Amendments to the draft resolution on the convocation of an all-Russian party conference, submitted at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP{166}

The Central Committee resolves to [begin] begin work on convening the conference immediately. The deadline is set for November 1st[77].

Submitted August 11 (24), 1908.

First published in 1933 in Lenin Miscellany XXV

Printed from the manuscript

Outline of a Speech on the Organizational Question at the Fifth All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP{167}

I.

170 Refers to the composition of the Central Committee of the party, elected at the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP in the amount of 12 people. The “five” refers to the narrowed composition of the Central Committee of five people working in Russia. Lenin's ironic remark about the "angelic" five likely refers to a draft resolution by the Menshevik-Liquidators, in which they proposed abolishing the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee, concentrating all leadership of party work in the hands of the Russian five.

II. (A)

1. strike movement and revolutionary onslaught;

2. reformism and revolution;

3. tasks of combating nationalism;

– to put before the congress;

4. how to work in legal societies.

III. (B)

(1) Duma faction.

(2) Legal newspapers.

(3) Legal societies.

(4) Illegal agitators and their secret slogans.

IV. (C)

Resolutions and their popularization…

V. (D)

Trusted people and their promotion.

Written December 24, 1908 (January 6, 1909)

First published in 1933 in Lenin Miscellany XXV

Printed from the manuscript

Plan of Lectures on Marxism{168}

Marxism

(α) Theory of Surplus Value (Mehrwert).

(β) Economic Development.

(γ) Class Struggle.

(δ) Philosophical Materialism.

The Agrarian Question (α) Commodity production in agriculture.

(β) Small production vs.[78] large production.

(γ) Wage labor.

(δ) Rent.

___

(α)

1. Former socialists: “unfair” etc. Symptom of feeling, not understanding.

2. "Labor principle" (in Russia).

3. Commodity production.

4. Capitalism. Theory of Mehrwert.

___

(β)

1. Economic development. Industry (1907).

2. Russian handicraft workers.

3. Agriculture.

4. Railroads and trusts.

5. Financial capital.

6. Socialization of production. Socialized labor and individual appropriation.

___

(γ)

1. The proletariat and its cohesion

(serf peasant – pauper – proletarian).

2. Individual strikes. "Fight" of machines.

3. Trade unions and the movement.

4. Political struggle:

England – liberals

France – radicals (republicans)

Germany – liberals (60s) and opportunists.

5. Revolutionary goals of the working class: expropriation of capitalists.

6. Revolutionary struggle and the struggle for reforms.

___

(δ) Philosophical Materialism.

1. Marx's theory = integral worldview.

2. Main worldviews and philosophical starting points: priestcraft and materialism.

3. Engels (Ludwig Feuerbach).

4. 1789 France – Hegel and Feuerbach Germany (before 1848).

5. Dialectical materialism.

6. Russia:

Chernyshevsky

Populists

Current opportunists (Bogdanov).

Written in 1908 or 1909.

First published in 1933 in Lenin Miscellany XXV

Printed from the manuscript

Plan of the Report "The Current Situation in Russia"{169}

I. How absolutism is changing. Plutocratic or bourgeois monarchy?

II. 3rd State Duma and "parliamentary means of struggle." Something about the revolutionary phrase among the "Socialist-Revolutionaries."

III. Chauvinism of the Cadets and wavering of the Trudoviks.

IV. About madmen who want to "push where they were defeated."

V. How to create a Social-Democratic use of parliamentarism in Russia.

VI. Do the most active or the most flabby leave the ranks of Social Democracy? Cheerevanin as a literary and social type.

VII. What the experience of the German Social Democrats under the Exceptional Law teaches.

VIII. The proletariat and petty-bourgeois intelligentsia in the holidays and everyday life of history.

Printed before February 10 (N.S.), 1909 in an advertisement for the report published by the 2nd Paris Group for Assistance to the RSDLP

Printed from the text of the advertisement

List of Unlocated Works by V.I. Lenin (March 1908 – June 1909)

1908

LETTER TO A. V. LUNACHARSKY

In a letter to A.M. Gorky dated April 6 (19), 1908, V.I. Lenin mentions a letter to A.V. Lunacharsky explaining the reasons for his refusal to come to Capri: "I already wrote this to An. Vas-ch..." (Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 34, p. 344).

LETTERS TO RELATIVES

Information about V.I. Lenin's letters to his mother, M.A. Ulyanova, and his sister, A.I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, which have not yet been located, comes from his letters to M.A. Ulyanova dated June 7 (20), November 27 (December 10), 1908, and letters from A.I. Ulyanova-Elizarova dated November 13 (26), December 11 (24), 1908, January 24 (February 6), February 3 or 4 (February 16 or 17), February 24 (March 9), March 8 (21), March 26 (April 8), 1909 (see Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 37, pp. 306, 321–322 and 319, 326, 327, 328, 338, 343, 352).

