Obskaya Zhizn," Novo-Nikolaevsk, 1911, No. 171, August 6, p. 3. – 92.

Rozanov, V. V. Between Azef and "Vekhi." – "Novoe Vremya," St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 12011, August 20 (September 2), pp. 3–4. – 283.

– Merezhkovskiy against "Vekhi." (The Latest Religious-Philosophical Assembly). – "Novoe Vremya," St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 11897, April 27 (May 10), p. 3. – 283.

"Rossiya," St. Petersburg. – 104.

– 1911, No. 1857, December 3 (16), p. 3. – 22.

"Russkaya Mysl," Moscow. – 168.

– 1910, book VIII, pp. 63–72, in section: [II]. – 164.

"Russkiye Vedomosti," Moscow. – 110, 386.

– 1911, No. 221, September 27, p. 5. – 97.

"Russkiye Vedomosti," Moscow, 1911, No. 222, September 28, pp. 1–2. – 97.

– 1912, No. 104, May 8, p. 2. – 359, 360, 361, 362–363, 365, 370.

– 1912, No. 110, May 15, p. 3. – 321, 343.

– 1912, No. 135, June 13, p. 2. – 370, 371, 372.

– 1912, No. 163, July 15, p. 2. – 470.

Russian Deputies in England. Speeches at a Breakfast with the Lord Mayor. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 167 (1045), June 21 (July 4), p. 3. – 11, 41, 72, 80, 181, 219, 314.

"Russkoye Bogatstvo," St. Petersburg. – 247.

"Russkoye Znamya," St. Petersburg. – 277.

– 1907, November 21 (December 4). – 277, 278.

"Russkoye Slovo," Moscow. – 161, 162, 187.

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E. Diary of a Provincial in Petersburg. – 75.

– The Shelter of Monrepos. – 119.

St. Petersburg, October 25. [Editorial]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 293 (1889), October 25 (November 7), pp. 1–2. – 40.

St. Petersburg, March 21. [Editorial]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 79 (2033), March 21 (April 3), p. 1. – 219, 221–222, 235, 248, 283, 316.

St. Petersburg, March 28. [Editorial]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 84 (2038), March 28 (April 10), pp. 1–2. – 238, 240.

St. Petersburg, June 16. [Editorial]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 162 (2116), June 16 (29), p. 1. – 370–371, 372.

St. Petersburg, July 19. [Editorial]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 195 (2149), July 19 (August 1), p. 1. – 471.

"Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti," 1908, No. 24, January 29 (February 11), p. 2. – 46, 49, 89, 120, 199, 383.

– 1912, No. 152, July 7 (20), p. 4. – 410.

"Svet," St. Petersburg. – 278.

Summary of Reports of Factory Inspectors for 1905. St. Petersburg, Kirshbaum printer, 1908. XXV, 117 pp. (Ministry of Trade and Industry. Department of Industry). – 434.

Severyanin, A. Eleven Years… and Everything the Same! – "Russkiye Vedomosti," Moscow, 1912, No. 110, May 15, p. 3. – 321, 343.

Skeptic. Theory and Practice. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 106 (2060), April 19 (May 2), p. 2. – 367.

"Slovo," St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 791, May 10 (23), p. 3. – 283.

"Sovremennik," St. Petersburg. – 247.

[Report on Joint Conferences of Bolsheviks, Menshevik-Partisans and Liquidators regarding the question of preparation for the elections to the IV State Duma]. – "Nevskiy Golos," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 6, July 5, p. 3, in section: Electoral Campaign. – 456.

[Report on the Exclusion of Voiloshnikov for 15 Sittings of the State Duma]. – "Rossiya," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 1857, December 3 (16), p. 3. Under the general heading: State Duma. Sitting 35th (December 2, 1911). – 22.

"Sotsial-Demokrat," [Vilna – St. Petersburg] – Paris – Geneva. – 3, 8, 35, 65, 152, 174, 203, 252, 390, 393, 460.

– 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), pp. 10–11. – 3, 4, 34, 35, 130, 131, 151, 152, 153, 162–163, 174, 210, 217, 390, 391, 477.

– 1910, No. 13, April 26 (May 9), pp. 3–6. – 164, 208, 210.

– 1911, No. 24, October 18 (31), pp. 2–7, 8. – 5, 6, 7, 8.

– 1911, No. 25, December 8 (21), pp. 1–2, 9, 10. – 7, 8, 22.

– 1912, No. 26, May 8 (April 25), p. 1. – 341.

– 1912, No. 27, June 17 (4), pp. 1, 4. – 341, 347–348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354.

– 1912, No. 27, June 17 (4). Supplement to No. 27 of "Sotsial-Demokrat," p. 1. – 215.

Union of Bakers. – "Zvezda," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 27 (63), April 8, p. 4, in section: Workers' Newspaper. – 412.

Union of Count Witte and P. N. Durnovo with the Cadets. (Note). – "Golos Moskvy," 1911, No. 236, October 14 (27), p. 1. – 97–98.

Handbook 1910. Issue 2. St. Petersburg, state printer, 1910. X, 477, 56 pp.; 2 sheets of diagrams. (State Duma. Third Convocation – 3rd Session). – 40, 44–46, 47, 51–54, 55, 158, 224.

Handbook 1912. (Supplement to the "Handbook" 1910). Issue 4. St. Petersburg, state printer, 1912. VI, 249 pp. (State Duma. Third Convocation – V Session). – 198, 280, 281, 286–287.

Among Newspapers and Journals. – "Novoe Vremya," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 13046, July 8 (21), pp. 3–4. – 410–411.

Statistics of Land Ownership 1905. Summary of Data from 50 Gubernias of European Russia. St. Petersburg, Minkov printer, 1907. 199 pp.; L pp. tables. (Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 49, 263–266, 279, 307–308, 309–310, 381, 384.

[Article 106 of the Regulations on Elections to the State Duma]. – In: Regulations on Elections to the State Duma. (Compilation of Laws, vol. I, part 2, edition 1907 and as continued through 1910). With explanations of the Governing Senate and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. St. Petersburg, 1912, pp. 94–97. – 231–232.

[Article 129 of the Criminal Code]. – In: The Criminal Code… approved March 22, 1903 with an outline of its essential differences from the existing code and a subject alphabetical index. Unofficial edition. Moscow, Bookstore "Pravo-Vedeniye" of Golubev, [1903], pp. 50–51. – 249.

* Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1907. Session Two. Vol. II. Sittings 31–53 (from May 1 to June 2). St. Petersburg, state printer, 1907. VIII pp., 1610 columns. (State Duma. Second Convocation). – 385.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1908. Session One. Parts II–III. St. Petersburg, state printer, 1908. 2 vols. (State Duma. Third Convocation).

– Part II. Sittings 31–60 (from February 21 to May 6, 1908). XV pp., 2962 columns. – 41, 325, 335–336, 421.

– Part III. Sittings 61–98 (from May 7 to June 28, 1908). XXII pp., 4529 columns, 8 pp. – 89, 199.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1909. Session Two. Part III. Sittings 71–100 (from March 6 to April 24, 1909). St. Petersburg, state printer, 1909. XII pp., 2956 columns. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 327, 328–336.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1912. Session Five. Part III. Sittings 84–119 (from March 5 to April 28, 1912). St. Petersburg, state printer, 1912. XXII pp., 3726 columns. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 281, 346.

Sun Yat-sen. The Social Significance of the Chinese Revolution. (From the newspaper "Le Peuple," July 11, 1912). – "Nevskaya Zvezda," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 17, July 15, p. 1. – 400–401, 403, 404–405, 406.

Text of the Draft Law on Measures to Encourage Russian Agricultural Machine-Building in the version established during the second discussion. – In: Appendices to the Stenographic Reports of the State Duma. Third Convocation. Session Five. 1911–1912. Vol. II (Nos. 211–350). St. Petersburg, state printer, 1912, No. 335, pp. 1–2. – 366, 367.

Text of the Draft Law on the Insurance of Workers against Accidents in the version established by the State Duma during the second discussion. – In: Appendices to the Stenographic Reports of the State Duma. Third Convocation. Session Five. 1911–1912. Vol. I (Nos. 1–210). St. Petersburg, state printer, 1911, No. 7, pp. 1–16. – 146–149, 179, 281.

Text of the Draft Law on the Security of Workers in Case of Illness in the version established by the State Duma during the second discussion. – Ibid., No. 42, pp. 1–18. – 146–149, 179, 281.

Text of the Draft Law on Equalization of Rights with Finnish Citizens of Other Russian Subjects in the version established by the State Duma during the second discussion. – Ibid., No. 37, pp. 1–2. – 155.

Tiflis. Letter to the Editor of "Pravda." – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1912, No. 27, June 17 (4). Supplement to No. 27 of "Sotsial-Demokrat," p. 1. – 215.

Tiflisskiy, A. A Small Note on a Big Question. – In: Forward. Collection of Articles on Current Questions. No. 2. Published by the "Forward" group. [Paris, coop. printer "Union"], February 1911, columns 82–83. – 13.

[Trotsky, L. D.] Questions of the Electoral Campaign. – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1912, No. 24, March 14 (27), pp. 1–3. – 230.

– Forward! – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1911, No. 22, November 16 (29), p. 1. – 30.

– The Lena Massacre and the Response of the Proletariat. Why Did They Shoot? – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1912, No. 25, April 23 (May 6), pp. 1–2. – 340–341, 351, 352.

– Political Letters. – "Zhivoe Delo," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 7, March 2, p. 2. – 166.

– Comrades! [Editorial]. – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1912, No. 24, March 14 (27), p. 1. – 253.

Trubetskoy, E. P. The Clergy and the Duma. – "Russkiye Vedomosti," Moscow, 1912, No. 163, July 15, p. 2. – 470.

– [Letter to the Editor]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 295 (1891), October 27 (November 9), p. 6. – 100, 102.

Edict to the Governing Senate [on Peasants Withdrawing from Communities and Securing Homestead Allotments in Ownership. November 9 (22), 1906]. – "Pravitelstvenny Vestnik," St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 252, November 12 (25), p. 1. – 117, 119, 120, 325–326.

Edict to the Governing Senate [on Changes and Additions to the Regulations on Elections to the State Duma. December 11 (24), 1905]. – "Pravitelstvenny Vestnik," St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1, in section: Government Actions. – 238, 241, 378.

[Conditions for the Merger of the SDKPiL with the RSDLP, adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, held in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov printer, 1907, pp. 345–348. – 355.

"Utro Rossii," Moscow. – 314.

Progress of Elections to the State Duma. (According to reports from our correspondents with the addition of data from the Petrograd telegraph agency). – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1907, No. 241, October 12 (25), p. 3. – 234–235.

[Tsederbaum, S. O.] From Spontaneity to Organization. – "Nevskiy Golos," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 1, May 20, p. 2. Signed: V. Yezhov. – 321–324, 353–354.

[Circular of Governors to Ispravniki on Providing Information on Preparations for Elections to the State Duma. 1912]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 93 (2047), April 6 (19), p. 3, in the article: Administration and Elections. – 311.

Chatskiy, Yu. It's Time to Begin! – "Nasha Zarya," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 6, pp. 39–54. – 69, 73–78.

* Cherevarin, N. The Contemporary Situation and Possible Future. The Agrarian Problem and Its Solution by the Struggling Parties. The 3rd Duma, the Reasons for Its Appearance and Its Future. Moscow, "Russian Labor" printer, 1908. VII, 248 pp. – 90.

[Chernov, V. M.] Deeds and Days. On the "Childhood Ailments" of Our Movement. – "Zavety," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 2, May, pp. 104–131, in section: II. Signed: Ya. Vechev. – 419.

What Next? (Letter from "Pravda" to Thinking Workers). – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1910, No. 17, November 20 (December 3). Supplement to No. 17 of "Pravda," pp. 1–7. – 31, 149–150.

Engelhardt, A. N. From the Village. – 467.

Alb, B. Commerce. – "Revue Scientifique," Paris, 1912, No. 1, July 6, p. 24. – 466–467.

"Appeal to Reason," Girard, Kansas. – 439.

("L'Avenir") ("The Future"), Paris. – 15, 22, 350.

– 1911, No. 5, November 19, pp. 1–2. – 15.

– 1911, No. 9, December 17, p. 2. – 22.

– 1912, No. 32, May 26, p. 3. – 350.

"Gazeta Robotnicza," Warsaw. – 387.

Cunow, H. The Revolutionary Newspaper Literature of France during the Years 1789–94. A Contribution to the History of French Class and Party Struggles toward the End of the 18th Century. Berlin, Vorwärts Bookshop, 1908. II, 328 pp. – 14.

"Czerwony Sztandar," Warsaw, 1912, No. 187, June, pp. 9–10. – 393.

Jellinek, G. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. A Contribution to Modern Constitutional History. 2nd, enlarged edition. Leipzig, Duncker and Humblot, 1904. XI, 65 pp. (State and International Law Essays. Founded by G. Jellinek and G. Meyer, edited by G. Jellinek and G. Anschütz). – 114.

Lassalle, F. [Letter to K. Marx and F. Engels. May 27, 1859]. – In: From the Literary Remains of K. Marx, F. Engels and F. Lassalle. Edited by F. Mehring. Vol. IV. Letters from F. Lassalle to K. Marx and F. Engels. 1849 to 1862. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1902, pp. 153–171. – 50.

* [Lenin, V. I.] The Anonymous Writer from the "Vorwärts" and the Situation in the Social-Democratic Workers Party of Russia. [Paris, "Ideal," 1912]. 12 pp. – 252, 443–444, 445, 449.

– On the Present Situation in the Social-Democratic Workers Party of Russia. Presented by the Editorial Board of the Central Organ (Sotsial-Demokrat) of the Social-Democratic Workers Party of Russia. [Leipzig], Printing of the Leipzig Printing Company A. G., 1912. 16 pp. – 460, 463.

"Le Peuple," Brussels. – 400.

Political Review of the Week. – "St.-Petersburger Zeitung," 1912, No. 126, May 6 (19). 1st Supplement, p. [1]. – 344–345.

"Revue Scientifique," Paris, 1912, No. 1, July 6, p. 24. – 466–467.

[Roubanovitch, I. A.] May 1st in Russia. – ("L'Avenir") ("The Future"), Paris, 1912, No. 32, May 26, p. 3. – 350.

"St.-Petersburger Zeitung," 1912, No. 126, May 6 (19). 1st Supplement, p. [1]. – 344–345.

"Sozialistische Monatshefte," Berlin. – 206, 208.

[Trotsky, L. D.] From Russian Party Life. – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1912, No. 72, March 26. 1st Supplement of "Vorwärts," p. 1. – 203, 205–207, 210, 211, 214, 252, 443.

– Russian Social-Democracy. (From our Russian Correspondent). – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1910, No. 201, August 28, p. 4. – 214, 252, 443.

"Vorwärts," Berlin. – 156, 201, 203, 252, 443, 444.

– 1910, No. 201, August 28, p. 4. – 214, 252, 443.

– 1912, No. 72, March 26. 1st Supplement of "Vorwärts," p. 1. – 203, 205–207, 210, 211, 214, 252, 443.

– 1912, No. 131, June 8. 1st Supplement of "Vorwärts," pp. 1–2. – 393.

ZPartji. – "Czerwony Sztandar," Warsaw, 1912, No. 187, June, pp. 9–10. – 393.

On the Party Congress of the PPS. – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1912, No. 131, June 8. 1st Supplement of "Vorwärts," pp. 1–2. – 393.

Index of Names

Avdakov, N. S. (1847–1915) – Octobrist, industrial figure, mining engineer, chairman of the council of the congress of southern Russian mining-industrial entrepreneurs. From 1906, member of the State Council from the industrialists. Author of numerous works on the economics of mining industry, permanent contributor to the journal "Industry and Trade." – 296–297, 302.

Akimov (Makhnovets), V. P. (1872–1921) – social-democrat, prominent representative of "economism," extreme opportunist. Was one of the leaders of the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," spoke against the group "Emancipation of Labor," and then against "The Spark." After the II Congress of the RSDLP – representative of the right wing of Menshevism. During the 1905–1907 revolution – advocated the liquidationist idea of creating a non-partisan workers' organization within which social-democracy would be merely one ideological current. In 1912, in connection with the electoral campaign for the IV State Duma, spoke in "Rech" in defense of the "progressive bloc." – 370–372, 377.

