Plan for a Lecture "The Ideology of Counter-Revolutionary Liberalism" (the Success of *Vekhi* and Its Social Significance)

I. What philosophy do *Vekhi* and the Duma speeches of Cadet Karaulov wage war against?

II. Belinsky and Chernyshevsky, annihilated by *Vekhi*.

III. Why do liberals hate the "intelligentsia" Russian revolution and its French "sufficiently prolonged" example?

IV. *Vekhi* and the "left" in Russia. Cadets and Octobrists. The "sacred cause" of Russian bourgeoisie.

V. What did the democratic revolution in Russia gain by losing its liberal-bourgeois "allies"?

VI. *Vekhi* and Milyukov's speeches at pre-election meetings in Petersburg. How Milyukov criticized the illegal revolutionary newspaper at these meetings.

Written in November, before 13(26), 1909.

Published in November 1909 in an announcement about the lecture.

Printed according to the text of the announcement.

Plan for a Lecture "The International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen and Its Significance"

1. International capital, its international organization, the international character of the workers' movement.

["Workers of all countries, unite!"]

2. The First International

1864–1872.

3. The Second International

1889 – 1st Congress in Paris

1910 – 8th Congress Copenhagen

[33 nations; approximately 1000 delegates.]

4. The significance of international congresses in uniting the working class and determining its line: Amsterdam{143}.

5. The Copenhagen Congress: Czechs and Austrians [nationalism and internationalism, bourgeois and proletarian politics.]

6. Cooperatives

(A tool in proletarian struggle: point of view (A) proletarian and bourgeois (B) the significance of cooperatives in the realization of socialism: expropriation (C) the conduct of socialists in cooperatives).

7. Support for the revolutionary movement in Persia – protest against the Finnish campaign.

Written in September, before 13 (26), 1910.

First published in 1933 in Lenin Collection XXV.

Printed according to the manuscript.

List of Undiscovered Works of V. I. Lenin (June 1909 – October 1910)

1909

LETTER TO O. A. PYATNITSKY

The letter was written before 20 July (2 August) 1909. In a letter to A. I. Lyubimov from 20 July (2 August) 1909, V. I. Lenin asked him to forward the enclosed letter to O. A. Pyatnitsky ("Pyatnitsa") (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

"RECALL-ULTIMATIST STRIKEBREAKERS"

The article was written in the second half of August 1909, after the Executive Commission of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP adopted an ultimatist resolution directed against active participation in supplementary elections to the State Duma.

In the article "A Conversation with Petersburg Bolsheviks," Lenin wrote: "Regarding how the Bolsheviks in St. Petersburg responded to this resolution, we have already spoken… As for us, we immediately wrote an article 'Recall-ultimatist strikebreakers' – strikebreakers because through their ultimatist position they were clearly betraying the Social-Democratic electoral campaign to the Cadets, – we depicted in it the entire shamelessness of such a resolution for Social-Democrats and invited the Executive Commission that had adopted this resolution to immediately remove from *Proletarian* the heading 'organ of the Petersb. committee' if this Executive Commission claims to express the views of Petersurg Social-Democrats: we do not wish to be hypocritical, – it was said in this article, – we were not and will not be an organ of such… pseudo-Bolsheviks."

The article had already been set in type and even proofread when we received a letter from Petersburg about the abolition of the notorious resolution" (present volume, p. 117).

LECTURES DELIVERED IN PARIS, LIÈGE, STOCKHOLM, AND COPENHAGEN

Information has survived about a series of lectures by V. I. Lenin, the materials for which (plans, notes, records of discussions, etc.) have not yet been found. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU there is a document testifying to the fact that on 19 September (2 October) 1909, Lenin delivered a lecture in Paris on the supplementary (September) elections in Petersburg to the III State Duma. About Lenin's lectures "On the Situation in the Party" and "The Ideology of Counter-Revolutionary Bourgeoisie," delivered in Liège on 15 and 16 (28 and 29) October 1909, we know from a letter of V. S. Dovgalevsky from 17 (30) October 1909. A plan has been preserved for the lecture "The Ideology of Counter-Revolutionary Liberalism (The Success of *Vekhi* and Its Social Significance)," delivered by Lenin on 13 (26) November 1909 in Paris (see present volume, p. 427). In December 1909, the Special Section of the Okhrana reported that on 21 November (4 December) Lenin spoke at a regular meeting of the 2nd Paris Group for Aid to the RSDLP with a report on the 11th session of the International Socialist Bureau. In a letter from B. Mera to G. V. Chicherin (Omilsky), it is mentioned that V. I. Lenin, during his stay in Stockholm (12–25 September (n.s.) 1910), spoke at a meeting of the Stockholm Group for Aid to the RSDLP with reports on the Copenhagen Congress and on the situation in the party; the report on the congress was also delivered by him at a public meeting (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU). From a letter of V. I. Lenin to M. V. Kobetsky, it follows that on 13 (26) September he delivered a lecture on the congress in Copenhagen. A plan for this lecture has been preserved (see present volume, p. 428).

"ON THE METHODS OF STRENGTHENING OUR PARTY AND ITS UNITY"

The article was written before 21 October (3 November) 1909. It was discussed on 21–22 October (3–4 November) 1909 at a meeting of the editorial board of *Social-Democrat*. This was recounted in a letter by A. Barsky to the Central Board of Polish Social-Democracy. "We discussed in the editorial board of the Central Organ Lenin's article on party affairs. The article was written in extraordinarily mild tones, asserting that the party is approaching consolidation by two paths: 1) The Bolsheviks, struggling against liquidationism, rejected the recallists, etc., while preserving the Marxist character; 2) The same thing is happening among the Mensheviks. Plekhanov made a turn toward the party, preserving the faction, wants to bring it closer on the basis of Marxism, party spirit, and to this end proclaims the struggle against liquidationism."

V. I. Lenin wanted to publish his article as an editorial. The editorial board proposed that he publish it as a discussion piece, removing from the article the passage where he spoke of the necessity of preserving factions. After it became clear in the course of discussion that editorial board members differed on the question of strengthening the party, Lenin declared that his article, "as a ballon d'essai," had done its job and that, given this, it was no longer needed, and he was taking it back" ("Questions of CPSU History," 1960, No. 5, p. 174; see also journal "Proletarian Revolution," 1935, No. 5, p. 23).

LETTERS TO RELATIVES

About V. I. Lenin's letters to his sisters, A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova and M. I. Ulyanova, and to his mother, M. A. Ulyanova, which have not been found to this day, we know from his letters to M. A. Ulyanova from 22 October (4 November) 1909 and to M. I. Ulyanova from 5 (18) June and 15 (28) July 1910 (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 37, pp. 363, 383, 384).

LETTER TO AN UNKNOWN RECIPIENT

This letter, written apparently in early November 1909, is mentioned in V. I. Lenin's letter to M. A. Ulyanova from 24–25 November (7–8 December) 1909: "Today I received another letter from Manyasha (M. I. Ulyanova. – Ed.) with the pleasant news that I have no need to write a second time to an acquaintance" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 37, p. 365).

CONCLUSION OF THE ARTICLE "ON SOME SOURCES OF CONTEMPORARY IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION"

The article was written before 28 November (11 December) 1909. Judging by the introduction, V. I. Lenin intended to clarify in it "the sources of erroneous views" on the possible paths of bourgeois development in Russia, by examining the Menshevik position on this question, as well as "Trotsky's Polish article." In *Proletarian* No. 50, only the first part of Lenin's article was published (see present volume, pp. 134–141).

CONCLUSION OF THE ARTICLE "ON IDEOLOGICAL DISINTEGRATION AND CONFUSION AMONG RUSSIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY"

The article was written in late November 1909. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU is kept the manuscript of the article, which is missing the final pages (see present volume, pp. 154–156).

LECTURES DELIVERED IN PARIS TO FORMER STUDENTS OF THE CAPRI SCHOOL

In letters of N. K. Krupskaya to N. E. Vilonov, in the memoirs of a student of the school on Capri, V. M. Kosaryev, and in reports of secret Okhrana agents to the Police Department, there is information that V. I. Lenin in late November delivered lectures to 5 students expelled from the Capri school on the themes: "The Contemporary Moment and Our Tasks," "Stolypin's Agrarian Policy." In the second half of December 1909, V. I. Lenin delivered lectures to a second group of Capri school students who had come to Paris ("On the Contemporary Moment" and "Stolypin's Agrarian Policy").

LETTER TO FYODOR ODESSKY

The letter was written on 19 or 20 December 1909 (1 or 2 January 1910). Lenin reports on it in a letter to M. I. Ulyanova from 20 December 1909 (2 January 1910): "Please read the enclosed letter and pass it to Fyodor Odessky – he didn't give any other address. The letter should be read so that you know what I need" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 37, p. 368). The pseudonym Fyodor Odessky has not been identified.

1909–1910

LETTERS TO THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU

Information about undiscovered letters of V. I. Lenin to the ISB for 1909–1910 can be found in photocopies of individual pages of the incoming and outgoing correspondence books of the ISB kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU, the originals of which are in the archive of ISB secretary K. Huysmans. The entries in these books indicate the dates of receipt of Lenin's letters and a brief summary of their contents; the entries testify to the fact that in 1909–1910 Lenin conducted extensive correspondence with the ISB. In his letters, V. I. Lenin informed about the progress of the preparation of the translation of the RSDLP program and charter, a historical overview of the charter, the RSDLP's report to the Copenhagen Congress, and also touched on a number of other questions.

1910

SPEECHES AT MEETINGS OF THE JANUARY (1910) PLENUM OF THE CC RSDLP

Lenin mentions his statements at the plenum repeatedly in the article "Notes of a Publicist" (see present volume, pp. 239–304).

DRAFT RESOLUTION "ON THE SITUATION IN THE PARTY"

In the article "Notes of a Publicist," Lenin, recounting the course of discussion at the January (1910) plenum of the CC RSDLP of the resolution on the situation in the party, wrote: "A draft of this resolution was submitted to the Central Committee by me…" (present volume, p. 260).

WRITTEN STATEMENTS SUBMITTED DURING THE DISCUSSION OF THE FIRST PARAGRAPH OF THE RESOLUTION ON THE SITUATION IN THE PARTY AT THE JANUARY (1910) PLENUM OF THE CC RSDLP

About his statements, Lenin writes in the article "Notes of a Publicist": "In order to draw special attention to this danger of liquidationist interpretation of the most obscure point, I submitted a whole series of written statements at this plenum session, emphasizing a number of passages from the speeches of speakers" (present volume, pp. 272–273). In this article, Lenin cites only two such statements.

LETTER TO I. I. SKVORTSOV-STEPANOV ("THE HISTORIAN")

The letter was written after 18 (31) January – before 28 March (10 April) 1910. Lenin mentions it in a letter to M. A. Ulyanova from 28 March (10 April): "Thank you very much for the letter to the historian; he has already been answered" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 37, p. 378).

RESOLUTION ON THE EXCLUSION FROM THE PARTY OF THREE MENSHEVIK LIQUIDATORS WHO REFUSED TO ENTER THE RUSSIAN COLLEGIUM OF THE CC

About the adoption of this resolution at a closed meeting of the 2nd Paris Group for Aid to the RSDLP, held before 27 March (9 April) 1910, is reported in a secret Okhrana agent's dispatch to the Police Department (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

LETTER TO THE FOREIGN BUREAU OF THE CC

About this letter, written on 19 July (1 August) 1910, we know from V. I. Lenin's letter to D. M. Kotlyarenko: "I enclose a letter for the FB CC. I ask you to forward it as soon as possible" (Lenin Collection XIII, p. 179). On 20 July (2 August), Lenin informed A. I. Lyubimov: "Regarding the Copenhagen Congress, I sent a letter yesterday to the FB CC, asking to inform the CC of the Bund and the Latvians" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

LETTER TO M. V. KOBETSKY

The letter was written before 13 (26) August 1910. V. I. Lenin mentions it in another letter to M. V. Kobetsky, written before 13 (26) August: "I am writing you both here and at Kronborggasse" (Lenin Collection XXV, p. 299).

LETTER TO I. P. GOLDENBERG (VISHNEVSKY)

The letter was written before 27 August (8 September) 1910. It is reported in a letter to Vishnevsky, written 27 August (9 September), apparently by A. I. Lyubimov: "Yesterday Ilyich forwarded me your letter and his letter to you, which I enclose" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

LETTER TO I. P. POKROVSKY

About this letter, written in early September 1910, V. I. Lenin mentions in a letter to I. P. Pokrovsky from 22 September (5 October): "I already wrote to you two weeks ago, not a word in reply" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

LETTER TO R. LUXEMBURG

The letter was written in the first half of September 1910. V. I. Lenin mentions it in a letter to Yu. Marchlewski from 24 September (7 October) 1910: "I wrote to Rosa Luxemburg about two weeks ago from Stockholm" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 34, p. 373).

SECTIONS OF THE ARTICLE "THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM OF CONTEMPORARY AGRICULTURE"

The article was written after 11 (24) September 1910. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU is kept the manuscript of the article, which is missing: the end of Chapter III – "Peasant Farms Under Capitalism," the beginning and end of Chapter IV – "Women's and Child Labor in Agriculture," Chapters V and VI – "The Pillaging of Labor in Small-Scale Production" and "The Capitalist Character of Machine Use in Contemporary Agriculture." The chapter titles were written by V. I. Lenin on a separate sheet kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU (see Lenin Collection XIX, p. 359).

LETTER TO K. KAUTSKY

In a letter to K. Radek from 17 (30) September 1910, Lenin reported: "I want to answer Martov and Trotsky in *Neue Zeit*. I have already written to Kautsky and asked him whether he will publish it and of what size" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 36, p. 138).

ARTICLE AGAINST L. TROTSKY

In a letter to Yu. Marchlewski from 24 September (7 October) 1910, V. I. Lenin directly indicated: "I will get down to a little article against Trotsky. When you see Kautsky, Marchlewski, please tell him that he should nevertheless consider the answer to Trotsky as being due from me" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 34, p. 372). Somewhat later, V. I. Lenin wrote in German to Kautsky: "I am very grateful to your esteemed wife for her letter to me during your illness. I wanted to write to her, but thought it would be better if, instead of setting forth my opinion on Trotsky's article in a letter, I would send my article. I am sending this article not only for you but for your wife, as a reply to her letter" (a photocopy of the last page of this letter was published in the newspaper *Der Abend*. Spätausgabe des *Vorwärts*. Beilage. Berlin, 1928, 12. December, p. 1).

LETTER TO N. G. POLETAYEV

The letter was written on 27 October (9 November) 1910. V. I. Lenin mentions it in a postscript to a letter written to N. G. Poletayev on 28 October (10 November) on behalf of the editorial board of *Social-Democrat*: "I wrote to you yesterday…" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU). In the letter, Lenin apparently touched on questions connected with the publication of the newspaper of the Social-Democratic faction in the Duma.

List of Publications and Works in the Editing of Which V. I. Lenin Participated

NEWSPAPER *PROLETARIAN*

Supplement to No. 46 – 3 (16) July 1909.

No. 46 – 11 (24) July 1909.

No. 47–48 – 5 (18) September 1909.

Supplement to No. 47–48 – 11 (24) September 1909.

No. 49 – 3 (16) October 1909.

Separate offprint from No. 50 – late October 1909.

2nd offprint from No. 50 – November 1909.

Supplement to No. 50 – November 1909.

No. 50 – 28 November (11 December) 1909.

NEWSPAPER *SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT*

No. 7–8 – 8 (21) August 1909.

No. 9 – 31 October (13 November) 1909.

No. 10 – 24 December 1909 (6 January 1910).

No. 11 – 13 (26) February 1910.

No. 12 – 23 March (5 April) 1910.

No. 13 – 26 April (9 May) 1910.

No. 14 – 22 June (5 July) 1910.

No. 15–16 – 17 (30) September 1910.

No. 17 – 25 September (8 October) 1910.

*WORKERS' NEWSPAPER*

No. 1 – 30 October (12 November) 1910.

FIRST DRAFT OF THE FIRST PART OF THE RESOLUTION "ON THE RELATIONSHIP TO DUMA ACTIVITY AMONG OTHER BRANCHES OF PARTY WORK"

At the eighth (morning) session of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of *Proletarian*, held on 13 (26) June 1909, V. I. Lenin was elected to a commission for the drafting of this resolution. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU is kept the manuscript of the draft of this part of the resolution with corrections by V. I. Lenin.

DRAFT RESOLUTION ON THE REORGANIZATION OF THE BOLSHEVIK CENTER, ADOPTED BY THE CONFERENCE OF THE EXPANDED EDITORIAL BOARD OF *PROLETARIAN*

In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU is kept the manuscript of the resolution with corrections by V. I. Lenin.

IONOV. "IS PARTY UNITY POSSIBLE?"

Lenin edited the article by F. M. Koigen (Ionov) in late December 1909 – before 6 January 1910. Lenin Collection XXV (pp. 52–53) published V. I. Lenin's remarks on Ionov's article. From a comparison of the text of the article, published on 6(19) March 1910 in No. 1 of the *Discussion Sheet*, with Lenin's remarks, it is evident that the author took account of all his suggestions.

RUSSIAN TRANSLATION OF R. LUXEMBURG'S ARTICLE "AUGUST BEBEL"

The translation was done by N. K. Krupskaya; Lenin edited it before 13 (26) February 1910. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU is kept the manuscript of the translation with corrections by V. I. Lenin.

REPORT BY TRIA

V. I. Lenin edited a report by V. Mgeladze (Tria), which was to serve as an appendix to the RSDLP's report to the Copenhagen Congress, before 23 July (5 August) 1910. Information about this is contained in a letter addressed to D. M. Kotlyarenko, kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU.

I. KARSKI. "EINMISSVERSTÄNDNIS"

In a letter to Yu. Marchlewski (Karski) from 24 September (7 October) 1910, V. I. Lenin proposed a series of additions to his article (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 34, pp. 372–376). Lenin's suggestions were taken into account by Marchlewski when the article was published (published on 28 October 1910 in No. 4 of the journal *Die Neue Zeit*).

N. ALEKSANDROV. "THE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC FRACTION IN THE III STATE DUMA"

The pamphlet by N. A. Semashko (N. Aleksandrov) was published by the Central Organ of the RSDLP *Social-Democrat*. V. I. Lenin, as editor of the Central Organ, took part in editing all of its publications.

Index of Literary Works and Sources Cited and Mentioned by V. I. Lenin

Axelrod, P. B. Forced Explanation. – In: Necessary Supplement to the "Diaries" of G. V. Plekhanov. Publ. ed. "Voice of Social-Democracy." [Paris, coop. print. "Union," April 1910], col. 16–21. (RSDLP). – 253, 254, 269, 299, 302.

An. – see Zhordania, N. N.

Antony Volynsky. Open Letter to the Authors of the Collection *Vekhi*. 1 May 1909. – *Slovo*, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 791, 10 (23) May, p. 3. – 55, 173, 174–175.

Belinsky, V. G. Letter to Gogol. – 169, 170.

Beltov – see Plekhanov, G. V.

*[71] Berdyaev, N. A. Philosophical Truth and Intelligentsia Truth. – In: *Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. Moscow, [print. Sablin, March] 1909, pp. 1–22. – 167–169,170, 172, 428.

*Stock Exchange News*. Evening Edition, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 11292, 2 (15) September, p. 3. – 110.

[Bogdanov, A.] Pious Editorial. – In leaflet: To All Comrades! [Paris, coop. print. "Union," 1909], p. 8. (RSDLP). Signature: N. Maximov. – 89, 90, 91, 95.

– Do Not Obscure. – In leaflet: To All Comrades! [Paris, coop. print. "Union," 1909], pp. 1–5. (RSDLP). Signature: N. Maximov. – 143, 144, 146, 147.

– The Proletariat in the Struggle for Socialism. – In: *Forward*. Collection of Articles on Pressing Questions. Publ. gr. "Forward." [Paris, coop. print. "Union"], July 1910, col. 2–8. (RSDLP). Signature: Maximov. – 313, 317.

* Bulgakov, S. N. Heroism and Ascetic Devotion. (From Reflections on the Religious Nature of Russian Intelligentsia). – In: *Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. Moscow, [print. Sablin, March] 1909, pp. 23–69. – 167–168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174–175, 428.

– Revolution and Reaction. (Non-Political Reflections on Politics). – *Moscow Weekly*, 1910, No. 8, 20 February, col. 23–36. – 211–212, 215.

At the expanded ed. of *Proletarian*. Letter 1. – Separate offprint from No. 50 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, [Paris, 28 November (11 December) 1909], pp. 1–2. – 132.

At the expanded ed. of *Proletarian*. Letter 2. – Separate offprint from No. 50 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, [Paris, 28 November (11 December) 1909], p. 2. – 132.

Valentinov, N. Regarding the Latest German Census. – *Kievan Thought*, 1909, No. 308, 7 (20) September. – 323–324.

*Varzar, V. E. Statistics of Strikes of Workers in Factories and Plants for the Three-Year Period 1906–1908. St. Petersburg, print. Kirshbaum, 1910. 72, 220 pp. with tables. (Ministry of Trade and Industry. Dept. of Industry). – 365–366, 368–370, 379–406.

*– Statistics of Strikes of Workers in Factories and Plants for 1905. St. Petersburg, print. Kirshbaum, 1908. 65, 111 pp. with tables. (Ministry of Trade and Industry. Dept. of Industry). – 305–306, 365–366, 368–370, 379–405.

*– Statistical Information on Strikes of Workers in Factories and Plants for the Decade 1895–1904. St. Petersburg, print. Kirshbaum, 1905. 79 pp. (Ministry of Trade and Industry. Dept. of Industry). – 379–403.

*Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. Moscow, [print. Sablin, March] 1909. II, 209 pp. – 55, 71, 167–169, 170–175, 428.

*Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. 2nd ed. Moscow, [print. Kushneryova], 1909. III, 210 pp. – 167.

*Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. 3rd ed. Moscow, [print. Kushneryova], 1909. III, 210 pp. – 167.

*Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. 4th ed. With appendix "Bibliography of Vekhi." Moscow, [print. Kushneryova], 1909. III, 211 pp. – 167.

*Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. 5th ed. With appendix "Bibliography of Vekhi." Moscow, [print. Kushneryova], 1910. III, 219 pp. – 212.

Vobly, K. Tendencies in the Agrarian Evolution of Germany. – *Economist of Russia*, St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 36, 11 (24) September, pp. 1–3. – 324.

Vodovozov, V. V. [Letter to the Editorial Board of the newspaper *Rech*]. — *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 213 (1097), 6 (19) August, p. 4. Under general title: Letters to the Editorial Board. – 71.

*Rebirth*, Moscow. – 262, 265, 284, 287, 288, 289, 308, 373.

— 1910, No. 5, 30 March. 94 col. – 287–288, 289, 295, 298.

Voinov – see Lunacharsky, A. V.

[Volsky, S] "Er". [Draft resolution expressing no confidence in *Proletarian*, submitted to the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP][72]. —14, 99–100.

*Forward*, [Vyborg]. —103.

*Forward*. Collection of Articles on Pressing Questions. Publ. gr. "Forward." [Paris, coop. print. "Union"], July 1910. 64 col. (RSDLP). – 312–313, 314–315, 316–318, 411.

All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party. (In December 1908). Publ. newspaper "Proletarian." [Paris, 1909]. 47 pp. (RSDLP). – 46, 138.

All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP. – *Proletarian*, Paris, 1909, No. 42, 12 (25) February, pp. 2–6. – 46.

*Second Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Publ. CC. Genève, party print., [1904]. 397, II pp. (RSDLP). – 38, 102, 158, 160, 161.

G—g – see Levitsky, V.

*– Creative Self-Consciousness. – In: *Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. Moscow, [print. Sablin, March] 1909, pp. 70–96. – 167–168, 169, 174, 175.

Gogol, N. V. The Inspector General. – 65, 66.

*Voice of Moscow*. – 55.

– 1909, No. 141, 21 June, p. 2. – 55.

*Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Geneva – Paris]. – 9, 39, 45, 46, 47, 48, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 105, 134, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 152, 194, 202, 203, 205, 206–207, 209, 210, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236–237, 238, 253, 261, 263, 264, 267, 274, 275, 278, 279, 281, 288, 289, 293, 294, 296, 299, 301, 308, 373.

– [Geneva], 1908, No. 10–11, November – December, pp. 5–14. – 139–140.

– [Paris], 1909, No. 13, April, pp. 2–5. – 137–139.

– 1909, No. 14, May. 16 pp. – 9, 60, 146.

– 1909, No. 15, June. 18 pp. – 51, 60–61, 105.

– 1909, No. 16–17, August – September. 16 pp. – 142, 143, 144–145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152.

– 1909, No. 16–17, August – September. Supplement to No. 16 of *Voice of Soc.-Dem.* 8 pp. – 146, 147.

– 1910, No. 19–20, January – February. 32 pp. – 202, 203, 204, 205–208, 209–210, 257, 263–265, 273–276, 278–279, 280, 283, 286, 287, 289, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 308, 373.

– 1910, No. 21, April, p. 16. – 287.

[Gorev, B. I.] The Sleepless Eye of Comrade Plekhanov. – In: Necessary Supplement to the "Diaries" of G. V. Plekhanov. Publ. ed. "Voice of Social-Democracy." [Paris, coop. print. "Union," April 1910], col. 26–28. (RSDLP). Signature: I. – 283.

Gorn, V., Mech, V., and Cherevanin, N. The Struggle of Social Forces in the Russian Revolution. Vol. II. Cherevanin. The Proletariat in the Revolution. Moscow, print. Russian Soc. of Printing and Publishing, 1907. 120 pp. – 150, 401.

Griboyedov, A. S. Woe from Wit. – 122.

David, E. Socialism and Agriculture. St. Petersburg, print. "Energy," 1906. 75 pp. (Tasks of Socialist Culture. Publ. by B. Revzin and I. Postman in Berlin. V). – 327–328.

*Dal*, St. Petersburg. – 29.

Dan, F. I. The Struggle for Legality. – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 19–20, January – February, pp. 1–3. – 205–206, 289, 292, 295, 308.

– On the Question of a Popular Organ and Party Literature. – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1909, No. 15, June, pp. 10–12. – 60.

Dan, F. I. and Martov, L. Letter to the Editorial Board. – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 21, April, p. 16. – 287.

Country Life. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 213 (1097), 6 (19) August, p. 4. Signature: M. F. – 71.

Article 96 of the Fundamental State Laws – see Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 1, Part I. Code of Fundamental State Laws. Ed. 1906.

[Declaration of Bolsheviks, adopted at the CC RSDLP plenum in January 1910]. — *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 11, 26 (13) February, p. 11, in resolution: On Factional Centers, in section: From the Party. – 266–267.

Declaration of 31 March. [Editorial]. – *Moscow News*, 1910, No. 76, 3 (16) April, p. 1. Under general title: Moscow, 2 April. – 230–231.

Declaration of 31 March 1910 – see Stolypin, P. A. Speech of Chairman of the Council of Ministers P. A. Stolypin in the State Duma on 31 March 1910.

Activity of the Social-Democratic Duma Faction. – *Social-Democrat*, [Vilno – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 36–37, in section: From the Party. – 39.

[Dzhibladze, S. S] How to Conduct New Party Work? (A Letter from the Caucasus). – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1909, No. 15, June, pp. 9–10. Signature: S. – 51, 60–61, 105.

*Discussion Sheet*, [Paris]. —202, 234.

– 1910, No. 1, 6 (19) March, pp. 3–6. – 263.

– 1910, No. 2, 25 May (7 June). 30 pp. Newspaper date: 24/7 June. – 275.

*Diary of Social-Democrat*, [Geneva]. —233, 299.

– 1905, No. 3, November. 24 pp. – 299.

– 1906, No. 6, August, pp. 1–12. – 300.

– 1909, No. 9, August. 20 pp. – 59, 60–61, 62–64, 65, 66, 98, 105, 143, 144, 145, 147, 194.

– 1910, No. 11, March, pp. 1–20. —203, 204–205, 206.

[Dnevnitsky, P. N.] Something About Work. – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1909, No. 16–17, August – September. Supplement to No. 16 of *Voice of Soc.-Dem.*, pp. 4–5. Signature: p. – 147.

Domov – see Pokrovsky, M. N.

Europe and Renewed Russia. – *Voice of Moscow*, 1909, No. 141, 21 June, p. 2. Under general title: Moscow, 21 June. – 55.

Ezhov, V. – see Tsederbaum, S. O.

"Er" – see Volsky, S.

More About the Exclusion of M. Gorky from the Social-Democratic Party. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 318 (1198), 19 November (2 December), p. 3, in section: Evening News. – 153.

*Life*, Moscow. – 373.

[Zhordania, N. N.] Regarding the "Letter from the Caucasus." – *Discussion Sheet*, [Paris], 1910, No. 2, 25 May (7 June), pp. 28–30. Signature: An. Newspaper date: 24/7 June. – 275.

Why Was Exclusion Carried Out? – *Morning of Russia*, Moscow, 1909, No. 35–2, 17 November, p. 1. Under general title: The Excommunication of Maxim Gorky. Signature: Bagira. – 153.

Law of 9 November 1906 – see Decree to the Governing Senate on the Exit of Peasants from Communities and the Securing in Ownership of Allotment Plots.

Law of 3 June 1907 – see Regulation on Elections to the State Duma.

Bill on the Procedure for Enacting Laws and Decrees Concerning Finland of General State Significance. – *New Time*, St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 12217, 17 (30) March, p. 3. – 218.

[Request of 32 Members of the State Duma to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Regarding the Enactment of the Rules of 24 August 1909 on the Procedure for Applying Article 96 of the Fundamental Laws]. — In: Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1909. Third Session. Part I. Sessions 1–32 (from 10 October to 18 December 1909). St. Petersburg, state print., 1910, pp. 162–166. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 223, 224, 225, 230.

Session 85th [of the III State Duma. 31 March (13 April) 1910]. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 89 (1327), 1 (14) April, pp. 3–5. Under general title: State Duma. – 225, 230.

Statement Submitted by the Representative of the Bolsheviks from Petersburg [at the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of *Proletarian*]. — *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46. Supplement to No. 46 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, 16 (3) July, p. 7. —8.