LETTER TO YU.M. STEKLOV

In a letter to V.I. Lenin dated October 23 (November 5), 1908, Yu.M. Steklov reported: "Dear Vladimir Ilyich! Only today I signed the contract and only now have I had the opportunity to answer your letter, which I received five days ago" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). The correspondence with Steklov concerned Lenin's participation in a collection dedicated to the life and work of N.G. Chernyshevsky. Yu.M. Steklov suggested that Lenin write an article on the topic "Chernyshevsky and the Peasant Question" and asked him to inform A.A. Bogdanov of the contents of his letter. Lenin sent A.A. Bogdanov a letter from Yu.M. Steklov with his postscript (see Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 36, p. 130).

LETTER TO V.D. BONCH-BRUEVICH

From V.D. Bonch-Bruevich's letter to V.I. Lenin dated October 26 (November 8), 1908, it is known that Lenin asked him to help in printing A.M. Gorky's open letter about helping Kuklin's library in Geneva (it was about sending newspapers and materials from the period of the 1905-1907 revolution) (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU).

REPORT "ON THE CURRENT MOMENT AND THE TASKS OF THE PARTY", SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES AT THE FIFTH ALL-RUSSIAN CONFERENCE OF THE RSDLP

The report "On the Current Moment and the Tasks of the Party" was delivered by Lenin at the conference on December 23, 1908 (January 5, 1909).

Information about Lenin's report, speeches, and addresses at the conference is contained in a brief record of the proceedings of the Fifth All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP, which is kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU.

1908–1909

LETTERS TO THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU

Information about unlocated letters from V.I. Lenin to the ISB for 1908-1909 is contained in photocopies of individual pages of books of incoming and outgoing correspondence of the ISB, provided to the Institute by K. Huysmans, which are kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU. The records in these books indicate the dates of receipt of Lenin's letters and their brief content; the records show that in 1908-1909 Lenin conducted extensive correspondence with the secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, K. Huysmans. In his letters, Lenin reported on the payment of regular contributions of the RSDLP to the ISB, on the plenary sessions of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, on the arrests of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, on sending the RSDLP report to the Stuttgart Congress in connection with the preparation for the publication of the report on the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International, etc. In two letters, Lenin asked the ISB for assistance to the striking tanners of Vilna. In one of the letters, Lenin answered K. Huysmans' questions about the illegal Social Democratic organization in Russia, about the existence of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Geneva, and asked the ISB to provide information necessary to the secretary of the Social Democratic faction of the Third State Duma on the following issues: on the limitation of the working day, on trade unions, on the salaries of manual workers, and on insurance for miners.

1909

LETTER TO L.S. PERES

In a letter to A.I. Ulyanova-Elizarova dated May 13 (26), 1909, V.I. Lenin reported that he had written a letter to Peres, who participated in the publication of the book "Materialism and Empiriocriticism" (see Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 37, p. 355).

List of publications and documents in the editing of which V.I. Lenin participated

1908–1909

NEWSPAPER "PROLETARY"

№ 26 – (April 1) March 19, 1908

№ 27 – (April 8) March 26, 1908

№ 28 – (April 15) April 2, 1908

№ 29 – (April 29) April 16, 1908

№ 30 – (May 23) May 10, 1908

№ 31 – (June 17) June 4, 1908

№ 32 – (July 15) July 2, 1908

№ 33 – (August 5) July 23, 1908

№ 34 – (September 7) August 25, 1908

№ 35 – (September 24) September 11, 1908

№ 36 – (October 16) October 3, 1908

№ 37 – (October 29) October 16, 1908

№ 38 – (November 14) November 1, 1908

№ 39 – (November 26) November 13, 1908

№ 40 – December 1 (14), 1908

№ 41 – January 7 (20), 1909

№ 42 – February 12 (25), 1909

№ 43 – February 21 (March 6), 1909

Supplement to № 44 – April 4 (17), 1909

№ 44 – April 8 (21), 1909

№ 45 – May 13 (26), 1909 “ON THE WINDS OF THE TIMES”

Collection, SPB., Publishing house “Tvorchestvo”, 1908

The collection was published between April 3 and 10 (April 16 and 23), 1908. On the title page of the collection, Lenin (Vl. Ilyin) is named among other authors, who were apparently also the editors of the publication. In the collection, Lenin placed, with slight abridgements, his article “The Neutrality of Trade Unions”, previously printed (March 4 (February 19), 1908) in its entirety in the newspaper “Proletary” № 22.

REPORT OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE RSDLP TO THE STUTTGART CONGRESS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL

This report was to be included in the 3rd or 4th volume of reports on the Stuttgart Congress (1907), which were being prepared for publication by the International Socialist Bureau. The report was not read at the congress itself. From the correspondence between V. I. Lenin and the secretary of the ISB, K. Huysmans, in 1908–1909, it is known that Lenin was interested in the preparation for the publication of the congress reports and sent K. Huysmans the first part of the report of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In a reply letter, Huysmans informed Lenin of the receipt of the report.

1909

“NOTICE OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LABOUR PARTY ON THE HELD REGULAR ALL-PARTY CONFERENCE”

Paris, publishing house of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, [1909]

The “Notice” was published by the Central Committee shortly after the Fifth All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP. In the Central Organ of the party – the newspaper “Social-Democrat” № 2 of January 28 (February 10), 1909, in the information about the work of the conference, there are references to the resolutions of the conference published in the Central Committee’s “Notice”.