Axelrod, P. B. (1850–1928) – one of the leaders of Menshevism; in 1883 participated in the creation of the group "Emancipation of Labor." From 1900 – member of the editorial board of "The Spark" and "The Dawn." After the II Congress of the RSDLP – active Menshevik. In 1905 put forward the opportunistic idea of convening a "workers' congress," which he opposed to the proletarian party. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary surge – one of the leaders of the Liquidators, entered the editorial board of the Menshevik-Liquidators' newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat"; in 1912 participated in the anti-party August Bloc. During the First World War – centrist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility; in emigration, advocated armed intervention against Soviet Russia. – 9, 208, 389, 412–424, 459–460.

Alexander II (Romanov) (1818–1881) – Russian Emperor (1855–1881). – 259, 260, 303.

Aleksandrov, M. S. – see Olminsky, M. S.

Aleksinskiy, G. A. (born 1879) – at the beginning of his political activity – social-democrat. During the 1905–1907 revolution – attached to the Bolsheviks. Was a deputy of the II State Duma. During the years of reaction – Recallist, lecturer at the factional school in Capri (Italy), one of the organizers of the anti-party group "Forward." During the First World War – fierce social-chauvinist, contributor to numerous bourgeois newspapers. In 1917 joined Plekhanov's group "Unity" and took a counter-revolutionary position. In July 1917, having fabricated false documents together with military counter-intelligence, slandered V. I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks. In April 1918 fled abroad. In 1920 was sentenced in absentia by the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the case of the counter-revolutionary organization "Tactical Center" and deprived of the right to enter Soviet Russia. In emigration joined the camp of extreme reaction. – 209, 389.

Andreyev, N. N. – see Nikolin, N.

Andreichuk, M. S. (born 1866) – well-to-do peasant; deputy to the III State Duma from Volhynia Gubernia; non-partisan. In the Duma was elected to commissions: food supply, fisheries, and others. – 120.

Anthony of Volyn (Khrapovitskiy, A. P.) (1863–1936) – fierce Black Hundreds reactionary, head of the extreme right direction in the Russian Orthodox Church, one of the most prominent implementers of the reactionary policy of tsarism. From 1902 was Bishop of Volyn, later Archbishop of Kharkov. During the Civil War and foreign military intervention collaborated with Denikin. After the defeat of the counter-revolution fled abroad, where became one of the leaders of monarchist emigration. – 283.

Arakcheev, A. A. (1769–1834) – one of the most reactionary representatives of Russian autocracy, count, Minister of War under Alexander I, distinguished by brutality and cruelty, exerted enormous influence on Russia's internal and external policy. The name Arakcheev is associated with an entire period of reactionary police arbitrariness, crude militarism, espionage, bribery, corruption, and soulless petty formalism – the so-called regime of "Arakcheyevism." – 255.

Astrakhantsev, E. P. (born 1875) – social-democrat, fitter at the Izhevsk arms factory. In 1907 was elected from Vyatka Gubernia to the III State Duma. Entered the social-democratic faction, leaned toward Menshevism; contributed to the liquidators' newspaper "Zhivoe Delo." – 44, 213.

B

Bakunin, M. A. (1814–1876) – one of the ideologists of Populism and anarchism. From 1840 lived abroad, participated in the 1848–1849 revolution in Germany. Entered the I International, where he appeared as a fierce enemy of Marxism. Bakunin rejected all state, including the dictatorship of the proletariat, did not understand the world-historical role of the proletariat, openly opposed the creation of an independent political party of the working class, upholding the doctrine of workers' abstention from political activity. K. Marx and F. Engels conducted a resolute struggle against Bakunin, exposing the reactionary essence of Bakuninism as petty-bourgeois sectarianism, incompatible with the workers' movement. For his schismatic activity, in 1872 Bakunin was expelled from the International. – 257, 419.

Balabanova, A. I. (born 1878) – social-democrat. In 1897 went abroad, where joined the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats." After the II Congress of the RSDLP – Menshevik. Played a significant role in the Italian Socialist Party: entered the editorial board of its central organ "Avanti!" ("Forward!"), was a member of the CC and representative of the Italian Socialist Party in the International Socialist Bureau. During the First World War held a centrist position; participated in the Zimmerwald and Kienthal conferences, entered the Zimmerwald Association. In 1917 came to Russia; joined the Bolshevik party. Was present with advisory vote at the First Congress of the Comintern. In 1924 Balabanova was expelled from the ranks of the RCP(b) because she took up the old Menshevik position. – 409.

Bebel, August (1840–1913) – one of the most prominent figures of German social-democracy and the international workers' movement. Began his political activity in the first half of the 1860s; was a member of the I International. In 1869, together with W. Liebknecht, founded the Social-Democratic Workers Party of Germany (the "Eisenachers"); repeatedly elected to the Reichstag. In the 1890s and early 1900s spoke against reformism and revisionism in the ranks of German social-democracy. V. I. Lenin considered his speeches against the Bernsteinians "a model of defending Marxist views and struggling for the genuinely socialist character of the workers' party" (Works, 4th edition, vol. 19, p. 268). In the last period of his activity Bebel made a number of centrist errors. – 409, 454, 469.

Belousov, T. O. (born 1875) – Menshevik-Liquidator, deputy to the III State Duma from Irkutsk Gubernia. In February 1912 withdrew from the social-democratic faction of the Duma, however without relinquishing his deputy mandates. V. I. Lenin sharply condemned Belousov's behavior (see the present volume, pp. 190–195). – 118, 190–195, 213.

Ber – see Liber, M. I.

Berezovskiy, A. E. (Berezovskiy I) (born 1868) – landowner, Cadet, zemstvo activist, agronomist by profession. Deputy to the III State Duma from Simbirsk Gubernia. In the Duma was member of the food supply, land, and other commissions. From 1918 worked in his specialty. – 283.

Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932) – leader of the extreme opportunist wing of German social-democracy and the II International, theoretician of revisionism and reformism. Participated in the social-democratic movement from the mid-1870s. From 1881 to 1889 – editor of the central organ of the German Social-Democratic Party "Der Sozialdemokrat" ("Social-Democrat"). In 1896–1898 published in the journal "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Times") a series of articles titled "Problems of Socialism," later issued as a book "The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social-Democracy," where he openly undertook a revision of the philosophical, economic, and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism. "The opportunist unlearned to think even of proletarian revolution," – wrote V. I. Lenin, referring to Bernstein (Works, 4th edition, vol. 25, p. 400). Bernstein declared the only task of the workers' movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at improving the economic situation of workers under capitalism, put forward the opportunist formula: "movement is everything, the final goal is nothing." During the First World War stood on social-chauvinist positions. In subsequent years Bernstein continued to support the policy of imperialist bourgeoisie, spoke against the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet State. – 70.

Biron, E. I. (1690–1772) – all-powerful favorite during the reign of Anna Ivanovna, scion of minor Courland nobles. Without holding official posts and not being a Russian subject, exerted great influence on Russia's internal and partly external policy. Established a terrorist regime in the country, carried out a policy of Germanization of the state apparatus, used his position for plunder of the Russian treasury, bribery and speculation. After Anna Ivanovna's death was for some time regent of the state; in November 1740 overthrown as a result of a palace coup. – 255.

Bissolati, Leonida (1857–1920) – one of the founders of the Italian Socialist Party and leader of its extreme right reformist wing. In 1896–1904 and 1908–1910 was editor of the central organ of the Socialist Party "Avanti!" ("Forward!"). From 1897 – member of parliament. In 1912 was expelled from the Italian Socialist Party and formed a "social-reformist party." During the First World War – social-chauvinist, supporter of Italy's participation in the war on the side of the Entente. In 1916–1918 entered the government as minister without portfolio. – 213, 408–409, 423.

Blank, R. M. (R. B.) (born 1866) – publicist, chemist by profession. Contributed to the journal "Emancipation" – organ of Russian liberal bourgeoisie, was member of its editorial board, then was de facto editor of the newspaper "Our Life," contributed to the left-Cadet newspaper "Tovarisch." Was editor of the journal of the Cadets, Popular Socialists and Menshevik-Liquidators – "Queries of Life." V. I. Lenin, characterizing Blank as the most typical exponent of Cadet policy, exposed the counter-revolutionary essence of his views. – 242, 248, 313–315, 473.

Bogdanov, A. (Malinovskiy, A. A., Maksimov, N.) (1873–1928) – social-democrat, philosopher, sociologist, economist, physician by training. After the II Congress of the RSDLP attached himself to the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary surge headed the Recallists, was leader of the anti-party group "Forward." In questions of philosophy attempted to create his own system – "empiriomonism" (a variety of subjectively-idealist Machist philosophy), which Lenin sharply criticized in his work "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism." At the Conference of the enlarged editorial board of the newspaper "Proletariy" in June 1909, Bogdanov was expelled from the ranks of the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution was one of the organizers and leaders of "Proletkult." From 1926 – director of the Institute of Blood Transfusion he founded. – 70, 209.

Brentano, Luyo (1844–1931) – German bourgeois economist, from 1896 professor of political economy at Munich University; one of the chief representatives of "cathedra socialism," which preached the renunciation of class struggle and the possibility of resolving social contradictions in capitalist society through the organization of reformist trade unions and factory legislation, reconciling the interests of workers and capitalists. On the agrarian question upheld the reactionary "theory" of the stability of small farming in agriculture and the pseudo-scientific bourgeois "law of diminishing soil fertility." In his later years – open apologist of imperialism. – 301.

Bulgarin, F. V. (1789–1859) – reactionary journalist and writer. From 1825 – publisher and editor of the semi-official newspaper "Northern Bee." In his sketches, novels, and literary-critical articles propagated loyal monarchist ideas. Was a trusted agent of the political police of Nicholas I, engaged in denunciations and slander of progressive journals and advanced writers of that time. – 252.

Bourbons – royal dynasty that ruled France from 1589 to 1792, in 1814–1815 and in 1815–1830. – 83.

Burenin, V. P. (1841–1926) – reactionary publicist and man of letters. From 1876 was member of the editorial board of the newspaper "New Times," headed the mercenary literary clique of the "New Times crowd." V. I. Lenin often used the name Burenin to designate dishonorable methods of polemics. – 252.

Burtsev, V. L. (1862–1936) – participated in the revolutionary movement of the 1880s, was close to the People's Will. After arrest fled abroad, where devoted himself to collecting and publishing documents of the revolutionary movement. Published the journal "The Past." Before the first Russian revolution was close to the Socialist-Revolutionaries, after the defeat of the revolution supported the Cadets. From October 1911 to January 1914 – editor of the liberal-bourgeois newspaper "The Future." During the First World War – fierce chauvinist, renounced all opposition to tsarism. Returning to Russia, sided with the counter-revolution against the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated abroad, participated in creating White Guard-monarchist organizations to struggle against the USSR. – 15, 350.

Witte, S. Yu. (1849–1915) – a statesman who expressed the interests of the "military-feudal imperialism" of tsarist Russia, a convinced supporter of autocracy, who sought to preserve the monarchy through insignificant concessions to the liberal bourgeoisie and cruel repression against the people; one of the organizers of the suppression of the 1905–1907 revolution. Serving as Minister of Communications (February–August 1892), Minister of Finance (1892–1903), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (October 1905–April 1906), Witte, through his measures in the sphere of finance, tariff policy, railroad construction, factory legislation, and his whole-hearted encouragement of foreign capital investments, promoted the development of capitalism in Russia and increased her dependence on the imperialist powers. "Minister-broker," "stock exchange agent" – this is how V. I. Lenin characterized him. – 95–98, 101–103.

Vishnevsky, A. P. (born in 1862) – a landowner, member of the "Union of the Russian People," deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Kursk province. – 113, 118.

Vodovozov, V. V. (1864–1933) – a publicist of liberal-populist orientation. From 1904 – member of the editorial board of the newspaper "Our Life"; in 1906 collaborated in the left-Kadet newspaper "Comrade," during the election campaign to the Second State Duma he joined the Trudoviks. In 1912 published in the journal "Questions of Life," in which Kadets, "People's Socialists," and Menshevik-liquidators collaborated. In 1917 Vodovozov was in the editorial board of the journal "Byloye," collaborated in the liberal-bourgeois newspaper "Day." He was hostile to the October Socialist Revolution. In 1926 he emigrated. – 242–246, 248, 249, 267–274.

Voiloshnikov, A. A. (1877–1930) – member of the Third State Duma from the Cossack population of the Transbaikal Cossack Host, was part of the social-democratic faction and sided with the Bolsheviks. For speeches on the charter of military service Voiloshnikov was excluded by the Chairman of the Duma from 15 sessions. In 1911–1912 collaborated in the Bolshevik newspapers "Zvezda" and "Pravda." From 1913 – chairman of the board of the Transbaikal Provincial Union of Cooperatives. After the October Socialist Revolution he was engaged in economic work in Novosibirsk, Saratov, Kazan, and Moscow. – 22, 213, 226, 229, 327–328, 333–336.

Volsky, S. (Sokolov, A. V., S. V.) (born in 1880) – a social-democrat. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP he sided with the Bolsheviks. In the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of the Recallists, participated in the organization and work of factional schools on Capri and in Bologna (Italy), was part of the anti-party group "Forward." After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 worked in the military section of the Petrograd Soviet. He was hostile to the October Socialist Revolution, emigrated, but soon returned to Soviet Russia. Worked in forest cooperation, Gosplan, and the People's Commissariat of Trade. From 1927 he was engaged in literary work. – 9, 29–30.

Voronin, S. A. (1880–1915) – a worker, deputy to the Third State Duma from Vladimir province. Was part of the social-democratic faction and sided with the Bolsheviks. Collaborated in the Bolshevik legal newspaper "Zvezda." – 213.

G

Haase, Hugo (1863–1919) – one of the leaders of German social-democracy, a centrist. In 1911 was elected chairman of the Board of the German social-democratic party. Deputy to the Reichstag in 1897–1907 and 1912–1918. From 1912 – chairman of the social-democratic faction of the Reichstag. During the First World War he held social-chauvinist positions. In 1917, together with Kautsky, he founded the Independent Social-Democratic Party of Germany. Lenin called Haase and other leaders of the German "Independents" "lackey-minded souls, doctrinaires, cowards, spineless accomplices of the bourgeoisie and reformists" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 29, p. 520). During the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany, Haase was part of the so-called Council of People's Commissars, which pursued a policy of suppressing the revolutionary movement. – 452.

Gaidarov, I. I. (born in 1879) – an engineer, deputy to the Third State Duma from the Dagestan region and Zakataly district. Was part of the Muslim group of the Duma. For some time also was a member of the social-democratic faction. In the Duma was elected to commissions: land, on the workers' question, communications, and others. – 335.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) – the greatest German philosopher, an objective idealist, ideologue of the German bourgeoisie. Hegel's historical merit lies in the profound and comprehensive elaboration of dialectics, which served as one of the theoretical sources of dialectical materialism. However, Hegel's dialectics bore an idealistic character. It was closely bound with his conservative, metaphysical system. In his socio-political views, Hegel was a supporter of constitutional monarchy.

Hegel's principal works: "Phenomenology of Spirit," "Science of Logic," "Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences," and others. – 256.

Gegechkori, E. P. (born in 1879) – a Menshevik. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Kutaisi province, one of the leaders of the social-democratic faction in the Duma. From November 1917 – chairman of the counter-revolutionary government of Transcaucasia (Transcaucasian Commissariat), then Minister of Foreign Affairs and deputy chairman of the Menshevik government of Georgia. After the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia in 1921 – a White émigré. – 107, 213.