I. – see Gorev, B. I.

From the Report on the Meeting of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. – Separate offprint from No. 50 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, [Paris, 28 November (11 December) 1909], p. 2. – 132.

From a Letter of a Member of the Moscow Committee. – Separate offprint from No. 50 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, [Paris, 28 November (11 December) 1909], p. 2. – 132.

Notice from the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party on the Held Regular All-Party Conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909]. 8 pp. (RSDLP). – 34–35, 43, 44, 59, 138, 142, 143, 157–158, 176, 177, 190, 192–193, 194–195, 221, 241–242, 244, 248, 249, 276, 277–278, 279, 281, 282, 303, 411.

*Izgoev, A. S. On Intelligentsia Youth. (Notes on Their Life and Moods). – In: *Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. Moscow, [print. Sablin, March] 1909, pp. 182–209. – 167–168, 171, 174.

– "The Salt of the Earth." – *Moscow Weekly*, 1909, No. 46, 21 November, col. 5–10. – 180.

[Ikov, V. K.] Journal Review. (*Our Dawn* No. 2; *Contemporary World* and *Russian Wealth* – March). – *Rebirth*, Moscow, 1910, No. 5, 30 March, col. 47–52. – 287–288, 295, 298.

International. – 419.

Ionov – see Koigen, F. M.

Iordansky, I. I. No Way Out. – *New Day*, [St. Petersburg], 1909, No. 6, 24 August (6 September), p. 1. – 124.

Exclusion of M. Gorky from the Social-Democratic Party. – *Morning of Russia*, Moscow, 1909, No. 34–1, 15 November, p. 6, in section: Moscow. – 153.

*Spark* (old, Leninist), [Leipzig – Munich – London – Geneva]. – 102, 103.

*Spark* (new, Menshevik), [Geneva]. – 102, 103.

— 1903, No. 52, 7 November, pp. 1–2. – 299.

K. – see Steklov, Yu. M.

K. St. – see Stalin, I. V.

On the Question of a Party School. (Four Documents). [Leaflet]. Publ. party school. N. p., 1909. 2 pp. (RSDLP). – 95, 120.

On Elections to the State Duma. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 208 (1092), 1 (14) August, p. 2, in section: Moscow Chronicle. – 71.

On Elections to the State Duma. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 216 (1100), 9 (22) August, p. 3. – 72.

On Elections to the State Duma. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 220 (1104), 13 (26) August, p. 4. – 73.

To Bolshevik Comrades. [Leaflet. Paris, coop. print. "Union," 1910]. 2 pp. (RSDLP). – 253–254, 255, 269, 298, 312.

[Kalinin, F. I.] From Moscow. – In: *Forward*. Collection of Articles on Pressing Questions. Publ. gr. "Forward." [Paris, coop. print. "Union"], July 1910, col. 48–53. (RSDLP). Signature: Worker Ar. – 314–315, 316–317.

[Kautsky, K] Letter from Kautsky [to the Organizers of the Capri School]. 20 August 1909. – In leaflet: On the Question of a Party School. (Four Documents). Publ. party school. N. p., 1909, pp. 1–2. (RSDLP). – 120.

*Kievan Thought*, 1909, No. 308, 7 (20) September. – 323–324.

*Kistyakovsky, B. A. In Defense of Law. (Intelligentsia and Legal Consciousness). – In: *Vekhi*. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia. Moscow, [print. Sablin, March] 1909, pp. 97–126. – 167–168.

To All Comrades! [Leaflet. Paris, coop. print. "Union," 1909]. 8 pp. (RSDLP). – 89, 90, 91, 95, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147.

To All Comrades Abroad. 16 March 1910. [Leaflet]. N. p., 1910. 1 p. (RSDLP). – 207, 232–233.

[Koigen, F. M.] Is Party Unity Possible? – *Discussion Sheet*, [Paris], 1910, No. 1, 6 (19) March, pp. 3–6. Signature: Ionov. – 263.

– How to Overcome the Party Crisis. – *Echo of the Bund*, [Geneva], 1909, No. 2, July, pp. 19–24. Signature: I—ov. – 51.

– Factions Against the Party. – *Echo of the Bund*, [Geneva], 1910, No. 4, April, pp. 19–23. Signature: I—ov. – 257–258, 260, 261, 262–263, 265–266, 267, 268, 280–281, 283–284, 285, 286, 287, 294–296.

Conference of the Moscow Regional Organization. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 47–48, 5 (18) September, pp. 6–8, in section: From the Party. – 122.

Cooperatives and Socialist Parties. [Resolution of the VIII International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 17, 25 September (8 October), p. 11. – 349, 350, 352, 353.

Krylov, I. A. The Frog and the Ox. – 55.

Kuzmin-Karavaev, V. Party Candidate or Individual? (Letter to the Editorial Board). – *Stock Exchange News*. Evening Edition, St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 11292, 2 (15) September, p. 3. – 110.

[Credo]. — In: [Lenin, V. I.]. Protest of Russian Social-Democrats. With afterword from ed. *Workers' Cause*. Publ. Union of Russian Social-Democrats. Geneva, print. "Union," 1899, pp. 1–6. (RSDLP. Offprint from No. 4–5 of *Workers' Cause*). – 89.

Levitsky, V. Liquidation or Rebirth? – *Our Dawn*, St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 7, pp. 91–103, in section: On Current Topics. – 363–364.

– Reply to Comrades from Vyborg. (Letter to the Editorial Board). – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1909, No. 16–17, August – September. Supplement to No. 16 of *Voice of Soc.-Dem.*, p. 7. Signature: G – g. – 146.

[Lenin, V. I.] The Agrarian Question. Part I. St. Petersburg, [*Grain*, January] 1908. 263 pp. Author's pseudonym preceding title: Vl. Ilyin. – 333.

– The Agrarian Question and the "Critics of Marx." – In: [Lenin, V. I.] The Agrarian Question. Part I. St. Petersburg, [*Grain*, January] 1908, pp. 164–263. Author's pseudonym preceding title: Vl. Ilyin. – 333.

– "Voice" of the Liquidators Against the Party. (Reply to the "Voice of Social-Democrat"). – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 12, 23 March (5 April), pp. 5–6. – 236, 237.

– Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution. Publ. CC RSDLP. Geneva, party print., 1905. VIII, 108 pp. (RSDLP). Author's pseudonym preceding title: N. Lenin. – 134.

– Directives for the Commission on the Organizational Question. – In: Notice from the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party on the Held Regular All-Party Conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). Under general title: Organizational Question. – 192–193, 194–195.

*– For Twelve Years. Collection of Articles. Vol. 1. Two Trends in Russian Marxism and Russian Social-Democracy. St. Petersburg, print. Bezobrazov, [1907]. XII, 471 pp. Author's pseudonym preceding title: Vl. Ilyin. Title page and cover dated: 1908. – 300.

– Tasks of Bolsheviks in the Party. [Resolution of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of *Proletarian*]. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46. Supplement to No. 46 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, 16 (3) July, pp. 6–7. – 5, 8–9, 10, 43, 241, 293–294.

– Notice on the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of *Proletarian*. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46. Supplement to No. 46 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, 16 (3) July, pp. 1–3. – 43, 49, 74, 113–114.

– Caricature of Bolshevism. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 44. Supplement to No. 44 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, 4 (17) April, pp. 1–2. – 44, 58.

– Liquidation of Liquidationism. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46, 11 (24) July, pp. 1–2. – 74, 112, 150.

– On the Road. – *Social-Democrat*, Paris, 1909, No. 2, 28 January (10 February), pp. 1–2. – 192–193.

– On Boycott. – *Proletarian*, [Vyborg], 1906, No. 1, 21 August, pp. 2–3. Newspaper place of publication: Moscow. – 102, 364.

– On the Party School, Being Organized Abroad at N. N. [Resolution of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of *Proletarian*]. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46. Supplement to No. 46 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, 16 (3) July, p. 7. – 8, 43, 131, 315–316.

[Lenin, V. I.] On the Statistics of Strikes in Russia. – *Thought*, Moscow, 1910, No. 1, December, pp. 12–23; 1911, No. 2, January, pp. 19–29. – 365.

– On the Faction of Supporters of Recall and God-Construction. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 47–48. Supplement to No. 47–48 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, 11 (24) September, pp. 1–10. – 113.

– On Agitation for a Separate Bolshevik Congress or Conference Apart from the Party. [Resolution of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of *Proletarian*]. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46. Supplement to No. 46 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, 16 (3) July, p. 7. – 43.

– On Recall and Ultimatism. [Resolution of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of *Proletarian*]. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46. Supplement to No. 46 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, 16 (3) July, pp. 3–4. – 4, 5–6, 8, 43, 49, 74, 100, 112, 241.

– On the Departure of Comrade Maximov. [Resolution of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of *Proletarian*]. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46. Supplement to No. 46 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, 16 (3) July, p. 7. – 8, 43, 74, 100, 112, 119.

– One of the Obstacles to Party Unity. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 13, 26 April (9 May), pp. 9–10. – 295.

– Recall-Ultimatist Strikebreakers. – 117.

– Party Unification Abroad. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 13, 26 April (9 May), p. 9. – 298.

– [Letter to the Organizers of the Capri School]. 5(18) August 1909. – In leaflet: On the Question of a Party School. (Four Documents). Publ. party school. N. p., 1909, p. 2. (RSDLP). Under title: Letter from N. Lenin. – 120.

– Regarding Two Letters. – *Proletarian*, Geneva, 1908, No. 39, 26 (13) November, pp. 3–6. – 44, 47.

– [Draft Resolution on the Situation in the Party, Submitted at the CC RSDLP Plenum in January 1910]. – 260, 261, 271, 277.

– Resolution on the Tactics of the Social-Democratic Faction in [the III State] Duma. – *Proletarian*, [Vyborg], 1907, No. 20, 19 November, p. 4, in section: From the Party. Under general title: Resolutions of the 3rd All-Russian Conference. Newspaper place of publication: Moscow. – 56.

– Resolution [on the III State Duma of the Conference of the St. Petersburg Organization of the RSDLP. 27 October (9 November) 1907]. – *Proletarian*, [Vyborg], 1907, No. 19, 5 November, p. 7. Newspaper place of publication: Moscow. Title: Resolution of the Conference of the Petersb. Organization of the RSDLP. – 56.

– Tactical Fluctuations. – *Proletarian*, [Vyborg], 1906, No. 2, 29 August, pp. 2–3. Newspaper place of publication: Moscow. – 300.

*– Essayist Mensheviks. – *Proletarian*, [Vyborg], 1906, No. 4, 19 September, pp. 3–6. Newspaper place of publication: Moscow. – 290.

Liquidation of Proletarian Hegemony in Menshevik History of the Russian Revolution. (How A. Potresov Liquidated G. Plekhanov and the *Spark*). – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 47–48, 5 (18) September, pp. 3–7. – 302.

*London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (Held in 1907). Complete Text of Protocols. Publ. CC. Paris, 1909. 486 pp. (RSDLP). – 135, 157–158, 176, 280, 281, 375.

[Lunacharsky, A. V.] Betrayal of the Proletarian Cause. (Enrico Ferri). – In: *Forward*. Collection of Articles on Pressing Questions. Publ. gr. "Forward." [Paris, coop. print. "Union"], July 1910, col. 32–37. (RSDLP). Signature: Voinov. – 316.

– A Few Words About My "God-Construction." – In leaflet: To All Comrades! [Paris, coop. print. "Union," 1909], pp. 7–8. (RSDLP). – 145.

Lyadov, M. P. Letter to the Editorial Board. – *Proletarian*, [Paris], 1909, No. 46, 11 (24) July, p. 8. – 58.

Maxim Gorky. (By Telegraph from Our Correspondent). Paris, 16 (29), XI. – *Russian Word*, Moscow, 1909, No. 264, 17 (30) November, p. 3. – 153.

Maximov, N. – see Bogdanov, A.

Manifesto. 17 (30) October 1905. – *Government Gazette*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 222, 18 (31) October, p. 1. – 367, 416.

Manifesto [on the Establishment of the State Duma. 6 (19) August 1905]. – *Government Gazette*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 169, 6 (19) August, p. 1. – 365, 395.

Marx, K. Bill on the Abolition of Feudal Obligations – see Marx, K. Köln, 29. Juli.

– *Capital*. Critique of Political Economy, Vol. I. 1867. – 332.

– Crisis and Counter-Revolution. II. 12 September 1848. – see Marx, K. Berliner Gegenrevolution.

– Critique of the Gotha Program. Remarks on the Program of the German Labor Party. 5 May 1875. – 252.

– Letter to W. Bracke. 5 May 1875. – 252.

– Letter to L. Kugelmann. 17 April 1871. – 368.

Martov, L. G. V. Plekhanov Against "Organizational Opportunism." – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1909, No. 16–17, August – September, pp. 9–11. – 144.

– Addition to the "Amendment." – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1909, No. 16–17, August – September, pp. 15–16. – 144–145, 152.

– Results of Political Development. – In: The Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the XX Century. Ed. by L. Martov, P. Maslov, and A. Potresov. Vol. I. Harbingers and Fundamental Causes of the Movement. St. Petersburg, print. "Public Benefit," 1909, pp. 663–676. Signature: L. M. – 138.

– Conflicts in the German Labor Party. – *Our Dawn*, St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 7, pp. 76–90, in section: Foreign Review. – 367, 401, 404.

– Where Are We Going? – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1909, No. 13, April, pp. 2–5. – 137–139.

– Small Causes of Great Grievance. – In: Necessary Supplement to the "Diaries" of G. V. Plekhanov. Publ. ed. "Voice of Social-Democracy." [Paris, coop. print. "Union," April 1910], col. 8–16. (RSDLP). – 253, 269, 270–271, 298, 299, 300.

– On the Right Path. – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 19–20, January – February, pp. 19–20. – 202, 203, 204, 257, 295.

– On "Liquidationism." – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1909, No. 16–17, August – September, pp. 1–4. – 142, 143, 146, 147.

Martynov, A. The Agrarian Question in the Counter-Revolutionary Duma. – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Geneva], 1908, No. 10–11, November – December, pp. 5–14. – 139–140.

– In Search of Principality. (See G. V. Plekhanov. "Comedy of Errors." *Diary of Social-Democrat*. February, No. 10). – In: Necessary Supplement to the "Diaries" of G. V. Plekhanov. Publ. ed. "Voice of Social-Democracy." [Paris, coop. print. "Union," April 1910], col. 1–8. (RSDLP). – 253.

– The Situation in the Party. (Results of the CC Plenum). – *Voice of Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, No. 19–20, January – February, pp. 17–19. – 263–265, 273–274, 275–279, 280, 289, 297, 298.

Maslov, P. P. The Agrarian Question in Russia. Vol. II. The Crisis of Peasant Economy and the Peasant Movement. St. Petersburg, typ. "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za", 1908. VIII, 457, 135 pp.; 4 maps. – 135–136, 137, 138.

– The Peasant Movement of 1905–7. In: Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century. Ed. by L. Martov, P. Maslov, and A. Potresov. Vol. II, pt. 2. a) Mass Movement. b) Principal Moments in the History of Russian Marxism. St. Petersburg, typ. "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za", 1910, pp. 203–282. – 362.

Maslov, P. P. The Development of National Economy and Its Influence on Class Struggle in the Nineteenth Century. In: Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century. Ed. by L. Martov, P. Maslov, and A. Potresov. Vol. I. Harbingers and Basic Causes of the Movement. St. Petersburg, typ. "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za", 1909, pp. 643–662, in sect.: Summary. – 136–137, 308, 360, 362.

[Materials Submitted to the General Assembly of the State Duma of the Second Convocation]. N.p., [1907]. 1040 pp. – 140.

Milyukov, P. N. Our Political Parties in the Country and in the Duma. – "Rech'", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 324 (1204), November 25 (December 8), p. 2; no. 325 (1205), November 26 (December 9), p. 2; no. 330 (1210), December 1 (14), p. 2; no. 351 (1231), December 22, 1909 (January 4, 1910), p. 2. – 176–182.

Mirov, V. – see Ikov, V. K.

"Moskovskie Vedomosti". – 169–170, 173.

– 1910, no. 76, April 3 (16), p. 1. – 230–231.

"Moskovskii Ezhenedel'nik", 1909, no. 46, November 21, col. 5–10. – 180.

– 1910, no. 8, February 20, col. 23–36. – 211–212, 215.

Moscow District Committee on the Activity of the S.D. Duma Faction. [Open Letter of the Executive Commission of the Moscow District Committee of the RSDLP]. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 47–48, September 5 (18), p. 8. – 67.

"Mysl'", M., 1910, no. 1, December, pp. 12–23; 1911, no. 2, January, pp. 19–29. – 365.

"Nasha Zarya", St. Petersburg. – 262, 265, 281, 284, 287, 308, 373.

– 1910, no. 2, pp. 50–62. – 282–283, 287, 288, 295, 298, 301.

– 1910, no. 7, pp. 76–90, 91–103. – 363–364, 367, 401, 404.

Not on the Right Track. – "Proletarii", Paris, 1909, no. 42, February 12 (25), pp. 6–7. – 90, 91, 95.

A Necessary Supplement to the "Diaries" of G. V. Plekhanov. Ed. of the ed. "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata". [Paris, coop. typ. "Soyuz", April 1910]. 32 col. (RSDLP). – 253, 254, 269, 270–271, 283, 298–299, 300, 301, 302.

"Novoe Vremya", St. Petersburg. – 153, 173.

– 1909, no. 11893, April 23 (May 6), p. 4. – 173.

– 1909, no. 11897, April 27 (May 10), p. 3. – 173.

– 1909, no. 12011, August 20 (September 2), pp. 3–4. – 173.

– 1909, no. 12107, November 24 (December 7), pp. 3–4. – 153.

– 1910, no. 12217, March 17 (30), p. 3. – 218.

"Novyi Den'", [St. Petersburg], 1909, no. 6, August 24 (September 6), p. 1. – 124.

On God-Building Tendencies in the Social-Democratic Milieu. [Resolution of the Conference of the Enlarged Editorial Board of "Proletarii"]. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 46. Supplement to no. 46 of the newspaper "Proletarii", July 16 (3), pp. 4–5. – 74, 89, 90, 100.

On the Duma S.D. Faction. [Resolution Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian, 1908)]. In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Concerning the Convened Periodic All-Party Conference. [Ed. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 5–6. (RSDLP). – 193, 194–195.

[On the Liquidators. Resolution Adopted by Menshevik-Partyists at a Meeting in San Remo, April 13, 1910]. In the leaflet: Resolutions Adopted in San Remo, April 13, 1910. N.p., [1910], p. 2. (RSDLP). – 234, 296.

On the Procedure for Application of Article 96 of the Fundamental State Laws. [Regulation of the Council of Ministers, Approved by Nicholas II on August 24, 1909]. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 189, September 3 (16), p. 1. – 227.

On the Present Moment and the Party's Tasks. [Resolution Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian, 1908)]. In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Concerning the Convened Periodic All-Party Conference. [Ed. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–5. (RSDLP). – 43, 138, 176, 177, 192, 194–195, 221, 241–242, 244, 248, 249.

On the Convocation of a Periodic All-Party Conference. [Resolution Adopted at the Plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10, in sect.: From the Party. – 194, 195, 200–201, 205, 268, 303.

On How Not to Draw Up Financial Reports. (Concerning the Report of the ZBCK). In: Forward. Collection of Articles on Current Questions. Ed. of the group "Vperyod". [Paris, coop. typ. "Soyuz"], July 1910, col. 59–64. (RSDLP). Signed: Party Member. – 317–318.

On Factional Centers. [Resolution Adopted at the Plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 11, in sect.: From the Party. – 194, 195, 206, 232, 266–267, 317, 374.

On the Central Organ. [Resolution Adopted at the Plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10, in sect.: From the Party. – 202.

*On the Central Organ of the Party. [Principal Resolutions Adopted at the Second Congress of the RSDLP]. In: Second Periodic Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Proceedings. Ed. CC. Geneva, party typ., [1904], pp. 12, 146–147. – 102.

On the Expulsion of M. Gorky from the S.D. Party. – "Rech'", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 317 (1197), November 18 (December 1), p. 2. – 153.

On the Attitude toward Duma Activity Among Other Forms of Party Work. [Resolution of the Conference of the Enlarged Editorial Board of "Proletarii"]. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 46. Supplement to no. 46 of the newspaper "Proletarii", July 16 (3), pp. 5–6. – 8–9, 11, 28, 74.

Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century. Ed. by L. Martov, P. Maslov, and A. Potresov. Vols. I–IV. St. Petersburg, typ. "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za", 1909–1914. 5 vols. – 45, 63–64, 66, 136–137, 138, 145, 146, 275, 300, 308, 360, 362.

– Vol. I. Harbingers and Basic Causes of the Movement. 1909. 676 pp. – 45, 63–64, 136–137, 138, 145, 300, 308, 360, 362.

– Vol. II, pt. 2. a) Mass Movement. b) Principal Moments in the History of Russian Marxism. 1910. 339 pp. – 362.

The Organizational Question. [Resolution Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian, 1908)]. In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Concerning the Convened Periodic All-Party Conference. [Ed. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). – 192–193, 194–195.

Organizational Charter. [Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. In: Proceedings of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanova, 1907, pp. 419–420. – 143.

Separate Reprint from no. 60 of the newspaper "Proletarii". [Paris, November 28 (December 11), 1909]. 2 pp. – 132.

A. P. Chekhov's Opinion of Gorky. (Interview with the Director of the Moscow Art Theater L. A. Sulerzhitskii). – "Utro Rossii", M., 1909, no. 38–5, November 20, p. 3. Under general heading: On the Excommunication of Maxim Gorky. Signed: Old Boy. – 153.

"Otkliki Bunda", [Geneva]. – 280.

– 1909, no. 2, July, pp. 19–24. – 51.

– 1909, no. 3, November, pp. 11–16. – 143.

– 1910, no. 4, April, pp. 19–23. – 257–258, 260, 261, 262–263, 265–266, 267, 268, 280–281, 283–284, 285, 286, 287, 294–296.

Open Letter of the Executive Commission of the Moscow District Committee of the RSDLP – see Moscow District Committee on the Activity of the S.D. Duma Faction.

Open Letter [of 16 Russian Menshevik-Liquidators]. – "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata", [Paris], 1910, no. 19–20, January–February, pp. 23–24. – 207–208, 209–210, 283, 287, 293, 294, 295, 373.

Report on the School in NN. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 50. Supplement to no. 50 of the newspaper "Proletarii", November, pp. 1–7. – 131–132.

Report to Comrade Bolsheviks from Members Removed from the Enlarged Editorial Board of "Proletarii". July 3 (16), 1909. N.p., [1909]. 4 pp. Signed: N. Maksimov and Nikolayev. Hectographed. – 67.

Report to Comrade Bolsheviks from Members Removed from the Enlarged Editorial Board of "Proletarii". July 3 (16), [1909]. N.p., [1909]. 16 pp. – 74–18, 79–85, 86, 88, 89–90, 91–93, 94–95, 96–102, 104, 105, 107, 112–113, 114–116, 117, 119–120, 123, 147.

P. – see Dnevnitskii, P. N.

Pertsov, P. Gorky – a Bourgeois. – "Novoe Vremya", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 12107, November 24 (December 7), pp. 3–4. Under general heading: Random Notes. – 153.

Petersburg Elections. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 49, October 3 (16), pp. 1–2. – 124.

A Sad Relapse. In: A Necessary Supplement to the "Diaries" of G. V. Plekhanov. Ed. of the ed. "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata". [Paris, coop. typ. "Soyuz", April 1910], col. 28–32. (RSDLP). – 299, 301, 302.

Letter of the "Vyborg" Mensheviks – see Hangover of the Legalists.

Letter of the Foreign Bureau of the CC to Groups – see To All Comrades Abroad.

[Letter from Petersburg]. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 50, November 28 (December 11), p. 7, in sect.: From the Workers' Movement. Under general heading: Letters from Petersburg. Signed: Tr. – 134, 154–156.

Letter to Party Organizations. (On the Periodic Party Conference). – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), pp. 11–12. Signed: Central Committee of the RSDLP. – 204, 205, 295.

Letter to Party Organizations. [Letter 1. Leaflet]. N.p., [November 1904]. 4 pp. (For Party Members Only). – 299.

Letter to Comrades! [Leaflet. Paris, coop. typ. "Soyuz", 1910]. 2 pp. (RSDLP). – 202, 205, 206–207, 209, 210, 232, 236–237.

Letter to Social-Democratic Comrades Working in Professional Unions, Educational Societies, Schools, Cooperatives, and Other Legal Workers' Organizations. – "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata", [Paris], 1909, no. 14, May, pp. 15–16, in sect.: From the Party. – 60, 146.

Letter from a Worker. (On the Plan of Party Work in Connection with the Assessment of the Current Moment). – "Rabochee Znamenya", [M.], 1908, no. 5, October, pp. 4–5. – 85, 87.

Plekhanov, G. V. In Defense of the "Underground". – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 12, March 23 (April 5), pp. 1–2. – 203.

– On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History. A Reply to Messrs. Mikhailovskii, Kareev, and Co. St. Petersburg, 1895. 287 pp. Preceded by author's name: Beltov. – 313.

– A Necessary Correction. – "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata", [Geneva], 1909, no. 9, August, pp. 19–20. – 62, 63–64, 105, 144, 145.

– Something About the Benefits of "General Surveying". – "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata", [Geneva], 1909, no. 9, August, pp. 16–19. – 62–63, 64, 65, 66, 98, 147.

– On Our Tactics with Respect to the Struggle of the Liberal Bourgeoisie Against Tsarism. (Letter to the Central Committee). Ed. RSDLP. Geneva, party typ., 1905. 31 pp. (RSDLP. For Party Members Only). – 299.

– On Trifles, Especially on Mr. Potresov. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 13, April 26 (May 9), pp. 3–6. – 298.

– "Common Grief". – "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata", [Geneva], 1906, no. 6, August, pp. 1–12. – 300.

– Opportunism, Schism, or Struggle for Influence in the Party? – "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata", [Geneva], 1909, no. 9, August, pp. 2–16. – 59, 60–61, 62, 64, 105, 143, 194.

– Letter to the Editorial Office. – "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata", [Paris], 1909, no. 14, May, p. 14. – 9.

– The Last Plenary Session of Our Central Committee. – "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata", [Geneva], 1910, no. 11, March, pp. 1–20. – 203, 204–205, 206.

– Trotsky's Faction and the Party Situation. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 15–16, September 12 (August 30), pp. 8–9. – 376.

– What Not to Do. – "Iskra", [Geneva], 1903, no. 52, November 7, pp. 1–2. – 299.

Concerning the Organizational "Discussion". – "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata", [Paris], 1909, no. 16–17, August–September. Supplement to no. 16 of "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata", pp. 1–2. – 146, 147.

Concerning Comrade Maksimov's Protest in Connection with the Article "Not on the Right Track". (No. 42 of "Prol."). [Resolution of the Conference of the Enlarged Editorial Board of "Proletarii"]. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 46. Supplement to no. 46 of the newspaper "Proletarii", July 16 (3), p. 5. – 89.

Pogozhe, A. V. Account of the Number and Composition of Workers in Russia. Materials on Labor Statistics. Ed. of the Academy of Sciences. With tables and 18 maps and diagrams. (Reported at the session of the Historical-Philological Division of the Academy of Sciences, January 18, 1906). St. Petersburg, 1906. XXVI, 114, 224 pp. – 386.

[Pokrovskii, M. N.] The Finnish Question. In: Forward. Collection of Articles on Current Questions. Ed. of the group "Vperyod". [Paris, coop. typ. "Soyuz"], July 1910, col. 9–15. (RSDLP). Signed: Domov. – 317.

The State of Affairs in the Party. [Resolution Adopted at the Plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10, in sect.: From the Party. – 194, 195–199, 236, 254–255, 259–260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 271–273, 274–275, 276–277, 278, 279, 280, 296, 373.

Regulation on Elections to the State Duma. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1905, no. 169, August 6 (19), pp. 2–4. – 365, 395.

Regulation on Elections to the State Duma. With Explanations from the Governing Senate and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. St. Petersburg, Senate typ., 1907. 188 pp.; 2 schemes. (Ed. Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 70, 173, 416–419.

The State of Party Work in the Latvian Region. (From the Report of a Representative of the S.D. of Latvian Region at the Plenum of the CC RSDLP). – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 12, March 23 (April 5), p. 11. Signed: M. – 305, 306.

Resolutions and Resolutions of the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. [Leaflet. St. Petersburg], typ. of the Central Committee, [1906]. 4 pp. (RSDLP). – 361.

Decisions of the Congresses of the Peasant Union (Constituent, July 31–August 1 and November 6–10, 1905). Ed. of the Northern Regional Bureau for Assistance to the Peasant Union (in St. Petersburg). St. Petersburg, typ. Klobukov, 1905. 16 pp. (All-Russian Peasant Union). – 140.

Potresov, A. P. Critical Sketches. On Why Trifles Triumphed. – "Nasha Zarya", St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 2, pp. 50–62. – 282–283, 287, 288, 295, 298, 301.

– To the Judgment of Comrades Mensheviks. In: A Necessary Supplement to the "Diaries" of G. V. Plekhanov. Ed. of the ed. "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata". [Paris, coop. typ. "Soyuz", April 1910], col. 21–26. (RSDLP). Signed: A. Potresov-Starovyer. – 253, 283, 301.

– [Letter to L. Martov. August 18, 1909]. – "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata", [Paris], 1909, no. 16–17, August–September, pp. 15–16, in art.: Martov, L. A Supplement to the "Correction". – 144, 152.

– Evolution of Socio-Political Thought in the Pre-Revolutionary Era. In: Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century. Ed. by L. Martov, P. Maslov, and A. Potresov. Vol. I. Harbingers and Basic Causes of the Movement. St. Petersburg, typ. "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za", 1909, pp. 538–640. – 45, 63–64, 145, 300.

Hangover of the Legalists. [Letter of Mensheviks of the Vyborg District of St. Petersburg]. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 45, May 13 (26), p. 2. – 39, 60, 146.

"Pravda", [Vienna]. – 60, 236, 237, 261, 356, 374, 376, 411.

– 1910, no. 12, April 3 (16), pp. 2–3. – 236, 237, 295, 296.

"Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1905, no. 39, February 18 (March 3), p. 1. – 395.