NEWSPAPER “SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT”

№ 2 – (January 28) February 10, 1909

№ 3 – March 9 (22), 1909

№ 4 – April 21 (8), 1909

№ 5 – (April 23) May 6, 1909

№ 6 – June 4 (17), 1909

R. LUXEMBURG. “REVOLUTIONARY HANGOVER”

R. Luxemburg’s article “Revolutionary Hangover”, directed against the recallists and ultimatumists, was printed on April 8 (21), 1909, in the newspaper “Proletary” № 44.

Information on the editing of the article by V. I. Lenin is contained in documents stored in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU.

Index of literary works and sources quoted and mentioned by V. I. Lenin

Agrarian program, [adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In the leaflet: Resolutions and resolutions of the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. [SPB.], type. of the Central Committee, [1906], p. 1. (RSDLP). – 30, 152, 154, 156, 166, 169, 184, 274–275, 320, 322.

The Agrarian Question. Vol. P. Collection of articles by Breyer, Brun, Vorobyov, Herzenstein, Den, Kaufman, Kutler, Levitsky, Manuilov, Petrunkevich, Hauke, Chuprov, Yakushkin. M, “Beseda”, 1907. XIII, 648 pp. (Published by Dolgorukov and Petrunkevich). – 12, 74–77, 78–80, 105, 125, 150, 314.

The Cadet agrarian project in the I State Duma – see Project of the main provisions on the agrarian question, submitted by 42 members of the I State Duma.

The Cadet agrarian project in the II State Duma – see Project of the main foundations of the law on land security for the agricultural population, submitted to the II State Duma by the Cadets.

The agrarian project of the 104 in the I State Duma – see Project of the basic provisions of the land law, submitted by 104 members of the State Duma.

The agrarian project of the 33 in the I State Duma – see Project of the basic land law, submitted by 33 members of the State Duma.

Address of British workers to German workers – see Die Arbeiter Britanniens an die Arbeiter Deutschlands.

[Aleksinsky, G. A.] Alekseev. [Amendment to the draft agrarian program of the RSDLP, submitted at the 12th session of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In the book: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, held in Stockholm in 1906. M, type. Ivanova, 1907, p. 152. – 154.

Annensky, N. F. The cost of producing bread in privately owned farms. – In the book: The Influence of Harvests and Bread Prices on Some Aspects of the Russian National Economy. Edited by Prof. A. I. Chuprov and A. S. Posnikov. Vol. I. SPB., type. Kirschbaum, 1897, pp. 157–245. – 75.

Beltov – see Plekhanov, G. V.

[Berlin Treaty with appendices. July 1 (13), 1878]. – In the book: Martens, F. Collection of treaties and conventions concluded by Russia with foreign powers. Vol. VIII. Treaties with Germany. 1825–1888. SPB., type. of the Ministry of Railways (Benke), 1888, pp. 639–676. In Russian and French. – 224, 243.

*[79] Blagoveshchensky, N. A. Consolidated Statistical Collection of Economic Information from Zemstvo Household Censuses. Vol. I. Peasant farming. M., typolith. Kushnerev, 1893. XVI, 267 pp. In Russian and French. – 122–123.

"Block of the Extreme Left". – “Social-Democrat”, SPB., 1906, № 6, November 3, pp. 2–4. On the newspaper date: October 3. – 383.

*Bulgakov, S. P. Heroism and Asceticism. (From reflections on the religious nature of the Russian intelligentsia). – In the book: *Vekhi*. Collection of articles about the Russian intelligentsia by N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, M. O. Gershenzon, A. S. Izgoev, B. A. Kistyakovsky, P. B. Struve, S. L. Frank. M., [type. Sablin], 1909, pp. 23–69. – 424.

Vesin, L. P. The significance of seasonal work in the life of the Russian peasantry. – “Delo”, SPB., 1886, № 7, pp. 127–155; 1887, № 2, pp. 102–124. – 110, 111.

"Vestnik Evropy", SPB., 1884, № 7, pp. 319–356. – 103–104.

"Vestnik of Public Hygiene, Forensic and Practical Medicine", SPB., 1896, vol. XXXI, book 1, July, pp. 1–49. – 110.

"Vestnik of Finance, Industry and Trade", SPB., 1896, № 51, pp. 972–976. – 78.

*Vekhi*. Collection of articles about the Russian intelligentsia by N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, M. O. Gershenzon, A. S. Izgoev, B. A. Kistyakovsky, P. B. Struve, S. L. Frank. M., [type. Sablin], 1909. II, 209 pp. – 424, 436.

V. I. Timiryazev in Moscow. – "Golos Moskvy", 1909, № 65, March 20, p. 5. – 408, 414.

* Vikhlyaev, P. A. Peasant farming. Published by the Tver provincial zemstvo. Tver, 1897. X, 313 pp. (In the publication: Collection of statistical information on the Tver province. Vol. XIII. Issue 2). – 87.

– The People's Socialist Party and the Agrarian Question. – In the book: Collection of articles. № 1. SPB., "Nasha Mysl", 1907, pp. 75–93. – 341.