Herzen, A. I. (1812–1870) – a great Russian revolutionary-democrat, materialist philosopher, publicist, and writer; founder of "Russian," "peasant" socialism. Herzen entered the liberation movement as a nobleman revolutionary, continuing the traditions of the Decembrists. In 1829–1833, during his time at Moscow University, he headed a circle of advanced, revolutionarily-minded youth that studied the political and theoretical teachings of eighteenth-century revolutionary thinkers and utopian socialists. In 1834 he was arrested together with other members of the circle and in 1835 was exiled to Perm, then to Vyatka, Vladimir, and Novgorod. After returning from exile in 1842 he lived in Moscow. His philosophical works written at this time, "Dilettantism in Science" and "Letters on the Study of Nature," played an important role in the development of Russian materialist philosophy. In January 1847, in connection with persecutions by the tsarist government, Herzen emigrated. In 1852 in London he founded a Russian printing house and laid the foundation for a free Russian press abroad. After issuing several revolutionary proclamations, brochures, and articles, in 1855 he began to publish the almanac "Polar Star," and in 1857, together with N. P. Ogarev, – "The Bell."

The appraisal of Herzen's role in the history of the Russian liberation movement was given by V. I. Lenin in the article "In Memory of Herzen" (see the present volume, pp. 255–262). – 249, 255–262, 401.

Herzenstein, M. Ya. (1859–1906) – a bourgeois economist, professor of the Moscow Agricultural Institute, one of the leaders of the Kadet party, its theorist on the agrarian question. Deputy to the First State Duma. Killed by Black Hundreds in Finland after the dissolution of the Duma. – 115–116, 280.

Golovin, F. A. (born in 1867) – a zemstvo activist, Kadet. From 1898 to 1907 – member of the Moscow provincial zemstvo board, then its chairman. One of the organizers of the Kadet party. Was chairman of the Second and deputy to the Third State Dumas. Participant in a major railroad concession. In March 1917 – commissar of the bourgeois Provisional Government on the Ministry of the Imperial Court. – 311–312, 367.

Goldman, M. I. – see Liber, M. I.

Gorev, B. I. (Goldman, B. I., Igorev) (born in 1874) – a social-democrat. In 1905 – member of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. In 1907 sided with the Mensheviks. At the Fifth (London) Congress was elected by the Mensheviks as a candidate for membership in the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Collaborated in the organs of Menshevik-liquidators: the newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat" and the journal "Our Dawn." In 1910–1911 – member and secretary of the Foreign Central Bureau Committee. In August 1912 participated in the anti-party conference of liquidators in Vienna convened by Trotsky, where he was elected to the Foreign Bureau. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a defensist, member of the Menshevik Central Committee. In August 1920 announced his withdrawal from the Menshevik organization. Subsequently was engaged in teaching work in institutions of higher learning. – 35–36, 210, 358.

Grieves, John Edward – an English subject who founded in 1884 a factory for agricultural machinery in the city of Berdyansk, Tauride province. – 367.

Gurvich, F. I. – see Dan, F. I.

Gurevich, E. L. (Smirnov, E.) (born in 1865) – a social-democrat, Menshevik. In the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, one of the founders and contributors to the Menshevik-liquidator journal "Our Dawn." – 250.

Guchkov, A. I. (1862–1936) – a major capitalist, organizer and leader of the Octobrist party. During the 1905–1907 revolution he opposed the revolutionary movement, supporting the government's policy of ruthless repression against the working class and peasantry. In 1910–1911 – chairman of the Third State Duma. During the First World War he was chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee and member of the Special Defence Council. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – War and Navy Minister in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution he actively fought against Soviet power, a White émigré. – 25, 49, 95–97, 102, 169–170, 248, 304, 360, 369.

Tushka, A. O. – see Ermanksy, A.

Huysmans, Camille (1871–1968) – one of the oldest leaders of the Belgian labor movement; professor of philology, journalist. In 1904–1919 – secretary of the International Socialist Bureau of the Second International, held a centrist position. Repeatedly entered the Belgian government, in 1946–1947 – Prime Minister. From 1910 – deputy to parliament; in 1936–1939, 1954–1959 – chairman of the Chamber of Deputies. In recent years spoke in favor of establishing contacts between socialist parties and the CPSU, for unity of the international labor movement. – 215–218.

D

Dan (Gurvich), F. I. (1871–1947) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Was a participant in the Fourth (Unification), Fifth (London) Congresses of the RSDLP and several conferences. In the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge he headed abroad the group of liquidators, edited the liquidator newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat." During the First World War – a defensist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power. In early 1922 was exiled abroad as an irreconcilable enemy of the Soviet state. – 9, 25, 26, 76–77, 79, 84, 88–89, 157, 164, 208, 224–225, 230, 248, 250, 315, 376, 389, 420.

George, Henry (1839–1897) – an American petty-bourgeois economist and publicist. For a characterization of George, see Marx's letter to Sorge of June 20, 1881, and Engels's preface to the American edition of "The Condition of the Working Class in England" (K. Marx and F. Engels. Collected Works, vol. XXVII, 1935, pp. 137–140; vol. XVI, pt. I, 1937, pp. 286–288). – 405.

Dzyubinsky, V. I. (1860–1927) – a Trudovik. Participated in the Populist movement. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Tobolsk province; in the Duma was one of the leaders of the Labor group. – 107–112.

Dobrolyubov, N. A. (1836–1861) – a great Russian revolutionary-democrat, an outstanding literary critic and materialist philosopher, closest friend and comrade of N. G. Chernyshevsky. From autumn 1857 Dobrolyubov headed the critical-bibliographical department of the journal "The Contemporary," later headed the satirical department of the journal "The Whistle." Was an irreconcilable enemy of autocracy and serfdom, a supporter of a popular uprising against the autocratic government. Along with A. I. Herzen, V. G. Belinsky, and N. G. Chernyshevsky, he was a precursor of revolutionary social-democracy in Russia. – 250, 259.

Dolgorukov, Pavel Dm. (1866–1930) – a prince, major landowner, Kadet. In 1893–1906 – district leader of the nobility in Moscow province. One of the founders of the Kadet party, chairman of its Central Committee in 1905–1911; chairman of the Kadet faction in the Second State Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution – an active participant in White Guard conspiracies against Soviet power. Was condemned for counter-revolutionary activities. – 87–88.

Dubrovin, A. I. (1855–1918) – organizer and leader of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People," physician by profession. In 1905–1907 – inspirer and organizer of Jewish pogroms and terrorist acts. Edited the Black Hundred anti-Semitic newspaper "Russian Banner." After the split of the "Union of the Russian People" in 1910 continued to lead the remaining part under his influence. – 277.

Dumbadze, I. A. (1851–1916) – a general of the tsarist army, Black Hundredist, supporter of Russification policy in the Caucasus. In 1906 was appointed commandant of the city of Yalta, turned it into his personal domain, terrorized the population, interfered in judicial cases. In 1910 was dismissed, but soon was reappointed as governor of Yalta. – 115–116.

Durnovo, P. N. (1844–1915) – one of the most reactionary statesmen of tsarist Russia. In 1884–1893 was director of the Department of Police; in 1900–1905 – Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. In October 1905 appointed Minister of Internal Affairs, applied cruel measures to suppress the first Russian revolution, inspired Black Hundred organizations to carry out pogroms. From 1906 – member of the State Council. – 96, 97, 100, 102.

E

Egorov, N. M. (born in 1871) – a worker, deputy to the Third State Duma from Perm province. Was part of the social-democratic faction. Collaborated in the Bolshevik legal newspaper "Zvezda," later sided with the Trotskyists. In 1913 – regular contributor to the liquidator newspaper "Luch." In 1917 was part of the "Inter-Rayonites" group. – 45, 213.

Ezhov, V. – see Tsederbaum, S. O.

Jellinek, Georg (1851–1911) – a bourgeois German theorist of law and political scientist, professor at Basel and subsequently at Heidelberg University. Expressed the interests of the German bourgeoisie, which sought during the period of entry into imperialism to achieve maximum guarantees for capitalist property rights. Author of works "The Law of the Modern State," "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen," "System of Subjective Public Rights," and others. – 114.

Ermansky, A. (Kogan, O. A., Gushka, A. O.) (1866–1941) – a social-democrat, Menshevik. In the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator; actively collaborated in Menshevik publications. Participated in the work of the social-democratic faction of the Third State Duma. During the First World War – a centrist. In 1917 – a Menshevik-internationalist. In 1918 – member of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks. In 1921 left the Menshevik party, was engaged in scholarly work in Moscow. – 288–305.

Ermolaev, K. M. (Roman) (1884–1919) – a social-democrat, Menshevik. Delegate to the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP; was elected to the Central Committee by the Mensheviks. In the years of reaction became a liquidator; in 1910 as one of 16 Mensheviks signed an "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party. In 1917 was elected member of the Central Committee of the Menshevik party, was part of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. – 4, 130, 151, 217, 478.

Efremov, I. N. (born in 1866) – a major landowner, deputy to the First, Third, and Fourth State Dumas. One of the organizers of the "Peaceful Renewal" party, subsequently – leader of the Progressists. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was member of the Executive Committee of the State Duma, was part of the bourgeois Provisional Government. – 249, 314–316.

Z

Zamyslovskiy, G. G. (born in 1872) – a Black Hundredist, member of the council of the "Union of the Russian People." Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Vilna province. Acquired wide notoriety for anti-Semitic speeches in connection with the Beilis case. – 162.

Zakharov, M. V. (born in 1881) – a worker, Bolshevik. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Moscow province. Contributor to the Bolshevik legal newspaper "Zvezda." – 213.

Sombart, Werner (1863–1941) – a German vulgar bourgeois economist, prominent ideologue of German imperialism. Professor at Breslau and subsequently at Berlin University. At the beginning of his career was one of the theorists of "social-liberalism," later became an open enemy of Marxism, portraying capitalism as a harmonious economic system. In his later years moved to fascist positions and praised the Hitler regime. Sombart's principal works: "Socialism and the Social Movement in the Nineteenth Century" (1896), "Modern Capitalism" (1902), and others. – 301.

I

Igorev – see Gorev, B. I.

Izgoev (Lande), A. S. (born in 1872) – a bourgeois publicist, one of the ideologues of the Kadet party. Initially was a "legal Marxist," for a time sided with the social-democrats, in 1905 deserted to the Kadet party. Made vicious attacks on the Bolsheviks in Kadet organs: the newspaper "Speech," journals "Southern Notes" and "Russian Thought," participated in the counter-revolutionary collection "Landmarks." After the October Socialist Revolution collaborated in the journal of a decadent group of intellectuals – "Herald of Literature." For counter-revolutionary publicistic activities was exiled abroad in 1922. – 160, 164, 283.

Illiodor (Grufanov, S. M.) (born in 1880) – a hieromonk, one of the leaders of the Black Hundreds, created the "Union of the Orthodox Russian People." After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated abroad. – 115–116, 178.

Iogikhes, Leo – see Tyszka, Jan.

Iollos, G. V. (1859–1907) – a liberal publicist. Before October 1905 – Berlin correspondent of the newspaper "Russian News," upon returning from abroad – one of the editors of this newspaper. Member of the Kadet party. Deputy to the First State Duma. In 1907 was killed by Black Hundreds. – 280.

Ionov (Koygen, F. M.) (1870–1923) – a social-democrat, one of the leaders of the Bund, subsequently – member of the Communist Party. From 1893 worked in social-democratic circles in Odessa. In 1903 elected to member of the Central Committee of the Bund. Delegate to the Fifth (London) Congress of the party. In December 1908 participated in the work of the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP, on principal questions stood on the platform of the Menshevik-traditionalists; later held a conciliatory position toward liquidators. During the First World War was part of the internationalist wing of the Bund. After the October Socialist Revolution joined the RCP(b), worked in the Votsk party regional committee. – 2–3, 7, 163.

Issuv, I. A. (Mikhail, M–l) (1878–1920) – a social-democrat, Menshevik. In 1907 entered the Central Committee of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. In the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, collaborated in the journal "Our Dawn" and other liquidator publications. During the First World War – a defensist. In 1917 was member of the Moscow Committee of the Mensheviks, was part of the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the Museum of Labor. – 4, 130, 151, 217, 478.

K

Kavelin, K. D. (1818–1885) – a historian and jurist, professor at Moscow (1844–1848) and St. Petersburg (1857–1861) Universities, representative of noble-bourgeois liberalism. Collaborated in "The Contemporary," "Notes of the Fatherland," and "Herald of Europe." During the preparation and implementation of the "peasant" reform of 1861 opposed the revolutionary-democratic movement, approved the reactionary policy of autocracy. – 259.

Kamenev, L. B. (Rosenfeld, L. B., Yu. K.) (1883–1936) – was in the party from 1901. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP sided with the Bolsheviks. In the years of reaction held a conciliatory position toward liquidators, Recallists, and Trotskyists. In 1915, after his arrest, before the tsarist court renounced the Bolshevik slogan of the defeat of the tsarist government in the imperialist war. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 opposed the party's course toward socialist revolution and Lenin's April Theses. In October 1917, together with Zinoviev, published in the semi-Menshevik newspaper "New Life" a statement of disagreement with the Central Committee's decision on armed uprising, thereby revealing the party's plans to the bourgeois Provisional Government.

After the October Socialist Revolution – chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, chairman of the Moscow Soviet, deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars; was member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. Repeatedly opposed Lenin's party policy: in November 1917 was a supporter of creating a coalition government with the participation of Mensheviks and SRs, in 1925 – one of the organizers of the "new opposition," in 1926 – one of the leaders of the anti-party Trotskyist-Zinovievist bloc. In 1927 the Fifteenth Congress of the VKP(b) excluded him from the party as an active member of the Trotskyist opposition. In 1928 announced his recognition of his errors and was restored to the party, but did not cease his anti-party activity and in 1932 was again excluded from the VKP(b). Again restored to the party in 1933. In 1934 for anti-party activity was excluded from the party for the third time. – 101, 419.

Kapustin, M. Ya. (1847–1920) – an Octobrist, physician by profession. Deputy to the Second and Third State Dumas; in the Third Duma was elected vice-chairman. – 53.

Karavaev, A. L. (1855–1908) – one of the prominent leaders of the Peasant Union, a zemstvo physician. Was elected from the city of Ekaterinoslav to the Second State Duma, where he headed the Trudovik faction; was a member of the agrarian commission. Author of several brochures on the peasant question ("The Party and the Peasantry in the State Duma," "Government Promises on Land and the Demands of Peasant Deputies," "New Land Laws"). Killed by Black Hundreds in Ekaterinoslav. – 280.

Karaulov, V. A. (1854–1910) – a Kadet, jurist by profession. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Yenisei province; in the Duma held, as Lenin wrote, "one of the first places among the basest, counter-revolutionary Kadets with an eternal sanctimonious phrase on his lips" (Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 20, p. 98). – 40–41, 283.

Kasso, L. A. (1865–1914) – a fierce reactionary, major landowner, professor of civil law at Kharkov and subsequently Moscow Universities. From 1910 to 1914 was Minister of Public Education. Pursued an extremely reactionary policy, hindered the opening of new universities, banned student unions and assemblies, dealt harshly with revolutionary students and progressive professors. Kasso pursued similar policies toward secondary and primary schools as well (abolition of parent committees, external school supervision, appointment of teachers directly by the inspectorate, etc.). – 479, 480.

Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938) – one of the leaders of German social-democracy and the Second International, initially a Marxist, later a renegade from Marxism, ideologue of the most dangerous and pernicious variety of opportunism – centrism (Kautskyism). Editor of the theoretical journal of German social-democracy "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Time").

Began participating in the socialist movement from 1874. His views at that time represented a mixture of Lassalleanism, neo-Malthusianism, and anarchism. In 1881 became acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels and under their influence turned to Marxism, but even in this period manifested wavering toward opportunism, for which he was sharply criticized by K. Marx and F. Engels. In the 1880s–1890s wrote a series of works on questions of Marxist theory: "The Economic Theory of Karl Marx," "The Agrarian Question," and others, which, despite errors made in them, played a positive role in popularizing Marxism. Later, during the period of widespread revolutionary movement, moved to the positions of opportunism. During the First World War Kautsky held social-chauvinist positions, covering them with phrases about internationalism. Author of the theory of ultra-imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution openly opposed the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the working class, opposed Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin in his works "The Collapse of the Second International," "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism," "The State and Revolution," "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky," and several others subjected Kautskyism to devastating criticism. – 34.

Kelepovsky, S. I. (born in 1873) – a landowner. Deputy to the Second and Third State Dumas from Kherson province. In the Duma was part of the Right faction. Was a provincial and district zemstvo deputy, a justice of the peace. – 119.