– 1905, no. 40, February 19 (March 4), p. 1. – 395.

– 1905, no. 169, August 6 (19), pp. 1–2. – 365, 395.

– 1905, no. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 367, 416.

– 1905, no. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1. – 416.

– 1906, no. 57, March 11 (24), p. 1. – 371.

– 1906, no. 252, November 12 (25), p. 1. – 139–140.

– 1909, no. 91, April 28 (May 11), p. 1. – 226–227.

– 1909, no. 189, September 3 (16), p. 1. – 227.

Program of Studies for the School [at Capri]. In the leaflet: On the Question of a Party School. (Four Documents). Ed. of the party school. N.p., 1909, p. 1. (RSDLP). – 95, 120.

Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, Adopted at the Second Congress of the Party. In: Second Periodic Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Proceedings. Ed. CC. Geneva, party typ., [1904], pp. 1–6. (RSDLP). – 38, 158, 160, 161.

Draft of Principal Provisions [of a Land Law, Submitted by 104 Members of the State Duma]. In: Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I. Sessions 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). St. Petersburg, state typ., 1906, pp. 560–562. (State Duma). – 140.

Draft of Principal Provisions [of Land Reform, Submitted to the II State Duma on Behalf of the Labor Group and the Peasant Union]. In: [Materials Submitted to the General Assembly of the State Duma of the Second Convocation]. N.p., [1907], pp. 17–19, 37. – 140.

"Proletarii", [Vyborg]–Geneva–Paris. – 3, 4, 8, 13, 19, 22, 29, 32, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 51, 58, 60, 67, 72, 74, 78, 79, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92–93, 94–96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103–105, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 123, 139, 140, 143, 147, 150, 151, 153, 155, 194, 241, 271, 293, 315, 364, 428.

– [Vyborg], 1906, no. 1, August 21. 8 pp. Published in place of newspaper: M. – 102, 364.

– 1906, no. 2, August 29, pp. 2–3. Published in place of newspaper: M. – 300.

*– 1906, no. 4, September 19, pp. 3–6. Published in place of newspaper: M. – 290.

– 1907, no. 19, November 5, p. 7. Published in place of newspaper: M. – 56.

– 1907, no. 20, November 19, pp. 4–5. Published in place of newspaper: M. – 56, 157–158.

– Geneva, 1908, no. 31, June 17 (4), p. 6. – 49, 87, 121.

– 1908, no. 39, November 26 (13), pp. 3–6. – 44, 47.

– Paris, 1909, no. 42, February 12 (25). 8 pp. – 44, 46, 90, 91, 95.

– 1909, no. 44. Supplement to no. 44 of the newspaper "Proletarii", April 4 (17), pp. 1–2. – 44, 58, 87.

– 1909, no. 45, May 13 (26), p. 2. – 39, 60, 146.

– 1909, no. 46, July 11 (24). 8 pp. – 58, 74, 112, 150.

– 1909, no. 46. Supplement to no. 46 of the newspaper "Proletarii", July 16 (3). 7 pp. – 3–4, 5–6, 7, 8–9, 10, 11, 28, 42, 43, 49, 51, 58, 67, 74, 89, 90, 100, 112, 113–114, 119, 131, 241, 293–294, 316, 375.

– 1909, no. 47–48, September 5 (18). 8 pp. – 67, 102, 113, 117, 122, 302.

– 1909, no. 47–48. Supplement to no. 47–48 of the newspaper "Proletarii", September 11 (24), pp. 1–10. – 113.

– 1909, no. 49, October 3 (16). 10 pp. – 112, 113, 118, 124, 146.

– 1909, no. 50, November 28 (December 11). 8 pp. – 134, 154–156.

– 1909, no. 50. Supplement to no. 50 of the newspaper "Proletarii", November, pp. 1–7. – 131–132.

Proceedings of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanova, 1907. VI, 420 pp. – 143.

Proceedings of the Conference of the Enlarged Editorial Board of "Proletarii". June 1909[75]. – 3–4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17–18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 42.

"Rabochaya Gazeta", [Paris]. – 409, 411, 412, 414–415.

"Rabochaya Mysl'", [Petersburg–Berlin–Warsaw–Geneva]. – 85.

"Rabochee Delo", Geneva. – 85–86, 89, 99.

"Rabochee Znamenya", M. – 121.

– 1908, no. 5, October, pp. 4–5. – 85, 87.

Worker Ar. – see Kalinin, F. I.

[Editorial Article]. – "Rech'", St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 89 (1327), April 1 (14), p. 1. – 228.

Resolutions Adopted in San Remo, April 13, 1910. N.p., [1910]. 2 pp. (RSDLP). – 234, 296.

[Resolutions Adopted at the Plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), pp. 10–11, in sect.: From the Party. – 193, 194, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 234–235, 252, 254, 255, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 284, 287, 294, 296, 303, 411, 412–413.

[Resolutions Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian, 1908)]. In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Concerning the Convened Periodic All-Party Conference. [Ed. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–7. (RSDLP). – 34–35, 43, 44, 142, 157–158, 190, 192, 276, 277–278, 279, 281, 282, 303, 411.

[Resolutions Adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. In: The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Held in 1907). Complete Text of Proceedings. Ed. CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 420–442. (RSDLP). – 157–158, 281.

[Resolutions Adopted at the Fourth Conference of the RSDLP ("Third All-Russian")]. – "Proletarii", [Vyborg], 1907, no. 20, November 19, pp. 4–5, in sect.: From the Party. Under heading: Resolutions of the 3rd All-Russian Conference. Published in place of newspaper: M. – 157–158.

[Resolutions of the Conference of the Enlarged Editorial Board of "Proletarii"]. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 46. Supplement to no. 46 of the newspaper "Proletarii", July 16 (3), pp. 3–7. – 3–4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 42, 43, 51, 58, 74, 114, 119, 375.

Resolution of the 2nd Paris Group for Assistance to the RSDLP. March 30, 1910. [Leaflet]. N.p., 1910. 1 p. (RSDLP). – 234.

[Resolution of the Executive Commission of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP on the Question of Elections to the State Duma]. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 49, October 3 (16), p. 5, in art.: Conversation with Petersburg Bolsheviks. – 146.

Resolution of the Moscow General City Conference of the RSDLP on the Attitude toward the Duma Faction. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1908, no. 31, June 17 (4), pp. 5–6. – 49, 87, 121.

Resolution on Attitude toward Non-Proletarian Parties. [Adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. In: The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Held in 1907). Complete Text of Proceedings. Ed. CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 454–455. (RSDLP). – 135, 176, 280, 281.

Resolution of the "Recallists" [of the Moscow General City Conference of the RSDLP. May 1908]. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1908, no. 31, June 17 (4), p. 6. – 87, 121.

[Resolution–Platform Adopted by the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP in Connection with the Electoral Campaign]. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 49, October 3 (16), pp. 8–9, in sect.: Chronicle. – 113, 118.

Resolution on Reports. [Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian, 1908)]. In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Concerning the Convened Periodic All-Party Conference. [Ed. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 4. (RSDLP). – 143.

Resolution Proposed at the Meeting of the Menshevik Support Group in Paris (April 4, 1910) by Menshevik-Partyists. [Leaflet]. N.p., [1910]. 1 p. (RSDLP). – 233, 296.

Resolution Proposed at the Meeting of the 1st Geneva Group of the RSDLP, April 19, 1910, by Menshevik-Partyists. [Leaflet]. N.p., [1910]. 1 p. (RSDLP). – 233, 296.

Resolution Proposed at the Meeting of the 1st Liege Group for Assistance to the RSDLP by Menshevik-Partyists. [Leaflet]. N.p., [1910]. 1 p. (RSDLP). – 234, 296.

Resolution Adopted by the Vienna Party Social-Democratic Club on April 17, 1910. [Leaflet]. N.p., 1910. 1 p. – 253, 254, 255–259, 261, 265, 283, 284, 285, 294–295, 296.

Resolution Adopted at the General Meeting of the Party Social-Democratic Club in Vienna on November 26, 1910. [Leaflet]. N.p., [1910]. 2 pp. – 374.

Resolution of the St. Petersburg "Recallists", Proposed by Them at the Enlarged Session of the Petersburg Committee Before the All-Party Conference. – "Proletarii", [Paris], 1909, no. 44. Supplement to no. 44 of the newspaper "Proletarii", April 4 (17), p. 1. – 57.

Resolution of the Council of the Party School. August 26, 1909. In the leaflet: On the Question of a Party School. (Four Documents). Ed. of the party school. N.p., 1909, p. 2. (RSDLP). – 120.

Resolution of the CC [RSDLP] on Cooperatives. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Vilno–St. Petersburg], 1908, no. 1, February, pp. 37–38, in sect.: From the Party. – 39.

[Resolution of the CC RSDLP on Work in Professional Unions]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Vilno–St. Petersburg], 1908, no. 1, February, pp. 38–39, in sect.: From the Party. – 39.

[Resolution of the CC RSDLP Concerning the Statement of the Social-Democratic Faction in the Duma on the Question of Closing the Doors of the Duma Commission on State Defense...]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Vilno–St. Petersburg], 1908, no. 1, February, p. 35. Under general heading: Activities of the Central Committee, in sect.: From the Party. – 39.

[Rescript Given to Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin. February 18, 1905]. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1905, no. 40, February 19 (March 4), p. 1. – 395.

Rescript Given to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, State Secretary P. A. Stolypin. April 27, 1909. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 91, April 28 (May 11), p. 1. – 226–227.

"Rech'", St. Petersburg. – 153, 228.

– 1909, no. 167 (1045), June 21 (July 4), p. 3. – 55, 56, 71, 182.

– 1909, no. 208 (1092), August 1 (14). 4 pp. – 70–71, 72.

– 1909, no. 213 (1097), August 6 (19), p. 4. – 71.

– 1909, no. 216 (1100), August 9 (22), p. 3. – 72.

– 1909, no. 220 (1104), August 13 (26), p. 4. – 73.

– 1909, no. 317 (1197), November 18 (December 1), p. 2. – 153.

– 1909, no. 318 (1198), November 19 (December 2), p. 3. – 153.

– 1909, no. 324 (1204), November 25 (December 8), p. 2; no. 325 (1205), November 26 (December 3), p. 2; no. 330 (1210), December 1 (14), p. 2; no. 351 (1231), December 22, 1909 (January 4, 1910), p. 2. – 176–182.

– 1910, no. 89 (1327), April 1 (14). 8 pp. – 223, 225, 228–229, 230, 231.

Rozanov, V. Between Azef and "Landmarks". – "Novoe Vremya", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 12011, August 20 (September 2), pp. 3–4. – 173.

– Merezhkovskii Against "Landmarks". (The Last Religious-Philosophical Meeting). – "Novoe Vremya", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 11897, April 27 (May 10), p. 3. – 173.

"Rossiya", St. Petersburg. – 55.

– 1909, no. 1099, June 23 (July 6), p. 1. – 55.

Russian Deputies in England. Speeches at a Breakfast with the Lord Mayor. London, June 19 (July 2). – "Rech'", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 167 (1045), June 21 (July 4), p. 3. – 55, 56, 71, 182.

"Russkoe Slovo", M. – 153.

– 1909, no. 264, November 17 (30), p. 3. – 153.

S. – see Dzhibladze, S.

Sazhin, L. On the Question of Reviving the Party. (Thoughts of a Practitioner). Paris, coop. typ. "Soyuz", 1910. 32 pp. (RSDLP). – 312, 313–314, 315.

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E. Toy-Trade Mediocrities. – 62, 63, 147.

– Signs of the Times. – 302.

St. Petersburg, June 22. [Editorial]. – "Rossiya", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 1099, June 23 (July 6), p. 1. – 55.

St. Petersburg, August 1. [Editorial]. – "Rech'", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 208 (1092), August 1 (14), p. 1. – 70–71, 72.

St. Petersburg, April 1. [Editorial]. – "Rech'", St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 89 (1327), April 1 (14), p. 1. – 228.

Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 1.4. I. Code of Fundamental State Laws. Ed. 1906. St. Petersburg, state typ., n.d. 78 pp. – 223, 225–227, 231.

"Slovo", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 791, May 10 (23), p. 3. – 55, 173, 174–175.

*The Present Situation and the Party's Tasks. Platform Worked Out by a Group of Bolsheviks. Ed. of the group "Vperyod". Paris, coop. typ. "Soyuz", [1909]. 32 pp. (RSDLP). – 194, 241–247, 248, 249–252.

"Sotsial-Demokrat", [Vilno–St. Petersburg–Paris–Geneva]. – 30, 39, 125, 191, 202–203, 205, 232, 236, 237, 253, 254, 255, 257, 267, 295, 296, 305, 355, 356, 374, 376.

[Vilno–St. Petersburg], 1908, no. 1, February, pp. 35, 38–39. – 39. Paris, 1909, no. 2, January 28 (February 10), pp. 1–2. – 192–193.

– 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13). 12 pp. – 193, 194, 195–201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 232, 234–235, 236, 252, 254–255, 259–260, 261, 263–264, 265, 266–267, 268, 269, 271–273, 274–275, 276–277, 278, 279, 280, 284, 287, 294, 295, 296, 303, 317, 373, 374, 411, 412–413.

– 1910, no. 12, March 23 (April 5). 12 pp. – 203, 236, 237, 305, 306.

– 1910, no. 13, April 26 (May 9). 12 pp. – 293, 295, 296, 298.

– 1910, no. 15–16, September 12 (August 30), pp. 8–9. – 376.

"Sotsial-Demokrat", 1910, no. 17, September 25 (October 8), p. 11. – 349, 350, 352, 353.

[Stalin, I. V.] Letter from the Caucasus. – "Diskussionnyi Listok", [Paris], 1910, no. 2, May 25 (June 7), pp. 26–28. Signed: K. St. Dated in newspaper: June 24/7. – 275.

Stanisław – see Volskii, S.

Statistics of Land Ownership in 1905. Summary of Data for 50 Provinces of European Russia. St. Petersburg, typ. Minkova, 1907. 199 pp.; L pp. of tables. (Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 178.

[Steklov, Yu. M.] What Is to Be Done? (Letter from Russia). – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 13, April 26 (May 9), pp. 7–8. Signed: K. – 293.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I. Sessions 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). St. Petersburg, state typ., 1906. XXII, 866 pp. (State Duma). – 140.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1908. Second Session. Pt. I. Sessions 1–35 (from October 15 to December 20). St. Petersburg, state typ., 1908. XIV pp.; 3152 col. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 141, 174, 175.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1909. Second Session. Pt. III–IV. St. Petersburg, state typ., 1909. 2 vols. (State Duma. Third Convocation).

– Pt. III. Sessions 71–100 (from March 6 to April 24, 1909). XII pp., 2956 col. – 175.

– Pt. IV. Sessions 101–126 (from April 27 to June 2, 1909). XXXVII pp., 3476 col. – 53–54.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1909–1910. Third Session. Pt. I–III. St. Petersburg, state typ., 1910. 3 vols. (State Duma. Third Convocation).

– Pt. I. Sessions 1–32 (from October 10 to December 18, 1909). XVI pp., 3796 col. – 223, 224, 225, 230.

– Pt. II. Sessions 33–64 (from January 20 to March 6, 1910). 3164 col. – 211–212.

– Pt. III. Sessions 65–94 (from March 8 to April 9, 1910). 3244 col. – 218–219, 221, 223, 224–225, 228.

Stolypin, A. Intellectuals about Intellectuals. – "Novoe Vremya", St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 11893, April 23 (May 6), p. 4. – 173.

[Stolypin, P. A.] Address of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers P. A. Stolypin [at the Session of the State Duma, March 31, 1910]. – "Rech'", St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 89 (1327), April 1 (14), pp. 4–5, in sect.: State Duma. – 223, 228–229, 230, 231.

*Struve, P. B. Intelligence and Revolution. In: Landmarks. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligence. M., [typ. Sablina, March] 1909, pp. 127–145. – 167–168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 428.

The Trial of Gorky. (A Social-Democratic Production). – "Utro Rossii", M., 1909, no. 39–6, November 21, pp. 3–4. Signed: Stenographed by Ol' d'Or. – 153.

[Sysoev, I. V.] On the Moods and Concerns of the Contemporary Worker. (From Petersburg). In: Forward. Collection of Articles on Current Questions. Ed. of the group "Vperyod". [Paris, coop. typ. "Soyuz"], July 1910, col. 53–59. (RSDLP). Signed: Weaver I–n. – 313.

[Tactical Resolution on the Agrarian Question Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. In the leaflet: Resolutions and Resolutions of the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. [St. Petersburg], typ. of the Central Committee, [1906], p. 1. (RSDLP). Under heading: Agrarian Program. – 361.

"Weaver I–n" – see Sysoev, I. V.

Tkachev, P. I. Tasks of Revolutionary Propaganda in Russia. Letter to the Editor of the Journal "Forward". N.p., April 1874. IX, 43 pp. – 139.

"Tovarisch", St. Petersburg. – 356.

[Trotskii, L. D.] Unity—Through All Obstacles! – "Pravda", [Vienna], 1910, no. 12, April 3 (16), pp. 2–3. – 236, 237, 295, 296.

– Our Political Tasks. (Tactical and Organizational Questions). Ed. RSDLP. Geneva, party typ., 1904. XI, 107 pp. (RSDLP). Preceded by author's name: N. Trotsky. – 102.

Proceedings of the Sixth Congress of Delegates from Noble Societies of 33 Provinces. From March 14 to March 20, 1910. St. Petersburg, typ. Aleksandrova, 1910. VIII, 511 pp. – 224.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on Temporary Rules in Connection with the Holding of Elections to the State Council and State Duma. March 8 (21), 1906]. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1906, no. 57, March 11 (24), p. 1, in sect.: Actions of the Government. – 371.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on the Withdrawal of Peasants from Communes and the Consolidation in Private Ownership of Allotment Plots. November 9 (22), 1906]. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1906, no. 252, November 12 (25), p. 1. – 139–140.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on Granting Private Persons and Institutions the Right to Develop Proposals on Questions of State Welfare. February 18 (March 3), 1905]. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1905, no. 39, February 18 (March 3), p. 1. – 395.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on Changes and Additions to the Regulation on Elections to the State Duma. December 11 (24), 1905]. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1905, no. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1, in sect.: Actions of the Government. – 416.

[Charter of the Central Committee Adopted at the Plenum of the CC RSDLP in January 1910]. – "Sotsial-Demokrat", [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10, in sect.: From the Party. – 234.

"Utro Rossii", M. – 153.

– 1909, no. 31–1, November 15, p. 6. – 153.

– 1909, no. 35–2, November 17, p. 1. – 153.

– 1909, no. 38–5, November 20, p. 3. – 153.

– 1909, no. 39–6, November 21, pp. 3–4. – 153.

Institution of the State Duma. [August 6 (19), 1905]. – "Pravitel'stvennyi Vestnik", St. Petersburg, 1905, no. 169, August 6 (19), pp. 1–2. – 365, 395.

*Frank, S. L. The Ethics of Nihilism. (Toward a Characterization of the Moral Worldview of Russian Intelligence). In: Landmarks. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligence. M., [typ. Sablina, March] 1909, pp. 146–181. – 167–168, 170, 171, 172.

[Tsederbaum, S. O.] The "Constitutional" Regime and the Workers' Movement. – "Vozrozhdenie", M., 1910, no. 5, March 30, col. 1–8. Signed: V. Yezhov. – 289.

Cherevatin, N. A Few Words About My Liquidationism. (Letter to the Editorial Office). – "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata", [Paris], 1909, no. 16–17, August–September, p. 16. – 145, 150.

– The Proletariat in the Revolution. In: Horn, V., Mech, V., and Cherevatin, N. The Struggle of Social Forces in the Russian Revolution. Issue II. M., typolith. of the Russian Society of Printing and Publishing, 1907, pp. 5–120. – 150, 401.

*– The Present Situation and Possible Future. The Agrarian Problem and Its Solution by the Contending Parties. The Third Duma, the Reasons for Its Appearance and Its Future. M., typ. "Russkii Trud", 1908. VII, 248 pp. – 150–152.

Chernyshevskii, P. G. Prologue. – 214.

[Shantser, L.] Marat and [Bogdanov, A.] Maksimov. [Written Statement Submitted During the Voting on the Resolution "On Recallism and Ultimatism" at the Conference of the Enlarged Editorial Board of "Proletarii"][76]. – 4.

"Ekonomist Rossii", St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 36, September 11 (24), pp. 1–3. – 324.

Engels, F. Introduction to the English Edition [of the Pamphlet: "The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science"]. April 20, 1892. – 213.

– Introduction [to the Work by K. Marx "The Class Struggle in France from 1848 to 1850"]. March 6, 1895. – 124.

– Letter to A. Bebel [Concerning the Gotha Program]. March 18–28, 1875. – 252.

– Letter to F. A. Sorge. November 29, 1886. – 301.

– Letter to F. A. Sorge. May 11, 1889. – 301.

Engels, F. Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany. August 1851–September 1852. – 368. – May 4 in London. Between May 5–21, 1890. – 301.

[Yudin]. On the Question of Our Work. (From No. 2 of "Stimme vun Bund"). – "Otkliki Bunda", [Geneva], 1909, no. 3, November, pp. 11–16. Signed: Yu. Din. – 143.

Adler, F. [The Resolution Proposed at the Meeting of the International Socialist Bureau]. – "Leipziger Volkszeitung", 1909, no. 264, November 13. 4th Supplement to no. 264 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung", p. 2. – 187–188.

From the Literary Legacy of K. Marx, F. Engels, and F. Lassalle. Ed. by F. Mehring. Vol. III. Collected Works of K. Marx and F. Engels. From May 1848 to October 1850. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1902. VI, 491 pp. – 361–362.

Bensing, F. The Influence of Agricultural Machinery on National and Private Economy. Breslau, 1898. IX, 205 pp. – 340.

"Berliner Tageblatt und Handelszeitung". – 153.

"Bremer Bürgerzeitung". – 188.

– 1909, November 11. – 188.

"Bulletin Périodique du Bureau Socialiste International", Brussels, [1910], no. 2, pp. 33–56. – 184–189.

– 1910, no. 5. 195 pp. – 345–346, 347.

International Socialist Bureau. Sunday, November 7, 1909. – "Bulletin Périodique du Bureau Socialiste International", Brussels, [1910], no. 2, pp. 33–56. – 184–189.

Census Reports. Vol. V. Twelfth Census of the United States, Taken in the Year 1900. Agriculture. Pt. I. Washington, 1902. – 325, 326, 334.

Against Capital Punishment in All Matters and Particularly in Political Matters. [Resolution of the International Socialist Bureau]. – "Bulletin Périodique du Bureau Socialiste International", Brussels, [1910], no. 2, p. 38. – 185.

Against Persecutions in Romania. [Resolution of the International Socialist Bureau]. – "Bulletin Périodique du Bureau Socialiste International", Brussels, [1910], no. 2, p. 38. – 185.

[Dahn, Th.] Statement. – "Vorwärts", Berlin, 1908, no. 151, July 1, p. 3. Under the rubric: From the Party. – 45, 150.

"L'Eclair", [Paris]. – 153.

Engels, F. [Letter to K. Kautsky. April 1, 1895]. – "Die Neue Zeit", Stuttgart, 1908, vol. 27, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 7. – 124.

– Letters from F. Engels on the French Workers' Party. Foreword. – "Die Neue Zeit", Stuttgart, 1900–1901, vol. XIX, pt. I, no. 14, pp. 420–427. – 124.

The Morocco Expedition. [Resolution of the International Socialist Bureau]. – "Bulletin Périodique du Bureau Socialiste International", Brussels, [1910], no. 2, p. 38. – 185.

Law Against Socially Dangerous Activities of the Social Democracy. From October 21, 1878. – "Reichsgesetzblatt", Berlin, 1878, no. 34, pp. 351–358. – 75.

Guesde, J. The Problem and Its Solution. The Eight-Hour Day in Parliament. Lille, Delory, n.d. 31 pp. (Library of the Workers' Party). – 159, 160, 161.

Homage to Swedish Socialists. [Resolution of the International Socialist Bureau]. – "Bulletin Périodique du Bureau Socialiste International", Brussels, [1910], no. 2, p. 38. – 185.

International Rules of Socialist Tactics. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Congress in Amsterdam]. In: International Socialist Congress in Amsterdam. August 14–20, 1904. Berlin, Expedition of the Bookshop "Vorwärts", 1904, pp. 31–32. – 274.

The International Socialist Bureau. – "Leipziger Volkszeitung", 1909, no. 264, November 13. 4th Supplement to no. 264 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung", pp. 1–2. – 126, 187–188.

International Socialist Congress. – "Leipziger Volkszeitung", 1910, no. 201, August 31. 3rd Supplement to no. 201 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung", p. 1. – 351.

International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart. August 18–24, 1907. Berlin, Bookshop "Vorwärts", 1907. 132 pp. – 186.

International Socialist Congress in Amsterdam. August 14–20, 1904. Berlin, Expedition of the Bookshop "Vorwärts", 1904. 78 pp. – 274.

Kautsky, K. What Now? – "Die Neue Zeit", Stuttgart, 1910, vol. 28, pt. 2, no. 28, pp. 33–40; no. 29, pp. 68–80. – 367.

– Between Baden and Luxembourg. – "Die Neue Zeit", Stuttgart, 1910, vol. 28, pt. 2, no. 45, pp. 652–667. – 367.

"Agricultural Statistics of the Countries of the Hungarian Crown". Vol. IV–V. Budapest, 1900. 2 vols. – 325, 326, 340–343.

"Leipziger Volkszeitung". – 188.

– 1909, no. 259, November 8. 4 pp. – 188.

– 1909, no. 264, November 13. 4th Supplement to no. 264 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung", pp. 1–2. – 126, 187–188.

– 1910, no. 201, August 31. 3rd Supplement to no. 201 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung", p. 1. – 351.

Liebknecht, W. [Letter to F. Engels]. April 21, 1875. In: Mayer, G. Johann Baptist von Schweitzer and the Social Democracy. A Contribution to the History of the German Labor Movement. Jena, Fischer, 1909, p. 424. – 252.

[Lunacharsky, A.] Tactical Currents in the Russian Social-Democratic Party. – "Le Peuple", Brussels, 1910, August 23. Signed: Woinoff. – 355, 356–357.

Luxemburg, R. Exhaustion or Struggle? – "Die Neue Zeit", Stuttgart, 1910, vol. 28, pt. 2, no. 35, pp. 257–

# RELATIONS BETWEEN COOPERATIVES AND POLITICAL PARTIES. RESOLUTION OF THE P.S. (FRANCE) [proposed at the International Congress of Copenhagen]. – "Periodic Bulletin of the International Socialist Bureau," Brussels, 1910, No. 5, p. 139. – 345–346, 347.

[Roland-Holst, H. Letter to the Members of the International Socialist Bureau]. — "Leipziger Volkszeitung," 1909, No. 264, November 13. Supplement to No. 264 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung," p. 1. – 126.

– Preface [by A. Tscherewanin "The Proletariat and the Russian Revolution"]. — In: Tscherewanin, A. The Proletariat and the Russian Revolution. With a Preface by H. Roland-Holst and an Appendix by the Translator S. Lewitin. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1908, pp. IX–XVI. – 145, 150.

Schippel, M. Sozialdemokratisches Reichstags-Handbuch. Ein Führer durch die Zeit-und Streitfragen der Reichsgesetzgebung. Berlin, Expedition der Buchh. "Vorwärts," [1902]. X, 1174 pp. – 159–160, 161–162.

A Sensational News Item. – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1909, No. 281, December 2. Supplement to "Vorwärts," p. 2. Under the rubric: From the Party. – 153.

Singer, P. [The Resolution, proposed at the Meeting of the International Socialist Bureau]. — "Leipziger Volkszeitung," 1909, No. 264, November 13. Supplement to No. 264 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung," p. 2. – 187–188.

The Situation in Mexico. [Resolution of the International Socialist Bureau]. – "Periodic Bulletin of the International Socialist Bureau," Brussels, [1910], No. 2, p. 44. – 185.

"Sozialistische Monatshefte," [Berlin]. – 274, 356.

– 1910, nos. 16–18, August 11, pp. 1061–1064. — 355, 356, 357.

Sprawozdanie z VI Zjazdu Socjaldemokracji Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy. Krakow, 1910. 2, XXII, 180 pp. – 86, 104–105.

Statistik des Deutschen Reichs. Vol. 212. Pts. 1a, 1b, and 2a. Occupational and Establishment Census of June 12, 1907. Agricultural Establishment Statistics. Berlin, 1909–1910. — 323, 324, 325–327, 328–333, 334, 335–338, 340, 343–344.

Statistik des Deutschen Reichs. Published by the Imperial Statistical Office. New Series. Vol. 112. Agriculture in the German Reich. According to the Agricultural Establishment Census of June 14, 1895. Berlin, 1895. VIII, 70, 500 pp. – 323, 325, 340, 343–344.

"Statistique Agricole de la France." (General Results of the Decennial Survey of [1909]). – 340.

Streltzow, R. The Present Policy of the Socialist Groups in Russia. – "Sozialistische Monatshefte," [Berlin], 1910, nos. 16–18, August 11, pp. 1061–1064. – 355, 356, 357.

The Tactics of the Party. [The Resolution of the Party Congress of the German Social Democratic Party, held in Dresden]. – In: Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the German Social Democratic Party. Held in Dresden from September 13–20, 1903. Berlin, Expedition der Buchh. "Vorwärts," 1903, pp. 418–419. – 274.

"De Tribune," Amsterdam. – 186.

Trotzky, L. The Development Tendencies of Russian Social Democracy. – "Die Neue Zeit," Stuttgart, 1910, vol. 28, no. 2, no. 50, pp. 860–871. – 358, 359, 362–363, 364, 370, 371, 373, 374, 375–376.

– External and Internal Troubles. – "Przeglad Sozjaldemokratyczny," [Krakow], 1909, nos. 14–15, August–September, pp. 338–350. – 134.

– Russian Social Democracy. (From Our Russian Correspondent). – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1910, No. 201, August 28, p. 4. – 355–356, 357, 376.

[Tscherewanin, A.] The Proletariat and the Russian Revolution. With a Preface by H. Roland-Holst and an Appendix by the Translator S. Lewitin. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1908. XVI, 170 pp. – 45, 145, 150.