*The Influence of Harvests and Bread Prices on Some Aspects of the Russian National Economy. Edited by Prof. A. I. Chuprov and A. S. Posnikov. Vol. I. SPB., type. Kirschbaum, 1897. VIII, LXIV, 533 pp. – 75, 87–88.

"Vozrozhdenie", M., 1909, № 1–2, pp. 26–31. – 408–409, 412, 413.

Volin, A. Questions of the revolution. – “Revolutionary Thought”, 1908, № 1, April, pp. 4–8. – 141, 142, 144–145, 339, 352.

– Political coup and the initiative minority. – “Revolutionary Thought”, 1908, № 2, June, pp. 4–7. – 141, 142, 339.

[Vorontsov, V. P.] V. V. Peasant commune. – In the book: Results of an economic study of Russia based on zemstvo statistics. Vol. I. General overview of zemstvo statistics of peasant farming. A. Fortunatova. Peasant commune. V. V. M., type. Mamontov, 1892, pp. 1–600. – 81.

– A new type of local statistical publication. Collection of statistical information on the Tauride province. Statistical tables on the economic situation of the villages of the Melitopol district. Appendix to Vol. I of the collection. – "Severny Vestnik", SPB., 1885, № 3, November, pp. 186–193. Signed: V. V. – 82.

– Division of labor in agricultural and industrial Russia. – "Vestnik Evropy", SPB., 1884, № 7, pp. 319–356. Signed: V. V. – 103–104.

Article 87 of the basic state laws – see Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 1.4.1. Code of basic state laws. Edition of 1906.

"Vperyod", Geneva, 1905, № 14, April 12 (March 30), p. 1. – 370, 371.

All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. (In December 1908). Published by the newspaper "Proletary". Paris, 1909. 47 pp. (RSDLP). – 329, 335, 360, 445.

*Second Ordinary Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Full text of the minutes. Published by the Central Committee. Geneva, Party Printing House, [1904]. 397, II pp. (RSDLP). – 152, 165–166, 230, 261, 264, 304, 340–341, 342.

Vyborg Manifesto – see To the People from People's Representatives.

The Most Important Resolutions, [adopted at the Third Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]. — In the book: Third Ordinary Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Full text of the minutes. Published by the Central Committee. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905, pp. XVI–XXVII. (RSDLP). – 43, 370–372, 376, 378.

Gogol, N. V. The Inspector General. – 435.

– Taras Bulba. – 219, 414.

"Golos Moskvy" [Voice of Moscow]. – 434.

– 1909, No. 65, March 20, p. 5. – 408, 414.

"Golos Sotsial-Demokrata" [Voice of the Social Democrat], [Geneva – Paris]. – 6, 251, 253, 280, 285, 288, 289, 295, 330.

– [Geneva], 1908, No. 1–2, February, pp. 24–26. – 140.

– 1908, No. 3, March, pp. 3–12. – 27–31, 32, 33, 34.

– 1908, No. 6–7, May – June, pp. 3–14. – 184, 258, 288.

– 1908, No. 8–9, July – September, pp. 23–24. – 250, 251–252, 253–254, 255, 256, 257, 285, 289.

– 1908, No. 8–9, July – September. Supplement to Nos. 8–9 of "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata" [Voice of the Social Democrat], p. 1. – 258, 285–287, 288–289.

– 1908, No. 10–11, November – December. 32 pp. – 369, 413.

– 1909, No. 12, March, pp. 15–16. – 409, 411, 413.

Griboyedov, A. S. Woe from Wit. – 55, 185, 287.

Dan, F. I. The Proletariat and the Russian Revolution. – "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata" [Voice of the Social Democrat], [Geneva], 1908, No. 3, March, pp. 4–7. – 27–31, 32, 33.

[Danielson, N. F.] Nikolai – he. Essays on our post-reform social economy. St. Petersburg, Benke Printing House, 1893. XVI, 353 pp.; XVI l. of tables. – 87, 110.

"Delo" [The Cause], St. Petersburg, 1886, No. 7, pp. 127–155; 1887, No. 2, pp. 102–124. – 110, 111.

Derzhavin, G. R. God. – 189.

Tenth Congress of the PPS. Program. Tactics. [Published by "Mysli Socjalistycznej". Lviv], 1908. 17 pp. – 50.

Activity of the Social-Democratic Duma Faction. – "Sotsial-Demokrat" [Social Democrat], [Vilna – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 36–37, in the section: From the Party. – 6.

Directives for the Commission on Organizational Matters – see Lenin, V. I. Directives for the Commission on Organizational Matters.

"Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata" [Diary of a Social Democrat], [Geneva], 1905, No. 4, December, pp. 1–12. – 34, 48.

Yearbook of Russia 1905 (Second Year). St. Petersburg, Nyrkin Lithographic Printing House, 1906. CXVI, 749 pp. (Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). In Russian and French. – 78.

*More on the Current Moment and the Tactics of the Party. – "Znamya Truda" [Labour's Banner], [Paris, 1908, No. 13, November], pp. 11–13. – 352.