Klenov – see Levitsky, V. O.

Kovalevsky, M. M. (1851–1916) – a historian, political figure of bourgeois-liberal orientation. From 1880 – professor at Moscow University. Was deputy to the First State Duma from Kharkov province; later – member of the State Council. Was one of the founders of the Party of Democratic Reforms, which stood to the right of the Kadets. In 1906–1907 published the newspaper "The Country," from 1909 became owner and editor of the journal "Herald of Europe," participated in the publication of the journal "Questions of Life."

Author of works: "Communal Land Ownership, Its Causes, Course, and Consequences of Its Dissolution," "Outline of the Origin and Development of the Family and Property," "The Origin of Modern Democracy," "Sociology," and others. – 242.

Kogan, O. A. – see Ermansky, A.

Koyken, F. M. – see Popov.

Kokovtsov, V. N. (1853–1943) – one of the prominent statesmen of tsarist Russia. From 1904 to 1914 (with a brief interruption in 1905–1906) – Minister of Finance, and from 1911, after the assassination of Stolypin, simultaneously held the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers. During the First World War – a major banker. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White émigré. – 117, 311, 314.

Kolyubakin, A. M. (1868–1915) – a landowner, zemstvo activist, Kadet. Deputy to the Third State Duma. Was secretary of the committee of the parliamentary faction of the Kadets, member of the Central Committee of the Kadet party. – 222.

Krestovinkov, G. A. (born in 1855) – an Octobrist, major industrialist and stock market operator. Chairman of the board of the Moscow Merchants' Bank and the Moscow Stock Exchange Society. In 1906 was elected member of the State Council from the commercial-industrial bourgeoisie. – 296–297.

Krivosheiny, A. V. (1858–1923) – a tsarist official. From 1905 – Deputy Chief Administrator, then Chief Administrator of Land Settlement and Agriculture, actively implemented Stolypin's agrarian policy. Was member of the Council of Ministers and the State Council, Deputy Minister of Finance. After the October Revolution one of the leaders of the so-called "right center" – a counter-revolutionary organization of large bourgeoisie and landowners. In 1920 headed a White Guard government in the Crimea. After the defeat of Wrangel's forces fled abroad. – 333.

Kropotov, A. E. (born in 1874) – a peasant, Trudovik. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Vyatka province. In the Duma was member of the land commission. – 112.

Kryzhanovsky, S. E. (born in 1861) – a tsarist official. In 1885 worked in the Ministry of Justice, later – in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1906 was appointed Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. Known as author of reactionary legislative proposals, in particular the electoral law of June 3, 1907. From 1907 – senator, from 1911 – state secretary, and from January 1917 – member of the State Council. – 168–169.

Kuznetsov, G. S. (born in 1881) – a worker, Menshevik. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Ekaterinoslav province, was part of the social-democratic faction. Member of the commission on the workers' question. – 18–21, 213.

Kuzminsky, A. M. (1843–1917) – a landowner, senator. In 1881 was appointed chairman of the St. Petersburg Circuit Court, then prosecutor of the St. Petersburg Court of Appeals. From 1900 – senator of the Criminal Cassation Department. Conducted investigations in Baku and Baku province in connection with Armenian-Tatar massacres, and then in Odessa in connection with a Jewish pogrom. – 331.

Kulomzin, A. N. (1838–1924) – a tsarist official, economist. In 1891 was appointed chairman of the board of the Siberian Railway Committee. In connection with the resettlement question traveled to Siberia; a report of his journey was published in 1896 as a separate book. In 1915–1916 – chairman of the State Council. Author of works "Land Tax in England," "The Construction of Railways in Russia and the West," "State Revenue and Expenditure in Eighteenth-Century Russia," and others. – 326.

Cunow, Heinrich (1862–1936) – a German right social-democrat, historian, sociologist, and ethnographer, professor. From 1917 to 1923 – editor of the organ of the German Social-Democratic Party "Die Neue Zeit." Initially sided with the Marxists, later became a revisionist and falsifier of Marxism. Lenin called him a "German apologist for imperialism and annexations" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 22, p. 257). – 14.

Kutler, N. N. (1859–1924) – a prominent leader of the Kadet party; worked in the Ministry of Finance, was director of the department of assessed taxes, later – Minister of Agriculture and Land Settlement. Deputy to the Second and Third State Dumas from St. Petersburg, one of the authors of the draft agrarian program of the Kadets.

After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance. – 118, 128–129, 376.

L

Labriola, Arturo (born in 1873) – an Italian political figure, jurist, and economist; one of the leaders of the syndicalist movement in Italy. Author of a number of books on the theory of syndicalism, in which he attempted to adapt his program of so-called "revolutionary syndicalism" to Marxism, "correcting" Marxism. During the First World War held chauvinist positions. In 1920–1921 – Minister of Labor. In 1926–1939 was in emigration; spoke against fascism. In 1948–1953 – senator. After the Italian government signed the aggressive North Atlantic Pact in 1949, Labriola joined the peace movement. In 1950 was elected to the World Peace Council. – 408.

Lande, A. S. – see Izgoev, A. S.

Larin, Yu. (Lurye, M. A.) (1882–1932) – a social-democrat, Menshevik. Supported the opportunistic idea of convening a "workers' congress." In the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of the liquidators. Participated in the anti-party August bloc created by Trotsky in 1912. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists. In August 1917 was accepted into the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in Soviet and economic organizations. – 25, 26, 27, 32, 78–70, 80, 82, 84–85, 91, 163–164, 166, 188, 208, 303, 304, 356.

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–1864) – a German petty-bourgeois socialist, originator of one variety of opportunism in the German labor movement – Lassalleanism. Was one of the founders of the General German Workers' Union (1863). The creation of the Union had positive significance for the labor movement, but Lassalle, elected president of the Union, led it along an opportunistic path. The Lassalleans calculated that through legal agitation for universal suffrage, through the creation of production associations subsidized by the Junker state, they could achieve the construction of a "free people's state." Lassalle supported the policy of German unification "from above," under the hegemony of reactionary Prussia. The opportunistic policy of the Lassalleans was an obstacle to the activities of the First International and to the creation of a genuine workers' party in Germany, hindered the development of class consciousness among the workers.

The theoretical and political views of the Lassalleans were subjected to sharp criticism by the classics of Marxism-Leninism (see K. Marx. "Critique of the Gotha Program"; V. I. Lenin. "The State and Revolution" and other works). – 90.

Levitsky, V. O. (Tsederbaum, V. O., Klenov) (born in 1883) – a social-democrat, Menshevik. In the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of liquidationism; was part of the Menshevik center, was among the Mensheviks who signed the "Open Letter" on liquidating the party; edited the journal "Our Dawn," collaborated in "Voice of the Social-Democrat," "Revival," and other Menshevik-liquidator periodicals. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist, supported the extreme right group of defensists. Received the October Socialist Revolution with hostility, actively fought against Soviet power; in 1920 was brought to trial in the case of the counter-revolutionary "Tactical Center." Later engaged in literary work. – 70, 78–79, 82, 94, 163–164, 165, 186, 188, 208, 250, 347, 348, 356–357, 389, 415, 420.

Leder, V. L. (1882–1938) – one of the prominent leaders of the Polish labor movement. From 1900 member of the Social Democracy of Poland and Lithuania. In 1904 entered the Warsaw Committee of SDKPiL, and in 1905 – the Foreign Committee. From 1905 to 1911 – member of the Main Board of SDKPiL. Repeatedly subjected to arrest. In 1908 in connection with government persecutions emigrated. From 1910 to 1911 – secretary of the Main Board of SDKPiL and representative of SDKPiL in the editorial office of the Central Organ of the RSDLP "Social-Democrat." Was part of the Foreign Organizational and Technical Commissions. Supported the conciliators in their attacks against the Bolsheviks. During the First World War held social-chauvinist positions. In 1919–1920 participated actively in the work of the Communist Workers' Party of Poland. From 1921 – responsible worker of Comintern and Profintern, active contributor to Soviet publications. – 7, 8.

Lenin, V. I. (Ulyanov, V. K, Ilyin, V., L–ko, F.) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 22, 35, 42, 56, 59–60, 151, 175, 203, 209, 210, 214, 215, 224, 226, 241, 252, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 307, 310, 341, 380, 387, 391–392, 395–396, 418, 443–444, 445, 449, 460, 463.

Liber, M. I. (Goldman, M. I., Ber) (1880–1937) – one of the leaders of the Bund. In the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator. In 1908–1911 was member of the Foreign Central Bureau Committee. In 1912 – an active figure of the anti-party August bloc created by Trotsky. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation; held a counter-revolutionary Menshevik position, was a supporter of a coalition government. Received the October Socialist Revolution with hostility. Later was engaged in economic work. – 35–36, 210, 349, 351, 354, 358.

Lipkin, F. A. – see Cherevanin, N.

Lopukhin, A. A. (1864–1928) – director of the Department of Police (1902–1905). At the end of 1904 in a memorandum to the Committee of Ministers pointed out the inability of the police to combat the revolutionary movement in Russia. In 1909 for assistance in exposing the provocateur Azef was condemned to deportation to Siberia. In 1911 – pardoned and restored in rights. From 1913 – vice-director of a commercial bank in Moscow. – 106.

Lunacharsky, A. V. (1875–1933) – a professional revolutionary, subsequently a prominent Soviet state figure. Entered the revolutionary movement in the early 1890s. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP – a Bolshevik. Was part of the editorial boards of Bolshevik newspapers "Forward," "Proletarian," and then "New Life." During the years of reaction moved away from Marxism, participated in the anti-party group "Forward," called for combining Marxism with religion. V. I. Lenin in his work "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" revealed the errors in Lunacharsky's views and subjected them to serious criticism. During the First World War Lunacharsky held internationalist positions. In early 1917 joined the "Inter-Rayonites" group, which together with the Bolsheviks was accepted into the party at the Sixth Congress of the RSDLP. After the October Socialist Revolution, until 1929 – People's Commissar of Education, then chairman of the Scientific Committee at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In August 1933 was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Spain. Author of a number of works on art and literature. – 9, 64, 70, 76, 209, 389.

Lunin, A. L. (born in 1867) – a Kadet, of peasant origin. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Kazan province. – 53.

Lurye, M. A. – see Larin, Yu.

Lvov, G. E. (1861–1925) – a prince, major landowner, zemstvo activist, Kadet. Member of the First State Duma, was a leader of the all-zemstvo organization for settling migrants in the Far East and providing aid to the starving. During the First World War – chairman of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union, then one of the chairmen of the combined union of zemstvos and cities – organizations of the imperialist bourgeoisie and landowners. After the February revolution of 1917 – from March to July – Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs of the Provisional Government. One of the initiators of the bloody suppression of workers and soldiers of Petrograd during the July days of 1917. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White émigré; participated in organizing foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia. – 334–335.

Lvov, N. N. (Lvov 1st) (1867–1944) – a landowner; by the definition of V. I. Lenin – a "counter-revolutionary little nobleman," "an example of a Kadet traitor." One of the founders of the "Union of Liberation." Member of the Central Committee of the Kadet party. Later – one of the founders of the "Peaceful Renewal" party. Deputy to the First, Third, and Fourth State Dumas. In the Third and Fourth Dumas acted as one of the leaders of the "Progressists." In 1917 – one of the leaders of the union of landowners. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White Guard journalist, later – a White émigré. – 119, 249.

Lyubimov, A. I. (Mark) (1879–1919) – a social-democrat, participated in the revolutionary movement from 1898. In 1910 – member of the Foreign Central Bureau Committee, one of the founders of the Paris group of conciliators (1911–1914). During the First World War – an extreme defensist. In 1917 was part of Plekhanov's group "Unity." – 5.

Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) – an outstanding figure of the international labor movement, one of the leaders of the left wing of the Second International. Began her revolutionary activities in the second half of the 1880s, was among the founders and leaders of the social-democratic party of Poland, spoke out against nationalism in the ranks of the Polish labor movement. From 1897 actively participated in the German social-democratic movement, conducted a struggle against Bernsteinism and Millerandism. Luxemburg was a participant in the first Russian revolution (in Warsaw), in 1907 participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where she supported the Bolsheviks. From the very beginning of the First World War she took an internationalist position. Was one of the initiators of creating in Germany a group "International," later renamed the "Spartacus" group, and then the "Spartacus Union." After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany participated in leading capacity in the Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of Germany. In January 1919 was arrested and killed by order of the Scheidemann government. Lenin, who highly valued R. Luxemburg, repeatedly made criticisms of her errors on a number of questions, thereby helping her to take a correct position. – 387–388.

M

M–l – see Issuv, I. A.

Makarov, A. A. (1857–1919) – a reactionary state figure of tsarist Russia. In 1906 appointed Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. From 1907 – senator and chairman of the commission on police reform. After the assassination of Stolypin, in 1911–1912 – Minister of Internal Affairs and Chief of the Gendarmes. In April 1912 made a speech in the State Duma concerning the Lena events, in which, justifying those responsible for the shooting of workers, said: "Thus it was and thus it will be henceforth." In 1916 – Minister of Justice. – 178, 346.

Maklakov, V. A. (born in 1870) – a right Kadet, landowner, lawyer by profession, appeared in many political trials. Deputy to the Second, Third, and Fourth State Dumas from Moscow, member of the Central Committee of the Kadet party. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – ambassador of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Paris, then a White émigré. – 168, 229, 243, 268, 353–354, 367.

Maksimov, N. – see Bogdanov, A.

Malinovsky, A. A. – see Bogdanov, A.

Mark – see Lyubimov, A. I.

Markov, N. E. (Markov 2nd) (born in 1876) – a reactionary political figure of tsarist Russia, one of the leaders of the Black Hundred-pogrom organizations "Union of the Russian People" and "Chamber of the Archangel Michael," major landowner. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Kursk province. In the Duma – one of the leaders of the right wing. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White émigré. – 16, 17–18, 24, 30, 39, 40, 41, 58, 105, 111–114, 119, 128, 129, 144, 145, 177–178, 249, 269, 325, 336, 410.

Marx, Karl (1818–1883) – founder of scientific communism, a genius thinker, leader and teacher of the international proletariat (see the article by V. I. Lenin "Karl Marx (A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism)." Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, pp. 27–74). – 89–90, 257, 301, 383, 405, 419.

Martov, L. (Tsederbaum, Yu. O.) (1873–1923) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. In the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, edited the newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat"; in August 1912 participated in the anti-party conference of liquidators in Vienna convened by Trotsky. During the First World War held a centrist position. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists. After the October Socialist Revolution opposed Soviet power. In 1920 emigrated to Germany, published in Berlin the counter-revolutionary Menshevik "Socialist Herald." – 15, 25, 26, 35, 73, 75–76, 77, 78–86, 90–94, 157–160, 163–164, 165, 166, 185–186, 188–189, 208, 224–229, 230, 250, 304–305, 315, 357, 371, 377, 389, 418, 420, 422–423.

# Biographical Reference Notes

Martyanov, A. (Piker, A. S.) (1865–1935) – one of the leaders of the "Economists," a prominent Menshevik; subsequently a member of the Communist Party. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, he was on the editorial board of the liquidators' newspaper *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata* [Voice of the Social-Democrat]. During the First World War he held a centrist position; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a Menshevik-internationalist. After the October socialist revolution he withdrew from the Mensheviks. In 1923 at the XII Congress of the RCP(b) he was admitted to the party; he worked at the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels; from 1924 – a member of the editorial board of the journal *Kommunisticheskii International* [Communist International]. – 208, 250.

Maslov, P. P. (1867–1946) – economist, social-democrat, author of a number of works on the agrarian question in which he attempted to revise Marxism. After the II Congress of the RSDLP he joined the Mensheviks; he put forward the Menshevik program of municipalization of land. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator; in the period of the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October socialist revolution he withdrew from political activity and engaged in pedagogical and scientific work. From 1929 – a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – 70.

Makhnovets, V. P. – see Akimov, V. P.

Melgose, E. I. – German subject who founded an agricultural machinery plant in Kharkov in 1874. – 367.