"Weekblad," Amsterdam. – 186. "Vorwärts," Berlin. – 355, 356.

– 1908, No. 151, July 1, p. 3. – 45, 150.

– 1909, vol. 26, No. 281, December 2. Supplement to "Vorwärts," p. 2. – 153.

– 1910, No. 201, August 28, p. 4. — 355–356, 357, 376.

"Zihna," [Brussels], 1910, No. 100, July. 24 pp. – 305.

INDEX OF NAMES

A

Avgustovskii – see Tsederbaum, S. O.

Adler (Adler), Victor (1852–1918) – one of the organizers and leaders of Austrian Social Democracy; began his political activity as a bourgeois radical; from the mid-1880s participated in the labor movement. In 1886, Adler founded the newspaper "Gleichheit" ("Equality"); from 1889 he was the editor of the central organ of Austrian Social Democracy, "Arbeiter-Zeitung" ("Workers' Gazette"). In the 1880s–1890s he maintained relations with F. Engels, but soon after his death slid toward reformism and emerged as one of the leaders of opportunism. During the First World War, Adler held a centrist position, preached "class peace," and fought against revolutionary actions of the working class. In 1918, after the establishment of a bourgeois republic in Austria, he served for some time as Foreign Minister. – 126, 187–188.

Aleksinskii, G. A. (born 1879) – in the early stage of his political activity, a Social Democrat. During the revolution of 1905–1907 he gravitated toward the Bolsheviks. He was a deputy to the Second State Duma from the workers of Petrograd, served on the commission for unemployment relief, the food commission, and the agrarian commission of the Duma. As a representative of the Social Democratic faction of the Duma, he participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Party Congress with consultative voice. During the years of reaction, he was a Recallist, lecturer at the factional school on Capri (Italy), and one of the organizers of the anti-party group "Forward." During the First World War, he was a vigorous social-chauvinist and contributor to several bourgeois newspapers. Upon his return to Russia in 1917 he joined the Plekhanovite group "Unity" and took a counterrevolutionary position. In July 1917, fabricating false documents in concert with military counterintelligence, he slandered V. I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks. In April 1918 he fled abroad. In 1920 he was tried in absentia by the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the case of the counterrevolutionary organization "Tactical Center" and was deprived of the right to enter Soviet Russia. In emigration he joined the camp of extreme reaction. – 67, 86, 94, 95, 104, 120, 131–132, 254, 255, 269.

An – see Zhordania, N. N.

Anseele (Anseele), Édouard (1856–1938) – one of the founders and leaders of the Workers' Party of Belgium, an opportunist and major figure in the Belgian cooperative movement. Held opportunistic positions. In 1910 he participated in the international socialist congress in Copenhagen; was chairman of the cooperative commission of the congress. Served in the Executive Committee of the International Socialist Bureau of the Second International. In 1918–1921 he was Minister of Public Works of Belgium; in 1925–1927, Minister of Transportation. – 347, 349.

Anton – see Makadzub, M. S.

Antonii Volynskii (Khrapovitskii, A. P. [77]) (1863–1936) – a fierce Black Hundredist, head of the far-right wing in the Russian Orthodox Church, one of the most prominent agents of the reactionary policy of tsarism. From 1902 he was Bishop of Volyn; later Archbishop of Kharkov. During the foreign military intervention and civil war he collaborated with Denikin. After the defeat of the counterrevolution he fled abroad, where he became one of the leaders of the monarchist emigration. – 55, 173, 174.

B

Bebel (Bebel), August (1840–1913) – one of the most prominent figures of German Social Democracy and the international labor movement. Bebel began his political activity in the first half of the 1860s; was a member of the First International. In 1869, together with W. Liebknecht, he founded the German Social Democratic Workers' Party ("Eisenachers"); he was repeatedly elected deputy to the Reichstag, fought for the democratic unification of Germany, and exposed the reactionary domestic and foreign policy of the Kaiser's government. During the Franco-Prussian War he took an internationalist position and supported the Paris Commune. In the 1890s and early 1900s he spoke out against reformism and revisionism within German Social Democracy. V. I. Lenin regarded his speeches against the Bernsteinists as "models of defending Marxist views and struggle for the truly socialist character of the workers' party" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 19, p. 268). A talented publicist and outstanding orator, Bebel exerted considerable influence on the development of German and European labor movements. In the last period of his activity Bebel made a number of centrist errors. – 350, 352, 356, 360.

Belinskii, V. G. (1811–1848) – great Russian revolutionary democrat, literary critic and publicist, materialist philosopher. In 1833–1836 he contributed to the journal "Teleskop" (Telescope); in 1838–1839 he edited the journal "Moskovskii Nablyudatel" (Moscow Observer); in 1839–1846 he led the literary-critical section of the journal "Otechestvennye Zapiski" (Notes of the Fatherland); from 1847 he became a contributor and ideological leader of the journal "Sovremennik" (The Contemporary). On July 3, 1847, he wrote from abroad the famous "Letter to Gogol," which Lenin called "one of the best works of uncensored democratic journalism" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 20, pp. 223–224). Belinskii was the ideologue of the peasant masses rising in struggle against serfdom. Belinskii laid the foundations of revolutionary-democratic aesthetics and literary criticism. In his articles on Pushkin, Lermontov, and Gogol, and in his surveys of Russian literature from 1840 to 1847, Belinskii demonstrated the originality and grandeur of Russian literature, revealed its realism and national character. Belinskii's activity had enormous influence on the subsequent development of social thought and the liberation movement in Russia. – 169, 428.

Bensing (Bensing), August Franz (born 1870) – German bourgeois economist, professor at Heidelberg University. – 340.

Berdyaev, N. A. (1874–1948) – reactionary idealist philosopher and mystic. In his early literary works he held the positions of "legal Marxism," attacked Marxist doctrine with Neo-Kantian revisionism, then became an open enemy of Marxism. In 1905 he joined the Constitutional Democratic Party; during the years of reaction he was one of the representatives of the religious-philosophical trend of "God-seeking" hostile to Marxism. After the October Socialist Revolution he became an apologist for feudalism and medieval scholasticism, seeing in them the sole salvation from growing communism. In 1922 he was exiled abroad for counterrevolutionary activity, where he continued to preach philosophical mysticism and was one of the ideologues of counterrevolution. – 167.

Berezovskii, A. E. (Berezovskii 1st) (born 1868) – landowner, Constitutional Democrat, zemstvo activist, agronomist by profession. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Simbirsk Province. In the Duma he served on the food, land, and other commissions. After the October Socialist Revolution he worked in his specialty. – 175.

Bernstein (Bernstein), Eduard (1850–1932) – leader of the most extreme opportunist wing of German Social Democracy and the Second International, theorist of revisionism and reformism. He participated in the Social Democratic movement from the mid-1870s under the influence of Dühring. From 1881 to 1889 he was editor of the illegal central organ of the German Social Democratic Party "Der Sozialdemokrat" ("Social Democrat"). In 1896–1898 he published in the journal "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Times") a series of articles titled "Problems of Socialism," later published as a book "The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy," in which he openly attacked the philosophical, economic, and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism. Bernstein denied the Marxist theory of class struggle, the doctrine of the inevitable collapse of capitalism, of socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat. "The opportunist has unlearned how to think of proletarian revolution," V. I. Lenin wrote, referring to Bernstein (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 25, p. 400). Bernstein declared the only task of the labor movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at "improving" the economic position of workers under capitalism; he put forward the opportunist formula: "the movement is everything, the final goal is nothing." The theoretical views and practical opportunist activity of Bernstein and his followers led to direct betrayal of the interests of the working class, culminating in the period of the First World War in the collapse of the Second International. In subsequent years Bernstein continued his struggle against Marxism, supported the policy of imperialist bourgeoisie, and spoke out against the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet State. – 6, 186, 350.

Bloch (Bloch), Iosif (1871–1936) – German Social Democrat, revisionist, man of letters. In 1897–1933 he was editor and publisher of the main organ of German opportunists, the journal "Sozialistische Monatshefte" ("Socialist Monthly"). In 1933, after the fascists came to power, he emigrated to Czechoslovakia. – 356.

Bobrikov, N. I. (1839–1904) – general in the Tsar's army; from 1898, Governor-General of Finland, carried out a Russification policy of Tsarism in Finland: made Russian the mandatory language for Finland's administration, effectively abolished the constitution, brutally suppressed all manifestations of the national liberation movement. On June 3 (16), 1904, he was killed by a Finnish terrorist. – 128.

Bobrinskii, Al. A. (born 1852) – count, reactionary statesman, major landowner and sugar manufacturer. From 1884 for many years he was marshal of the nobility in St. Petersburg Province. In 1906 he was elected chairman of the Council of United Nobility – a counterrevolutionary organization of serf-owning landowners. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Kiev Province. From 1912, member of the State Council. In 1916, Minister of Agriculture. After the October Socialist Revolution he was a member of the counterrevolutionary "Council for the State Unification of Russia," then a White emigrant. – 224.

Bogdanov, A. (Malinovskii, A. A., Maksimov, N.) (1873–1928) – Social Democrat, philosopher, sociologist, economist, physician by training. In the 1890s he participated in Social Democratic circles (in Tula). After the Second Party Congress he joined the Bolsheviks. At the Third Party Congress he was elected to the Central Committee. He was a member of the editorial boards of the Bolshevik organs "Forward" and "Proletarian," and one of the editors of the Bolshevik newspaper "New Life." He participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Party Congress. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing he headed the Recallists and was leader of the anti-party group "Forward." In philosophy he attempted to create his own system – "empirio-monism" (a variety of subjective-idealist Machiist philosophy clothed in pseudo-Marxist terminology), which Lenin sharply criticized in his work "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism." At the Enlarged Conference of the Editorial Board of "Proletarian" in June 1909, Bogdanov was expelled from the ranks of the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution he was one of the organizers and leaders of "Proletarian Culture." From 1926 he was director of the Institute of Blood Transfusion which he had founded. – 4, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 11, 19–20, 21, 41, 42, 67, 74–106, 112–113, 114–116, 117, 119, 120–121, 123, 131–132, 142, 143, 145–146, 147, 148, 270–271, 298, 313, 314, 317.

Branting (Branting), Karl Hjalmar (1860–1925) – leader of the Social Democratic Party of Sweden, one of the leaders of the Second International. Held opportunistic positions. From 1884 he was a contributor, later editor of the liberal newspaper "Tiden" ("Time"); in 1887–1917 (with interruptions) he was editor of the central organ of the party, "Sozialdemokraten" ("Social Democrat"); in 1897–1925 he was a deputy to the Riksdag. During the First World War he was a social-chauvinist. In 1917 he entered the coalition liberal-socialist government of Edén, supported military intervention against Soviet Russia. In 1920, 1921–1923, and 1924–1925 he headed Social Democratic governments. – 54.

Briand (Briand), Aristide (1862–1932) – French statesman and diplomat; lawyer by profession. For some time he gravitated toward the left wing of the socialists. In 1902 he entered parliament and became openly hostile to the working class, a reactionary bourgeois politician. In 1906 Briand entered a bourgeois government as Minister of Education. Expelled from the Socialist Party, he joined the group of "independent socialists," which in 1911 took the name "Republican Socialist Party." In 1909 Briand became Premier of the "cabinet of three renegades" (Briand – Millerand – Viviani). In 1910 Briand brutally suppressed a strike of railroad workers, declaring the railroads under military law. In 1913, 1915–1917, 1921–1922 he was Premier; in 1924 he was France's representative at the League of Nations. In 1925 he participated in the conclusion of the Locarno Treaties, directed against the USSR. In 1926–1931 he directed French foreign policy. – 150, 289.

Bronshtein, P. A. (Iurii) (born 1881) – Social Democrat, Menshevik. He entered the Social Democratic movement in the early 1900s and worked in Odessa. After the Second Party Congress he joined the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing he was a Liquidator; was editor of the Liquidationist journal "Delo Zhizni" (Life's Cause), contributed to the newspapers "Nevskii Golos" (Neva Voice), "Luch" (Ray), and other organs of the Menshevik Liquidators. V. I. Lenin called Bronshtein "an open renegade." In 1917 he was one of the leaders of the Mensheviks in Petrograd and served on the editorial board of the central Menshevik organ "Workers' Gazette." After the October Socialist Revolution he conducted counterrevolutionary work in the south of the country; later emigrated abroad and contributed to the Menshevik "Socialist Herald." – 207–210, 236, 262, 265, 287, 288, 316, 373.

Bulgakov, S. N. (1871–1944) – bourgeois economist, idealist philosopher. In the 1890s he was a "legal Marxist." He attacked Marxist doctrine on the agrarian question, explaining the impoverishment of the masses by the so-called "law of diminishing soil fertility." After the 1905–1907 revolution he joined the Constitutional Democrats, preached philosophical mysticism, and participated in the counterrevolutionary collection "Landmarks." From 1918 he was a priest. In 1922 he was exiled abroad for counterrevolutionary activity, where he conducted hostile propaganda against the USSR. – 167, 172, 211–212, 215, 361.

V

Vadim – see Ikov, V. K.

Vadim – see Postolovsky, D. S.

Valentinov, N. (Volskii, N. V.) (1879–1964) – Menshevik, journalist. After the Second Congress he gravitated toward the Bolsheviks; at the end of 1904 he moved to the Mensheviks, edited the legal Menshevik "Moscow Gazette," and contributed to a number of Menshevik journals: "Pravda" (Truth), "Nashe Delo" (Our Cause), "Delo Zhizni" (Life's Cause), and others; contributed to the bourgeois newspaper "Russian Word"; during the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing he was a Liquidator. On the agrarian question he defended municipalization of land. On philosophical questions he attacked Marxism and defended the subjective-idealist views of Mach and Avenarius. Lenin criticized Valentinov's philosophical views in his work "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism."

After the October Socialist Revolution he worked as assistant editor of "Trade-Industrial Gazette," then in the trade representation of the USSR in Paris. In 1930 he emigrated abroad, speaking against the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet State. – 313, 323–324.

Vaillant (Vaillant), Édouard Marie (1840–1915) – French socialist, follower of Blanqui, one of the leaders of the Second International. He was a member of the General Council of the First International, participated in the Executive Commission of the Paris Commune. He was one of the initiators of the founding of the Socialist Party of France (1901). In 1905 after the merger of the Socialist Party with the reformist French Socialist Party, Vaillant took opportunistic positions on the most important questions. During the First World War he was a social-chauvinist. – 185.

Vandervelde (Vandervelde), Émile (1866–1938) – leader of the Workers' Party of Belgium, chairman of the International Socialist Bureau of the Second International, held extremely opportunistic positions. During the First World War he was a social-chauvinist; served in the bourgeois government in various ministerial posts. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 he came to Russia to agitate for continuing the imperialist war. Vandervelde was extremely hostile to the October Socialist Revolution, actively promoted armed intervention against Soviet Russia, and made great efforts to restore the Second International. In 1925–1927 he was Foreign Minister of Belgium, participated in the conclusion of the Locarno Treaties (1925) directed against the USSR, actively fought against the creation of a united anti-fascist front of communists and socialists. Vandervelde is the author of numerous books and pamphlets. In Vandervelde's works, as V. I. Lenin noted, "petty-bourgeois eclecticism" appears "against Marxism, sophistry against dialectics, philistine reformism against proletarian revolution" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 28, p. 302). – 349.

Van Kol (Van Kol), Heinrich (1851–1925) – one of the founders and leaders of the Dutch Social Democratic Workers' Party. Within a few years of the party's founding he slid toward reformism and opportunism. At the Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907) congresses of the Second International he defended opportunistic resolutions on the colonial question, justifying the enslavement of colonial peoples under the guise of implementing imperialism's so-called "civilizing mission." He was hostile toward the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet State. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized the imperialist nature of Van Kol's positions in his works. – 186, 188.

Warski (Warski), Adolf (Varshavskii, A. S.) (1868–1937) – one of the oldest and most prominent figures of Polish revolutionary movement. In the late 1880s he was one of the organizers of the "Union of Polish Workers," actively participated in the creation of Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (from 1900 – Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania). In 1893 he emigrated abroad, where together with R. Luxemburg and others he began publishing the newspaper "Sprawa Robotnicza" ("Workers' Cause") – the first organ of Polish Social Democrats, and then the journal "Przeglad Socjaldemokratyczny" ("Social Democratic Review"). Delegate to the Fourth (Unification) Party Congress with consultative voice from Social Democracy of Poland and Lithuania. After the Congress he entered the Central Committee of the RSDLP. At the Fifth (London) Party Congress he was elected to the Central Committee. In 1909–1910 he was one of the editors of the Central Organ of the RSDLP newspaper "Social Democrat." In this period V. I. Lenin characterized Warski as "an experienced writer, intelligent Marxist and excellent comrade" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 36, p. 133). During the First World War he was an internationalist, participant in the Zimmerwald and Kinthal Conferences. In 1916 he returned to Poland but was arrested by the Germans for anti-war agitation; after his release in 1917 he held a leadership position in the SDKPiL. One of the founders and member of the Central Committee of the Communist Workers' Party of Poland, participant in its congresses and conferences. He was elected deputy to the Polish Sejm and was chairman of its Communist faction. In 1929 he emigrated to the USSR; worked at the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute on the history of the Polish labor movement. – 356, 376.

Varshavskii, A. S. – see Warski, Adolf.

Wibaut (Wibaut), Florentius Marius (1859–1936) – Dutch Social Democrat, journalist. Contributed to the journal "De Economist." In March 1910 he left the opportunist Social Democratic Workers' Party and joined the Marxist Social Democratic Party. Was a delegate to the international socialist congress in Copenhagen (1910), served on the cooperative commission of the congress and its subcommission. During the First World War he was a centrist. Later he slid toward open reformism. He was a major merchant and representative of financial circles in Amsterdam's city government. – 349, 353.

Viviani (Viviani), René (1863–1925) – French political and statesman; lawyer by profession. From 1893 he was repeatedly elected to parliament, where he gravitated toward the so-called "independent socialists" who openly collaborated with bourgeois parties; in 1906–1910 Viviani was Minister of Labor, first in Clemenceau's cabinet, then in Briand's cabinet. In 1906 he broke with the Socialist Party and together with Millerand and other renegades created in 1911 the bourgeois so-called "Republican Socialist Party." In 1914 he was Premier and Foreign Minister; later Minister of Justice. In 1920–1921 he was France's representative at the League of Nations; in 1921–1922 he represented France at the Washington Conference. – 289.

Vilonov, N. E. (Mikhail) (1883–1910) – professional revolutionary, Bolshevik. He began revolutionary activity in 1901 as a worker in the Kaluga railway workshops. In 1902 he joined the Kiev Social Democratic organization, became a supporter of "Iskra." In 1903 he was arrested and exiled under special police surveillance to Ekaterinoslav, where he entered the local Iskra committee; was one of the organizers of the general strike in August 1903. He was exiled to Yenisei Province, from which he escaped in July 1904; at the behest of the Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee he worked in Kazan organizing the local RSDLP committee and created illegal printing shops in the Urals. He actively participated in the 1905–1907 revolution in the Volga region and the Urals, was elected chairman of the Executive Committee of the Samara Soviet of Workers' Deputies, conducted party work in Ufa, and organized elections of delegates to the Fourth RSDLP Congress in Yekaterinburg. In March 1906 he was arrested; in July he escaped from prison and worked as a party organizer in the Lefortovo district of Moscow, served in the Moscow RSDLP Committee. After another arrest he was exiled for three years to Astrakhan Province, from which he went abroad at the end of 1908. He was one of the organizers of the school on Capri. When Vilonov became aware of the anti-party character of the school, he broke with the factionalists and, heading a group of students, went to Paris at the invitation of V. I. Lenin. At the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in 1910 he was nominated by the Bolsheviks as a candidate for co-option to the Central Committee. On May 1, 1910, he died of tuberculosis while being treated in Davos (Switzerland). – 120.

Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern) (1859–1941) – German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888–1918). – 53.

Witte, S. Yu. (1849–1915) – statesman expressing the interests of "military-feudal imperialism" of Tsarist Russia, convinced supporter of autocracy, striving to preserve the monarchy through insignificant concessions to the liberal bourgeoisie and brutal repression against the people; one of the organizers of suppressing the 1905–1907 revolution. As Minister of Transportation (February–August 1892), Minister of Finance (1892–1903), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (October 1905 – April 1906), Witte through his measures in finance, customs policy, railroad construction, factory legislation, and extensive encouragement of foreign capital investment promoted the development of capitalism in Russia and increased its dependence on imperialist powers. "Minister-broker," "stock exchange agent" – so V. I. Lenin characterized him. – 214.

Vishnevskii – see Goldenberg, I. P.

Vlasov – see Rykov, A. I.

Voblyi, K. G. (1876–1947) – economist and statistician. From 1906 he was a private docent, then professor at Kiev University and the Commercial Institute. Author of numerous studies on economic and statistical questions. In Voblyi's pre-revolutionary works there was strong influence of bourgeois political economy. After the October Socialist Revolution he was a full member and vice-president of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. – 324.

Vodovozov, V. V. (1864–1933) – economist and publicist of the liberal-populist tendency. From 1904 he was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper "Our Life"; in 1906 he contributed to the left-Constitutional Democratic newspaper "Comrade," during the campaign for the election to the Second State Duma he gravitated toward the Laborites. In 1912 he published in the journal "Life's Questions," in which Constitutional Democrats, "National Socialists," and Menshevik Liquidators contributed. In 1917 Vodovozov served on the editorial board of the journal "Byloe" (The Past), contributed to the liberal-bourgeois newspaper "Day." He was hostile to the October Socialist Revolution. From 1926 he was in emigration, participated in White Guard press. – 71.

Voinov – see Lunacharskii, A. V.

Volosevich, V. O. (1882–1953) – Social Democrat, Bolshevik. Conducted party work in Kharkov, Voronezh, Tula, and Kherson. In 1909 he was the responsible organizer of the Vasileostrovsky district in Petrograd, served in the Petrograd Committee. In the summer of 1910 he was arrested and then exiled to Yenisei Province. In 1912 he escaped from exile and emigrated abroad. From 1913 he lived in Lille (France). In 1919 he entered the Committee of the Third International that was formed in Lille; later he was a member of the French Communist Party and correspondent for the newspaper "L'Humanité" ("Humanity"). In the autumn of 1922 he returned to Soviet Russia, taught the history of the party and other social disciplines in higher educational institutions in Leningrad. In the early 1930s Volosevich's works on party history were sharply criticized for Trotskyist errors. From 1932 he worked as a mathematics teacher in Leningrad higher educational institutions. – 118–119.

Volskii, N. V. – see Valentinov, N.

Volskii, S. (Sokolov, A. V., "Er," St., Stan., Stanislav) (born 1880) – Social Democrat. After the Second RSDLP Congress he joined the Bolsheviks. In 1904–1905 he conducted party work in Moscow, participated in the December armed uprising. He was a delegate of the Moscow organization to the Fifth (London) Party Congress. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing he was one of the leaders of the Recallists, participated in organizing and running factional schools on Capri and in Bologna (Italy), served in the anti-party group "Forward." After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 he worked in the military section of the Petrograd Soviet. He was hostile to the October Socialist Revolution and fought against Soviet power. For some time he was in emigration but soon returned to Soviet Russia. He worked in forestry cooperation, Gosplan, and the Commissariat of Trade. From 1927 he engaged in literary work. – 4, 14, 85, 86, 87–88, 94, 95, 99–100, 104.

Vsev., Vsevolod – see Denisov, V. P.

Wurm (Wurm), Emmanuel (1857–1920) – German Social Democrat, chemist by profession. From 1890 he was a deputy to the Reichstag. In 1902–1917 he was one of the editors of the journal "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Times"). Delegate to the international socialist congress in Copenhagen (1910). During the First World War he was a centrist. After the November 1918 revolution in Germany he was Minister of Food. – 351, 352–353.

G

G—g – see Levitskii, V. O.

Ga—az, Evg. – see Maevskii, E.

Gabrilevich, L. E. (Galich, L.) (born 1878) – Constitutional Democrat, publicist. He was a private docent at St. Petersburg University, contributed to the liberal newspaper "Russian Word," in Constitutional Democratic organs – the journal "Russian Thought," the newspaper "Speech," and other bourgeois publications. – 71.

Galich, L. – see Gabrilevich, L. E.

Galbershtedt, R. S. (Mikhailova, Nat.) (1877–1940) – in 1896 she was part of the Social Democratic circle headed by G. V. Plekhanov in Geneva. Upon her return to Russia she worked in Social Democratic organizations in Odessa, Kishinev, Kharkov, and Yekaterinoslav; was part of the "Iskra" organization. At the Second RSDLP Congress she was present with consultative voice from the Organizational Committee, an Iskra representative in the minority. After the Congress she was an active Menshevik; in December 1905 she entered the united Central Committee from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing she held Liquidationist positions; during the First World War she held defensive positions. Shortly after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 she withdrew from political activity. – 207–210.

Gegechkori, E. P. (born 1879) – Georgian Menshevik. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Kutais Province, one of the leaders of the Social Democratic faction in the Duma. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 he was a member of the Special Caucasian Committee of the Provisional Government. From November 1917 he was chairman of the counterrevolutionary government of the Caucasus (Caucasian Commissariat), then Foreign Minister and deputy chairman of the Menshevik government of Georgia. After the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia in 1921, he became a White emigrant. – 53–54, 224–225.

Guesde (Guesde), Jules (Vazil, Matthieu) (1845–1922) – one of the organizers and leaders of the French socialist movement and the Second International. He began his political activity in the second half of the 1860s; spoke in support of the Paris Commune of 1871 and was forced to emigrate. In 1876 he returned to France; under the influence of works by K. Marx and F. Engels he adopted Marxist positions; in 1877 he was one of the founders of the newspaper "L'Égalité" ("Equality"), which played a decisive role in organizing the Workers' Party of France in 1879 – the first independent political party of the French proletariat. With the assistance of Marx and Engels, Guesde, together with Lafargue, worked out the program of the party, adopted at the Havre Congress (1880). Guesde did much to spread the ideas of Marxism and develop the socialist movement in France; he was several times elected a parliamentary deputy. In 1904 Lenin characterized Guesde as one of the most consistent and resolute representatives of international Social Democracy.

However, in fighting against the policy of right-wing socialists, Guesde made sectarian errors in both theoretical and tactical questions: he underestimated the role of the party in the struggle of the working class and held an incorrect position on the question of the proletariat's relation to war. When the First World War began, Guesde took up social-chauvinist positions, entered the bourgeois government. Lenin wrote: "Learn from the example of Guesde's entire life, we say to workers, except for his obvious betrayal of socialism in 1914" (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 104). Guesde did not understand the significance of the October Socialist Revolution and did not follow the majority at the Tours Congress of the French Socialist Party (1920), which decided to join the Comintern. – 159, 161, 352, 355.

Gelfand, A. L. – see Parvus.

Georg – see Levitskii, V. O.

Georgii – see Zeitlin, B. S.

Gershenzon, M. O. (1869–1925) – publicist, literary historian. Contributed to a number of bourgeois journals and newspapers: "Russian Thought," "Russian Gazette," "Messenger of Europe," and others. In 1909 in an article "Creative Self-Consciousness," published in the counterrevolutionary collection "Landmarks," he spoke out against the democratic traditions of the advanced Russian intelligentsia. After the October Socialist Revolution he worked in organs of public education and in the All-Russian Union of Writers. – 167.

Ginzburg, B. A. – see Koltsov, D.

Gogol, N. V. (1809–1852) – great Russian writer, one of the founders of critical realism in Russian literature. In his works ("The Inspector General," "Dead Souls," and others) he gave a scathing picture of the life and customs of landowners and officials in serf-owning Russia. V. I. Lenin repeatedly used in his works the artistic images created by Gogol. In exposing the rottenness of the autocratic-serf order, defending the interests of the people, depicting with brilliant satirical colors a world of pettiness, violence, and deception, Gogol, however, was not consistent in his democratism. In Gogol's last years reactionary elements intensified in his worldview. They manifested most clearly in the book published in 1847, "Selected Passages from a Correspondence with Friends," which was sharply criticized in the famous letter by V. G. Belinskii to Gogol. – 169, 170.

Goldenberg, I. P. (Vishnevskii, Meshkovskii) (1873–1922) – Social Democrat, supporter of "Iskra"; after the Second RSDLP Congress a Bolshevik. During the 1905–1907 revolution he was a member of the editorial boards of all Bolshevik publications. In 1907 he participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Party Congress, where he was elected to the Central Committee. In January 1910 he entered the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee, showed reconciling vacillations toward the Liquidators. During the First World War he joined the defeatists, supporters of Plekhanov. In 1917–1919 he gravitated toward the group "New Life." In 1920 he was readmitted to the Bolshevik party. – 22, 31, 32.

Gorev (Goldman), B. I. (I.) (born 1874) – Social Democrat. He began participating in the revolutionary movement in the mid-1890s. In 1905 he was a member of the Petrograd Committee of the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. In 1907 he joined the Mensheviks. At the Fifth (London) Party Congress he was elected from the Mensheviks as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Contributed to Menshevik-Liquidationist organs: the newspaper "Voice of the Social Democrat" and the journal "Our Dawn." In 1912 he participated in the anti-party August Conference in Vienna, where he was elected to the Organizational Committee. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 he was one of the editors of the Menshevik "Workers' Gazette," a member of the Menshevik Central Committee and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. In August 1920 he announced his withdrawal from the Menshevik organization. Subsequently he worked as a teacher in higher educational institutions. – 283.

Goremykin, I. A. (1839–1917) – statesman of Tsarist Russia, one of the typical representatives of reactionary bureaucracy, a fervent monarchist. In 1895–1899 he was Minister of Internal Affairs, carried out a reactionary policy aimed at weakening and eliminating the reforms of the 1860s (the so-called policy of counter-reforms); brutally suppressed the labor movement. He was Chairman of the Council of Ministers from April to August 1906 and from January 1914 to January 1916. – 181.