Zhbankov, D. N. Women's Side. Statistical and Ethnographic Essay. – In the book: Materials for Statistics of the Kostroma Province. Published by the Kostroma Provincial Statistical Committee. Edited by V. Pirogov. Issue 8. Kostroma, 1891, pp. 1–136. – 99.

"Zhizn" [Life], St. Petersburg, 1901, No. 3, pp. 162–186; No. 4, pp. 63–100. – 160.

Law of December 11, 1905 – see Decree to the Governing Senate on Amendments and Additions to the Regulations on Elections to the State Duma.

Law of November 9, 1906 – see Decree to the Governing Senate, on the Exit of Peasants from Communes and Securing Ownership of Allotment Plots.

[Inquiry to the Minister of Internal Affairs Regarding the Prevention by the St. Petersburg Governor of Debates on Professor Pogodin's Report "Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austro-Hungarian Occupation", Submitted at the Meeting of the State Duma on October 15, 1908]. — In the book: Verbatim Records [of the State Duma]. 1908. Second Session. Part I. Meetings 1–35 (from October 15 to December 20, 1908). St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1908, p. 22. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 303.

"Zarya" [The Dawn], Stuttgart, 1901, No. 2–3, December, pp. 259–302. – 160, 257.

[Statement by the Labour Group of the State Duma on the Draft Law under the Decree of November 9, 1906]. — In the book: Verbatim Report from the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency [on the Meetings of the State Duma. 1908. Third Convocation. Second Session. Part I. Meetings 1–35 (from October 15 to December 20, 1908). Supplement to the newspaper "Rossiya"]. St. Petersburg, [Printing House of the Newspaper "Rossiya"], 1908, pp. 444–445. – 319.

Land Project of Moderately Right-Wing Peasant Deputies. – "S.-Peterburgskie Vedomosti" [St. Petersburg Gazette], 1908, No. 24, January 29 (February 11), p. 2. – 315–316.

"Znamya Truda" [Labour's Banner], [Paris]. – 139, 145, 344, 345.

– 1907, No. 4, August 30, pp. 1–3. – 145.

– 1907, No. 8, December, pp. 1–6. – 140.

– 1908, Nos. 9–13, January – November. – 339.

– 1908, Nos. 10–11, February – March, pp. 5–12. – 140–141, 145–146, 147, 339.

– 1908, No. 12. – 339.

*– [1908, No. 13, November], pp. 1–3, 11–13. – 343–345, 346–348, 351–352.

Electoral Law of June 3, 1907 – see Regulations on Elections to the State Duma.

Notification from the Central Committee of the P[arty of] Socialist-Revolutionaries. On the Congress of the Party Council and the All-Party Conference. B. m., [September 1908]. 16 pp. – 339–341, 342–343, 347, 348, 352.

Notification from the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party on the Regular All-Party Conference. [Published by the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909]. 8 pp. (RSDLP). – 331, 334, 336, 364–359, 360, 361–364, 373, 380–381, 391, 392–393, 396, 398–399, 400–401, 412.

The Internationale. – 235.

*"Iskra" [The Spark], [London], 1902, No. 23, August 1, pp. 2–4; No. 24, September 1, pp. 2–4. – 347.

*Historical and Statistical Review of Russian Industry. Edited by D. A. Timiryazev. Vols. I–II. St. Petersburg, 1883–1886. 2 vols. (All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1882 in Moscow).

*– Vol. I. Agricultural Products, Horticulture, Gardening and Domestic Animals. Mining and Salt Industry. 1883. 545 pp. – 75.

*– Vol. II. Products of Factory, Plant, Craft and Cottage Industries. 1886. 956 pp. – 78.

Historical Materialism. Collection of Articles by Engels, Kautsky, Lafargue, Jaurès, Sorel, Adler, Stern, Zetterbaum, Kelles-Kraus, Belfort-Bax, Stillich. Compiled and Translated by S. Bronstein (S. Semkovsky). With a Preface and Index of Literature on Historical Materialism in Russian and Foreign Languages. St. Petersburg, Printing House "Public Benefit", 1908. II, 403 pp. – 388–389.

Historical Turn. – "Listok 'Rabochego Dela'" [Leaflet of "Rabocheye Delo"], [Geneva], 1901, No. 6, April, pp. 1–6. Signed: Editorial Board of "Rabocheye Delo". – 143.

Results of Economic Research of Russia Based on Data from Zemstvo Statistics. Vols. I–*II. M. – Dorpat, 1892. 2 vols.

– Vol. I. General Review of Zemstvo Statistics of Peasant Economy. A. Fortunatov. Peasant Commune. V. V. M, Mamontov Printing House, 1892. 648 pp. – 81.

*– Vol. II. Karyshev, N. A. Peasant Extra-Allotment Leases. Dorpat, Lakman Printing House, 1892. XIX, 402, LXV pp., 3 l. of tables. – 85–86, 87.

To the Army and Navy. From the Social Democratic Faction and the Labour Group of the State Duma. July 12, 1906 [Leaflet]. St. Petersburg, Printing House of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, 1906. 2 pp. – 382–383, 384.