Mehring, Franz (1846–1919) – a distinguished figure in the German labor movement, one of the leaders and theoreticians of the left wing of German social-democracy. He was one of the editors of the theoretical organ of the party – the journal *Die Neue Zeit* (*New Times*); later he edited *Leipziger Volkszeitung* (*Leipzig People's Newspaper*). Mehring actively spoke out against opportunism and revisionism in the ranks of the II International, condemned Kautskianism, but nonetheless shared the errors of the German left, who feared to break organizationally with the opportunists. He consistently defended internationalism and welcomed the October socialist revolution. He was one of the leaders of the revolutionary *Spartacus League* and played an important role in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany. – 34.

Millerand, Alexander Etienne (1859–1943) – French political figure; in the 1880s – a petty-bourgeois radical; in the 1890s he joined the socialists and led the opportunist tendency in the French socialist movement. In 1899 he entered the reactionary bourgeois government of Waldeck-Rousseau, where he collaborated with General Gallifet, the executioner of the Paris Commune. V. I. Lenin exposed Millerandism as a betrayal of the interests of the proletariat, as the practical expression of revisionism, and uncovered its social roots.

After his expulsion in 1904 from the socialist party, Millerand together with former socialists (Briand, Viviani) formed a group of "independent socialists." In 1909–1910, 1912–1913, and 1914–1915 he held various ministerial posts. After the October socialist revolution, Millerand was one of the organizers of anti-Soviet intervention; in 1920–1924 – president of the French Republic. In June 1924, after the victory at the elections of left bourgeois parties that refused to cooperate with him, he was forced to resign. In 1925–1927 he was elected a senator. – 408.

Milyukov, P. N. (1859–1943) – leader of the Cadet party, a prominent ideologist of Russian imperialist bourgeoisie, historian and publicist. From 1902 onwards he actively contributed to the journal of liberals *Osvobozhdeniye* [Liberation], published abroad. In October 1905 – one of the founders of the Cadet party, then chairman of its Central Committee and editor of its central organ – the newspaper *Rech'* [Speech]. Deputy of the III and IV State Dumas. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – minister of foreign affairs in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October socialist revolution – one of the organizers of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia, an active figure of white emigration. – 25, 26, 49, 59, 80–81, 82, 101, 102, 114–116, 167–172, 219, 222, 240, 248, 305, 313, 314, 376, 377, 421.

Mikhail – see Isuv, I. A.

Muromtsev, S. A. (1850–1910) – a prominent figure in the Cadet party, lawyer and professor at Moscow University. From 1879 to 1892 – editor of the liberal-bourgeois journal *Yuridicheskii Vestnik* [Legal Gazette]. One of the founders of the Cadet party, member of its Central Committee. In 1906 – deputy of the I State Duma and its chairman. Characterizing Muromtsev, Lenin wrote: "He was afraid of the revolutionary struggle of the masses. He awaited freedom for Russia not from such struggle, but from the goodwill of the tsarist autocracy, from agreement with this most wicked and ruthless enemy of the Russian people" (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 20, p. 82). – 103, 113, 340.

Η

Napoleon III (Bonaparte, Louis) (1808–1873) – emperor of France from 1852 to 1870, nephew of Napoleon I. After the defeat of the revolution of 1848 he was elected president of the French Republic; on the night of December 2, 1851 he carried out a coup d'état. A characterization of Napoleon III is given in K. Marx's work *The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte* (see K. Marx and F. Engels. *Works*, 2nd ed., vol. 8, pp. 115–217). – 257.

Nevedomsky, M. (Miklashevsky, M. P.) (1866–1943) – social-democrat, Menshevik, literary critic and publicist. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, he expressed solidarity with the authors of the counterrevolutionary collection *Vekhi* [Landmarks]. After the October socialist revolution he engaged in publicistic activity. – 76, 166, 250.

Nicholas I (Romanov) (1796–1855) – Russian emperor (1825–1855). – 303.

Nicholas II (Romanov) (1868–1918) – the last Russian emperor, reigned from 1894 until the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917. On July 17, 1918 he was shot in Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) by decree of the Urals Regional Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. – 13, 25, 32, 128, 144, 176, 177, 178, 196, 248–249, 345–346, 352.

Nikolin, N. (Andreev, N. N.) (b. 1876) – social-democrat, in the 1890s participated in Marxist circles. While abroad in 1901–1905 he joined the Bolsheviks. Upon his return to Russia he took part in the work of social-democratic organizations and workers' clubs in Petersburg. From 1910 he joined the Mensheviks and contributed to the newspaper *Luch* [Ray] and other publications of the liquidators. After the October socialist revolution he conducted teaching work at a number of institutions of higher learning in Leningrad. – 56–60.

Novykh, G. E. – see Rasputin, G. E.

О

Olminsky (Aleksandrov), M. S. (1863–1933) – one of the oldest figures in the revolutionary movement in Russia, professional revolutionary and man of letters. He took part in the revolutionary movement from the beginning of the 1880s; he was associated with Populism. In 1898 he joined the RSDLP; from 1903 – a Bolshevik. He was a member of the editorial boards of the Bolshevik newspapers *Vpered* [Forward] and *Proletarii* [The Proletarian]. In 1905–1907 he contributed to Bolshevik newspapers and journals: *Novaya Zhizn'* [New Life], *Volna* [Wave], *Nasha Mysl'* [Our Thought], *Vestnik Zhizni* [Herald of Life], etc.; he managed the editorial department of the party publishing house *Vpered*. During the years of Stolypin's reaction he conducted party work in Baku. In 1911–1914 he took direct part in the Bolshevik newspapers *Zvezda* [Star], *Pravda* [Truth], as well as in the journal *Prosveshcheniye* [Enlightenment]. In 1915–1917 he was engaged in party work in Saratov, Moscow, and then in Petrograd. He took active part in the October socialist revolution. Later he headed the history of the party department of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), was editor of the journal *Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya* [Proletarian Revolution], member of the directorate of the V. I. Lenin Institute. – 32, 58.

П

Petrazhitsky, L. I. (1867–1931) – one of the leaders of the Cadet party, lawyer and sociologist. From 1899 – professor at Petersburg University. Deputy of the I State Duma; one of the editors of *Pravo* [Right] and *Vestnik Prava* [Herald of Law]. After the October socialist revolution he emigrated to Poland; in 1930 he was a professor at Warsaw University. Author of a number of legal works. – 99.

Petrov, A. (Sidorov, A. P.) (1824 (?) – 1861) – a serf peasant of the village of Bezdna in Spassky district of Kazan province; he headed the uprising of the peasants of Bezdna, which was a protest against the "peasant reform" of 1861. Petrov called on peasants not to obey the landowners and officials, to refuse to fulfill obligations and sign the charters, to seize the landowners' lands. After the suppression of the uprising, Petrov was shot by order of a military court-martial. – 260–261.

Petrov, K. M. (Petrov 3rd) (b. 1877) – a Trudovik, by profession a compositor. Deputy of the III State Duma from Perm province; secretary of the faction of the Labor Group. In the Duma he was elected to committees: municipal, on the workers' question, budgetary, and others. – 46, 108, 111–113, 226.

Petrunkevich, I. I. (1844–1928) – landowner, zemstvo figure, Cadet. In 1904 he was chairman of the liberal-monarchical *Soyuz osvobozhdeniya* [Union of Liberation]. One of the founders of the Cadet party, chairman of its Central Committee, publisher of the central organ of the party – the newspaper *Rech'* [Speech]. He was a member of the I State Duma. Petrunkevich's public activity was the most typical expression of the political servility of liberal bourgeoisie before the autocracy. After the October socialist revolution – a white emigrant. – 98, 99–100, 102.

Piker, A. S. – see Martyanov, A.

Plekhanov, G. V. (1856–1918) – a distinguished figure in Russian and international labor movement, the first propagandist of Marxism in Russia. In 1883 he created in Geneva the first Russian Marxist organization – the group *Osvobozhdeniye Truda* [Emancipation of Labor]. Plekhanov fought against Populism and spoke out against revisionism in the international labor movement. In the beginning of the 1900s he was part of the editorial board of the newspaper *Iskra* [The Spark] and the journal *Zarya* [The Dawn].

From 1883 to 1903 Plekhanov wrote a number of works that played an important role in the defense and promotion of a materialist worldview: *Socialism and Political Struggle*, *Our Disagreements*, *On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History*, *Essays on the History of Materialism*, *On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History*, and others.

However, even at that time he had serious errors which became the seed of his future Menshevik views. After the II Congress of the RSDLP, Plekhanov took the position of reconciliation with opportunism, and then joined the Mensheviks. During the period of the 1905–1907 revolution, on all the main questions he held Menshevik positions; he condemned the armed uprising of December 1905. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, Plekhanov spoke out against the Machist revision of Marxism and liquidationism; he headed a group of Menshevik-partyists. During the First World War he took the position of social-chauvinism. After his return following the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 to Russia, he headed the far-right group of Menshevik-defensists *Yedinstvo* [Unity] and actively spoke out against the Bolsheviks, against the socialist revolution, believing that Russia was not ready for the transition to socialism. He had a negative attitude toward the October socialist revolution, but did not participate in the struggle against Soviet power.

Lenin highly valued Plekhanov's philosophical works and his role in spreading Marxism in Russia; at the same time he sharply criticized Plekhanov for deviations from Marxism and major errors in political activity. – 164, 203–204, 206, 208, 210, 211, 214, 218, 253–254, 357, 358, 389, 390, 391, 445–446, 448, 464.

Pokrovsky, I. P. (b. 1872) – social-democrat, deputy of the III State Duma from the Kuban and Terek regions and the Black Sea province; he adhered to the Bolshevik part of the social-democratic faction. In 1910, as a representative of the social-democratic faction of the III Duma, he joined the editorial board of the Bolshevik legal newspaper *Zvezda* [Star]. – 106–107, 213.

Poletaev, P. G. (1872–1930) – social-democrat, Bolshevik, by profession a worker-lathe operator. In the 1890s he participated in workers' circles. He was repeatedly subjected to imprisonment. In 1905 – a member of the Executive Committee of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies. Deputy of the III State Duma from Petersburg province; he was part of the social-democratic faction of the Duma. He took direct part in the publication of the Bolshevik newspapers *Zvezda* [Star] and *Pravda* [Truth]. After the October socialist revolution he was engaged in economic work. – 213.

Potresov, A. P. (1869–1934) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – an ideologist of liquidationism; he played a leading role in the journals *Vozrozhdeniye* [Renaissance], *Nasha Zarya* [Our Dawn] and other organs of the Menshevik-liquidators. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October socialist revolution he emigrated; abroad he contributed to Kerensky's weekly *Dni* [Days] and made attacks on Soviet Russia. – 6, 26, 58–59, 70, 76, 77, 78–79, 163–164, 165, 166, 188, 208, 354, 389.

Predkaln (Priedkalns), A. Y. (1873–1923) – Latvian social-democrat, by profession a doctor. In 1907 he was elected to the III State Duma; he was part of the social-democratic faction and joined the Bolsheviks. He contributed to the Bolshevik newspapers *Zvezda* [Star] and *Pravda* [Truth]. After the October socialist revolution he engaged in scientific work in the field of medicine; he headed a children's city hospital in Riga. – 213.

Prokopovich, S. P. (1871–1955) – bourgeois economist and publicist. In the late 1890s – a prominent representative of "Economism," one of the first preachers of Bernsteinism in Russia. Later an active member of the liberal-monarchical *Soyuz osvobozhdeniya* [Union of Liberation]. In 1906 – a member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. Editor-publisher of the semi-Cadet, semi-Menshevik journal *Bez Zaglaviya* [Untitled]. He contributed to the organ of the right Cadets *Russkiye Vedomosti* [Russian News]. In 1917 – minister of food supply in the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October socialist revolution he was expelled from the USSR for anti-Soviet activity. – 26, 70, 78, 359–365, 370, 377, 473.

Puriskevich, V. M. (1870–1920) – a major landowner, a fierce reactionary, monarchist. He was one of the initiators of the creation of the Black Hundreds *Soyuz russkogo naroda* [Union of the Russian People]; in 1907 he left this union and formed a new monarchical counterrevolutionary organization – the *Palata Mikhail Arkhangela* [Chamber of Michael the Archangel]. Deputy of the II, III, and IV State Dumas from Bessarabia province; he acquired widespread notoriety for his pogrom-inciting, antisemitic speeches in the Duma. After the October socialist revolution he actively fought against Soviet power. – 16, 24–26, 30, 39, 40, 49, 58, 77, 80–82, 87–88, 162, 169–170, 177–178, 199, 220–221, 222–223, 225, 226, 229, 235, 239, 240–241, 245, 246, 248–249, 269, 280, 282, 283, 284, 360, 364, 369, 410–411.

Putyatin, V. P. (b. 1878) – by origin a peasant, worked as a draftsman at the Pudem plant. Deputy of the III State Duma from Vyatka province. At one time he was part of the social-democratic faction. – 44.

Р

R. B. – see Blank, R. M.

R–kov, P. – see Rozhkov, N. A.

Rasputin (Novykh), G. E. (1872–1916) – an adventurer who had great influence at the court of Nicholas II. He came from peasants of Tobolsk province. In 1907, under the guise of a "holy elder" and "prophet," he gained the confidence of the tsarist family. In "Rasputinism" found the most vivid expression the obscurantism, fanaticism, and moral decay characteristic of the ruling upper stratum of tsarist Russia. Rasputin was killed in Petrograd by a group of monarchists who attempted through this act to save the authority of the monarchy. – 178.

Reynbot (Rezvoy), A. A. (1868–1918) – general of the tsarist army. In 1906–1907, as Moscow city governor, he brutally suppressed the revolutionary movement in Moscow, engaged in bribery, extortion, and appropriated state money. The administrative and police arbitrariness of Reynbot and his lawlessness caused indignation in wide public circles. The tsarist government was forced to dismiss him and bring him to trial. The investigation into Reynbot's case lasted several years; only in 1911 did the trial take place, sentencing Reynbot to deprivation of rights, property, and one year in a correctional detention ward. But even this light sentence was not carried out; Reynbot was soon released from arrest. During the First World War he commanded a division. – 115–116.

Reitern (d. 1861) – colonel of the tsarist army. He shot himself, unwilling to participate in the shooting of a demonstration that took place in Warsaw. – 260.

Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl (1805–1875) – German vulgar economist, major Prussian landowner, one of the theoreticians of "state socialism." Rodbertus believed that the contradictions between labor and capital could be resolved through a series of reforms carried out by the Prussian junker state. Not understanding the origin of surplus value and the essence of the fundamental contradiction of capitalism, Rodbertus saw the cause of economic crises in the underconsumption of the masses. He explained the existence of ground rent by the absence of costs for raw materials in agriculture. Rodbertus's main works: *Knowledge of Our State-Economic System*, *Social Letters to von Kirchmann*. – 383, 405.

Rodichev, F. I. (b. 1856) – a Tver landowner and zemstvo figure, one of the leaders of the Cadet party, member of its Central Committee. Deputy of the I, II, III, and IV State Dumas. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a commissioner of the bourgeois Provisional Government for Finnish affairs. After the October socialist revolution – a white emigrant. – 27, 105–107, 109, 114, 376.

Rozhkov, N. A. (R–kov, N.) (1868–1927) – historian and publicist. At the beginning of 1905 he joined the RSDLP; for some time he was associated with the Bolsheviks. After the defeat of the 1905–1907 revolution, he became one of the ideological leaders of liquidationism; he contributed to the journal *Nasha Zarya* [Our Dawn] and edited the Menshevik-liquidationist newspaper *Novaya Sibir'* [New Siberia]. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, Rozhkov was part of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks; for several months he was deputy minister of posts and telegraph in the bourgeois Provisional Government. He had a hostile attitude toward the October socialist revolution. During the period of foreign military intervention and civil war he fought against Soviet power. In 1922 he broke with the Mensheviks. In subsequent years he was engaged in scientific-pedagogical and administrative work in various institutions. Author of a number of works on the history of Russia. – 23–28, 32, 58–69, 92, 250.

Rozanov, V. V. (1856–1919) – reactionary philosopher, publicist and critic, contributor to the newspapers *Moskovskiye Vedomosti* [Moscow News], *Novoye Vremya* [New Times], and the journal *Russkii Vestnik* [Russian Herald]. He preached idealism and mysticism and spoke in defense of the autocracy. – 283.