Gorter (Gorter), Hermann (1864–1927) – Dutch left Social Democrat, poet and publicist. In 1897 he joined the Social Democrats. In 1907 he was one of the founders of the newspaper "De Tribune" ("Tribune") – organ of the left wing of the Dutch Social Democratic Workers' Party. During the First World War he was an internationalist, supporter of the Zimmerwald left. In 1918–1921 he was a member of the Communist Party of Holland and participated in the work of the Comintern; held an ultra-left, sectarian position. In 1921 he left the communist party and then withdrew from active political activity. – 186.

Gorky, Maxim (Peshkov, A. M.) (1868–1936) – great proletarian writer, founder of socialist realism, originator of Soviet literature. From an early age Gorky experienced severe hardship and deprivation, wandered much through Russia, participated in the revolutionary labor movement, and was repeatedly subjected to repression by the Tsar's government. In his works Gorky reflected the life of the Russian working class, its heroic struggle against tsarism and capitalism for the liberation of the toilers. With passionate force he exposed the arbitrariness and despotism of the Tsar's administration, castigated philistinism and vulgarity, revealed the inner desolation and inadequacy of bourgeois intelligentsia, and showed the great creative force of the toiling masses, the birth of the new man in the process of revolutionary struggle. All of Gorky's works are imbued with the idea of revolutionary humanism. M. Gorky was sympathetic to the revolutionary proletariat in its struggle and provided assistance to the Social Democratic party. V. I. Lenin was closely acquainted with Gorky, highly valued his talent, pointed out his errors, and showed constant concern for him.

After the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, Gorky conducted extensive varied work to unite the intelligentsia around Soviet power. He took the initiative in creating the Union of Soviet Writers and was its chairman until the end of his life. His statements on questions of Soviet construction and in defense of peace were of great importance. Gorky tirelessly called for struggle against fascism, exposed the preparations by imperialists for the Second World War, and helped organize anti-war international congresses. In a series of essays and pamphlets he subjected contemporary imperialism, especially American imperialism, to devastating criticism. As an artist, Gorky completed the development of nineteenth-century Russian classical literature and became the founder of proletarian socialist literature. Gorky was an outstanding critic and publicist; he exerted enormous influence on the development of Soviet literature and democratic literature throughout the world. – 120, 153, 251–262.

Grigorii – see Zinoviev, G. E.

Gurvich, F. I. – see Dan, F. I.

Gutovskii, V. A. – see Maevskii, E.

Guchkov, A. I. (1862–1936) – major capitalist, organizer and leader of the Octobrist Party. During the 1905–1907 revolution he spoke out against the revolutionary movement, supporting government policy of ruthless repression against the working class and peasantry. In 1910–1911 he was chairman of the Third State Duma. During the First World War he was chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee and member of the Special Defense Conference. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 he was War and Naval Minister of the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government, advocated continuation of the war "to a victorious end." In August 1917 he participated in organizing the Kornilov mutiny, was arrested at the front but released by the Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution he actively fought against Soviet power and was a White emigrant. – 128, 211, 212.

D

David (David), Eduard (1863–1930) – one of the leaders of the right wing of German social democracy, economist by profession. In 1894 he entered the commission for the preparation of the agrarian program of the party, took the position of revising Marxist teaching on the agrarian question, proved the stability of small peasant farms under capitalism. Was one of the founders of the journal of German opportunists "Sozialistische Monatshefte" ("Socialist Monthly"). In 1903 he published the book "Socialism and Agriculture," which V. I. Lenin called "the main work of revisionism on the agrarian question." From 1903 he was a deputy of the Reichstag. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. In 1919 he entered the first coalition government of the German Republic, in 1919–1920 – Minister of Internal Affairs, in 1922–1927 – representative of the government in Hesse; supported the revanchist aspirations of German imperialism, enemy of the USSR. Lenin characterized David as an opportunist "whose entire life was devoted to the bourgeois corruption of the workers' movement" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 242). – 327–328.

Dan (Gurvich), F. I. (1871–1947) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks, physician by profession. Participated in the social-democratic movement from the 1890s, was a member of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In September 1903 he emigrated abroad, where he became a Menshevik. Dan participated in the IV (Unification), V (London) Congresses of the RSDLP and a number of conferences. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing, he headed abroad the group of liquidators, edited the liquidationist newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat." During the First World War – a defensist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power. In early 1922 he was exiled abroad as an irreconcilable enemy of the Soviet state. – 13, 15, 16, 22, 45, 60, 61, 63, 95, 138, 202, 205, 209, 287, 295, 300.

Denisov, V. P. (Vsevolod, Vsev.) (b. 1876) – participated in the social-democratic movement from the 1890s, was repeatedly subjected to arrest. After the split of the RSDLP he joined the Bolsheviks. Delegate to the V (London) Congress of the party from the Petersburg organization. In December 1908 was a delegate of the Petersburg organization to the V Conference of the RSDLP. Was a member of the recallist group. In 1909 was arrested and exiled to settlement in Irkutsk Gubernia. After the October Socialist Revolution conducted pedagogical work in Siberia. – 14, 86.

Djibladdze, S. V. (S.) (1859–1922) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In the 1890s was a member of the first Marxist group in Georgia "Mesame Dasi." In the late 1890s–early 1900s was a member of the Tiflis Committee of the RSDLP, participated in the revolution of 1905–1907. During the period of reaction joined the liquidators, was a member of the Menshevik Caucasian Regional Committee. In the years when Mensheviks held power in Georgia, Djibladdze was a member of the Central Committee of the Menshevik party. – 61, 62.

Dnevnitsky, P. N. (Tsederbaum, F. O., P.) (b. 1883) – social-democrat, Menshevik, publicist. From 1909 lived abroad, adhered to the Mensheviks of the party, collaborated in Plekhanov's "Diary of the Social-Democrat," participated in Bolshevik newspapers "Zvezda" and "Pravda."

After the October Socialist Revolution spoke against Soviet power. – 147.

Dobrolyubov, N. A. (1836–1861) – great Russian revolutionary democrat, outstanding literary critic and materialist philosopher, closest friend and comrade of N. G. Chernyshevsky. From autumn 1857 Dobrolyubov headed the critical-bibliographic section of the journal "Sovremennik," later headed the satirical section of the journal "Svistok." In four years of his literary activity Dobrolyubov wrote a series of brilliant articles ("The Dark Kingdom," "A Ray of Light in Darkness," "What is 'Oblomovism'?", "When Will the True Day Come?" and others), which are exemplars of militant literary criticism. Dobrolyubov was an irreconcilable enemy of autocracy and serfdom and was a proponent of popular uprising against the autocratic government.

Dobrolyubov, along with A. I. Herzen, V. G. Belinsky and N. G. Chernyshevsky, was a precursor of revolutionary social-democracy in Russia. – 169.

Domov – see Pokrovsky, M. N.

Dostoyevsky, F. M. (1821–1881) – outstanding Russian writer. Began his literary activity in the 1840s of the nineteenth century. His first novella "Poor People" received high praise from progressive criticism in the person of V. G. Belinsky. In 1847 he entered the revolutionary circle of M. V. Petrashevsky. In 1849, in the case of the Petrashevsky circle, he was sentenced to death, which was replaced with exile to hard labor. After serving his sentence in the Omsk penal fortress, he served as a common soldier in Semipalatinsk. Returning to Petersburg in 1859, he renewed his literary activity. Dostoyevsky's works ("Notes from the House of the Dead," "Crime and Punishment," "The Idiot" and others) are distinguished by realistic depiction of reality, human experiences, the protest of the individual against the suppression of human dignity. At the same time, in a number of Dostoyevsky's works the protest against social injustice is combined with the preaching of religious meekness and the cult of suffering. In the novel "Demons" the writer openly spoke out against materialism and atheism, against the revolutionary movement. The reactionary views expressed by Dostoyevsky in his works provoked opposition from revolutionary democrats and all progressive society. – 169.

Dubrovsky, I. F. (I., Innocent) (1877–1913) – one of the prominent figures of the Bolshevik party, professional revolutionary. Participated in the revolutionary movement from 1893. First participated in Populist circles, then, breaking with Populism, became a Marxist. Was one of the leaders of the "Moscow Workers' Union." From 1902 – agent of "Iskra." After the II Congress of the RSDLP – Bolshevik; was coöpted into the Central Committee. In 1905 – one of the organizers and leaders of the armed uprising in Moscow. At the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP was elected member of the Central Committee. While abroad, worked in the editorial board of "Proletariat." During the years of reaction displayed conciliationist wavering toward the liquidators. Repeatedly subjected to repression; in 1913 perished in Turukhansk exile. V. I. Lenin, while noting Dubrovsky's conciliationist errors, nevertheless highly valued him as one of the greatest organizers of the party, selflessly devoted to the cause of the working class. – 204, 273.

E

"Er" – see Volsky, S.

Ermolaev, K. M. (Roman) (1884–1919) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In 1904–1905 worked in Petersburg and the Donetsk Basin. Delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP; was elected to the Central Committee from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction became a liquidator; in 1910, as one of 16 Mensheviks, signed the "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party. In 1917 was elected member of the Central Committee of the Menshevik party, was a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. – 207–210, 236, 265, 287, 316, 373.

Erogin, M. M. (b. 1856) – landowner; served as land captain in Grodno Gubernia, later – Bialystok district marshal of the nobility; one of the most zealous promoters of the reactionary policy of tsarism. Deputy to the I State Duma from Grodno Gubernia. – 92.

Zh

Jordata, N. N. (An) (1870–1953) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Began his political activity in the 1890s, was one of the founders and leaders of the social-democratic party of Georgia "Mesame Dasi," headed its opportunist wing. At the II Congress of the RSDLP was present with consultative voice, adhered to the Iskrists of the minority. After the Congress – leader of the Caucasian Mensheviks. In 1905 edited the Menshevik newspaper "Social-Democrat" (in Georgian), spoke against Bolshevik tactics in the bourgeois-democratic revolution. In 1906 was a member of the I State Duma. Participated in the work of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP; at the V (London) Congress of the party was elected member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upswing Jordata, formally adhering to the Mensheviks of the party, in fact supported the liquidators. In 1914 collaborated in Trotsky's journal "Struggle"; during the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was chairman of the Tiflis Soviet of Workers' Deputies, in 1918–1921 headed the counter-revolutionary Menshevik government of Georgia; from 1921 – a white émigrés. – 275.

Jaurès (Jaurès), Jean (1859–1914) – prominent figure of French and international socialist movement, historian. In the 1880s – bourgeois radical, then joined the group of "independent socialists." In 1902 Jaurès and his supporters created the French Socialist Party, which in 1905, merging with the Socialist Party of France, received the name of the United French Socialist Party. Member of Parliament in 1885–1889, 1893–1898, 1902–1914; one of the leaders of the parliamentary socialist faction. In 1904 founded and edited until the end of his life the newspaper "L'Humanité" ("Humanity"), which in 1920 became the central organ of the French Communist Party. During the revolution of 1905–1907 in Russia welcomed the struggle of the Russian people. Jaurès tirelessly spoke in defense of democracy, popular freedoms, for peace, against imperialist oppression and predatory wars. He was convinced that only socialism would finally end wars and colonial oppression. However, Jaurès believed that socialism would triumph not through the class struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, but as a result of "the flowering of the democratic idea." He was alien to the idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat, preached class peace between oppressors and oppressed, shared Proudhonist illusions regarding cooperation, believing that its development under capitalism would allegedly facilitate gradual transition to socialism. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Jaurès's reformist views, which pushed him onto the path of opportunism.

Jaurès's struggle for peace, against the impending threat of war, caused hatred toward him from imperialist bourgeoisie. On the eve of the First World War Jaurès was killed by an instrument of reaction.

Author of works: "History of the Great French Revolution," "Political and Social Ideas of Europe and the Great Revolution" and others. – 54, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352.

Z

Singer (Singer), Paul (1844–1911) – one of the leaders of German social-democracy, comrade of A. Bebel, W. Liebknecht, prominent figure of the Marxist wing in the II International. From 1887 – member of the Board of the German Social-Democratic Party, and from 1890 (after the Halle Congress) – chairman of the Party Board. From 1884 to 1911 – member of the Reichstag and chairman of the social-democratic faction. From 1900 was a member of the International Socialist Bureau. Singer was an enemy of opportunism in the ranks of the German workers' party and until the end of his life remained a consistent proponent of revolutionary social-democratic policy. V. I. Lenin highly valued Singer as an irreconcilable fighter for the cause of the proletariat. – 126, 187–188.

Zinoviev, G. E. (Radomyslsky, G. K, Gregory) (1883–1936) – member of the RSDLP from 1901. From 1908 to April 1917 was in emigration, was a member of the editorial boards of the Central Organ of the party "Social-Democrat" and the Bolshevik newspaper "Proletariat." During the years of reaction treated the liquidators, recallists and Trotskyists in a conciliationist manner. During the period of preparation and conduct of the October Socialist Revolution displayed wavering, in October 1917 together with Kamenev published in the semi-Menshevik newspaper "New Life" a statement of disagreement with the decision of the Central Committee on armed uprising, thereby betraying the plans of the party to the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution – chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Repeatedly spoke out against the Leninist policy of the party: in November 1917 was a supporter of creating a coalition government with the participation of Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries; in 1925 – one of the organizers of the "new opposition"; in 1926 – one of the leaders of the anti-party Trotskyist-Zinovievist bloc. In November 1927 for factional activity was expelled from the party. In 1928 was restored, and in 1932 was again expelled from the party; again restored in 1933. In 1934 for anti-party activity was expelled from the party for the third time. – 204.

I

I. – see Gorev, B. I.

I. – see Dubrovsky, I. F.

Izgoev (Lande), A. S. (b. 1872) – bourgeois publicist, one of the ideologists of the Constitutional Democratic Party. Initially was a "legal Marxist," for some time adhered to social-democrats, in 1905 defected to the Constitutional Democratic Party. Made fierce attacks on the Bolsheviks in the organs of the Constitutional Democrats: the newspaper "Rech," journals "Southern Notes" and "Russian Thought"; participated in the counter-revolutionary collection "Vekhy." After the October Socialist Revolution Izgoev collaborated in the journal of the decadent group of intellectuals – "Herald of Literature." For counter-revolutionary publicistic activity in 1922 was exiled abroad. – 71, 167, 171, 174, 180, 361.

Ikov, V. K. (Vadim) (b. 1882) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP as a delegate from the Smorgon organization. Collaborated in the journal "Revival," the newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat" and other organs of the Menshevik-liquidators. During the First World War – a defensist. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the cooperative system. In 1931 was convicted in the case of the counter-revolutionary Menshevik organization "Allied Bureau of the RSDLP." – 207–210.

Innocent – see Dubrovsky, I. F.

Iogikhs, Leo – see Tishka, Jan.

Ionov (Koigen, F. M.) (1870–1923) – social-democrat, one of the leaders of the Bund, subsequently – member of the Communist Party. From 1893 worked in social-democratic circles in Odessa. In 1903 was elected member of the Central Committee of the Bund. Was a representative of the Bund at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP. Delegate to the V (London) Congress of the party. In December 1908 participated in the work of the V Conference of the RSDLP, on the main questions stood on the platform of the Mensheviks of the party; later occupied a conciliationist position toward the liquidators. During the First World War was a member of the internationalist wing of the Bund. After the October Socialist Revolution joined the RCP(b), worked in the Votsk Party Committee. – 257–258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 280–281, 283–284, 285, 286–287, 294–296.

Iordansky, I. I. (1876–1928) – social-democrat; after the II Congress of the RSDLP – Menshevik. In 1904 – contributor to the Menshevik newspaper "Iskra"; in 1905 was a member of the Executive Committee of the Petersburg Soviet. In 1906 – delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP with consultative voice, representative of the united Central Committee of the RSDLP (from the Mensheviks). During the years of reaction was close to the Mensheviks of the party. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – commissar of the bourgeois Provisional Government with the armies of the South-Western Front. In 1921 joined the ranks of the RCP(b); in 1922 worked in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs and the State Publishing House, then was plenipotentiary representative in Italy. From 1924 engaged in literary activity. – 124.

Isuv, I. A. (Michael) (1878–1920) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In 1903 was a member of the Ekaterinoslav Committee of the RSDLP, after the II Congress of the party joined the Mensheviks, worked in Moscow and Petersburg. In 1907 entered the Central Committee from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction became a liquidator, collaborated in the journal "Our Dawn" and other liquidationist publications. During the years of the First World War – a defensist. In 1917 was a member of the Moscow Committee of the Mensheviks, was a member of the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the Museum of Labor. – 208–210, 236, 262, 265, 284, 286, 287, 288, 291, 294, 295, 301, 316, 373.

K

K. – see Steklov, Y. M.

K. St. – see Stalin, I. V.

Kalinin, F. I. (Worker Ar.) (1882–1920) – worker-weaver. From the early 1900s participated in the revolutionary movement, member of the RSDLP from 1903. In 1905 led the armed uprising in the city of Aleksandrovsk in Vladimir Gubernia, later worked in the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upswing was a participant in fractional schools on Capri and in Bologna (Italy), was a member of the anti-party group "Forward." From 1912 lived in Paris. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, worked in the Petrograd Professional Union of Metalworkers. After the October Socialist Revolution – member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Enlightenment and one of the leaders of "Proletkult." – 314–315, 316.

Kamenev, L. B. (Rosenfeld, L. B.) (1883–1936) – member of the RSDLP from 1901. After the II Congress of the RSDLP joined the Bolsheviks. Delegate to the III Congress of the party from the Caucasian Union of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction occupied a conciliationist position toward the liquidators, recallists and Trotskyists. In 1915, being under arrest, before the tsar's court renounced the Bolshevik slogan of defeat of the tsar's government in the imperialist war. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 spoke against the course of the party toward socialist revolution and the April Theses of V. I. Lenin. In October 1917 together with Zinoviev published in the semi-Menshevik newspaper "New Life" a statement of disagreement with the decision of the Central Committee on armed uprising, thereby betraying the plans of the party to the bourgeois Provisional Government.

After the October Socialist Revolution – chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, chairman of the Moscow Soviet, deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars; was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. Repeatedly spoke out against the Leninist policy of the party: in November 1917 was a supporter of creating a coalition government with the participation of Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1925 – one of the organizers of the "new opposition," in 1926 – one of the leaders of the anti-party Trotskyist-Zinovievist bloc. In 1927 was expelled from the party by the XV Congress of the VKP(b) as an active figure of the Trotskyist opposition. In 1928 declared recognition of his mistakes and was restored to the party, however did not cease anti-party activity and in 1932 was again expelled from the VKP(b). Again restored to the party in 1933. In 1934 for anti-party activity was expelled from the party for the third time. – 23.

Karaulov, V. A. (1854–1910) – Constitutional Democrat, nobleman, jurist by profession. In 1884 was arrested in Kiev in the case of 12 Populists, sentenced to 4 years hard labor, and then exiled to Siberia. In 1905 Karaulov joined the Constitutional Democrats; openly spoke out against the revolution of 1905–1907. Deputy to the III State Duma from Yenisei Gubernia. In the Duma occupied "one of the first places among the most vile counter-revolutionary Constitutional Democrats with eternal sanctimonious phrases on the lips" (see V. I. Lenin. Works, 4th ed., vol. 17, p. 27). – 175, 428.

Karpeles (Karpeles), Benno – Austrian social-democrat, prominent figure of Austrian cooperative movement. In 1900 was a delegate from professional unions at the international socialist congress in Paris. In 1910 – delegate to the international socialist congress in Copenhagen, was a member of the cooperative commission of the congress, as well as its subcommission. Later withdrew from political activity. – 347, 349.

Katkov, M. N. (1818–1887) – reactionary publicist. Began his political activity as a supporter of moderate noble liberalism, in 1851–1855 edited the newspaper "Moscow News," then was one of the publishers of the journal "Russian Herald." "During the first democratic upswing in Russia (early 1860s of the nineteenth century) turned to nationalism, chauvinism and raging Black Hundreds reaction" (V. I. Lenin. Works, 4th ed., vol. 18, p. 250). In 1863–1887 – editor-publisher of "Moscow News," which became the mouthpiece of monarchist reaction. Katkov himself called himself the "faithful watchdog of autocracy." Katkov's name became a symbol of the most unrestrained reaction. – 175.

Kautsky (Kautsky), Karl (1854–1938) – one of the leaders of German social-democracy and the II International, at first a Marxist, later a renegade of Marxism, ideologist of the most dangerous and pernicious variety of opportunism – centrism (Kautskyism). Editor of the theoretical journal of German social-democracy "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Times").

Began participating in the socialist movement from 1874. His views at that time represented a mixture of Lassalleanism, neo-Malthusianism and anarchism. In 1881 became acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels and under their influence moved to Marxism, however even in this period showed wavering toward opportunism, for which he was sharply criticized by K. Marx and F. Engels. In the 1880s–1890s wrote a series of works on questions of Marxist theory: "The Economic Teaching of Karl Marx," "The Agrarian Question" and others, which, despite errors made in them, played a positive role in the propagation of Marxism. Later, in the period of widespread revolutionary movement, moved to the positions of opportunism. Preached the ideology of centrism, i.e. hidden opportunism, spoke for leaving open opportunists in the party. During the First World War Kautsky stood on the positions of social-chauvinism, covering it with phrases about internationalism. Author of the theory of ultra-imperialism, the reactionary essence of which Lenin exposed in works "The Collapse of the II International," "Imperialism, as the Highest Stage of Capitalism" and others. After the October Socialist Revolution openly spoke out against proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin in his works "The State and Revolution," "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" and a number of others subjected Kautskyism to withering criticism. Revealing the danger of Kautskyism, V. I. Lenin in 1915 in the article "Socialism and War" wrote: "The working class cannot carry out its world-revolutionary role without waging a merciless war against this renegatism, spinelessness, servility to opportunism and unprecedented theoretical vulgarization of Marxism" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 283). – 6, 105, 120, 317, 324, 367.

Kistyakovsky, B. A. (1868–1920) – Constitutional Democrat, publicist, jurist by profession. From 1906 taught at the Moscow Commercial Institute, later – associate professor of Moscow University. In 1908–1909 was editor of the Moscow journal "Critical Review," in 1913–1917 edited the journal of the Moscow Juridical Society "Juridical Herald." In 1917 – professor of Kiev University in the chair of state law. – 167.

Knudsen (Knudsen), Peter Christian (1848–1910) – one of the leaders of Danish social-democracy, prominent figure of the Danish professional movement, worker by profession in glove production. From 1875 to 1903 was chairman of the professional union of glove makers, in 1898–1908 – vice-chairman of the All-Danish federation of trade unions. Participant in a number of congresses of the II International. Repeatedly elected deputy to parliament. – 184.

Koigen, F. M. – see Ionov.

Koltsov, D. (Ginzburg, B. A.) (1863–1920) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In the first half of the 1880s joined the Populist movement, in early 1893 emigrated to Switzerland, became close to the "Liberation of Labor" group; in 1895–1898 was secretary of the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," actively collaborated in its publications. Was present with consultative voice at the II Congress of the RSDLP, Iskrist of the minority, after the Congress – active Menshevik, contributor to a number of Menshevik publications. During the period of the revolution of 1905–1907 participated in the professional movement in Petersburg; from 1908 worked in Baku; collaborated in the legal newspaper of the Menshevik-liquidators "Ray." During the years of the First World War – a social-chauvinist; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – commissar of labor in the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Approached the October Socialist Revolution in a hostile manner. In 1918–1919 worked in cooperative organizations. – 207–210, 287.

Kramolnikov (Prigorny), G. I. (1880–1962) – member of the RSDLP from 1898. Began revolutionary activity in organizations of the Siberian Union of the RSDLP, worked in Omsk, Tomsk, then in Samara, Moscow, Petersburg, Kazan and other cities. Repeatedly subjected to repression by the tsar's government. Delegate to the III Congress of the RSDLP from the Samara organization. In 1905–1906 was a traveling agent of the Central Committee of the party. In 1907 moved to the Mensheviks, represented the Irkutsk Menshevik organization at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction adhered to the liquidators. From 1910 did not take active participation in party work. In 1919 joined the RCP(b), engaged in research and teaching work on the history of the party in Moscow higher educational institutions, from 1924 to 1941 worked in the Institute of Marx – Engels – Lenin. – 207–210.

Krasin, L. B. (Nikolaev) (1870–1926) – professional revolutionary, later a prominent Soviet state figure. In 1890 – member of the social-democratic circle of M. I. Brusnev in Petersburg. In 1894 was arrested and then exiled for 3 years to Irkutsk. After completing his exile entered the Kharkov Technological Institute, which he completed in 1900. In 1900–1904 worked as an engineer in Baku, where together with V. Z. Ketskhöveli organized the illegal printing press of "Iskra." After the II Congress of the RSDLP joined the Bolsheviks, was coöpted into the Central Committee of the party, where for some time he occupied a conciliationist position toward the Mensheviks. Participated in the work of the III Congress of the RSDLP, was elected member of the Central Committee. In 1905 Krasin – one of the organizers of the first legal Bolshevik newspaper "New Life"; as representative of the Central Committee was a member of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies. At the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP was elected member of the Central Committee, at the V (London) Congress of the party – candidate for member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1908 emigrated abroad. For some time was a member of the anti-party group "Forward"; later withdrew from political activity, worked as an engineer abroad and in Russia. After the October Socialist Revolution Krasin – one of the organizers of supply for the Red Army, then member of the presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, People's Commissar of Communications. From 1919 was engaged in diplomatic work. In 1921–1923 worked as plenipotentiary representative in London, participated in the Genoa and Hague Conferences. From 1922 – People's Commissar of Foreign Trade. From 1924 – plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in France, and from 1925 – plenipotentiary representative in England. At the XIII and XIV Congresses of the party was elected member of the Central Committee. – 74–78, 98–100, 102, 112–113.

Krichevsky, B. N. (1866–1919) – social-democrat, one of the leaders of "Economism." From the late 1880s participated in the work of social-democratic circles in Russia; in the early 1890s emigrated; abroad for some time adhered to the "Liberation of Labor" group, participated in its publications. In the late 1890s became one of the leaders of the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," in 1899 – editor of the organ of the "Union," the journal "Workers' Cause," on whose pages he propagated Bernsteinian views. Soon after the II Congress of the RSDLP withdrew from the social-democratic movement. – 17, 88.

Krupensky, P. N. (b. 1863) – deputy to the II, III and IV State Dumas from Bessarabia Gubernia, major landowner, marshal of the nobility of Khotin. In the Duma was a member of the agrarian, budgetary and other commissions, made pogroms speeches against left-wing parties. From 1910 to 1917 – chamber of the court. After the October Socialist Revolution facilitated foreign military intervention in southern Russia. – 128.

Kuzmin-Karavaev, V. D. (1859–1927) – military jurist, general, one of the leaders of the right wing of the Constitutional Democratic Party. Deputy to the I and II State Dumas, played a prominent role in suppressing the revolution of 1905–1907. In the First World War – one of the figures of the zemstvo and member of the military-industrial committee. After the October Socialist Revolution actively spoke out against Soviet power; during the period of foreign military intervention and civil war – White Guard, member of the political conference under Yudenich. From 1920 – white émigrés. – 110.

Kuskova, E. D. (1869–1958) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the mid-1890s, while abroad, became close to the "Liberation of Labor" group, however soon under the influence of Bernsteinism moved onto the path of revision of Marxism. The document written by Kuskova, called "Credo," most vividly expressed the opportunist essence of "Economism" and provoked sharp protest from the group of Russian Marxists headed by V. I. Lenin (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 4, p. 163–176). On the eve of the revolution of 1905–1907 Kuskova entered the liberal-monarchist "Union for Liberation." In 1906 together with S. N. Prokopovich published the semi-Constitutional Democratic journal "Untitled," was an active contributor to the newspaper of the left Constitutional Democrats "Comrade." Kuskova called on workers to refuse revolutionary struggle, sought to subordinate the workers' movement to the political leadership of liberal bourgeoisie. After the October Socialist Revolution spoke out against the Bolsheviks. In 1922 was exiled abroad, where became an active figure of the white emigration. – 144.

Kutler, N. N. (1859–1924) – prominent figure of the Constitutional Democratic Party; worked in the Ministry of Finance, was director of the Department of Fixed Duties, later – Minister of Agriculture and Land Settlement. Deputy to the II and III State Dumas from the city of Petersburg, one of the authors of the project of the agrarian program of the Constitutional Democrats. A detailed critique of this project and Kutler's position V. I. Lenin gave in his works "Draft Speech on the Agrarian Question in the Second State Duma" and "The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907" (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 15, p. 141–150 and vol. 16, p. 193–413). After the October Socialist Revolution Kutler worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance, from 1922 was a member of the board of the State Bank of the USSR. – 70, 110.

L

Lande, A. S. – see Izgoev, A. S.

Larin, Y. (Lurie, M. A.) (1882–1932) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP from the Feodosia organization. Upheld the Menshevik program of land municipalization, supported the opportunist idea of convening a "workers' congress." Was a delegate to the V (London) Congress of the party from the Poltava organization. After the defeat of the revolution of 1905–1907 – one of the active liquidators. Actively participated in the anti-party August Bloc, created in 1912 by Trotsky. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed the group of Menshevik-internationalists, publishing the journal "International." In August 1917 was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in Soviet and economic organizations. – 147.

Levitsky (Tsederbaum), V. O. (G – g, George) (b. 1883) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Entered the revolutionary movement in the late 1890s, worked in the Dvina organization of the Bund. In early 1906 was a member of the Petersburg united committee of the RSDLP; delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress from the Petersburg organization. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upswing – one of the leaders of liquidationism; was a member of the Menshevik center, was among those who signed the "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party, edited the journal "Our Dawn," collaborated in the "Voice of the Social-Democrat," "Revival" and other Menshevik-liquidationist periodicals. During the years of the First World War – a social-chauvinist, supported the far-right group of defensists. Met the October Socialist Revolution in a hostile manner, actively fought against Soviet power; in 1919 was involved in the case of the counter-revolutionary "Tactical Center." Later engaged in literary work. – 146, 207–210, 364.

Lenin, V. I. (Ulyanov, V. I., Lenin, N.) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 13, 15, 16, 17–18, 24–25, 99, 117, 120, 134, 260, 271, 272–273, 286, 287, 290, 297, 298, 300, 302, 333, 349, 350, 351, 352, 356, 357, 365, 376.