To Society and Students. [Appeal of the SPB Coalition Student Council]. – "Proletary" [The Proletarian], Geneva, 1908, No. 36, (16) October 3, pp. 6–7, in the section: Student Movement. Newspaper date: 16 (30) October. – 218.

On Organizational Issues. – "Sotsial-Demokrat" [Social Democrat], [Vilna – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 27–30. – 4, 5, 6.

On Current Issues. – "Proletary" [The Proletarian], Paris, 1909, No. 42, 12 (25) February, pp. 1–3. – 366–369.

On the Moment We Are Experiencing. – "Znamya Truda" [Labour's Banner], [Paris], 1907, No. 8, December, pp. 1–6. – 140.

Eve of the Revolution. Non-Periodical Review of Questions of Theory and Tactics. Edited by L. Nadezhdin. No. 1. [Geneva], 1901. 132 pp. (Published by the "Freedom" Group). – 143.

Karamzin, N. M. Sensitive and Cold. Two Characters. – 9, 13.

Karl Marx (1818–1883). On the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of His Death (1883–1908). St. Petersburg, [Kedrovy], 1908. 410 pp. Title on cover: In Memory of Karl Marx. – 257.

*Karyshev, N. A. Peasant Extra-Allotment Leases. Dorpat, Lakman Printing House, 1892. XIX, 402, LXV pp., 3 l. of tables. (In the publication: Results of Economic Research of Russia Based on Data from Zemstvo Statistics. Vol. II). – 85–86, 87.

Kautsky, K. The Driving Forces and Perspectives of the Russian Revolution. Translated from German ("Neue Zeit", Nos. 9 and 10, 25. Jg., Bd. I). Edited and with a Preface by N. Lenin. M, "New Epoch", 1907. 32 pp. – 44, 172, 385–388.

– Our View of Patriotism and War. – In the book: Kautsky, K. Our View of Patriotism and War. Translated from German by L. Nemanova. St. Francis of Assisi. Translated from German by S. Markovich. [St. Petersburg, typography "Herald," 1905], pp. 3–32. – 192, 194–195.

– Our View of Patriotism and War. Translated from German by L. Nemanova. St. Francis of Assisi. Translated from German by S. Markovich. [St. Petersburg, typography "Herald," 1905]. 48 pp. – 192, 194–195.

Kaufman, A. A. On the Question of the Cultural and Economic Significance of Private Land Ownership. – In the book: The Agrarian Question. Vol. II. A Collection of Articles by Breier, Brun, Vorobyov, Herzenstein, Den, Kaufman, Kutler, Levitsky, Manuilov, Petrunkevich, Hauke, Chuprov, Yakushkin. Moscow, "Beseda," 1907, pp. 442–628. (Published by Dolgorukov and Petrunkevich). – 74–77, 78–80, 105, 125, 150.

Class Tasks of the Proletariat in the Current Moment of the Democratic Revolution. [Draft Resolution of the Bolsheviks for the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Party News," [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 6. Under the general title: Draft Resolutions. For the Unification Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. – 372–373, 376, 378.

To All the People. [Appeal from the Committee of the Social-Democratic Fraction of the State Duma, the Committee of the Labor Group of the State Duma, the Central Committee of the RSDLP, the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, the Central Committee of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), the Central Committee of the General Jewish Labor Union in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia (Bund)]. July 1906. [Leaflet]. N.p., printing house of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, July 1906. 1 p. – 382, 383, 384.

Conference of Caucasian Social-Democratic Labor Organizations. [Geneve, printing house of the party, 1905]. 8 pp. (RSDLP). – 47.

Korolenko, S. A. Hired Labor in Landlord Farms and the Movement of Workers in Connection with a Statistical and Economic Review of European Russia in Agricultural and Industrial Relations. St. Petersburg, printing house of Kirschbaum, 1892. XX, 864 pp.; 17 leaves of maps. (Dept. of Agriculture and Rural Industry. Agricultural and Statistical Information Based on Materials Received from Owners. Issue V). – 73, 110, 113.

Krichevsky, B. P. Principles, Tactics, and Struggle. – "Rabochee Delo," Geneva, 1901, No. 10, September, pp. 1–36. – 143.

Kulebaki. – "Social-Democrat," [Vilno – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, p. 44. Under the general title: Correspondences. – 4.

[Kuskova, E. D.] On Russian Marxism. (On the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Death of Karl Marx). – "Stolichnaya Pochta," St. Petersburg, 1908, No. 251, March 1 (14), pp. 3–4. Signed: E. K. – 37–38.

Kutler, P. P. Draft Law on Measures to Expand and Improve Peasant Land Ownership. – In the book: The Agrarian Question. Vol. II. A Collection of Articles by Breier, Brun, Vorobyov, Herzenstein, Den, Kaufman, Kutler, Levitsky, Manuilov, Petrunkevich, Hauke, Chuprov, Yakushkin. Moscow, "Beseda," 1907, pp. 629–648. (Published by Dolgorukov and Petrunkevich). – 12, 314.

Larin, Yu. The Peasant Question and Social Democracy. [St. Petersburg], "New World," 1906. 111 pp. – 169.

Levin, D. Sketches. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 133 (1018), May 17 (30), pp. 2–3. – 436.