Rozanov, N. S. (b. 1870) – a Trudovik, by profession a doctor. Deputy of the III State Duma from Saratov province; in the Duma he was a member of committees: budgetary, of public education, and others. – 46.

Roman – see Ermolaev, K. M.

Romanovs – dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors who reigned from 1613 to 1917. – 16, 17, 20, 24–25, 30, 177–178, 248–249.

Rubanovich, I. A. (1860–1920) – one of the leaders of the Socialist Revolutionaries. Representative of the Socialist Revolutionary party at international socialist congresses in Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907). Member of the International Socialist Bureau. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October socialist revolution – an opponent of Soviet power. – 350.

Ryabushinsky, P. P. (b. 1871) – a major Moscow banker and industrialist, one of the chief leaders of the counterrevolution. He took active part in the creation of the Progressive party; he published the newspaper *Utro Rossii* [Morning of Russia], which expressed the interests of big bourgeoisie. In August 1917 he threatened to strangle the revolution with the "bony hand of hunger"; he was one of the instigators and organizers of the Kornilov affair. After the victory of the October socialist revolution he emigrated to France, where he conducted counterrevolutionary activity against the Soviet state. – 249, 304, 305, 311–312, 314–316.

С

S. V. – see Volsky, S.

Sazonov, N. D. (b. 1858) – landowner. In 1898–1905 – district and provincial marshal of the nobility. Deputy of the III State Duma from Kazan province. – 53.

Severyanin, A. (Bykov, A. I.) (1860–1919) – Cadet, by education an engineer-technologist. From 1889 to 1906 he was a factory inspector. He contributed to bourgeois-liberal organs: *Russkiye Vedomosti* [Russian News], *Russkoye Slovo* [Russian Word], *Vestnik Evropy* [Herald of Europe], etc. Author of books: *Ten Years of Practice*, *Among the Black Earth Fields*, *Factory Legislation and Its Development in Russia*. – 321, 343, 353.

Serno-Solovyevich, A. A. (1838–1869) – a prominent figure in the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1860s. He was one of the organizers of the secret society *Zemlya i Volya* [Land and Freedom]. In 1862 he emigrated abroad. Author of a sharp pamphlet *Our Domestic Affairs*, directed against Herzen's liberal vacillations. From 1867 he was a member of the Geneva section of the I International. – 259.

Sidorov, A. P. – see Petrov, A.

Smirnov, E. – see Gurevich, E. L.

Sokolov, A. V. – see Volsky, S.

Stakhovich, M. A. (1861–1923) – landowner, in 1895–1907 marshal of the nobility of Orel province, played an important role in the zemstvo movement. At first he was associated with the Cadet party; later – one of the organizers of the Octobrist party. Deputy of the I and II State Dumas, member of the State Council. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – governor-general of Finland; then representative of the bourgeois Provisional Government abroad. – 95–96.

Stolypin, P. A. (1862–1911) – a statesman of tsarist Russia, a major landowner. In 1906–1911 – chairman of the Council of Ministers and minister of internal affairs of Russia. His name is associated with a period of the most severe political reaction with widespread use of capital punishment to suppress the revolutionary movement (the Stolypin reaction of 1907–1910). Stolypin carried out an agrarian reform with the aim of creating in the kulaks a mainstay of tsarist autocracy in the village. However, his attempt to strengthen the autocracy through certain reforms from above in the interests of the bourgeoisie and landowners failed. In 1911 Stolypin was killed in Kiev by the Socialist Revolutionary Bogrov. – 96, 98, 102, 104–105, 178, 333, 381–382, 386, 479.

Struve, P. B. (1870–1944) – bourgeois economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the Cadet party. In the 1890s – the most prominent representative of "legal Marxism"; he made "additions" and "critique" of K. Marx's economic and philosophical teachings, seeking to adapt Marxism and the labor movement to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Struve was one of the theoreticians and organizers of the liberal-monarchical *Soyuz osvobozhdeniya* [Union of Liberation] (1903–1905) and editor of its illegal organ – the journal *Osvobozhdeniye* [Liberation] (1902–1905). With the formation in 1905 of the Cadet party – a member of its Central Committee. One of the ideologists of Russian imperialism. After the October socialist revolution – a fierce enemy of Soviet power; he was part of the counterrevolutionary government of Wrangel; later – a white emigrant. – 70, 81, 160, 168, 283, 353–354.

Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) – a distinguished Chinese revolutionary-democrat and statesman. By education a doctor. In 1894 he founded the revolutionary organization Xinzhonghui (Union for the Revival of China), which aimed at the violent overthrow of the Manchu dynasty. In 1905 Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Xinzhonghui into a larger mass organization – the Tongmenghui (United League) with a broader revolutionary program. The program of the new organization was based on three principles developed by Sun Yat-sen: nationalism (the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty), democracy (the establishment of a republic), and the people's livelihood (equalization of rights to land). Lenin highly valued the revolutionary-democratic essence of this program; at the same time he criticized some of the erroneous Populist views of Sun Yat-sen. The Tongmenghui was the main political organization that prepared the 1911–1913 revolution in China. However, Chinese democracy headed by Sun Yat-sen failed to mobilize and organize the broad masses of the people in the course of the revolution; it failed to put forward and realize a consistent anti-imperialist and anti-feudal program. Sun Yat-sen, elected provisional president of the republic, soon gave up this post.

In subsequent years Sun Yat-sen continued the struggle against internal reaction and foreign imperialists. Sun Yat-sen welcomed the October socialist revolution, which had a great influence on his worldview; he called for the establishment of friendly relations between China and Soviet Russia. In order to create a united national front for the struggle for independence and the democratization of the country, Sun Yat-sen actively advocated the cooperation of the Guomindang party led by him with the Communist Party of China. – 400–406.

Surkov, P. I. (1876–1946) – social-democrat, Bolshevik, worker-weaver. Deputy of the III State Duma from Kostroma province. He contributed to the legal Bolshevik newspaper *Zvezda* [Star], published in Petersburg. After the October socialist revolution he worked in a number of Soviet institutions. – 213.

Т

Teslenko, N. V. (b. 1870) – lawyer; from the moment of the formation of the Cadet party – a permanent member of its Central Committee. Deputy of the II State Duma from Moscow; he contributed to the newspaper *Russkiye Vedomosti* [Russian News]. After the October socialist revolution – a white emigrant. – 114.

Tisenhausen, E. E. (b. 1860) – baron, Octobrist, director of the Serpukhov manufacturing plant. Deputy of the III State Duma from Moscow province. He was chairman of the commission on the workers' question. He defended the interests of large industrialists in it, impeding in every way the discussion of bills on the insurance of workers and employees. – 281, 296–297.

Tolmachev, I. N. (b. 1863) – general of the tsarist army, active figure in the Black Hundreds organization *Soyuz russkogo naroda* [Union of the Russian People]. In 1907–1911 – Odessa city governor; he brutally persecuted workers' organizations, progressive press, and encouraged murders of revolutionaries and Jewish pogroms. The administrative arbitrariness and lawlessness permitted by Tolmachev took on such a scandalous character as to force the tsarist government in 1911 to remove him from office. – 115–116, 178.

Tolstoy, A. P. (b. 1863) – landowner, count. Deputy of the III State Duma from Ufa province; secretary of the Progressive faction. – 777.

Tolstoy, L. N. (1828–1910) – a brilliant Russian writer, one of the greatest writers in the world, who exerted enormous influence on the development of Russian and world literature. On Tolstoy, see Lenin's articles "Leo Tolstoy as a Mirror of Russian Revolution," "L. N. Tolstoy," "L. N. Tolstoy and the Contemporary Labor Movement," "Tolstoy and Proletarian Struggle," "L. N. Tolstoy and His Epoch" (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 17, pp. 206–213; vol. 20, pp. 19–24, 38–41, 70–71, 100–104), and others. – 340.

Trepov, D. F. (1855–1906) – in 1896–1905 Moscow police chief; by the definition of V. I. Lenin – "one of the most hated throughout Russia servants of tsarism, notorious in Moscow for his savagery, rudeness, and participation in Zubatov's attempts to corrupt the workers" (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 9, p. 238). From January 11, 1905 – Petersburg governor-general; later – deputy minister of internal affairs; author of the infamous order of October 1905: "Don't give blank volleys and don't spare ammunition." An instigator of Black Hundreds pogroms. – 103.

Trotsky (Bronstein), L. D. (1879–1940) – the bitterest enemy of Leninism. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, under the guise of "non-factionalism," he actually stood on the positions of the liquidators; in 1912 he was the organizer of the anti-party August Bloc. During the period of the First World War he occupied a centrist position and waged a struggle against V. I. Lenin on the questions of war, peace, and revolution. After his return from emigration following the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he joined the "Inter-district" group and together with them at the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b) was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October socialist revolution he held a number of state posts. In 1918 he opposed the Brest Peace; in 1920–1921 he headed the opposition in the trade union discussion; from 1923 he waged bitter factional struggle against the general line of the party, against Lenin's program for building socialism, and preached the impossibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR. The Communist Party, having exposed Trotskyism as a petty-bourgeois deviation in the party, defeated it both ideologically and organizationally. In 1927 Trotsky was expelled from the party; in 1929 he was deported from the USSR for anti-Soviet activity, and in 1932 was deprived of Soviet citizenship. While abroad, he continued the struggle against the Soviet state and the Communist Party, against the international communist movement. – 3, 4, 5, 8–9, 29–33, 35, 74, 75, 87, 166, 201–214, 230, 252, 253, 254, 340–341, 349, 351, 354, 356, 357, 358, 390, 392, 393, 417–418, 420, 421–422, 443, 447, 448–450, 451, 455, 461.

Trubetskoy, E. N. (1863–1920) – prince, one of the ideologists of Russian bourgeois liberalism, an idealist philosopher. He was a professor of philosophy of law at Kiev University and later at Moscow University. Until 1906 – a Cadet. From 1906 – one of the organizers of the constitutional-monarchical party of "peaceful renewal." He played an important role in the suppression by tsarism of the 1905–1907 revolution and in the establishment of the Stolypin regime in the country. During the First World War – one of the ideologists of Russian imperialism. After the October socialist revolution – the bitterest enemy of Soviet power; an active Denikinite. – 95–96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102–103, 470.

Trufanov, S. M. – see Iliodor.

Turati, Filippo (1857–1932) – a figure in the Italian labor movement, one of the organizers of the Italian Socialist Party (1892), leader of its right reformist wing. In 1896 he was elected to parliament, where he headed the group of socialist-reformists. He pursued a policy of class cooperation of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie; during the First World War he stood on centrist positions. He had a hostile attitude toward the October socialist revolution. After the split in the Italian Socialist Party (1922) he headed the reformist Unitary Socialist Party. In 1926 he emigrated from fascist Italy to France. – 408.

Turgenev, I. S. (1818–1883) – a great Russian writer who did much for the development of the Russian literary language. In his works Turgenev reflected the characteristic contradictions of Russian social life. Turgenev's passionate protest against serfdom was combined with moderate-liberal demands. According to Lenin, "Turgenev… was drawn to moderate monarchical and aristocratic constitutionalism… he was repelled by the peasant democratism of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 27, p. 244). – 260.

Tyszka (Tyszka), Jan (Jogiheles, Leo) (1867–1919) – a prominent figure in the Polish and German labor movement. He was one of the founders of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (from 1900 – the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania) and a member of the Main Board of this party. He fought against revisionism in the international labor movement and spoke out against nationalism, defending the necessity of joint struggle by Polish and Russian proletariat. He took active part in the 1905–1907 revolution. He participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, at which he was elected to the Central Committee. During the years of reaction Tyszka, while condemning the liquidators, nonetheless took, in a number of cases, a reconciling position toward them. In 1912 he spoke out against the decisions of the Prague Conference. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Tyszka's activity during this period. During the First World War Tyszka, while in Germany, participated in the work of German social-democracy and stood on internationalist positions; he was one of the organizers of the *Spartacus League*. In 1916–1918 he was imprisoned. After his release by the November Revolution of 1918, he participated in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany and was elected secretary of its Central Committee. In March 1919 he was arrested and then killed in a Berlin prison. – 5, 7, 8, 35, 388, 390, 391–394.

У

Urusov, S. D. (b. 1862) – prince, a major landowner. In 1903 and 1904 – governor-general of Bessarabia. In 1905 he was for some time deputy minister of internal affairs in Witte's cabinet. In 1906 he was elected to the I State Duma from Kaluga province. Member of the party of "democratic reforms," which stood to the right of the Cadets. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, from March to June, Urusov was deputy minister of internal affairs in the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October socialist revolution he worked in a special commission under the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy investigating the Kursk magnetic anomaly; from 1921 to 1929 he worked in the State Bank. – 95–96.

Φ

Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804–1872) – a distinguished German materialist philosopher and atheist, one of the predecessors of Marxism. Feuerbach criticized the idealist philosophy of Hegel and showed the connection between idealism and religion; however, in his understanding of social phenomena Feuerbach remained an idealist. His materialism was metaphysical and contemplative. He failed to recognize the role of practice in the process of cognition and social development. In his final years Feuerbach was interested in socialist literature, read Marx's *Capital*, and in 1870 joined the German Social-Democratic Party.

A comprehensive analysis of Feuerbach's philosophy is given in K. Marx's "Theses on Feuerbach," in the "German Ideology" of K. Marx and F. Engels, in F. Engels's work "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy," as well as in V. I. Lenin's work "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism." – 256.

Х

Khvostov, A. N. (1872–1918) – a major landowner. He was deputy prosecutor of the Moscow Circuit Court, Tula vice-governor, and then Vologda and Nizhny Novgorod governor. He acquired widespread notoriety for his Black Hundreds speeches. Member of the IV State Duma from Orel province. Leader and chairman of the bureau of the Right faction. From 1915 to 1916 – minister of internal affairs and chief of the corps of gendarmes. – 178.

Khrapovitsky, A. P. – see Antoniy Volynskiy.

Ц

Tsederbaum, V. O. – see Levitsky, V. O.

Tsederbaum, S. O. (Yezhov, V.) (1879–1939) – social-democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – an active liquidator; he participated in newspapers and journals of the Menshevik-liquidators, was one of the leaders of the Petersburg "initiative group" of liquidators. During the First World War – a defensist. In 1917 he contributed to the Menshevik newspaper *Vpered* [Forward]. – 58–59, 188, 321–324, 353–354, 415.

Tsederbaum, Y. O. – see Martov, L.

Tsereteli – prince, marshal of the nobility, author of a report on the mountain settlement of Kiknavalet in Kutaisi district, presented to the minister of internal affairs. – 330–331.

Zetkin, Clara (1857–1933) – a distinguished figure in the German and international labor movement, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Germany, a talented writer, passionate orator and tribune. Being on the left wing of German social-democracy, Zetkin together with R. Luxemburg, F. Mehring, and K. Liebknecht took active part in the struggle against Bernstein and other opportunists. During the years of the First World War she stood on the positions of revolutionary internationalism and spoke out against social-chauvinism. In 1916 she joined the group "Internationale," and later the *Spartacus League*. From 1919 – a member of the Communist Party of Germany; she was elected to the Central Committee of the party. At the III Congress of the Communist International she was elected to the Executive Committee of the Comintern and headed its international women's secretariat. From 1924 – the permanent chairman of the Executive Committee of the International Organization for the Relief of Revolutionary Fighters (MOPR). – 34–35, 153.

Ч

Chatsky, Y. (Bronstein, P. A., Yuri) (b. 1881) – social-democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator; he was editor of the liquidationist journal *Delo Zhizni* [Work of Life], contributed to the newspapers *Nevskii Golos* [Nevsky Voice], *Luch* [Ray], and other organs of the Menshevik-liquidators. In 1910, along with two other Menshevik-liquidators who were members of the Central Committee, he refused to participate in the work of the Central Committee. V. I. Lenin called Y. Chatsky an "open renegade." In 1917 – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks in Petrograd; he was part of the editorial board of the central organ of the Mensheviks *Rabochaya Gazeta* [Workers' Newspaper]. After the October socialist revolution he conducted counterrevolutionary work in the south of the country; later he emigrated abroad. – 4, 26, 58–59, 73–78, 88, 130, 151, 164, 188, 217, 415, 478.