Liebknecht (Liebknecht), Wilhelm (1826–1900) – prominent figure of German and international workers' movement, one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party. Actively participated in the revolution of 1848–1849 in Germany, after whose defeat emigrated first to Switzerland and then to England, where he became close to K. Marx and F. Engels; under their influence became a socialist. In 1862 returned to Germany. After the creation of the I International – one of the most active propagandists of its revolutionary ideas and organizer of sections of the International in Germany. From 1875 until the end of his life Liebknecht was a member of the Board of the German Social-Democratic Party and responsible editor of its central organ "Vorwärts" ("Forward"). From 1867 to 1870 – deputy to the North German Reichstag, and from 1874 was repeatedly elected deputy to the German Reichstag; skillfully used the parliamentary tribune to expose the reactionary foreign and domestic policy of Prussian Junkerdom. For revolutionary activity repeatedly subjected to imprisonment. Actively participated in the organization of the II International. K. Marx and F. Engels highly valued Liebknecht. At the same time they criticized individual errors by Liebknecht of a conciliationist character, helping him take the correct position. – 252.

Lunacharsky, A. V. (Voinov) (1875–1933) – professional revolutionary, later a prominent Soviet state figure. Entered the revolutionary movement in the early 1890s. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – Bolshevik. Was a member of the editorial boards of the Bolshevik newspapers "Forward," "Proletariat," and then "New Life." Was a delegate to the III Congress of the party. Participant in the IV (Unification) and V (London) Congresses of the party. In 1907 was a representative of the Bolsheviks at the Stuttgart international socialist congress, and in 1910 – delegate to the VIII congress of the II International in Copenhagen. During the years of reaction withdrew from Marxism, participated in the anti-party group "Forward," came out with the demand to combine Marxism with religion. V. I. Lenin in his work "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" exposed the incorrectness of Lunacharsky's views and subjected them to serious criticism. During the First World War Lunacharsky stood on the positions of internationalism. In early 1917 joined the group of "inter-rayists," together with which was admitted to the party at the VI Congress of the RSDLP. After the October Socialist Revolution until 1929 – People's Commissar of Education, then chairman of the Academic Committee under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In August 1933 was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Spain. Author of a number of works on art and literature. – 16, 67, 94, 95, 120, 131, 142, 145, 313, 316, 349, 356–357.

Lurie, M. A. – see Larin, Y.

Luxemburg (Luxemburg), Rosa (1871–1919) – outstanding figure of international workers' movement, one of the leaders of the left wing of the II International. Began revolutionary activity in the second half of the 1880s, was one of the founders and leaders of the social-democratic party of Poland, spoke out against nationalism in the ranks of the Polish workers' movement. From 1897 actively participated in the German social-democratic movement, waged a struggle against Bernsteinism and Millerandism. Luxemburg was a participant in the first Russian revolution (in Warsaw), in 1907 participated in the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where she supported the Bolsheviks. From the very beginning of the First World War took an internationalist position. Was one of the initiators of the creation in Germany of the group "International," later renamed the group "Spartacus," and then the "Spartacus League"; wrote (in prison) under the pseudonym Junius a pamphlet "The Crisis of Social-Democracy" (see the article by V. I. Lenin "On the Junius Pamphlet" – Works, 4th ed., vol. 22, p. 291–305). After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany actively participated in the Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of Germany. In January 1919 was arrested and killed by order of the Scheidemann government. Lenin, who highly valued R. Luxemburg, repeatedly came out with criticism of her errors on a number of questions (on the role of the party, on imperialism, the national-colonial and peasant questions, on permanent revolution, etc.), thereby helping her take the correct position. – 16, 105, 367, 368, 375.

Lyadov (Mandelshtam), M. N. (1872–1947) – professional revolutionary. Began revolutionary activity in 1891 in Moscow Populist circles; in 1892 entered the Marxist circle, in 1893 participated in the creation of the Moscow Workers' Union – the first social-democratic organization in Moscow. In 1895 led a May Day celebration in Moscow, was arrested and in 1897 exiled for 5 years to Verkhoyanск. Upon returning from exile worked in Saratov. At the II Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Saratov Committee, Iskrist of the majority, after the Congress – agent of the Central Committee, waged active struggle against the Mensheviks in Russia and abroad. In August 1904 participated in the conference of 22 Bolsheviks in Geneva, entered the Bureau of Committees of the Majority, was a delegate from the Bolsheviks at the Amsterdam Congress of the II International. Actively participated in the revolution of 1905–1907, was a member of the Moscow Committee of the party, carried out responsible assignments of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction joined the recallists, was one of the lecturers of the fractional school on Capri (Italy), was a member of the anti-party group "Forward" (in 1911 left the group).

After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – deputy chairman of the Baku Soviet of Workers' and Military Deputies, stood on Menshevik positions. In 1920 was restored in the ranks of the RCP(b), was engaged in economic work in Moscow, worked in the Supreme Council of the National Economy, then in the People's Commissariat of Education; from 1923 – rector of the Communist University named after Y. M. Sverdlov; was a delegate to the XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI Congresses of the party. – 14, 17, 58, 67, 88, 94, 120, 131–132.

M

M. T. – see Tomsky, M. P.

Mayevsky, E. (Gutoevsky, V. A., Ga—az, Evg.) (1875–1918) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Entered the social-democratic movement in the late 1890s, one of the organizers of the Siberian Union of the RSDLP. In 1905 participated in the conference of Mensheviks in Geneva. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upswing – liquidator, collaborated in the journal "Our Dawn," the newspaper "Ray" and other organs of the Menshevik-liquidators. During the years of the First World War – a defensist. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power. – 207–210.

Mayer (Mayer), Gustav (1871–1948) – German progressive bourgeois historian, anti-fascist. Professor of Brussels, Breslau and Berlin Universities, publisher of Lassalle's literary legacy, author of the biography of F. Engels and a number of works on the history of socialism and the workers' movement. – 252.

Makadzub, M. S. (Anton) (b. 1876) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In 1901–1903 worked in social-democratic organizations in southern Russia. At the II Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Crimean Union, Iskrist of the minority. In May 1905 participated in the Menshevik conference in Geneva, was elected to the Organizational Commission – the directing Menshevik center. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upswing – liquidator, collaborated in the newspaper of the Menshevik-liquidators "Our Dawn." After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from political activity. From 1921 worked in forest-export institutions of the USSR abroad; from 1931 – an emigrant. – 207–210.

Maklakov, V. A. (b. 1870) – right-wing Constitutional Democrat, landowner, attorney by profession. From 1895 – barrister, appeared in many political trials. Deputy to the II, III and IV State Dumas from Moscow, member of the Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – ambassador of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Paris, then white émigrés. – 56.

Maximov, N. – see Bogdanov, A.

Malinovsky, A. A. – see Bogdanov, A.

Mandelshtam, M. N. – see Lyadov, M. N.

Marat – see Shantser, V. L.

Marx (Marx), Karl (1818–1883) – founder of scientific communism, brilliant thinker, leader and teacher of international proletariat (see the article by V. I. Lenin "Karl Marx (A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Account of Marxism)" – Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 27–74). – 78, 252, 332, 360, 361–362, 368.

Martov, L. (Tsederbaum, Y. O.) (1873–1923) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. Entered the social-democratic movement in the first half of the 1890s. In 1895 participated in the organization of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class," in connection with which was arrested in 1896 and exiled for 3 years to Turukhansk. After returning from exile in 1900 participated in the preparation of the publication of "Iskra," was a member of its editorial board. At the II Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the organization "Iskra," headed the opportunist minority of the Congress and from that time – one of the leaders of the central institutions of the Mensheviks and editor of Menshevik publications. Participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the party. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upswing – liquidator, edited the liquidationist newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat," participated in the anti-party August Conference (1912). During the period of the First World War occupied a centrist position; participated in the Zimmerwald and Kinthal Conferences. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed the group of Menshevik-internationalists. After the October Socialist Revolution moved into the camp of open enemies of Soviet power. In 1920 emigrated to Germany, published in Berlin the counter-revolutionary Menshevik "Socialist Herald." – 13, 15, 16, 17, 45, 63, 64, 136, 137–139, 144–145, 146, 152, 202, 203, 204, 209, 232, 253, 257, 264, 269, 270–271, 273, 287, 291, 295, 298, 299, 300, 308, 358–361, 363, 364, 366–367, 368–371, 375, 389, 397, 401, 404.

# Biographical Notes

**Martyno, A. (Picker, A. S.) (1865–1935)** – one of the leaders of the "Economists," a prominent Menshevik; later a member of the Communist Party. From the beginning of the 1880s participated in Populist circles; arrested in 1886 and exiled to Eastern Siberia, where he became a Social-Democrat in exile. Emigrated in 1900, joined the editorial board of the "Economists'" organ, the journal *Rabochee Delo* [Workers' Cause], and opposed Lenin's *Iskra*. At the II Congress of the RSDLP – a delegate from the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," an anti-Iskra delegate; after the Congress joined the Mensheviks. Participated in the V (London) Congress of the party as a delegate from the Ekaterinoslav organization. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a Liquidationist. During the First World War held a centrist position; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a Menshevik-Internationalist. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from the Mensheviks; in 1918–1920 worked as a teacher in Ukraine. In 1923 at the XII Congress of the RCP(b) was admitted to the party, worked at the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels; from 1924 – member of the editorial board of the journal *Communist International*. – 45, 88, 103, 139–140, 202, 209, 253, 270, 287, 291.

**Maslov, P. P. (1867–1946)** – economist, Social-Democrat, author of several works on the agrarian question, in which he attempted to revise Marxism; contributed to the journals *Zhizn* [Life], *Nachalo* [Beginning], and *Nauchnoe Obozrenie* [Scientific Review]. After the II Congress of the RSDLP joined the Mensheviks; put forward the Menshevik program of municipalization of land. At the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP delivered a report on the agrarian question on behalf of the Mensheviks, was elected to the editorial board of the Central Organ. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a Liquidationist; during the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from political activity, engaged in pedagogical and scientific work. From 1929 – Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. – 64, 135, 136–137, 138, 139, 145, 152, 287, 308, 360.

**Menshikov, M. O. (1859–1919)** – reactionary publicist, contributor to the Black Hundred newspaper *Novoe Vremya* [New Times], began his literary activities in 1879. V. I. Lenin called Menshikov "the faithful watchdog of the Tsar's Black Hundred" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 17, p. 67). After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power; shot in 1919 for counter-revolutionary activity. – 173.

**Mehring, Franz (1846–1919)** – outstanding figure of the German workers' movement, one of the leaders and theoreticians of the left wing of German Social-Democracy; in 1876–1882 held positions of bourgeois liberalism, then evolved leftward, was editor of the democratic *Volkszeitung* [People's Newspaper], opposed Bismarck in defense of Social-Democracy. In 1891 joined the Social-Democratic Party of Germany. Was an active contributor and one of the editors of the party's theoretical organ, the journal *Die Neue Zeit* [New Times]; later edited *Leipziger Volkszeitung* [Leipzig People's Newspaper]. In 1893 his work "The Legend of Lessing" was published separately; in 1897 – the four-volume "History of German Social-Democracy." Mehring worked extensively on the publication of the literary legacy of Marx, Engels, and Lassalle; in 1918 his book on the life and activity of K. Marx appeared. Mehring actively spoke out against opportunism and revisionism in the ranks of the II International, condemned Kautskyism, but shared the errors of the German left, who feared to break organizationally with the opportunists. Consistently defended internationalism, hailed the October Socialist Revolution. Was one of the leaders of the revolutionary "Sparta Union," played a prominent role in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany. – 317, 361–362.

**Meshkovskii** – see Gol'denberg, I. P.

**Millerand, Alexandre Étienne (1859–1943)** – French political figure; in the 1880s – a petty-bourgeois radical; in the 1890s joined the Socialists, led the opportunist direction in the French Socialist movement. In 1899 entered the reactionary bourgeois government of Waldeck-Rousseau, where he collaborated with Gallifet, the executioner of the Paris Commune. V. I. Lenin exposed Millerandism as a betrayal of proletarian interests, as the practical expression of revisionism, and uncovered its social roots.

After his expulsion in 1904 from the Socialist Party, Millerand together with former Socialists (Briand, Viviani) formed a group of "independent Socialists." In 1909–1910, 1912–1913, 1914–1915 held various ministerial posts. After the October Socialist Revolution Millerand was one of the organizers of anti-Soviet intervention; in 1920–1924 – President of the French Republic. In June 1924, after the victory at the polls of left bourgeois parties who refused to cooperate with him, he was forced to resign. In 1925–1927 was elected senator. – 289–290.

**Milyukov, P. N. (1859–1943)** – leader of the Cadet Party, prominent ideologue of Russian imperialist bourgeoisie, historian and publicist. From 1886 – Privatdozent at Moscow University. Began political activity in the first half of the 1890s; from 1902 actively contributed to the journal of bourgeois liberals published abroad, *Osvobozhdeniye* [Liberation]. In October 1905 – one of the founders of the Cadet Party, then chairman of its Central Committee and editor of its central organ, the newspaper *Rech* [Speech]. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government, pursued an imperialist policy of continuation of war "to a victorious end"; in August 1917 actively participated in preparation of the counter-revolutionary Kornilov mutiny. After the October Socialist Revolution became one of the organizers of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia; active figure of the White emigration. From 1921 published the newspaper *Poslednie Novosti* [Latest News] in Paris. – 55, 56, 71, 176–181, 228, 276, 280, 428.

**Misha** – see Vilonov, N. E.

**Mikhail** – see Issuv, I. A.

**Mikhailova, Nash.** – see Gal'bershadt, R. S.

**Molkenbuhr (Molkenbuhr), Herman (1851–1927)** – German Social-Democrat, a tobacco worker by profession. In the 1860s was a member of the General German Workers' Union founded by Lassalle. In connection with the exceptional law against Socialists, in 1881 was exiled and lived in the USA until 1884. From 1890 – editor of the Social-Democratic newspaper *Hamburger Echo* [Hamburg Echo]; from 1904 – General Secretary of the German Social-Democratic Party; member of the International Socialist Bureau. In 1890–1906, 1907–1918, and 1920–1924 – deputy of the Reichstag; from 1911 to 1924 – chairman of the Social-Democratic faction of the Reichstag. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany was elected to the Berlin Executive Committee of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, where he conducted a policy of bloc with the counter-revolutionary bourgeois government. – 185, 189.

**Morgari (Morgan), Odino (1865–1929)** – Italian Socialist, journalist. Participated in the creation and activity of the Italian Socialist Party, stood on centrist positions, belonging to the group of so-called Integralists. From 1897 was a member of parliament. In 1906–1908 headed the central organ of the Italian Socialist Party, the newspaper *Avanti!* [Forward!]. During the First World War was a supporter of renewal of international Socialist connections. Participated in the Zimmerwald Conference, where he held a centrist position. In 1919–1921 – secretary of the parliamentary Socialist faction. – 54.

**N**

**Nikolaev** – see Krasin, L. B.

**Nicholas I (Romanov) (1796–1855)** – Russian Emperor (1825–1855). – 52.

**Nicholas II (Romanov) (1868–1918)** – the last Russian Emperor, reigned from 1894 until the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917. On July 17, 1918, was shot in Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) by decree of the Ural Regional Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. – 53–54, 57, 70, 71, 178, 218, 220, 226–227, 228, 229, 230, 248.

**Nogin, V. P. (1878–1924)** – professional revolutionary, later a prominent Soviet party and state figure. Joined the RSDLP in 1898, conducted party work in Russia and abroad, was an agent of *Iskra*. In 1903 – agent of the Organizational Committee for convening the II Congress of the RSDLP; after the Congress – a Bolshevik. Active participant in the revolution of 1905–1907, was a member of the Petersburg and later Baku committees of the party. Delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP from the Moscow organization; was elected to the Central Committee. Repeatedly subjected to repression by the Tsarist government. During the years of reaction showed conciliatory wavering toward the Liquidationists. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Vice-Chairman and then Chairman of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies. At the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets elected Commissar for Trade and Industry. In November 1917 was a supporter of creating a coalition government with the participation of Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, joined the statements of Kamenev, Rykov, and other opportunists about withdrawal from the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars. Later acknowledged his errors. From 1918 in responsible Soviet and economic work. – 208.

**O**

**Ozolin, Martin (b. 1870)** – Social-Democrat, worker. Was a delegate to the III Congress of the Social-Democracy of the Latvian Territory (1908), elected to the Central Committee of the SDLT. As a delegate of the SDLT participated in the work of the January (1910) plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1911 was again elected to the Central Committee of the SDLT. Belonged to the Menshevik-Partyist faction. Was in emigration in the USA. Upon return from emigration to bourgeois Latvia, was a member of the Menshevik party.

In 1941 during the German occupation of the Latvian SSR was arrested and imprisoned in a concentration camp, where apparently he perished. – 305.

**P**

**P.** – see Dnevnitskii, P. N.

**P—ii, Ya.** – see Piletskii, Ya. A.

**Pannekoek, Antonie (1873–1960)** – Dutch Social-Democrat, professor of astronomy at Amsterdam University. In 1907 was one of the founders of the newspaper *De Tribune* [The Tribune] – organ of the left wing of the Dutch Social-Democratic Workers' Party. From 1910 was closely connected with German left Social-Democrats, actively contributed to their organs: the newspaper *Bremer Bürger-Zeitung* [Bremen Citizen Newspaper] and the journal *Lichtstrahlen* [Rays of Light]. During the First World War – an Internationalist, participated in publication of the journal *Vorbote* [Harbinger] – the theoretical organ of the Zimmerwald Left. In 1918–1921 was a member of the Communist Party of Holland and participated in the work of the Comintern. Held an ultra-left, sectarian position; in 1920 came forward with a justification of the platform of the German "Left" opportunists. V. I. Lenin in the work *"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder* subjected to sharp criticism the views of Pannekoek and other "ultra-leftists." In 1921 Pannekoek withdrew from the Communist Party and soon withdrew from active political activity. – 186.

**Parvus (Gelfand, A. L.) (1869–1924)** – Menshevik, in the late 1890s – early 1900s worked in the ranks of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany, belonging to its left wing; was editor of *Sächsische Arbeiter-Zeitung* [Saxon Workers' Newspaper]; wrote several works on questions of world economy. After the II Congress of the RSDLP joined the Mensheviks. During the period of the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907 was in Russia, contributed to the Menshevik newspaper *Nachalo* [Beginning], called for participation in the Bulygin Duma, upheld tactics of small deals with Kadets, etc. Parvus put forward the anti-Marxist "theory of permanent revolution," which Trotsky later transformed into a weapon of struggle against Leninism. Later withdrew from Social-Democracy; during the First World War – a chauvinist, agent of German imperialism, engaged in large-scale speculation, profiteering on military supplies. From 1915 published the journal *Die Glocke* [The Bell], which Lenin characterized as "the organ of renegadism and dirty sycophancy in Germany" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 385). – 161–162.

**Petrova, V.** – see Radchenko, L. N.

**Peshekhonovin A. V. (1867–1933)** – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the 1890s – a liberal Populist; contributor and from 1904 member of the editorial board of the journal *Russkoye Bogatstvo* [Russian Wealth]; contributed to the liberal-monarchist journal *Osvobozhdeniye* [Liberation] and the Socialist-Revolutionary newspaper *Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya* [Revolutionary Russia]. In 1903–1905 was a member of the "Union of Liberation," from 1906 – one of the leaders of the petty-bourgeois "People's Socialists" party (Eneists). After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Minister of Food Supply of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power; from 1922 – a White emigrant. – 290.

**Peshkov, A. M.** – see Gorky, Maxim.

**Picker, A. S.** – see Martyno, A.

**Piletskii, Ya. A. (P—ii, Ya.) (b. 1876)** – Social-Democrat. In 1898 participated in the activity of the Moscow "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." Participant in the revolution of 1905–1907. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a Liquidationist, contributed to the journals of the Menshevik-Liquidationists *Vozrozhdeniye* [Renaissance] and *Nasha Zarya* [Our Dawn]. In 1917 participated in agitational work in connection with elections to the Constituent Assembly, speaking on the side of the Mensheviks. Later joined the Bolsheviks. – 207–210.

**Plekhanov, G. V. (1856–1918)** – outstanding figure of Russian and international workers' movement, first propagandist of Marxism in Russia. In 1875 while still a student established connections with the Populists, with Petersburg workers, and engaged in revolutionary activity; in 1877 joined the Populist organization "Land and Liberty"; in 1879, after its split, became leader of the newly created Populist organization "Black Repartition." In 1880 emigrated to Switzerland, broke with Populism, and in 1883 created in Geneva the first Russian Marxist organization – the "Emancipation of Labor" group. Plekhanov fought against Populism, spoke out against revisionism in the international workers' movement. In the early 1900s together with V. I. Lenin edited the newspaper *Iskra* and the journal *Zarya* [Dawn].

From 1883 to 1903 Plekhanov wrote a number of works that played a large role in the defense and propagation of the materialist worldview: "Socialism and the Political Struggle," "Our Disagreements," "On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History," "Essays on the History of Materialism," "On the Question of the Role of Personality in History," and others.

However, even at that time he had serious errors, which were the germ of his future Menshevik views. After the II Congress of the RSDLP Plekhanov took a conciliationist position toward opportunism, and then joined the Mensheviks. During the revolution of 1905–1907 on all major questions held Menshevik positions; underestimated the revolutionary role of the peasantry, put forward the demand for alliance with liberal bourgeoisie; while acknowledging in words the idea of proletarian hegemony, in practice opposed the substance of this idea. Condemned the December armed uprising of 1905. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge spoke out against the Machist revision of Marxism and Liquidationism, headed the group of Menshevik-Partyists. During the First World War took a social-chauvinist position, defended the Menshevik tactic of defensism. Upon return after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 to Russia, headed the extremely right-wing group of Menshevik-Defensists "Unity," actively spoke out against the Bolsheviks, against the Socialist revolution, believing that Russia was not ripe for the transition to Socialism. Took a negative attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution, but did not participate in the struggle against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin highly valued Plekhanov's philosophical works and his role in spreading Marxism in Russia; at the same time he sharply criticized Plekhanov for departures from Marxism and major errors in political activity. – 9, 15, 16, 17, 22, 46, 47, 48, 69–66, 98, 99, 104–105, 143, 144–145, 147, 148, 149, 152, 194, 202–203, 204–205, 206, 207, 209, 233, 237, 253, 264, 270–271, 283, 286, 296, 298, 299–300, 302, 303, 308, 356, 376, 414.

**Pobedonostsev, K. P. (1827–1907)** – reactionary state figure of Tsarist Russia, Procurator of the Holy Synod, de facto head of government and chief inspirer of feudal reaction during the reign of Alexander III, continued to play a prominent role under Nicholas II; waged persistent struggle against the revolutionary movement. Was a determined opponent of the bourgeois reforms of the 1860s, supporter of unlimited autocracy, enemy of science and enlightenment. In October 1905 during the rise of the revolution was forced to resign and withdrew from political activity. – 7, 77, 175.

**Pogozhe, A. V. (1853–1913)** – sanitary doctor, publicist on questions of workers' living conditions and workers' legislation. Known for numerous and valuable works on factory and industrial hygiene and the sanitary condition of industrial enterprises. From 1902 – editor of the journal *Promyshlennost i Zdorovye* [Industry and Health] published in Petersburg. – 386.

**Pokrovskii, I. P. (b. 1872)** – Social-Democrat, a doctor by profession. Deputy to the III State Duma from the Kuban and Terek regions and the Black Sea province, belonged to the Bolshevik part of the Social-Democratic faction. In 1910 as a representative of the Social-Democratic faction of the III Duma entered the editorial board of the Bolshevik legal newspaper *Zvezda* [Star]. – 225, 230.

**Pokrovskii, M. P. (Domov) (1868–1932)** – member of the RSDLP from 1905, Bolshevik, prominent historian.

Actively participated in the revolution of 1905–1907, was a member of the Moscow committee of the party. At the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP elected candidate member of the Central Committee. From 1908 to 1917 lived in emigration. During the years of reaction belonged to the Recall-ists and Ultimatists, and then to the anti-party group "Forward," from which he broke in 1911. In 1917 returned to Russia, participated in the armed uprising in Moscow, was a member of the Zamoskvoretsk revolutionary headquarters. From November 1917 to March 1918 – Chairman of the Moscow Soviet. For some time belonged to the "Left Communists" group, spoke out against signing the Brest Peace Treaty. From 1918 – Deputy Commissar of Enlightenment of the RSFSR. In 1923–1927 actively participated in the struggle against Trotskyism. In various years headed the Communist Academy, the Institute of the History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Red Professors, and others. From 1929 – Academician. Repeatedly elected to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

Pokrovskii authored many scholarly works on the history of the USSR, in which he subjected to criticism bourgeois historiography. His work *"A Brief Outline of Russian History"* was positively evaluated by V. I. Lenin. However, despite the significance of his works, Pokrovskii was not entirely consistent as a Marxist, made serious errors in his treatment of the historical process.

Author of works: *"Russian History from Ancient Times,"* *"An Outline of the History of Russian Culture,"* *"A Brief Outline of Russian History,"* and others. – 112, 317.

**Poletaev, N. G. (1872–1930)** – Social-Democrat, Bolshevik, a lathe worker by profession. In the 1890s participated in workers' circles. Repeatedly subjected to imprisonment. In 1905 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies. Deputy to the III State Duma from Petersburg province, belonged to the Bolshevik group of the Social-Democratic faction of the Duma. Took close part in the publication of the Bolshevik newspapers *Zvezda* [Star] and *Pravda* [Truth]. After the October Socialist Revolution engaged in economic work. – 22.

**Portugeis, S. I. (Solomonov)** – Menshevik, publicist. Was a delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP from the Odessa organization. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a Liquidationist, contributed to the newspaper *Golos Social-Demokrata* [Voice of the Social-Democrat], the journal *Nasha Zarya* [Our Dawn], and other organs of Menshevik-Liquidationists. During the First World War – a defensist. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power, contributed to the White Guard press in the south of the country, later emigrated abroad; in his articles and books slandered the Soviet Union and the Communist Party. – 207–210.

**Posse, V. A. (1864–1940)** – journalist and public figure. Editor of the journals of "legal Marxists" *Novoe Slovo* [New Word] (1897) and *Zhizn* [Life] (1898–1901). After the Tsarist government closed the journal *Zhizn*, published it in 1902 abroad. In 1906–1907 advocated for the creation of workers' cooperative organizations independent of the Social-Democratic party in Russia. In 1909–1917 published and edited the journal *Zhizn dlya vsekh* [Life for All]. After the October Socialist Revolution engaged in literary activity. From 1922 – contributor to *Izvestiya VTsIK* [News of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee]. Author of several works on questions of history, literature, and others. – 281.

**Postolovsky, D. S. (Vadim) (1876–1948)** – Social-Democrat. Participated in the Social-Democratic movement from 1895. Conducted party work in Petersburg, Vilno, and Tiflis. From the spring of 1904 – agent of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, conciliationist. In March 1905 appointed representative of the Central Committee of the RSDLP to the Council of the party. At the III Congress of the party – delegate from the North-Western Committee of the RSDLP, elected to the Central Committee. Was the official representative of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in the Executive Committee of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 worked in the legal commission of the Petrograd Soviet. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the State Commission of Legislative Proposals under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. – 23.

**Prigorny, G. I.** – see Kramol'nikov, G. I.

**Prokopovich, S. N. (1871–1955)** – bourgeois economist and publicist. In the late 1890s – prominent representative of "Economism," one of the first preachers of Bernsteinism in Russia. Later an active member of the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation." In 1906 – member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party. Editor-publisher of the semi-Cadet, semi-Menshevik journal *Bez Zaglaviya* [Without Title], active contributor to the left-Cadet newspaper *Tovarishch* [Comrade], author of books on the workers' question written from Bernsteinist-liberal positions. In 1917 – Minister of Food Supply of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution was expelled from the USSR for anti-Soviet activity. – 89, 103, 356.

**R**

**Rabochii Ar.** – see Kalinin, F. I.

**Radchenko, L. N. (Petrova, V.) (b. 1871)** – in the late 1880s participated in Populist circles in Tomsk; in the early 1890s – in Petersburg Social-Democratic circles. Was a member of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In 1896 was arrested and in 1898 exiled for 3 years to Pskov under open police surveillance. Was an agent of *Iskra*. After the II Congress of the RSDLP joined the Mensheviks, worked in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, and Odessa. At the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP was elected member of the Central Committee by the Mensheviks. Worked in the secretariat of the II State Duma, was secretary of the Social-Democratic faction of the III State Duma. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a Liquidationist; in 1913–1914 headed the office of the newspaper of the Menshevik-Liquidationists *Luch* [Ray]. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was a member of the Moscow committee of the Mensheviks. From 1918 withdrew from political activity, worked in various institutions as a statistician. – 207–210.

**Rozanov, V. V. (1856–1919)** – reactionary philosopher, publicist, and critic; preached idealism and mysticism; in the 1890s – contributor to the newspapers *Moskovskie Vedomosti* [Moscow News], *Novoe Vremya* [New Times], and the journal *Russkii Vestnik* [Russian Herald], in which he spoke in defense of autocracy. – 173.

**Roland-Holst, Henriette (1869–1952)** – Dutch left Socialist, writer. Worked on the organization of women's unions, belonged to the left wing of Dutch Social-Democrats, which from 1907 grouped around the newspaper *De Tribune* [The Tribune]. In the early First World War held a centrist position, then joined the Internationalists, participated in publication of the journal *Vorbote* [Harbinger] – the theoretical organ of the Zimmerwald Left. In 1918–1927 was a member of the Communist Party of Holland and participated in the work of the Comintern. In 1927 withdrew from the Communist Party; subsequently slid into positions of Christian Socialism. – 126, 145, 150, 186.

**Roman** – see Ermolaev, K. M.

**Romanovs** – dynasty of Russian Tsars and Emperors, reigning from 1613 to 1917. – 53, 229–230.

**Romul** – see Kheysin, M. L.

**Rykov, A. I. (Vlasov) (1881–1938)** – a member of the RSDLP from 1899. Was a delegate to the III and IV (Unification) Congresses of the RSDLP. During the period of reaction held a conciliationist position toward the Liquidationists, Recall-ists, and Trotskyists. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 spoke out against the party's course toward Socialist revolution and V. I. Lenin's April Theses.