The Left in the Third Duma. (Reality and Dreams). – "Znamya Truda," [Paris], 1908, No. 10–11, February – March, pp. 9–12. Signed: Ign. N. – 145–146, 147.

[Lenin, V. I.] And Who Are the Judges? – "Proletary," [Vyborg], 1907, No. 19, November 5, pp. 6–7. Place of publication on the newspaper: Moscow. – 147.

– The Agrarian Program of Social Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907. November – December 1907. – 59–60, 61–62, 63, 67–68, 69, 70, 116, 130, 148–173, 184, 250–257.

– The Agrarian Question. Part I. St. Petersburg, [ "Zerno," January] 1908. 263 pp. Author before the title: Vl. Ilyin. – 102.

– The Agrarian Question and the "Critics of Marx." – In the book: [Lenin, V. I.] The Agrarian Question. Part I. St. Petersburg, [ "Zerno," January] 1908, pp. 164–263. Author before the title: Vl. Ilyin. – 102.

– Agrarian Debates in the III Duma. – "Proletary," Geneva, 1908, No. 40, December 1 (14), pp. 3–5. Signed: N. L. – 339.

– The Gentlemen "Critics" in the Agrarian Question. – "Zarya," Stuttgart, 1901, No. 2–3, December, pp. 259–302. Signed: N. Lenin. – 160, 257.

*– Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution. – In the book: [Lenin, V. I.] For 12 Years. A Collection of Articles. Vol. 1. Two Trends in Russian Marxism and Russian Social-Democracy. St. Petersburg, printing house of Bezobrazov, [1907], pp. 387–469. Author before the title: Vl. Ilyin. Year of publication on the title page: 1908. – 378.

– Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution. Published by the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Geneva, printing house of the party, 1905. VIII, 108 pp. (RSDLP). Author before the title: N. Lenin. – 371.

– Directives for the Commission on the Organizational Question. – In the book: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party Regarding the Regular All-Party Conference [Published by the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). Under the general title: The Organizational Question. – 331, 362–363, 391.

– Report on the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Letter to St. Petersburg Workers. Moscow – St. Petersburg, printing house "Delo," 1906. 111 pp. Author before the title: N. Lenin. – 172–173, 373–376, 378.

*– For 12 Years. A Collection of Articles. Vol. 1. Two Trends in Russian Marxism and Russian Social-Democracy. St. Petersburg, printing house of Bezobrazov, [1907]. XII, 471 pp. Author before the title: Vl. Ilyin. Year of publication on the title page: 1908. – 378.

– On the Debates on Expanding the Budgetary Rights of the Duma. – "Social-Democrat," [Vilno – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 10–14. Signed: N. Lenin. – 6.

– How Pyotr Maslov Corrects Karl Marx's Rough Drafts. – "Proletary," Geneva, 1908, No. 33, July 23 (Aug. 5), pp. 3–6. – 184, 250–257.

– Marxism and Revisionism. – In the book: Karl Marx (1818–1883). On the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of His Death (1883–1908). St. Petersburg, [Kedrovy], 1908, pp. 210–217. Title on the cover: In Memory of Karl Marx. Signed: Vl. Ilyin. – 257.

– Materialism and Empirio-criticism. Critical Notes on a Reactionary Philosophy. February – October 1908. – 20.

– New Agrarian Policy. – "Proletary," Geneve, 1908, No. 22, February 19 (March 3), p. 1. Date on the newspaper: February 19 (March 4). – 11, 315.

*– On Blocs with the Cadets. – "Proletary," [Vyborg], 1906, No. 8, November 23, pp. 2–5. Place of publication on the newspaper: Moscow. – 383.

– On Some Features of the Modern Collapse. – "Proletary," Geneva, 1908, No. 32, July 2 (15), pp. 1–2. – 339.

– Reply to the Criticism of Our Draft Program. – In the book: [Maslov, P. P.] X. On the Agrarian Program. [Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, N. Reply to the Criticism of Our Draft Program. Published by the League of Russian Revolutionary Social-Democrats. Geneva, printing house of the League, 1903, pp. 26–42. (RSDLP). Signed: N. Lenin. – 263.

– P. Maslov in Hysterics. – "Proletary," Geneva, 1908, No. 37, October 16 (29), pp. 3–5. Signed: N. Lenin. – 285, 287.

[Lenin, V. P.] Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. St. Petersburg, "Nasha Mysl," 1906. 31 pp. Author before the title: N. Lenin. – 156–151, 172–173, 260, 264.

– Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. St. Petersburg, 1906. 31 pp. Author before the title: N. Lenin. – 172–173.

– [Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. Chapter V]. – In the book: [Lenin, V. I.] Report on the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Letter to St. Petersburg Workers. Moscow – St. Petersburg, printing house "Delo," 1906, pp. 66–67. Under the title: Draft Agrarian Program of the Majority of the Agrarian Commission, in the section: Appendices. Author before the title: N. Lenin. – 172–173.

– [Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. Chapter V]. – "Party News," [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 12. Under the general title: Drafts of the Agrarian Program for the Upcoming Congress. – 172–173.