Cherevarin, N. (Lipkin, F. A.) (1868–1938) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks, an extreme liquidator. A contributor to liquidationist publications; he was one of 16 Mensheviks who signed in 1910 an "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party. After the anti-party conference of August 1912 – a member of the Menshevik center (OK). During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. In 1917 – one of the editors of the central organ of the Mensheviks *Rabochaya Gazeta* [Workers' Newspaper] and member of the Menshevik Central Committee. He had a hostile attitude toward the October socialist revolution. – 25, 90–91, 389.

Chernov, V. M. (1876–1952) – one of the leaders and theoreticians of the Socialist Revolutionary party. In 1902–1905 – editor of the central organ of the Socialist Revolutionaries – the newspaper *Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya* [Revolutionary Russia]. He published articles directed against Marxism, attempting to prove the inapplicability of Marx's theory to agriculture. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – minister of agriculture in the bourgeois Provisional Government; he pursued a policy of harsh repressions against peasants who seized landowners' lands. After the October socialist revolution – one of the organizers of anti-Soviet rebellions. In 1920 he emigrated; abroad he continued anti-Soviet activity. – 419.

Chernyshevsky, N. G. (1828–1889) – a great Russian revolutionary democrat and utopian socialist, scientist, writer, literary critic; one of the distinguished precursors of Russian social-democracy. Chernyshevsky was the ideological inspirer and leader of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1860s in Russia. The journal *Sovremennik* [Contemporary], which he edited, was the voice of Russia's revolutionary forces. Chernyshevsky spoke out with furious denunciation of the serf-like character of the "peasant reform" of 1861 and called upon the peasants to rise up. In 1862 he was arrested by the tsarist government and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he spent about two years; he was then sentenced to seven years of hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia. Chernyshevsky remained in exile for over twenty years. To the end of his life he remained a passionate fighter against social inequality and against all manifestations of political and economic oppression.

Chernyshevsky's works include a number of brilliant pieces in the field of political economy, history, ethics, and aesthetics. His literary-critical works had an enormous influence on the development of Russian literature and art. Generations of revolutionaries in Russia and abroad were educated on Chernyshevsky's novel *What Is to Be Done?* – 259–260, 261.

Tskhadze, N. S. (1864–1926) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Deputy of the III and IV State Dumas from Tiflis province; he headed the Menshevik faction of the IV Duma. Lenin called Tskhadze a "quasi-party social-democrat," who showed in the Duma "his ability to cover up opportunists and serve them." During the years of the First World War – a centrist. During the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a member of the Temporary Committee of the State Duma, a defensist. Tskhadze was chairman of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation; he actively supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October socialist revolution – chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia – a counterrevolutionary Menshevik government. In 1921, after the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia, he emigrated to Paris. – 213, 328–332.

Ш

Schwartz (Elias, K. Y.) (b. 1886) – Latvian social-democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator. In 1909–1913 – a member of the Foreign Committee of the SDLK; from 1911 he was the representative of the liquidationist Central Committee of the LSD in the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1910–1914 he was part of the editorial board of the newspaper *Zinna* [Struggle]; in August 1912 he participated in the anti-party conference of liquidators convened by Trotsky in Vienna. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a member of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Landless Deputies. He was a member of the bourgeois National Council (1918–1920), the Constituent Assembly, deputy of the I, II, and III Diets. In 1919–1929 he edited the Menshevik newspaper *Social-Demokrat* [Social-Democrat]. – 4–5.

Shingarev, A. I. (1869–1918) – Cadet, zemstvo figure, by profession a doctor. From 1907 – a member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. Deputy of the II and III State Dumas from Voronezh province and of the IV Duma from Petersburg; one of the leaders of the Cadet faction in the Duma. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – minister of agriculture in the first composition and minister of finance in the second composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. – 112–114, 313.

Shipov, D. N. (1851–1920) – a major landowner, a prominent figure in the zemstvo movement, one of the organizers of the Octobrist party and chairman of its Central Committee. In 1906 he left the *Soyuz 17 Oktyabrya* [Union of October 17] and became one of the leaders of the party of "peaceful renewal"; in the same year he was elected a member of the State Council. He met the October socialist revolution with hostility; he was one of the leaders of the counterrevolutionary white-guard organization the "National Center." – 95–96, 99.

Shubinsky, N. P. (b. 1853) – landowner, Octobrist. From 1900 – a public official of the Moscow city duma. He was marshal of the nobility of Kalyazinsky district. Deputy of the III and IV State Dumas from Tver province. – 311–312.

Shurthkanov, V. E. (b. 1876) – worker, deputy of the III State Duma from Kharkov province. Member of the social-democratic faction. He contributed to the Bolshevik newspaper *Zvezda* [Star] and to the liquidationist newspaper *Zhivoye Delo* [Living Work]. From 1913, as it was later revealed, he was a secret agent of the Okhrana. – 213.

Щ

[Text ends]

Shcheglovitov, I. G. (1861–1918) – a major landowner and extreme reactionary. From 1906 to 1915 – Minister of Justice. He pursued Black Hundreds policy, openly subordinating the courts to the instructions of the police authorities. He was one of the initiators of the introduction of military field courts, the Third of June coup d'état, the trials of social-democratic members of the II and IV State Dumas, the Beilis case, etc. In 1917 – chairman of the State Council. – 27.

E

Elias, K. Ya. – see Schwartz.

Engelhardt, A. N. (1832–1893) – publicist, Populist, known for his public-agronomic activities and his experiment in organizing rational agriculture on his estate Batishchevo in Smolensk Province. V. I. Lenin in his book *The Development of Capitalism in Russia* gave a characterization of Engelhardt's farm, showing through his example all the utopianism of Populist theories. Engelhardt was the author of letters printed in the journal *Fatherland Notes*, titled "From the Village" (published as a separate edition in 1882) and other works on agricultural questions. – 467.

Engels (Engels), Friedrich (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of the international proletariat, friend and comrade of K. Marx (see V. I. Lenin's article "Friedrich Engels." *Collected Works*, 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1–14). – 89–90.

Y

Y. K. – see Kamenev, L. B.

Yuan Shi-kai (1859–1916) – Chinese political figure. In 1898 he joined the liberal movement, but soon betrayed it. He was governor of Shandong and the capital province of Zhili. After the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty he became, with the support of internal reaction and foreign imperialists, president of China and established a regime of military dictatorship in the country. In 1915 he made a failed attempt to proclaim himself emperor. V. I. Lenin called Yuan Shi-kai "an adventurer, a traitor, and a friend of reaction." – 160, 402–403, 406.

Yury – see Chatsky, Y.

Yushkevich, P. S. (1873–1945) – social-democrat, Menshevik, by training a mathematician; in philosophy he adhered to positivism and pragmatism – trends close to Machism; author of the article "Contemporary Energetics from the Point of View of Empiriosymbolism," included in the collection *Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism*, which V. I. Lenin subjected to criticism in his book *Materialism and Empirio-criticism*. He engaged in literary work and translations.

In 1917–1919, as an opponent of Soviet power, he collaborated in Ukraine in the Menshevik journal *Unification* and other anti-Bolshevik publications; later he withdrew from political activity. – 70.

Dates of the Life and Activity of V. I. Lenin (December 1911 – July 1912)

1911

December 1911 – July 1912.

Lenin lives in Paris, then in June 1912 moves to Kraków. He directs the preparation and work of the VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP, edits the Central Organ of the RSDLP – the newspaper *Social-Democrat*, organizes the publication of the legal Bolshevik newspaper *Pravda* and systematically directs its work, guides the activity of party organizations in Russia, carries out ideological leadership of the electoral campaign for elections to the IV State Duma.

December, 8 (21).

Lenin's articles "The Resolution of the Party Crisis," "On Slogans and on the Conduct of Duma and Non-Duma Social-Democratic Work," "The Agency of Liberal Bourgeoisie," "From the Camp of Stolypin's 'Workers' Party'," "On Trotsky's Diplomacy and on One Platform of Party Members," and "The Results of Arbitration of the 'Bondholders'" are published in no. 25 of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*.

December, 10 (23).

Lenin's article "The Old and the New" is published in no. 33 of the newspaper *Zvezda*.

December, 10 (23) to January 6 (19).

Lenin's articles under the general heading "The Electoral Campaign in the IV State Duma" of 1912 are printed in the newspaper *Zvezda* nos. 33, 34, 36 (1911) and no. 1 (1912).

December, no later than 14 (27).

Lenin prepares for a meeting of foreign Bolshevik groups: he works on theses for a report on the state of affairs in the party, writes a draft resolution on the report.

December, 14–17 (27–30).

Lenin in Paris directs a meeting of foreign Bolshevik groups.

December, 14 (27).

Lenin opens the meeting with a welcoming speech and presents a report on the state of affairs in the party.

December, 15 (28).

Lenin speaks at the meeting in the discussion and delivers concluding remarks on his report.

December, 16–17 (29–30).

Lenin participates in the discussion on the drafting of the final text of the resolution on the state of affairs in the party. The meeting elects the Committee of the Foreign Organization and entrusts the CFO, on Lenin's proposal, with the final development of the statute and its approval.

Lenin speaks in the discussion of the question of participation of a CFO representative in the editing of *Workers' Gazette*.

Lenin speaks in the discussion on the question of support for the Russian Organizational Commission (ROK) and the forthcoming party conference. The meeting adopts the resolution written by Lenin.

Lenin speaks at the meeting on the question of the attitude of representatives of national social-democratic organizations toward the convocation of the party conference. The questions he raised were reflected in the resolution of the VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP "On the Absence of Delegates from National Centers at the All-Party Conference."

December, before 17 (30).

In Petersburg, no. 1 of the Bolshevik legal journal *Enlightenment* comes out with Lenin's articles "Principled Questions of the Electoral Campaign" (the conclusion of the article is published in January 1912 in *Enlightenment* no. 2), "The Beginning of Exposures of the Party's Negotiations with Ministers" and "Three Queries."

December, before 19 (January 1, 1912).

Lenin in a letter to I. A. Pyatnitsky in Leipzig expresses the assumption of the possibility of arrest of the Moscow delegate to the Prague Conference and requests the organization of the election of another representative.

December, 22 (January 4, 1912).

Lenin's article "Famine and the Black Duma" is published in no. 7 of *Workers' Gazette*.

End of year.

Lenin writes a summary of a report on the political situation (the circumstances and place of the presentation are not established).

December – January, until 5 (18), 1912.

Lenin directs the preparation for the convocation of the VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP.

1912

January, before 5 (18).

Lenin converses with a group of delegates – participants in the Prague Conference.

January, 5–17 (18–30).

Lenin directs the VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP; presides at sessions, speaks several times a day, writes drafts of resolutions on all the most important items of the agenda, edits the conference resolutions.

January, no later than 5 (18).

Lenin makes remarks on the draft resolution on the work of the Russian Organizational Commission for convening the conference; writes a summary of a speech and a draft resolution on the constitution of the conference.

January, 5 (18).

Lenin delivers a speech at the opening of the conference and on the question of its constitution.

January, 5 and 6 (18 and 19).

Lenin speaks regarding amendments to the 1st point of the draft resolution on the constitution of the conference.

Between January 5 and 17 (18 and 30).

Lenin writes a draft resolution on liquidationism and on the group of liquidators; the draft resolution is adopted by the conference.

January, 6, 7, and 10 (19, 20, and 23).

Lenin at five sessions of the conference takes notes of reports from the localities.

Between January 6 and 12 (19 and 25).

Lenin presents a report "On the Contemporary Moment and the Tasks of the Party."

January, 7 (20).

Lenin at the fifth session of the conference delivers a speech on the work of the CO – the newspaper *Social-Democrat* and presents a report on the work of the International Socialist Bureau; answers delegates' questions and participates in the discussion on the resolution based on reports from the localities.

Lenin at the sixth session of the conference speaks twice in the discussion on his report on the work of the ISB.

January, 8 (21).

Lenin at the eighth session of the conference participates in the discussion on the question of the tasks of social-democracy in the struggle against famine. The draft resolution written by Lenin on this question is adopted by the conference.

Between January 9 and 13 (22 and 26).

Lenin, on the commission of the conference, composes a greeting to German social-democracy in connection with its success in the elections to the German Reichstag. The greeting was published on January 27, 1912 in the newspaper *Vorwärts* no. 22.

January, 10 (23).

Lenin at the eleventh session of the conference delivers a speech in the discussion on the question of party work abroad.

January, no later than 11 (24).

Lenin composes a draft of changes to the organizational statute of the party.

January, 11 (24).

Lenin at the twelfth session of the conference delivers a speech on the organizational question.

Lenin introduces amendments to the resolution "On the Nature and Organizational Forms of Party Work."

The conference approves the draft changes to the organizational statute of the party proposed by Lenin.

January, 12 (25).

The draft resolution written by Lenin "On the Contemporary Moment and the Tasks of the Party" is adopted at the fifteenth session of the conference.

Between January 12 and 17 (25 and 30).

The Prague Conference elects Lenin to the CC, the CO, and as the representative of the CC of the RSDLP to the International Socialist Bureau.

January, no later than 17 (30).

Lenin works on a draft resolution "On the 'Petition Campaign.'"

January, 17 (30).

Lenin delivers concluding remarks at the conference.

January, 19 (February 1).

Lenin in Leipzig meets with social-democratic deputies of the III State Duma and informs them of the decisions of the Prague Conference.

End of January.

Lenin in Leipzig gives a lecture on L. N. Tolstoy. Lenin travels from Leipzig to Berlin to receive from former "bondholders" funds belonging to the party, in accordance with the decision of the Prague Conference.

Lenin in Berlin stays at V. V. Adoratsky's; attends a performance at Reinhardt's dramatic theater.

Beginning of February.

Lenin in Paris converses with A. V. Shotman, who arrived from Finland, about the Finnish social-democratic organization.

February, 19 (March 3).

Lenin's article "The Organ of Liberal Working-Class Policy" is published in no. 11 of the newspaper *Zvezda*.

February, 26 (March 10).

Lenin in a letter (in French) to K. Huysmans, secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, informs of the dispatch of a report on the VI All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP, of the desire to publish the report in the ISB circular, announces his election as representative of the RSDLP to the ISB.

February, 28 (March 12).

Lenin in a letter to G. L. Shklovskу in Bern (Switzerland) writes about the necessity of giving a lecture on the results of the Prague Conference in all cities of Switzerland, informs about the composition and progress of work of the concluded conference, about the deployment in Russia of work to acquaint party organizations with the decisions of the conference, about the break with the liquidators, about the intention of the Bund and the Latvian social-democracy to convene a conference with the liquidators, about the position of the Duma social-democratic faction.

February, 29 (March 13).

Lenin writes a letter to G. L. Shklovskу in Bern in connection with his lecture on the Prague Conference; informs about the meeting of liquidators in Paris and the resolution adopted at it against the decisions of the Prague Conference, expresses confidence that unification among the liquidators cannot occur.

February.

Lenin edits the brochure "All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party 1912." The brochure was published in February 1912 in Paris in the publication of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

Lenin in a letter to A. M. Gorky on the island of Capri (Italy) promises to send the resolutions of the Prague Conference, asks him to write a May Day leaflet; informs about the difficulties connected with the publication of the newspaper *Zvezda*.

February – March.

Lenin in a letter to A. M. Gorky on the island of Capri informs of the dispatch to him of the resolutions of the Prague Conference, writes about the newspaper *Zvezda* and gives a brilliant appraisal of Gorky's "Tales" printed in this newspaper; gives a characterization of the liquidators' newspaper *Living Matter*, sharply criticizes the behavior of N. A. Rozhkov.

March, after 2 (15).

Lenin writes the article "Against Unification – with the Liquidators." The article was published in March 1912 in the journal *Enlightenment* nos. 3–4.

March, 4 (17).

Lenin's article "Political Parties in Five Years of the Third Duma" is published in no. 14 of the newspaper *Zvezda*.

March, 5 (18).

Lenin's report to the International Socialist Bureau on the All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP is distributed by ISB secretary K. Huysmans to socialist parties with circular no. 4 for publication in the party press.

Beginning of March.