After the October Socialist Revolution – Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Labor and Defense, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the RSFSR; was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. Repeatedly spoke out against the party's Leninist policy; in November 1917 was a supporter of creating a coalition government with the participation of Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries; among other opportunists signed statements about withdrawal from the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars; in 1928 – one of the leaders of the right-opportunist deviation in the party. In 1937 for anti-party activity was expelled from the party. – 24, 29.

**S**

**S.** – see Dzhibladze, S. V.

**St., Stan.** – see Volskii, S.

**Sazhin, L. (Sanzhur, I. A.) (1878–1910)** – Social-Democrat. Conducted work in Ekaterinoslav, Nizhny Novgorod, in the North Caucasus. Repeatedly subjected to police persecution. In 1909 went abroad, where he joined the anti-party group "Forward." – 312, 313–314, 315.

**Sanzhur, I. A.** – see Sazhin, L.

**Sokolov, A. V.** – see Volskii, S.

**Sokolov, N. D. (1870–1928)** – Social-Democrat, court-appointed attorney, well-known lawyer in political cases. Contributed to the journals *Zhizn* [Life], *Obrazovaniye* [Education], and others. In 1909 at supplementary elections in Petersburg to the III State Duma was put forward as a candidate by the RSDLP; was sympathetic to the Bolsheviks. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petersburg Soviet, supporter of coalition with the bourgeoisie. After the October Socialist Revolution worked as legal adviser in various Soviet institutions. – 72, 110, 111.

**Solovyev, V. S. (1853–1900)** – Russian idealist philosopher. Took a hostile attitude toward Marxism, rejected and distorted it, identifying Marxism with economic materialism; opposed scientific Socialism with the idea of a mystical-religious "renewal" of humanity, its purely moral perfection.

Principal works: *"The Crisis of Western Philosophy,"* *"Philosophical Principles of Integral Knowledge,"* *"A Critique of Abstract Principles,"* and others. – 169.

**Solomonov** – see Portugeis, S. I.

**Stalin (Dzhugashvili), I. V. (K. St.) (1879–1953)** – one of the prominent figures of Russian and international revolutionary workers' movement, of the Communist Party and the Soviet state. Joined the RSDLP in 1898; after the II Congress of the party – a Bolshevik. Conducted party work in Tiflis, Batum, Baku, Petersburg. In January 1912 was introduced into the Central Committee elected at the VI (Prague) Conference of the RSDLP; participated in editing the Bolshevik newspaper *Pravda* [Truth]. During the period of preparation and conduct of the October Socialist Revolution was a member of the Military-Revolutionary Center created by the Central Committee of the party for preparation of the uprising. At the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets was elected to the Council of People's Commissars, where he headed the People's Commissariat for the Affairs of Nationalities. During the period of foreign military intervention and civil war was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and was in a number of fronts. In 1922 was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b).

Stalin played a major role in the implementation of Lenin's plan for industrialization of the USSR and collectivization of agriculture, in the struggle for the building of Socialism, for the independence of the Soviet country, for the strengthening of peace; he deserves great credit for the ideological struggle against the enemies of Leninism – Trotskyists, right opportunists, and bourgeois nationalists. From 1941 Stalin – Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and then of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) – Chairman of the State Committee of Defense, Commissar of Defense, and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

Alongside the positive aspects in Stalin's activity, there was also a negative side. While holding the most important party and state posts, Stalin allowed gross violations of Leninist principles of collective leadership and norms of party life, violations of Socialist legality, and unjustified mass repression against prominent state, political, and military figures of the Soviet Union and other honest Soviet people.

The Party decisively condemned and ended the cult of Stalin's personality, foreign to Marxism-Leninism, and its consequences; approved the work of the Central Committee in restoring and developing the Leninist principles of leadership and norms of party life in all areas of party, state, and ideological work; took measures to prevent such errors and distortions in the future. – 275.

**Stanislav** – see Volskii, S.

**Steklov, Yu. M. (K.) (1873–1941)** – professional revolutionary, participated in the Social-Democratic movement from 1893, one of the organizers of the first Social-Democratic circles in Odessa. In 1894 was arrested and exiled for 10 years to the Yakutsk region. In 1899 escaped abroad. Was one of the organizers of the literary group "Struggle," which tried to reconcile revolutionary and opportunist directions in Russian Social-Democracy. After the II Congress of the RSDLP belonged to the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge contributed to the Central Organ of the RSDLP – the newspaper *Social-Democrat*, to the Bolshevik newspapers *Zvezda* [Star] and *Pravda* [Truth]. Participated in the work of the Social-Democratic faction of the III and IV State Dumas. Was a lecturer at the party school in Longjumeau (France). After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 stood on the positions of "revolutionary defensism," was a member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and editor of *Izvestiya Petrogradskogo Soveta* [News of the Petrograd Soviet]. Later went over to the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution – member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee, editor of the newspaper *Izvestiya VTsIK* [News of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee], the journal *Sovetskoe Stroitelstvo* [Soviet Construction]; from 1929 – Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Committee under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Author of several works on the history of the revolutionary movement. – 22, 293.

**Stolypin, A. A. (b. 1863)** – Black Hundred publicist, contributor to the reactionary newspaper *Novoe Vremya* [New Times], member of the Octobrist Party, brother of the well-known state figure of Tsarist Russia P. A. Stolypin. After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated abroad. – 173.

**Stolypin, P. A. (1862–1911)** – state figure of Tsarist Russia, major landowner. In 1906–1911 – Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia. With his name is connected a period of the most severe political reaction with widespread application of capital punishment for suppressing the revolutionary movement (the "Stolypin reaction" of 1907–1910). Stolypin carried out agrarian reform with the aim of creating in the person of the kulaks a support for the Tsar's autocracy in the countryside. However, his attempt to strengthen autocracy through the implementation of certain reforms from above in the interests of the bourgeoisie and landowners failed. In 1911 Stolypin was killed in Kiev by the Socialist-Revolutionary Bogrov. – 56, 57, 70, 71, 110, 139, 141, 150, 178, 181, 214, 218, 226, 228–230, 287, 292, 301, 420, 422.

**Streltsov, R. E. (b. 1875)** – writer, publicist. From 1900 to 1914 was in emigration, mainly in Germany, contributed to foreign Social-Democratic publications, and also to the left-Cadet newspaper published in Russia *Tovarishch* [Comrade]. Upon return to Russia was a member of various commissions under the city administration of Petrograd. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in economic organs in Moscow and Yaroslavl. – 356, 357.

**Struve, P. B. (1870–1944)** – bourgeois economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the Cadet Party. In the 1890s – the most prominent representative of "legal Marxism," contributor and editor of the journals *Novoe Slovo* [New Word], *Nachalo* [Beginning], and *Zhizn* [Life]. Already in his first work *"Critical Notes on the Question of Economic Development in Russia"* Struve, while criticizing Populism, came forward with "amendments" and "criticism" of the economic and philosophical teachings of K. Marx, sided with representatives of vulgar bourgeois political economy, preached Malthusianism; he strove to adapt Marxism and the workers' movement to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Struve was one of the theoreticians and organizers of the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation" (1903–1905) and editor of its clandestine organ, the journal *Osvobozhdeniye* [Liberation]. With the formation in 1905 of the Cadet Party – member of its Central Committee. One of the ideologues of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – enemy of Soviet power, member of the counter-revolutionary government of Wrangel, White emigrant. – 55, 71, 167, 171, 180, 361.

**Sysoev, I. V. ("Tkach I—n") (1888–1912)** – Social-Democrat, worker. Joined the RSDLP in 1906, belonged to the Bolsheviks, was a member of the Vasileostrov district and then the Petersburg committees of the party. During the period of reaction – one of the leaders of the Recall-ist-Ultimatists in Petersburg. In 1909 emigrated abroad, where he joined the anti-party group "Forward." In 1911 was arrested when crossing the Russian border; died in prison. – 313.

**T**

**T.** – see Tyszka, Yan.

**Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice (1754–1838)** – well-known French diplomat. In 1788–1791 – Bishop. In 1797–1799 under the Directory, in 1799–1807 during the period of the Consulate and Empire of Napoleon, and in 1814–1815 was Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1830–1834 – Ambassador in London. An unprincipled politician, unscrupulous careerist, Talleyrand was at the same time a clever and penetrating diplomat, one of the major representatives of bourgeois diplomacy. – 89.

**"Tkach I—n"** – see Sysoev, I. V.

**Tkachev, P. N. (1844–1885)** – one of the ideologues of revolutionary Populism, publicist and literary critic. From 1861 actively participated in the student movement, contributed to a number of progressive journals, was persecuted by the Tsarist government. From 1873 – in emigration; for some time contributed to P. L. Lavrov's journal *Vpered!* [Forward!]; in 1875–1881 together with a group of Polish emigrants published the journal *Nabat* [Tocsin]; in 1880 contributed to O. Blanc's newspaper *Ni Dieu, ni Maître* [Neither God, nor Master]. Tkachev headed the direction in revolutionary Populism close to Blanquism; he considered political struggle a necessary prerequisite for revolution, but underestimated the decisive role of the popular masses. According to Tkachev, the revolutionary minority should seize political power, create a new state, and carry out revolutionary transformations in the interests of the people, who remain only to enjoy the ready-made results. He mistakenly believed that the autocratic state in Russia had no social basis and did not express the interests of any class. F. Engels came out with a critique of Tkachev's petty-bourgeois views in a series of articles *"Emigrant Literature"* (see K. Marx and F. Engels. *Works*, 2nd ed., vol. 18, pp. 527–548). – 139.

**Tomskii, M. P. (M. T.) (1880–1936)** – a member of the party from 1904. In 1905–1906 worked in the Revel organization of the RSDLP. In 1907 – member of the Petersburg committee of the RSDLP, participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction took a conciliationist attitude toward the Liquidationists, Recall-ists, and Trotskyists. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Commission of the Petersburg committee of the RSDLP(b). After the October Socialist Revolution – Chairman of the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, head of OGIZ. Repeatedly spoke out against the party's Leninist policy. In 1928 together with Bukharin and Rykov headed the right-opportunist deviation in the VKP(b). – 8.

**Thorne, Bill (1857–1946)** – figure of the English workers' movement. From 1884 participated in the work of the Social-Democratic Federation of England; from 1889 – General Secretary of the National Union of Gas Workers and General Laborers. In 1906 was elected to parliament, of which he was a deputy until 1945. During the First World War was a defensist; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 came to Russia and conducted agitation for the continuation of the imperialist war. Subsequently remained on the right wing of the English workers' movement. – 54.

**Trepov, D. F. (1855–1906)** – in 1896–1905 – Moscow Chief of Police; according to V. I. Lenin's definition – "one of the most hated servants of Tsarism in all Russia, notorious in Moscow for his ferocity, brutality, and participation in Zubatov's attempts to corrupt workers" (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 9, p. 238). From January 11, 1905 – Petersburg Governor-General, then – Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs; author of the infamous order of October 1905: "do not give blank volleys and spare no cartridges." Inspirer of Black Hundred pogroms. – 212, 214.

**Trotsky (Bronstein), L. D. (1879–1940)** – the worst enemy of Leninism. At the II Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Siberian Union, a minority Iskrist; after the Congress waged struggle against the Bolsheviks on all questions of the theory and practice of Socialist revolution. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, while disguising himself with the mask of "non-factionalism," actually stood on the positions of the Liquidationists; in 1912 was the organizer of the anti-party August Bloc. During the First World War held a centrist position, waged struggle against V. I. Lenin on questions of war, peace, and revolution. Upon return after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 from emigration, joined the group of "Inter-Rayists" and together with them at the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b) was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution – Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. In 1918 opposed the Brest Peace, in 1920–1921 headed the opposition in the trade-union discussion; from 1923 waged bitter factional struggle against the general line of the party, against Lenin's program of building Socialism, preached the impossibility of the victory of Socialism in the USSR. The Communist Party, having exposed Trotskyism as a petty-bourgeois deviation in the party, defeated it ideologically and organizationally. In 1927 Trotsky was expelled from the party; in 1929 for anti-Soviet activity was exiled from the USSR and in 1932 deprived of Soviet citizenship. While abroad, he continued his struggle against the Soviet state and the Communist Party, against the international communist movement. – 102, 132, 134, 253, 254, 255, 257–258, 260–261, 262, 264, 265, 270–271, 272, 283, 284, 285, 286–287, 294, 295, 296, 318, 356, 357, 358, 359, 362–363, 364, 369, 370, 373–376, 411.

**Troelstra, Pieter Jelles (1860–1930)** – figure of the Dutch workers' movement, opportunist. Was one of the founders (1894) and leaders of the Dutch Social-Democratic Workers' Party. In the early twentieth century departed from Internationalist positions and slid into positions of extreme opportunism. Waged struggle against the left wing of the Dutch Social-Democratic Workers' Party, which from 1907 grouped around the newspaper *De Tribune* [The Tribune]. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist of a Germanophile orientation. V. I. Lenin repeatedly sharply criticized Troelstra's opportunist policy, called him an example of a "mercenary, opportunistic leader serving the bourgeoisie and deceiving the workers" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 30, p. 18). – 126, 185–186, 188.

**Tyszka, Yan (Jogiches, Leo, T.) (1867–1919)** – prominent figure of Polish and German workers' movement. Was one of the founders of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (1893) and a member of the Main Board of this party. From 1900 – member of the Main Board of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. Waged struggle against revisionism in the international workers' movement, spoke out against nationalism, defending the necessity of joint struggle of the Polish and Russian proletariat. Actively participated in the revolution of 1905–1907, in the spring of 1906 was arrested in Warsaw and subsequently sentenced to 8 years of hard labor. After his escape continued revolutionary work abroad. Participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, at which he was elected to the Central Committee. During the years of reaction Tyszka, condemning the Liquidationists, nevertheless in a number of cases took a conciliationist position toward them. In 1912 spoke out against the decisions of the Prague Conference. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Tyszka's activity in this period. During the First World War Tyszka, while in Germany, participated in the work of German Social-Democracy, stood on Internationalist positions; was one of the organizers of the "Sparta Union." In 1916–1918 was imprisoned. After his liberation by the November Revolution of 1918 participated in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany and was elected secretary of its Central Committee. Arrested in March 1919, was killed in a Berlin prison. – 273, 287.

**F**

**Fallières, Clément Armand (1841–1931)** – French bourgeois political figure, a lawyer by profession. In 1876–1890 was a member of the Chamber of Deputies of France, where he belonged to the moderate bourgeois republicans. Held ministerial posts in a number of cabinets. From 1890 – senator; in 1899–1906 – Chairman of the Senate. From 1906 to 1913 was President of the Republic. – 53.

# Biographical Dictionary and Chronology

Frank, S. L. (1877–1950) – idealist philosopher and bourgeois economist. Launched criticism of K. Marx's theory of value. In 1906 edited a journal of the right wing of the Cadet party, "Freedom and Culture." In 1909 participated in the counter-revolutionary collection "Landmarks." Was a docent at Petersburg University and taught at other institutions of higher learning.

In 1922 expelled abroad. – 167, 171, 361.

X

Kheysin, M. L. (Romul) (1871–1924) – social-democrat, Menshevik, physician by profession. In 1900 conducted social-democratic work in Petersburg; in 1903 emigrated abroad, where he joined the Mensheviks. During the 1905–1907 revolution worked in the Krasnoyarsk committee, then in the Vyborg district of Petersburg. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidationist, collaborated in the journals "Renaissance," "Our Dawn," the newspaper "Ray" and other organs of Menshevik liquidationists. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in cooperative organizations. – 207–210.

Khomyakov, N. A. (1850–1925) – prominent landowner, Octobrist. In 1886–1896 – Smolensk provincial marshal of the nobility. From 1896 to 1902 – director of the department of agriculture in the ministry of agriculture and state properties. Deputy to the II, III, and IV State Dumas; was chairman of the III State Duma until March 1910. – 17.

Khrapovitsky, A. P. – see Antony of Volyn.

Ts

Tsederbaum, V. O. – see Levitsky, V. O.

Tsederbaum, S. O. (Avgustovsky) (1879–1939) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In 1898 participated in the Petersburg group "Workers' Banner." Later worked on transporting "Spark" to Russia. In autumn 1904 emigrated abroad, where he joined the Mensheviks. In April 1905 participated in a Menshevik conference in Geneva. Soon returned to Russia, worked in the Petersburg organization of Mensheviks; in 1906 edited the legal Menshevik newspaper "Courier." During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – an active liquidationist, participated in newspapers and journals of Menshevik liquidationists, was one of the leaders of the Petersburg "initiative group" of liquidationists. During the First World War – a defensist. In 1917 collaborated in the Menshevik newspaper "Forward." After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from political activity. – 207–210, 287.

Tsederbaum, F. O. – see Dnevnishcky, P. N.

Tseitlin, B. S. (Georgy) (1879–1920) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Entered the revolutionary movement in the late 1890s, worked in Vitebsk, Kremenchug. In 1903 was exiled to Eastern Siberia; upon return from exile joined the Mensheviks. Participated in the work of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – an active liquidationist, was on the editorial boards of journals published by liquidationists: "Renaissance," "Life," "Life's Cause"; participated in the newspapers "Nevsky Voice," "Ray" and other organs of Menshevik liquidationists. After the February Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1917 was on the editorial board of the central organ of the Mensheviks "Workers' Paper." – 207–210.

Zetkin, Clara (1857–1933) – outstanding figure of the German and international labor movement, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Germany, talented writer, fiery orator and tribune. Entered the revolutionary movement in the late 1870s; in 1881 joined the German Social-Democratic Party, which was then in an illegal position. In 1882 emigrated to Switzerland and settled in Zurich, where she actively collaborated in the illegal organ of the German Social-Democratic Party "Der Sozialdemokrat" ("Social-Democrat") and facilitated its distribution in Germany. Being on the left wing of German social-democracy, Zetkin, together with R. Luxemburg, F. Mehring, and K. Liebknecht, took active part in the struggle against Bernstein and other opportunists. In 1907 participated in the work of the VII (Stuttgart) Congress; her speeches at the congress were highly appreciated by V. I. Lenin. During the years of the First World War stood on the positions of revolutionary internationalism, spoke against social-chauvinism. Took active part in the preparation of the international women's socialist conference in Bern in March 1915. In 1916 joined the group "International," then the "Spartacus Union." From 1919 – member of the Communist Party of Germany; was elected to the Party Central Committee. At the III Congress of the Communist International was elected to the Executive Committee of the Comintern; headed its international women's secretariat. From 1924 – permanent chairman of the Executive Committee of the International Organization for Aid to Fighters of the Revolution (MOPR). – 317.

Tskakaya, M. G. (Mikha) (1865–1950) – professional revolutionary, eldest and prominent figure of the Bolshevik party and international labor movement. Entered the revolutionary movement in 1880. From 1898 – member of the RSDLP. Conducted party work in the Caucasus, in Kharkov, and Ekaterinoslav. Was one of the leaders of the Caucasus Union Committee of the RSDLP. Participated in the preparation of the II Congress of the RSDLP. Delegate to the III Party Congress from the Caucasus Union of the RSDLP. Took active part in the 1905–1907 revolution. Was a delegate to the V (London) Congress of the party. Repeatedly subjected to repression by the tsarist government. From 1907 to March 1917 was in emigration. After the February Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia together with V. I. Lenin. In 1917–1920 – member of the Tiflis party committee. After the victory of Soviet power in Georgia in 1921 – on leading Soviet and party work: chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Transcaucasian SFSR, member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Georgia, member of the Central Committee of the CP(b) of Georgia. – 15.

Ch

Chaadaev, P. Y. (1794–1856) – Russian idealist philosopher. Author of eight "Philosophical Letters" in which he subjected the autocratic-serfdom system to sharp criticism. In 1836 the first of the letters was published in the journal "Telescope," for which the journal was closed and Chaadaev declared insane. In 1837 Chaadaev wrote an "Apology of a Madman" in which he developed his views. Chaadaev's statements against tsarism and serfdom played a revolutionizing role in the formation of advanced public thought of the 1830s–40s of the nineteenth century. However, Chaadaev's worldview was extremely contradictory. Advanced ideas were intertwined in Chaadaev with mysticism and glorification of Catholicism. While condemning Chaadaev's mystical-idealist constructions, A. I. Herzen, V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky at the same time highly valued his struggle against autocracy and serfdom. – 169.

Cherevanin, N. (Lipkin, F. A.) (1868–1938) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks, an extreme liquidationist. Participant of the IV (Unification) and V (London) Congresses of the RSDLP. Contributor to liquidationist publications; among 16 Mensheviks signed an "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party (1910); after the August anti-party conference of 1912 – member of the Menshevik center (OK). During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. In 1917 one of the editors of "Workers' Paper" – the central organ of the Mensheviks and member of the Menshevik Central Committee. Adopted a hostile position toward the October Socialist Revolution. – 45, 47, 136, 138, 145, 147, 150–152, 207–210, 287, 300, 356, 401.

Chernyshevsky, N. G. (1828–1889) – great Russian revolutionary democrat and utopian socialist, scholar, writer, literary critic; one of the outstanding predecessors of Russian social-democracy. Chernyshevsky was the ideological inspirer and leader of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1860s in Russia. The journal "Contemporary," which he edited, was the voice of the revolutionary forces of Russia. Chernyshevsky spoke with wrathful exposure of the serf character of the "peasant reform" of 1861, called upon peasants to revolt. In 1862 he was arrested by the tsarist government and imprisoned in the Petropavlovsk Fortress, where he remained about two years, and was then sentenced to seven years of hard labor and eternal exile in Siberia. Only in his declining years was Chernyshevsky freed from exile. Until his last days he remained a passionate fighter against social inequality, against all manifestations of political and economic oppression.

Great are Chernyshevsky's merits in the development of Russian materialist philosophy. His philosophical views were the pinnacle of all pre-Marxist materialist philosophy. Chernyshevsky's materialism bore a revolutionary, active character. Chernyshevsky sharply criticized various idealist theories and sought to rework Hegel's dialectic in the materialist spirit. K. Marx valued Chernyshevsky's works very highly and called him a great Russian scholar. Lenin wrote of Chernyshevsky that he was "the only truly great Russian writer who managed from the 1850s right up to '88 to remain on the level of integral philosophical materialism… But Chernyshevsky could not, or rather: could not, by virtue of the backwardness of Russian life, rise to the dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels" (Works, 5th ed., vol. 18, p. 384).

Chernyshevsky authored a series of brilliant works in political economy, history, ethics, aesthetics. His literary-critical works exercised enormous influence on the development of Russian literature and art. Generations of revolutionaries in Russia and abroad were educated on Chernyshevsky's novel "What Is to Be Done?" – 169, 214, 428.

Sh

Shantser, V. L. (Marat) (1867–1911) – social-democrat, Bolshevik, lawyer by profession. From 1900 conducted party work in Moscow. In 1902 was exiled to Siberia; in 1904 returned to Moscow; worked as an agent of the Central Committee, edited the popular social-democratic illegal newspaper "Worker" (publication of the CC RSDLP). One of the active participants in the preparation of the armed uprising in Moscow. December 7, 1905 was arrested and in 1906 exiled for 5 years to Yenisei province. Fled from exile, worked illegally in Omsk and Petersburg. Before departing for the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP was again arrested and exiled to Turkhansk; while en route to exile fled abroad. At the V Party Congress was elected to the Central Committee. Participated in the work of the V Conference of the RSDLP (December 1908), was on the editorial board of the Bolshevik newspaper "Proletarian." Abroad joined the ultimatists, entered the anti-party group "Forward." In 1910 due to illness was transported to Moscow, where he died. – 5, 8, 16, 17, 21, 30, 91, 112–113, 270.

Schippel, Max (1859–1928) – German social-democrat, revisionist. In 1887–1890 edited the newspaper "Berliner Volkstribüne" ("Berlin People's Tribune"); from 1897 took a leading role in the journal of German opportunists "Sozialistische Monatshefte" ("Socialist Monthly"). As a Reichstag deputy (1890–1905), defended the expansion of German imperialism. During the First World War – one of the extreme social-chauvinists. In his final years was a professor at the Dresden Polytechnic Institute (1923–1928). Adopted a hostile position toward the Soviet Union. – 160.

Shubinsky, N. P. (b. 1853) – landowner, Octobrist. Worked as a sworn attorney of the Moscow judicial chamber, deputy of the Kalyazin district and Tver provincial zemstvos; from 1900 – deputy of the Moscow city council. Was marshal of the nobility of Kalyazin district. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Tver province. Spoke in the Duma with Black Hundreds speeches. – 228.

E

Edward VII (1841–1910) – English king (1901–1910). – 53.

Elm, Adolf (1857–1916) – German social-democrat, cooperative and trade union figure, reformist, by profession a tobacco worker. One of the leaders of the general association of German trade unions; in 1894–1906 served as Reichstag deputy. Collaborated in the journal of German opportunists "Sozialistische Monatshefte" ("Socialist Monthly"), where he waged struggle against the revolutionary program and tactics of social-democracy. Was a delegate to the international socialist congress in Copenhagen (1910), was on the cooperative commission of the congress and also in its subcommission. – 347, 348, 349, 350, 351–352, 353.

Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of the international proletariat, friend and comrade of K. Marx (see the article by V. I. Lenin "Friedrich Engels." Works, 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1–14). – 78, 124, 213, 252, 301.

Yu

Yury – see Bronstein, P. A.

Yushkevich, P. S. (1873–1945) – social-democrat, Menshevik, mathematician by training; in philosophy adhered to positivism and pragmatism – currents close to Machism; author of the article "Contemporary Energetics from the Point of View of Empirio-Symbolism," included in the collection "Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism," which V. I. Lenin subjected to criticism in his book "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism." Engaged in literary activity and translations.

In 1917–1919, being an opponent of Soviet power, collaborated in Ukraine in the Menshevik journal "Union" and other anti-Bolshevik publications; later withdrew from political activity. – 313.

Schippel, M. – see Shippel, Max.

Dates of the Life and Activity of V. I. Lenin (June 1909 – October 1910)

1909

June 1909 – October 1910.

Lenin lives in Paris.

June, no later than June 7 (20).

Lenin conducts a private meeting of members of the editorial board of the newspaper "Proletarian" and representatives of local social-democratic organizations, at which he delivers a report on the state of affairs in the party and the Bolshevik faction. The positions put forth by Lenin formed the basis of the decisions of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of "Proletarian."

June 8–17 (21–30).

Lenin directs the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of "Proletarian," speaks in the discussion, introduces amendments to the resolutions, and on a number of questions – draft resolutions.

June 8 (21).

Lenin at the first session of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of "Proletarian" is elected (together with Vishnevsky – I. P. Goldenberg) chairman of the Conference; speaks in the discussion of the question of agitation for a separate Bolshevik congress apart from the party or a Bolshevik conference.

June 9 (22).

Lenin presides over the second session of the Conference, speaks in the discussion of the question of recall-ism and ultimatism; during the speech of V. L. Shantser (Marat) demands that Shantser's words about the connection between recall-ism and anarchism be entered in the minutes.

June 10 (23).

Lenin at the third (morning) session of the Conference speaks in the discussion of the question of god-building. At the fourth (evening) session of the Conference Lenin speaks in the discussion of the resolution on the school in Capri.

June 11 (24).

Lenin at the fifth (afternoon) session of the Conference speaks on the question of the tasks of Bolsheviks in the party.

June 12 (25).

Lenin speaks at the sixth session of the Conference in the discussion of the question of the unity of the Bolshevik faction, substantiating the necessity of recognizing not a split of the faction, but a separation from it of an insignificant minority. Lenin at the seventh (evening) session of the Conference speaks in the discussion of the report on the tasks of Bolsheviks in relation to Duma activity.

June 13 (26).

Lenin at the eighth (morning) session of the Conference speaks with a second speech in the discussion of the question of the tasks of Bolsheviks in relation to Duma activity; introduces draft resolutions on this question; proposes to publish the resolution on the tasks of Bolsheviks in relation to Duma activity; is elected to the commission on drafting this resolution.

Lenin at the ninth (evening) session of the Conference proposes to decide the question of the commission for assistance to the Duma faction; introduces corrections to the resolution on the question of attitude toward Duma activity; introduces a draft resolution on the publication with the Central Organ of a popular organ.

June 15 (28).

Lenin speaks at the tenth session of the Conference in the discussion of the question of party press, in the discussion on the question of conducting the Central Organ and the possibility of placing philosophical articles in it; is elected to the commission for assistance to the Duma s.-d. faction; makes remarks on the report of the conflict commission.

June 16 (29).

Lenin at the eleventh session of the Conference proposes to extend the powers of the conflict commission, reduce the budget of the Bolshevik Center; achieves the allocation of funds for publishing the newspaper of the Duma s.-d. faction; speaks in the discussion of the resolution on the reorganization of the Bolshevik Center; introduces amendments to the draft resolution on this question.

June 17 (30).

Lenin at the twelfth session of the Conference speaks in the discussion of draft resolutions on the reorganization of the Bolshevik Center; introduces an addition and amendment to the resolution on the selection of editors of the Central Organ "Social-Democrat" and legal Bolshevik publications; makes proposals on the numerical composition of the Foreign Secretariat of the Bolshevik Center; is re-elected to the editorial board of "Proletarian."

July 3 (16).

The "Notice of the Conference of the Expanded Editorial Board of 'Proletarian,'" written by Lenin, is published in the Supplement to no. 46 of the newspaper "Proletarian" together with the resolutions of the Conference.

July 7 (20).

Lenin in a letter to the secretary of the International Socialist Bureau (ISB) K. Huysmans criticizes the translation of the program and statute of the RSDLP; reports that he has sent the translation for reworking.

July 11 (24).

July 16 (29).

Lenin sends to the ISB a list of members of the social-democratic faction of the III State Duma.

July.

Lenin in a conversation with the secretary of the Russian section of the CC A. P. Golubkov gives instructions for struggling against provocateurs penetrating party organizations.

End of July–August.

Lenin rests with his family – N. K. Krupskaya, her mother Elizaveta Vasilievna, and M. I. Ulyanova – in the village of Bombon (department of Seine and Marne) near Paris.

August 5 (18).

Lenin in a letter to the organizers of the Capri school declines to give lectures at the school and invites the school's students to come to Paris to hear lectures by Bolshevik lecturers.

Lenin writes a letter to A. I. Lyubimov, in which he decisively objects to helping Trotsky in publishing his Viennese "Truth," in particular against printing it in the "Proletarian" printing house.

August 11 (24).

Lenin in a letter to the secretary of the editorial board of the newspaper "Social-Democrat" reports on receiving nos. 7–8 of this newspaper; outlines the plan for the next issue of "Proletarian" (nos. 47–48), indicates which articles he intends to write for it, expresses indignation over Trotsky's careerist, factional behavior.

Between August 12 and 17 (25 and 30).

Lenin in a draft letter of the Bolshevik Center to the Council of the school in Capri points out that the question of establishing "ideological control" over the school on the part of the Bolshevik Center can be decided only if the Council of the school sends detailed and accurate information about its organization, the composition of students, and the program of classes.

Between August 14 and 20 (August 27 and September 2).

Lenin in a letter to the secretary of the editorial board of the Central Organ reports that he will send the promised articles for "Proletarian" directly to typesetting; that he will return from Bombon to Paris no earlier than September 15; proposes to devote one of the issues of "Proletarian" to a criticism of the opportunist policy of the Bund.

Mid-August.

Lenin sends to the Foreign Bureau of the CC of the RSDLP a circular received by him from the International Socialist Bureau about organizing meetings and gatherings of protest against the imperialist, predatory policy of the Spanish government in Morocco.

August 17 (30).

Lenin in a reply letter to the students of the Capri school explains the anti-party, factional character of this school, characterizes its lecturers as recall-ists-god-builders, confirms his refusal to give lectures at the school and invites the students to come to Paris.

August 20–25 (September 2–7).

Lenin writes the article "On the Faction of Supporters of Recall-ism and God-Building."

August, no earlier than August 20 – no later than August 25 (September 2–7).

Lenin in a letter to A. I. Lyubimov gives permission for the publication of his reply to the students of the Capri school, for its use in Lyubimov's report; reports that he is writing an article against A. Bogdanov (Maksimov) with sharp criticism of recall-ists.

August, no earlier than August 21 – no later than August 26 (September 3–8).

Lenin in a letter to A. I. Lyubimov reminds him to send him the "Diary of a Social-Democrat," necessary for work on the article "Unmasked Liquidationists."

August 25 (September 7).

Lenin in a letter to the secretary of the editorial board of the Central Organ reports on sending the conclusion of his article "On the Faction of Supporters of Recall-ism and God-Building" to the editorial board of "Proletarian."

August 29 (September 11).

Lenin in a letter to K. Huysmans promises to speed up sending the translation of the program and statute of the RSDLP.

Second half of August.

Lenin writes the article "Recall-ist-Ultimatist Strikebreakers."

Summer.

Lenin visits Paul Lafargue in Draveuil (near Paris) and converses with him about his book "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism."

No later than September 1 (14).

Lenin returns from Bombon to Paris.

September 4 (17).

Lenin informs K. Huysmans that in addition to the translation of the statute of the RSDLP a historical review of it will be made.

September 5 (18).

September, before September 7 (20).

Lenin in a letter to M. P. Tomsky sharply criticizes the recall-ist school in Capri, exposes Trotsky's factional nature, discusses Stolypin's agrarian policy.

September 11 (24).

Lenin's article "On the Faction of Supporters of Recall-ism and God-Building" is printed in the Supplement to nos. 47–48 of the newspaper "Proletarian."

September 14 (27).

Lenin's article "More on Party-Mindedness and Non-Party-Mindedness" is published in no. 9 of the newspaper "New Day."

September 17 (30).

Lenin sends to the ISB the translation of the statute of the RSDLP and asks K. Huysmans to send the proofs of the statute.

September 19 (October 2).

Lenin speaks in Paris with a report on the supplementary (September) elections to the III State Duma in Petersburg.

September, no earlier than September 19 (October 2).

Lenin writes a letter to A. I. Lyubimov regarding the draft of the Bolshevik Center's reply to the Council of the Capri school.

October 3 (16).

October, before October 5 (18).

Lenin in a letter to V. A. Karpinsky is interested in questions connected with the transfer of the party library from Geneva to Paris.

October 12 (25).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, M. A. Ulyanova, reports on receiving letters and money from her and his sisters, transferred to him by the publisher; asks D. I. Ulyanov to write about the state of health of Maria Ilyinichna.

October 15 (28).

Lenin reads in Liège for members of social-democratic groups a report "On the State of Affairs in the Party."

October 16 (29).

Lenin speaks in Liège with a public report "The Ideology of Counter-Revolutionary Bourgeoisie."

October, before October 21 (November 3).

Lenin writes the article "On the Methods of Strengthening Our Party and Its Unity."

October 21–22 (November 3–4).

Lenin participates in a session of the editorial board of the Central Organ "Social-Democrat."

In connection with the refusal of the editorial board of the Central Organ to place Lenin's article "On the Methods of Strengthening Our Party and Its Unity" as an editorial, V. I. Lenin introduces a draft resolution on strengthening the party and its unity.

October 22 (November 4).

Lenin submits a statement about his withdrawal from the editorial board of the Central Organ (in connection with the refusal of the editorial board of the Central Organ to print his article "On the Methods of Strengthening the Party and Its Unity" and the rejection of his resolution on this question) and demands the publication of the statement in the newspaper "Social-Democrat" together with the draft resolution on strengthening the party and its unity.

October 23 (November 5).

Lenin departs from Paris to Brussels for the eleventh session of the International Socialist Bureau.

October 24 (November 6).

Lenin informs the editorial board of the newspaper "Social-Democrat" that he is withdrawing his statement about leaving the editorial board.

Lenin participates in the International Conference of Socialist Journalists in Brussels; speaks with information about the creation in Russia of an organization of socialist journalists.

October 25 (November 7).

Lenin speaks at the session of the eleventh session of the International Socialist Bureau in Brussels on the question of the split in the Social-Democratic Workers' Party of Holland.

October 26 (November 8).

Lenin participates in a session of the Inter-Parliamentary Commission under the International Socialist Bureau.

October, after October 26 (November 8).

Lenin returns from Brussels to Paris.

October 31 (November 13).

Lenin's article "The Tsar Against the Finnish People" is published as the leading article in no. 9 of the newspaper "Social-Democrat."

October.

Lenin in a letter to a group of students of the Capri school informs them of receiving two letters from them "about the split that has begun in the 'school'" and expresses approval regarding the "clear demarcation" between part of the students and the Bogdanovites; gives the students who have separated from the recall-ists a series of concrete advice and instructions.

No earlier than October.

Lenin gives the Economic Commission of the Bolshevik Center written instructions on compiling a report for June–September 1909.

No earlier than October 1909 – no later than April 1911.

Lenin reads G. V. Plekhanov's book "N. G. Chernyshevsky" and makes notes on it.

Lenin reads Yu. M. Steklov's book "N. G. Chernyshevsky, His Life and Activity (1828–1889)" and makes notes on it.

November 1 (14).

Lenin together with I. F. Dubrovsky and other members of the CC sends to the Foreign Bureau of the CC of the RSDLP a statement about the necessity of convening a CC plenum in the near future.

November 3 (16).

Lenin converses with N. E. Vilodinov, who arrived in Paris after the split in the Capri school.

In a letter to M. Gorky Lenin reports on his meeting and conversation with N. E. Vilodinov; expresses deep gratitude to Gorky for the fact that by his talent as an artist he has rendered enormous service to the labor movement.

November, after November 3 (16).

Lenin in a letter to M. Gorky explains the erroneousness of his views on the causes and character of the split between Bolsheviks and recall-ists-god-builders, points out that the basis of the split lies in different views "on the entire contemporary moment (and on Marxism, of course)."

November, before November 13 (26).

Lenin writes a plan for the report "The Ideology of Counter-Revolutionary Liberalism (The Success of 'Landmarks' and Its Social Significance)."

November 13 (26).

Lenin reads in Paris a public report "The Ideology of Counter-Revolutionary Liberalism (The Success of 'Landmarks' and Its Social Significance)."

November 19 (December 2).

Lenin in a letter to I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov briefly characterizes the situation in the party; points to the inevitability of a new general-democratic onslaught on tsarism; discusses in connection with this the question of the paths of the Russian revolution and the role of peasantry in it.

November 20 or 21 (December 3 or 4).

In a letter to M. I. Ulyanova Lenin writes about the absurd fabrication of foreign and Russian bourgeois press regarding the exclusion of M. Gorky from the social-democratic party; is interested in the situation in the family; reports on his studies in the library; asks to send his books remaining in Russia, "if not all, then at least what there is of Marx and Engels, and the best classics."

November 21 (December 4).

Lenin speaks with a report on the eleventh session of the International Socialist Bureau at a regular meeting of the 2nd Paris Group for Support of the RSDLP.

November 24–25 (December 7–8).

Lenin writes to M. A. Ulyanova about receiving letters from her and M. I. Ulyanova; asks M. I. Ulyanova to obtain new Moscow agricultural statistics for 1907–1909.

November 26 (December 9).

Lenin in a letter to M. I. Ulyanova asks her to use the forthcoming congress of statisticians in Moscow to obtain through acquaintances the necessary statistical publications.

Lenin writes an appeal to all statisticians of the zemstvo, city, and government institutions of Russia with a request to send him statistical information necessary for continuing work "on the agrarian question in general and agricultural capitalism in Russia in particular."

November, before November 28 (December 11).

Lenin reads Cherevanin's book "The Present Situation and Possible Future" and makes notes on it.

November 28 (December 11).

Lenin's articles "On Some Sources of Contemporary Ideological Disarray," "The Methods of Liquidationists and the Party Tasks of Bolsheviks," "The 'Voice of a Social-Democrat' and Cherevanin," "A Fable of the Bourgeois Press on the Exclusion of Gorky" are published in no. 50 of the newspaper "Proletarian."

Lenin's article "A Shameful Failure" is published in a separate offprint from no. 50 of the newspaper "Proletarian."

End of November.

Lenin in Paris reads lectures "The Contemporary Moment and Our Tasks" and "Stolypin's Agrarian Policy" to students expelled from the Capri school. Lenin writes the article "On Ideological Disintegration and Disarray Among Russian Social-Democracy."

Fall.

Lenin writes an "Explanatory Note to the Draft of the Principal Bases of a Law on the Eight-Hour Working Day" for the social-democratic faction of the III State Duma.

December 3 (16).

Lenin in a letter to I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov theoretically discusses the question of the struggle between two paths of capitalist agrarian development in Russia at this stage.

December 13 (26).

Lenin's article "On 'Landmarks'" is published in no. 15 of the newspaper "New Day."

December 20 (January 2, 1910).

Lenin in a letter to M. I. Ulyanova asks to send Moscow materials on elections to the I, II, and III Dumas.

December 24 (January 6, 1910).

Lenin's articles "The Latest Word of Russian Liberalism" and "The Eleventh Session of the International Socialist Bureau" are published in no. 10 of the newspaper "Social-Democrat."

Second half of December.

Lenin reads lectures "On the Contemporary Moment" and "Stolypin's Agrarian Policy" to a second group of students from the Capri school who came to Paris.

End of December.

Lenin writes a note "On the Group 'Forward.'" Lenin in a letter to M. I. Ulyanova reports that on his return from Juvisy (a small town near Paris where Lenin went to see aeroplanes) his bicycle was crushed by an automobile ("I managed to jump off").

End of December – before January 6, 1910.

Lenin edits F. M. Koigen's (Ionov's) article "Is Party Unity Possible?"

Second half of 1909.

Lenin participates in the work of the commission for support of the Duma social-democratic faction.

1910

January 2–23 (January 15 – February 5).

Lenin participates in the work of the plenum of the CC of the RSDLP in Paris; introduces a draft resolution "On the State of Affairs in the Party" condemning liquidationism and recall-ism; is elected by the plenum to the editorial board of the Central Organ "Social-Democrat" and as representative of the RSDLP to the International Socialist Bureau.

January 9 (22).

Lenin writes a reply letter in German to an unknown person in which he declines, due to being busy, the offer to write a brief overview of the history of the Russian social-democratic movement; refers to literature on this question; points out that in the RSDLP there are two directions – Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and that Trotsky occupies a centrist position.

January 17–18 (30–31).

Lenin in a letter to M. I. Ulyanova reports on his recent busyness; thanks her for sending Moscow city statistics materials.

End of January.

Lenin speaks at a session of the editorial board against the publication in the newspaper "Social-Democrat" of the liquidationist article by L. Martov "On the Right Track."

February 4 (17).

Lenin writes a letter to D. I. Ulyanov; reports that he solved the chess problem sent by him easily; offers him an interesting study to solve; inquires about his health.

February 9 (22).

Lenin together with other members of the CC of the RSDLP and the editorial board of the Central Organ signs a congratulatory letter to August Bebel in connection with the 70th anniversary of his birth.

February, before February 13 (26).

Lenin makes corrections to the translation made by N. K. Krupskaya of R. Luxemburg's article "August Bebel." Lenin edits the text of the resolution on the question of publishing a non-periodic discussion collection, discussed at a session of the editorial board of the Central Organ "Social-Democrat."

February 13 (26).

Lenin's article "Toward Unity" with an assessment of the decisions of the January plenum of the CC of the RSDLP is published in no. 11 of the newspaper "Social-Democrat."

February – early March.

Lenin in a "Sketch of a Letter to 'Holders'" (Kautsky, Mehring, Zetkin) notes the most important stages and episodes of inner-party struggle in 1906–1909, characterizes the positions taken by Bolsheviks and Mensheviks regarding party unification, and defines the conditions under which cooperation with Mensheviks is possible.

March 4 or 5 (March 17 or 18).

Lenin writes a letter to the Foreign Bureau of the CC; reports that the tsarist government has demanded from Belgium the extradition of a certain Ghaivais, accused of carrying out an expropriation in Russia, and appeals to the Foreign Bureau of the CC and the boards of all Paris groups for support of the RSDLP with a request to immediately collect information proving the political character of the Gaivais case. Lenin's letter was printed in a leaflet of the Foreign Bureau of the CC on March 5 (18).

March 5 (18).

Lenin signs a draft agreement on the participation of the Bolshevik organ "Proletarian" in the publication of the newspaper "Star."

March 6 (19).

In no. 1 of the "Discussion Sheet" the first part of Lenin's work "Notes of a Publicist" is printed – "On the 'Platform' of Supporters and Defenders of Recall-ism."

March 7 (20).

Lenin at a meeting of the 2nd Paris Group for Support of the RSDLP during the discussion of a report on the plenum of the CC speaks in favor of unification with Menshevik-party members (Plekhanovists).

March 8 (21).

Lenin writes a letter in French to the ISB K. Huysmans; reports on the absence of information about Gaivais; promises to make inquiries about him and convey the received information to his lawyer.

March 11 (24).

Lenin writes the article "'Voice' of the Liquidationists Against the Party."

March 14 (27).

Lenin in a letter to N. E. Vilodinov reports on the joint struggle of Bolsheviks and Menshevik-party members (Plekhanovists) against liquidationists; writes about the necessity of intensifying agitation for the departure of Plekhanovists from the liquidationist ("Voice") groups, for the replacement of a "Voice" man in the Foreign Bureau of the CC with a Plekhanovite.

March 15 (28).

Lenin writes a letter to Y. Tyshka; informs him of receiving articles by R. Luxemburg from him; decisively protests against the replacement of A. Barsky by another representative of Polish social-democracy in the editorial board of the Central Organ.

March 16 (29).

Lenin in a letter to G. V. Plekhanov expresses his agreement with the thought expressed by him about the necessity of drawing closer all truly social-democratic elements for the struggle against liquidationism and recall-ism; proposes that Plekhanov meet for negotiations on the state of affairs in the party.

March 23 (April 5).

Lenin sends to the Foreign Bureau of the CC of the RSDLP a statement regarding conflicts in the editorial board of the Central Organ.

Lenin's articles "'Voice' of the Liquidationists Against the Party (Reply to 'Voice of a Social-Democrat')" and "What Are We to Fight For?" are printed in no. 12 of the newspaper "Social-Democrat."

March 25 (April 7).

Lenin writes a letter to N. E. Vilodinov; reports on sending him to Davos (Switzerland) a resolution of the group of Paris Menshevik-party members and notes the extreme importance that local Menshevik-party members "in one way or another unite and come out openly."

March, before March 27 (April 9). Lenin at a closed session of the 2nd Paris Group for Support of the RSDLP proposes a resolution on the exclusion from the party of three Menshevik-liquidationists who refused to enter the Russian collegium of the CC. Lenin's resolution is adopted.

March 28 (April 10).

Lenin signs a letter to the Central Board of Polish social-democracy; the letter condemns the vacillations displayed by its representatives in the struggle against liquidationists in the Foreign Bureau of the CC.

March 29 (April 11).

Lenin replies to a letter from M. Gorky regarding party unification; gives an assessment of the January plenum of the CC of the RSDLP.

April 9 (22).

Lenin signs a receipt for receiving from A. I. Lyubimov in proper order a financial report of the expanded editorial board of "Proletarian" for the period from June 1 (14), 1909 to January 27 (February 9), 1910.

April 17 (30).

Lenin in a letter to M. M. Zolina reports on the measures taken to obtain a party subsidy for the treatment of N. E. Vilodinov; advises Vilodinov to remain in Davos (Switzerland) until fully recovered.

April 19 (May 2).

Lenin writes a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova; reports on his activities, on the distressed situation of Russian emigrants.

April, before April 26 (May 9).

Lenin writes a statement to the CC of the RSDLP on the situation in the editorial board of the Central Organ in connection with the anti-party behavior of the liquidationist part of the editorial board and insists on the necessity of replacing liquidationists with Menshevik-party members.

April 26 (May 9).

Lenin's articles "A Campaign Against Finland," "Fears for the Army," "Party Unification Abroad," "One of the Obstacles to Party Unity" are published in no. 13 of the newspaper "Social-Democrat."

May 25 (June 7).

In no. 2 of the "Discussion Sheet" the second part of Lenin's work "Notes of a Publicist" – "'Unification Crisis' in Our Party" is printed.

June 15 (28). June 18 (July 1).

Lenin departs from Paris for Capri to M. Gorky. Lenin in passing on Capri writes a letter from Naples to M. A. Ulyanova.

June 18–30 (July 1–13).

Lenin lives in Capri at M. Gorky's.

July 1 (14).

Lenin departs from Capri.

July 7 (20).

Lenin writes a letter to Y. Tyshka; reports on the critical situation in the Russian section of the CC of the RSDLP in connection with the arrest of three of its members – Bolsheviks; asks to send a Pole-CC member and Y. S. Ganetsky to Russia for the purpose of convening the Russian collegium of the CC to take necessary measures to remedy the situation created.

July 9 or 10 – August 10 (July 22 or 23 – August 23).

Lenin lives with his family, N. K. Krupskaya and her mother, in the coastal town of Pornic (France) on the shore of the Bay of Biscay.

July 19 (August 1).

Lenin writes a letter to D. M. Kotlyarenko in Paris; asks him to get for the editorial board of "Proletarian" the "Report of the Faction of the People's Freedom for the 3rd Session of the State Duma" and the book "In Memory of N. G. Chernyshevsky"; points to the carelessness of sending the report of the RSDLP to the VIII International Socialist Congress of the II International in Copenhagen by ordinary mail and is interested in how matters stand with publishing the supplement to this report.

July 20 (August 2).

Lenin writes a letter to A. I. Lyubimov; reports on receiving a letter from the secretary of the Foreign Bureau of the CC about negotiations with K. Huysmans regarding preparation for the congress; writes about the upcoming expenses for the trip to Copenhagen.

July, before July 23 (August 5).

Lenin edits the report of V. Mgeladze (Tria), which was to be published as a supplement to the report of the RSDLP to the Copenhagen Congress.

July, before July 26 (August 8).

Lenin in a letter to D. M. Kotlyarenko points to the extreme necessity of publishing the report of the RSDLP to the Copenhagen Congress in French by August 23 (new style).

July 26 (August 8).

Lenin writes a letter to D. M. Kotlyarenko; asks to send him proofs of the report of the RSDLP to the Copenhagen Congress.

Lenin in a letter to M. V. Kobetsky reports that he would like to use the trip to the congress to work in the Copenhagen library on materials about agriculture in Denmark.

Between July 26 and August 13 (August 8 and 26).

Lenin writes a letter to M. V. Kobetsky; thanks him for information about the Copenhagen library and the offered assistance.

Lenin in another letter to M. V. Kobetsky reports that he will come to Copenhagen together with N. K. Krupskaya and her mother; asks to rent one or two cheap rooms.

July 28 (August 10).

Lenin writes a letter to K. Huysmans; reports on taking necessary measures for the timely publication of the report of the RSDLP to the VIII International Socialist Congress and sending it before the congress begins.

July, no earlier than July 28 (August 10).

Lenin writes a letter to D. M. Kotlyarenko; reports that he has not received proofs of the report of the RSDLP to the Copenhagen Congress and asks to send the proofs of the report.

July.

Lenin's article "To the Jubilee Issue of 'Zihna'" ("Struggle") is published in no. 100 of the newspaper "Zihna" – the organ of Latvian social-democracy.

August, before August 13 (26).

Lenin in Paris meets and converses with G. V. Plekhanov.

August 13 (26).

Lenin arrives in Copenhagen for the VIII Congress of the II International; participates in the session of the International Socialist Bureau; during the session makes notes on the work of the bureau and congress.

August, no earlier than August 13 (26).

Lenin makes notes on the Belgian resolution on cooperatives.

August, no earlier than August 13 (26) – no later than August 21 (September 3).

Lenin writes a note to M. V. Kobetsky; encloses two passes to the sessions of the Copenhagen Congress; asks to write the name of Inessa Armand in one of them.

August, no later than August 15 (28).

Lenin writes the name of G. V. Plekhanov in the temporary certificate issued to Plekhanov as representative of the RSDLP at the Copenhagen Congress of the II International.

August 15–21 (August 28 – September 3).

Lenin participates in the work of the Copenhagen Congress of the II International.

Between August 15 and 21 (August 28 and September 3).

Lenin conducts a meeting with the left s.-d.'s in the II International to organize and unite the revolutionary elements in the international labor movement.

Lenin confers with G. V. Plekhanov, N. G. Poletaev, and I. P. Pokrovsky on the question of creating a "Workers' Paper" and the newspaper "Star."

August 16 (29).

Lenin participates in a meeting of representatives of national sections of the Copenhagen Congress, on the agenda of which are the questions: 1) verification of credentials, 2) appointment of commissions.

August 16–19 (August 29 – September 1).

Lenin participates in the work of the cooperative commission of the congress and also in its subcommission; drafts a resolution on cooperatives; speaks with amendments to the resolution of the cooperative commission of the congress.

August 20 (September 2).

Lenin informs the International Socialist Bureau that, in accordance with the decision of the January plenum of the CC of the RSDLP of 1910, the representative of the RSDLP in the International Socialist Bureau, alongside V. I. Lenin, is also G. V. Plekhanov.

August 20 (September 2).

Lenin together with G. V. Plekhanov and A. Varsky directs to the Board of the German Social-Democratic Party a protest regarding L. Trotsky's slanderous article on the situation in the RSDLP, published in the newspaper "Vorwärts" of August 28, 1910.

August 21 (September 3).

Lenin together with a group of Marxists – delegates of the Copenhagen Congress – signs a greeting to the activist of the Bulgarian labor movement Tina Kirkova.

August, after August 21 (September 3).

Lenin reads an article about the Copenhagen international socialist congress printed in "Leipziger Volkszeitung" no. 204 of September 3, 1910, and makes notes on it.

August 22 (September 4).

Lenin writes a letter to M. A. Ulyanova; reports on the completion of the work of the Copenhagen Congress and arranges a meeting in Stockholm.

August 30 (September 12).

Lenin's article "On the Faction of 'Forward-ists'" is published in nos. 15–16 of the newspaper "Social-Democrat."

August 30 – September 12 (September 12–25).

Lenin lives in Stockholm, where he arrives for a meeting with his mother M. A. Ulyanova and sister M. I. Ulyanova; he speaks at assemblies of Social-Democratic groups with reports "On the International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen" and "On the Situation of Affairs in the Party"; he works in the Stockholm library on literature concerning questions of cooperation in agriculture.

September 2 (15).

Lenin fills out requisition slips for books from the Copenhagen library on agricultural production in Denmark.

September 3 (16).

Lenin in a letter to M. V. Kobetsky from Stockholm reports that he will arrive in Copenhagen on September 26 and asks him to organize a reading of his public or party report on the Copenhagen Congress on the evening of that same day.

September, before 11 (24).

Lenin makes excerpts from works on the statistics of agriculture in Germany and performs calculations of data for the article "The Capitalist System of Modern Agriculture."

After 11 (24) September.

Lenin writes the article "The Capitalist System of Modern Agriculture."

September 13 (26).

Lenin in Copenhagen delivers a report on the VIII International Socialist Congress of the Second International.

September 15 (28).

Lenin returns to Paris.

September 17 (30).

Lenin in a letter to K. Radek reports that he intends to write an article against Martov and Trotsky in response to the slanderous fabrications contained in their latest articles on the Russian revolutionary movement (on this question Lenin wrote the article "The Historical Meaning of the Intra-Party Struggle in Russia").

September 20 (October 3).

Lenin participates in a meeting of the 2nd Paris group for aid to the RSDLP, at which the question of publishing the "Workers' Gazette" is discussed; he makes notes during the debate.

September 21 (October 4).

Lenin writes a letter to the Bolsheviks' representative on the Foreign Bureau N. A. Semashko; proposes to meet him for negotiations concerning the speedy convening of an assembly of Bolsheviks to resolve the question of publishing the "Workers' Gazette."

September 22 (October 5).

Lenin writes a letter to I. P. Pokrovsky; reports that the secretary of the ISB K. Guesmans requests that he send a list of Social-Democratic deputies of the III State Duma who have joined the Inter-Parliamentary Commission at the ISB; proposes that he inform Guesmans of the address of the secretary of the Social-Democratic Duma faction.

September 23 or 24 (October 6 or 7).

Lenin sketches a plan of additions to his article against Martov in a letter from Y. Marchlewski.

September 24 (October 7).

Lenin in a letter to Y. Marchlewski reports that he has "already written about half of a large article against Martov and Trotsky together" (the article "The Historical Meaning of the Intra-Party Struggle in Russia"); reports of his intention, arising from his study of strike statistics for 1905–1908, to write a book or pamphlet on the Russian proletariat in the revolution; proposes additions to Marchlewski's article, in which he sharply criticizes Martov's falsification of the historical role of the proletariat in the revolution of 1905.

After 24 September (7 October).

Lenin writes an article against Trotsky's slanderous fabrications concerning the Russian revolution.

Lenin writes a letter to K. Kautsky in which he reports sending him an article against Trotsky.

September 25 (October 8).

Lenin's articles "The Question of Cooperatives at the International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen" and "On How Some Social-Democrats Acquaint the International with the Situation of Affairs in the RSDLP" are published in No. 17 of the newspaper "Social-Democrat."

September 26 (October 9).

Lenin writes a letter to K. Radek; reports that he has written about half of the article "The Historical Meaning of the Intra-Party Struggle in Russia"; asks whether it is possible to publish this article or several feuilletons on the same subject in the "Leipziger Volkszeitung."

September–November.

Lenin conducts negotiations with I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov and V. V. Vorovsky concerning the organization in Moscow of the publication of a legal Bolshevik journal "Mysl'"; the journal began to appear in December 1910.

End of September–November.

Lenin works on the statistics of strikes in Russia in 1905–1908; he studies the books "Statistics of Workers' Strikes at Factories and Plants for 1905" and "Statistics of Workers' Strikes at Factories and Plants for the Three-Year Period 1906–1908," compiled by D. E. Varzar, and makes notes and calculations on them.

Lenin works on the articles "The Historical Meaning of the Intra-Party Struggle in Russia" (published in "Discussion Sheet" No. 3 for 1911) and "On the Statistics of Strikes in Russia" (published in the first and second issues of the journal "Mysl'" in December 1910–January 1911).

September 1910–1913.

Lenin makes excerpts from books on Russian, German, and Hungarian agrarian statistics and statistics of strikes in Russia.

October 1 (14).

Lenin writes a letter to G. L. Shklovskii; defines the position of the Bolsheviks toward the Menshevik-Plekhanovists; reports on negotiations with G. V. Plekhanov concerning the publication of a popular newspaper, on his intention to make a tour of Swiss cities with a report.

October 13 (26).

Lenin signs and directs to the Foreign Bureau a letter in which he announces Bolshevik support for N. G. Poletaev's request to send money for the publication of a newspaper of the Duma Social-Democratic faction and the Bolsheviks' agreement to allocate 1000 rubles for this purpose.

October, before 15 (28).

Lenin speaks at an assembly of Bolsheviks in Paris on the question of creating, jointly with the Plekhanovists, the "Workers' Gazette."

October 24 (November 6).

Lenin writes in French a letter to K. Guesmans; asks for one copy each of the reports of various parties to the Copenhagen Congress for distribution in Russia.

October 25 (November 7).

At a meeting of the Editorial Board of the Central Organ, Lenin insists on the publication in the newspaper "Social-Democrat" of an article by D. Blagoev directed against Trotsky. In connection with the anti-party conduct of Martov and Dan, Lenin leaves the meeting.

In a statement to the chairman of the Editorial Board meeting of the Central Organ, Lenin clarifies that the reason for his departure was the anti-party slanderous speech of L. Martov in support of the Recallists.

October 26 (November 8).

Lenin writes a letter to V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich; reports on receiving news concerning the preparation of the publication of a new legal organ—the newspaper "Zvezda" in Petersburg; insists that all materials sent from abroad be published in it; asks for more frequent and detailed information concerning the progress of preparation for the publication of the newspaper.

October 28 (November 10).

Lenin in a letter to V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich expresses concern about the delay in publishing the newspaper "Zvezda"; gives instructions on the question of the composition of the editorial board; asks for help in organizing the publication of the journal "Mysl'."

October, before 30 (November 12).

Lenin writes the article "Announcement of the Publication of the 'Workers' Gazette.'"

October 30 (November 12).

Lenin's article "Lessons of the Revolution" is published as the leading article in No. 1 of the "Workers' Gazette."