Lenin writes the "Electoral Platform of the RSDLP." The platform was issued as a separate leaflet in March 1912 in Russia and in April – abroad as an "Appendix" to no. 26 of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*.

Between March 9 (22) and April 1 (14).

Lenin makes remarks, underlines, and marginal notes in no. 8 of the newspaper *Living Matter*, which he uses for his article "Poor Defense of Liberal Working-Class Policy."

March, 11 (24).

Lenin in a letter to his sister Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova in Saratov writes about the struggle of anti-party foreign groups against the Prague Conference of the RSDLP and its decisions.

March, 12 or 13 (25 or 26).

Lenin writes the article "Cards on the Table."

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Zvezda* asks them to send him books on the electoral law of June 3 (16), 1907 and other materials necessary for the compilation and editing of the brochure *The Voter's Companion (Our Electoral Law)*; gives instructions that the editorial office should not endorse any electoral platform, asks about the publication of a daily workers' newspaper, about its format and other matters.

March, 13 (26).

Lenin's article "Concerning the Withdrawal of Deputy T. O. Belousov from the Social-Democratic Duma Faction" is published in no. 17 of the newspaper *Zvezda*.

March, after 13 (26).

Lenin writes the brochure "An Anonymous Writer from 'Vorwärts' and the State of Affairs in the RSDLP." The brochure was issued in 1912 in Paris as a separate publication by the editorial office of the CO of the RSDLP *Social-Democrat*.

March, 15 (28).

Lenin in a letter to G. K. Ordzhonikidze and other members of the Russian Bureau of the CC of the RSDLP in Tiflis points out the necessity of strengthening the ties of local party organizations with the foreign center, writes about the absence of information about the lectures given on the results of the Prague Conference and resolutions from the localities about joining the decisions of the conference, insists on the earliest possible tour of organizations giving lectures on the conference, inquires about the publication of a "Notice" about the conference and the "Electoral Platform of the RSDLP" in Russia, informs about monetary matters, about the struggle abroad concerning the conference, is outraged by L. Trotsky's slanderous article in the newspaper *Vorwärts* no. 72 of March 26, 1912.

Lenin writes a letter (in French) to K. Huysmans, secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, expressing gratitude for the resolution of the meeting of liquidators in Paris sent on March 12 (new style), 1912, and informing that the Prague Conference condemned the liquidators and various foreign groups introducing disorganization into the work of the party, about the intention of the liquidators to convene their own conference, about the absence of a reply from G. V. Plekhanov to the Prague Conference resolutions sent to him, with a request to inform in case of receiving an answer from Plekhanov addressed to the ISB.

Mid-March.

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Zvezda* concerning the electoral platform of the RSDLP.

March, 17 (30).

Lenin's articles "Famine" and "The Peasantry and Elections to the IV Duma" are published in no. 8 of *Workers' Gazette*.

Between March 21 and 26 (April 3 and 8).

Lenin makes remarks, underlines, and marginal notes in no. 10 of the newspaper *Living Matter*, which he uses for his article "The Bloc of Cadets with Progressists and Its Significance."

March, 23 (April 5).

Lenin in a letter (in French) to K. Huysmans, secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, informs of the receipt of no. 5 of the ISB circular, asks him to transmit to the secretaries of all parties of the II International an official protest statement by the representative of the RSDLP to the ISB against direct relations with the ISB of foreign groups not representing the party.

Between March 23 and 26 (April 5 and 8).

Lenin writes the article "The Bloc of Cadets with Progressists and Its Significance." The article was published on March 29 (April 11) in the newspaper *Zvezda* no. 23.

March, 25 (April 7).

Lenin in a letter to his mother Maria Aleksandrovna Ulyanova in Saratov informs of his intention to move for the summer to the environs of Paris. The move did not take place; in June 1912 Lenin moved to Kraków.

March, before 30 (April 12).

Lenin writes a protest statement to K. Huysmans, secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, in connection with the action of anti-party foreign groups against the decisions of the Prague Conference.

Lenin's protest statement was distributed by the International Socialist Bureau on April 12 to all socialist parties with circular no. 7 for publication in the party press.

March.

Lenin speaks at a meeting in Paris, organized by the Committee of the Foreign Organization, with a speech on the results of the Prague Conference.

Beginning of April.

Lenin in a letter to members of the Russian Bureau of the CC in Tiflis points out the necessity of persistent and systematic struggle against foreign liquidators, advises touring local organizations and exposing liquidators, recommends republishing as leaflets all important resolutions of the Prague Conference of the RSDLP, emphasizes that one must approach the publication of the newspaper *News* with extreme caution (this newspaper was never published).

April, 1 (14).

Lenin's article "Poor Defense of Liberal Working-Class Policy" is published in no. 24 of the newspaper *Zvezda*.

April, 2 (15).

Lenin in Paris gives a lecture at an evening dedicated to the memory of A. I. Herzen.

April, 3 (16).

Lenin's article "Reballoting in Russia and the Tasks of the Working Class" is published in no. 25 of the newspaper *Zvezda*.

Lenin in a letter to the Kiev Committee of the RSDLP points out the necessity of strengthening ties with the foreign Bolshevik center, creating regional committees (or simply a group of trusted agents) connected with the center; advises republishing the resolution of the Prague Conference on elections to the IV State Duma, as well as publishing separately his article from *Workers' Gazette* "The Peasantry and Elections to the IV Duma," informs about Trotsky's slanderous campaign in the newspaper *Vorwärts* against the Prague Conference and its decision.

April, 6 (19).

Lenin in a letter (in French) to K. Huysmans protests against the direct appeal to the ISB by foreign groups of Russian social-democrats not representing the party, for the purpose of informing through the ISB the parties of the II International of disagreements in the RSDLP, and expresses his negative attitude toward Huysmans' proposal to convene a "general" conference of the RSDLP.

April, 8 and 19 (April 21 and May 2).

Lenin's article "Liberalism and Democracy" is published in nos. 27 and 32 of the newspaper *Zvezda*.

April, before 9 (22).

Lenin edits the brochure *The Voter's Companion (Our Electoral Law)*.

April, 9 (22).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Zvezda* informs of the dispatch of material for the brochure *The Voter's Companion* and proposes to reprint in the brochure chapters II and III from his article "The Electoral Campaign in the IV State Duma," gives advice on how to publish the brochure; points out the necessity of responding to the sorties of liquidators, asks to send Plekhanov's articles in galleys and not to give him the privilege of writing against the party conference, considering that the editorial office of the legal newspaper is deprived of the ability to defend it, inquires about the day of publication of the first issue of *Pravda*, its format and the size of articles that can be sent.

April, before 22 (May 5).

Lenin directs the organization of the publication of the daily legal Bolshevik newspaper *Pravda*. The first issue of the newspaper came out on April 22 (May 5).

April, 22 (May 5).

Lenin in a letter to V. A. Ter-Ioanisian in Berlin informs of the arrest in Baku of S. S. Spandarian, asks him to organize material assistance to Spandarian and his father.

April, 25 (May 8).

Lenin's articles "The Electoral Campaign in the IV Duma and the Tasks of Revolutionary Social-Democracy," "The Liquidators Against the Party," and "In Memory of Herzen" are published in no. 28 of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*.

April, 26 (May 9).

Lenin speaks at a meeting of the Paris Section of the Foreign Organization of the RSDLP with a report on the Lena shootings, strikes in Russia, and the party's tactics in connection with these events.

April – June.

Lenin's work "A Questionnaire on Organizations of Large Capital" is published in nos. 5–7 of the journal *Enlightenment*.

May, 6 (19).

Lenin's article "Land Ownership in European Russia" is published in no. 3 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

May, 8 and 9 (21 and 22).

Lenin's article "Trudoviks and Workers' Democracy" is published in nos. 13 and 14 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

After May 8 (21).

Lenin makes remarks in the book by A. E. Lositsky *The Dissolution of the Commune* (St. Petersburg, 1912).

May, before 10 (23).

Lenin travels from Paris for several days.

May, 10 (23).

Lenin's article "Political Parties in Russia" is published in no. 5 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

May, 14 (27) and 20 (June 2).

Lenin writes to M. A. Ulyanova in Saratov about receiving her letter informing of the arrest of A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova and M. I. Ulyanova; is concerned about the state of health of Maria Aleksandrovna, who remained alone after the arrest of her daughters.

May, 22 (June 4).

Lenin's articles "The Essence of the 'Agrarian Question in Russia'" and "Some Results of the Pre-Electoral Mobilization" are published in no. 6 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

Before May 24 (June 6).

Lenin makes remarks in the book by B. N. Knipovich *On the Question of the Differentiation of the Russian Peasantry (Differentiation in the Sphere of Agricultural Economy)* (St. Petersburg, 1912); writes a letter to B. N. Knipovich concerning his book.

May, 24 (June 6).

Lenin in a letter to B. N. Knipovich informs of the loss of his first letter concerning Knipovich's book *On the Question of the Differentiation of the Russian Peasantry (Differentiation in the Sphere of Agricultural Economy)*, sets out again his remarks on this book.

May, before 31 (June 13).

Lenin composes a plan for a lecture "The Revolutionary Upsurge of the Russian Proletariat."

May, 31 (June 13).

Lenin gives a lecture on the theme "The Revolutionary Upsurge of the Russian Proletariat" in the Alcazar hall at a meeting organized by the Paris Section of the Foreign Organization of the RSDLP.

Lenin's article "Economic and Political Strike" is published in no. 10 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

Spring.

Lenin frequently visits in Paris V. K. Kurnatovsky, one of the oldest Russian revolutionary Marxists.

June, 3 (16).

Lenin's article "The Resettlement Question" is published in no. 11 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

June, 4 (17).

Lenin's articles "Revolutionary Upsurge," "Slogans of the All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in January 1912 and the May Movement," "The Liquidators Against Revolutionary Mass Strike," and "'Uniters'" are published in no. 27 of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*.

Lenin in Leipzig gives a lecture on the revolutionary upsurge in Russia.

June, 10 (23).

Lenin's article "On the Nature and Significance of Our Polemic with Liberals" is published in no. 12 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

June, before 13 (26).

Lenin moves from Paris to Kraków to establish closer ties with Russia, to strengthen leadership of the Bolshevik Duma faction and the work of the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda*.

June, 17 (30).

Lenin's article "Capitalism and 'Parliament'" is published in no. 13 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

June, 18 (July 1).

Lenin in a letter to M. A. Ulyanova in Saratov informs of receiving her letter and his new address in Kraków – Zwierzyniec Street, house no. 218; asks her to send the address of D. I. Ulyanov.

Between June 19 and 26 (July 2 and 9).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of *Pravda* informs of receiving a package with copies of *Pravda* and *Neva Star*, asks to send missing issues of *Zvezda*, new books and other materials, as well as all publications coming out on the agrarian question, notes carelessness in the printing of *Neva Star*.

June, before 24 (July 7).

Lenin writes a letter to L. B. Kamenev about establishing ties with Russia.

June, 24 (July 7).

Lenin's article "Elections and Opposition" is published in no. 14 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

End of June.

Lenin writes the article "The Situation in the RSDLP and the Immediate Tasks of the Party." The article was published on July 3 (16) in *Gazeta Robotnicza* (*Workers' Gazette*) nos. 15–16.

End of June – beginning of July.

Lenin gives I. F. Armand instructions to take part in the electoral campaign for the IV State Duma in Petersburg.

July, 1 (14).

Lenin's articles "The Significance of the Elections in Petersburg" and "Comparison of Stolypin's and Populist Agrarian Programs" are published in no. 15 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

July, 6 (19).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda* asks that the necessary books and newspapers be sent accurately for his work, gives instructions on organizing in *Pravda* a section on the course of elections to the IV State Duma, exposes the vile campaign of Trotsky against *Pravda*.

Between July 6 and 28 (July 19 and August 10).

Lenin makes remarks and underlines in the note by R. M. Blank (B.) published in no. 27 of the journal *Questions of Life*, which he subjects to criticism in his article "The Liberal Offensive."

Before July 11 (24).

Lenin writes the articles "Small Tricks (A Reply to Blank)" and "Undying Hopes."

July, before 11 (24).

Lenin writes the note "Reply to the Liquidators" for publication in *Pravda*, appeals to the editorial office of the newspaper with a demand to conduct a more decisive struggle against the liquidators in the elections to the IV State Duma.

July, 11 (24).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Neva Star* criticizes the activity of the editorial offices of *Pravda* and *Neva Star*, points out the necessity of conducting sharp polemics with the liquidators, independently raising questions; proposes to hold occasional meetings of editorial offices with permanent contributors.

July, 11 or 12 (24 or 25).

Lenin in a letter to L. B. Kamenev expresses outrage at the 6th issue of the liquidators' newspaper *Nevsky Golos*, which published a slanderous report about the participation of Bolsheviks in a joint meeting with liquidators on the question of unity in the electoral campaign for the IV Duma (the editorial offices of the newspapers *Neva Star* and *Pravda* denied this report); notes the positive aspects of his move from Paris to Kraków.

July, 12 (25).

Lenin's article "In Switzerland" is published in no. 63 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

July, 12–14 (25–27).

Lenin writes the article "Results of Six Months' Work."

July, 15 (28).

Lenin's article "Democracy and Populism in China" is published in no. 17 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

Lenin's articles "The Congress of Italian Socialists" and "Russian 'Freedom of Speech'" are published in no. 66 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

July, 15 or 16 (28 or 29).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda* informs of the dispatch of his article "Results of Six Months' Work" with instructions on the order of publication. The article was published on July 29 and 31 (August 11 and 13), August 1 and 2 (14 and 15) in *Pravda* nos. 78, 79, 80, and 81.

July, 17 (30).

Lenin composes the text of a letter of the CC of the RSDLP in reply to an inquiry from the Executive Committee of the German social-democratic party concerning the convocation of a meeting of party "centers," organizations, and factions of the RSDLP for the purpose of achieving unity in the elections to the IV Duma. The letter formed the main content of Lenin's brochure "On the Contemporary Situation in the RSDLP."

Before July 19 (August 1).

Lenin writes articles on November 9 (a reply to a correspondent) and "On the Electoral Platform." Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda* informs of the dispatch of his article "On the Electoral Platform," sets certain conditions in case of editorial changes in it, points out the necessity of honorably maintaining the leading position of *Pravda* in the struggle against liquidationism in the electoral campaign for the IV State Duma.

July, 19 (August 1).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda* points out the necessity of conducting decisive struggle against the liquidators, inquires about his articles on November 9 and "On the Electoral Platform," asks that rejected articles be returned to authors and that corrected proofs of *Zvezda* and *Pravda* be sent; appeals with a request about the possibility of placing a correspondence with a negative answer to the appeal of the Executive Committee of the German social-democratic party to groups, "factions and centers" abroad concerning the convocation of a meeting on the question of "unity." Correspondence on this question was not printed in the newspaper.

Lenin in a letter to A. M. Gorky on the island of Capri reveals the essence of the profound ideological struggle in the ranks of the social-democrats, informs about the revolutionary upsurge in Russia and that the party succeeded in establishing a daily workers' newspaper *Pravda* thanks to the decisions of the Prague Conference.

July, 20 (August 2).

Lenin in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda* points out the necessity to "kindle struggle" against the Cadet press before the elections to the IV Duma, emphasizes that the electoral campaign in Petersburg has begun successfully, hegemony has been won by *Zvezda* and *Pravda*. Lenin's article "Capitalism and People's Consumption" is published in no. 70 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

July, 22 and 29 (August 4 and 11).

Lenin's article "How P. B. Axelrod Exposes the Liquidators" is published in nos. 18 and 19 of the newspaper *Neva Star*.

July, 25 (August 7).

Lenin's article "Liberals and Clericals" is published in no. 74 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

July, 26 (August 8).

Lenin's article "Cadets and Democracy" is published in no. 75 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Between July 27 and August 26 (August 9 and September 8).

Lenin makes remarks and underlines in articles by E. D. Kuskova and N. I. Korobka published in no. 30 of the journal *Questions of Life*, which he subjects to criticism in his article "A Conversation About 'Cadet-Hunting.'"

July, 28 (August 10).

Lenin's article "The Liberal Offensive" is published in no. 77 of the newspaper *Pravda*.