– Regarding Two Letters. – "Proletary," Geneva, 1908, No. 39, November 13 (26), pp. 3–6. – 278, 404.

– Political Notes. – "Proletary," [Geneva], 1908, No. 21, February 13 (26), p. 2. – 339.

– Political Crisis and the Failure of Opportunist Tactics. – "Proletary," [Vyborg], 1906, No. 1, August 21, pp. 2–6. Place of publication on the newspaper: Moscow. – 383.

– Draft Agrarian Program of the RSDLP, Proposed to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP – see Lenin, V. I. Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. Chapter V.

– Draft of a Bolshevik resolution on the provisional government and local organs of revolutionary power. The Provisional Revolutionary Government and Local Organs of Revolutionary Power. – In the book: [Lenin, V. I.] Report on the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party. Letter to Petersburg Workers. M. – St. Petersburg, typography "Delo", 1906, pp. 92–93, in the section: Appendices. – 375–376, 378.

*– The Development of Capitalism in Russia. The Process of Formation of an Internal Market for Large-Scale Industry. 2nd ed., augmented. St. Petersburg, "Pallada", 1908. VIII, VIII, 489 pp. Before the title: Vladimir Ilyin. – 62, 63–64, 73, 74, 75, 78, 83–85, 86–87, 88–90, 91, 92, 93, 95–96, 98, 100, 101–103, 105, 106, 107–109, 110–111, 114–117, 119–120, 122, 136, 157.

– The Revolutionary Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat and the Peasantry. – "Vpered", Geneva, 1905, No. 14, April 12 (March 30), p. 1. – 370, 371.

*– Revolutionary Adventurism. – "Iskra", [London], 1902, No. 23, August 1, pp. 2–4; No. 24, September 1, pp. 2–4. – 347.

– Resolution on the Armed Uprising, [adopted at the III Congress of the RSDLP]. — In the book: Third Regular Congress of the Ross. Soc.-Dem. Labor Party. Complete text of the protocols. Publishing House of the Central Committee. Geneva, party typography, 1905, pp. XVII–XVIII. (RSDLP). – 371, 372, 378.

– Resolution on the Tactics of the Social-Democratic Faction in the [III] State Duma. – "Proletary", [Vyborg], 1907, No. 20, November 19, p. 4, in the section: From the Party. Under the general heading: Resolutions of the 3rd All-Russian Conference. At the newspaper place of publication: M. – 36.

– [Tactical Platform for the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Draft Resolutions for the Unification Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Party News", [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 5–9. – 372.

– The Third Duma. – "Proletary", [Vyborg], 1907, No. 18, October 29, pp. 1–3. At the newspaper place of publication: M. – 36.

*– Socialist-Revolutionary Mensheviks. – "Proletary", [Vyborg], 1906, No. 4, September 19, pp. 3–6. At the newspaper place of publication: M. – 139.

[Lenin, S. P.] Agricultural Machinery and Implements. – "Vestnik Finansov, Promyshlennosti i Torgovli", St. Petersburg, 1896, No. 51, pp. 972–976. Under the general heading: All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in N. Novgorod. – 78.

– Agricultural Tools and Machines. – In the book: Productive Forces of Russia. A Brief Description of Various Branches of Labor According to the Classification of the Exhibition. Compiled under the general editorship of V. I. Kovalevsky. St. Petersburg, [1896], pp. 47–58, in the section: I. Agriculture. (Ministry of Finance. Commission for the Management of the Arrangement of the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1896 in N. Novgorod). – 78.

"Listok "Rabochego Dela"", [Geneva], 1901, No. 6, April, pp. 1–6. – 143.

*The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (held in 1907). Complete text of the protocols. Publishing House of the Central Committee. Paris, 1909. 486 pp. (RSDLP). – 43, 349, 377–378, 380.

Manifesto. October 17 (30), 1905 – "Government Gazette", St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 433.

Manifesto to all Russian Peasantry [from the committee of the Social-Democratic faction of the State Duma, the committee of the Labor Group of the State Duma, the All-Russian Peasant Union, the Central Committee of the RSDLP, the central committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, the All-Russian Railway Union, the All-Russian Teachers' Union]. [Leaflet]. No place of publication, typography of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, [July 1906]. 2 pp. – 382, 383, 384.

*Maress, L. N. Production and Consumption of Grain in the Peasant Economy. – In the book: The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Some Aspects of the Russian National Economy. Edited by Prof. A. I. Chuprov and A. S. Posnikov. Vol. I. St. Petersburg, typography of Kirschbaum, 1897, pp. 1–96. – 87–88.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. Manifesto of the Communist Party. December 1847 – January 1848. – 22, 190.

– Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 1841–1850. Vol. 1. March 1841 – March 1844. Complete translation from German by I. G. Groysman. Edited by L. I. Akselrod (Orthodox), D. Koltsov, and B. Ryazanov. With a preface to the Russian edition by F. Mehring. [Odessa, "Liberation of Labor"], 1908. II, 650 pp. (In the publication: From the Literary Heritage of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Ferd. Lassalle. Published by F. Mehring). – 388.

– Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 1841–1850. Vol. 2. July 1844 – November 1847. Edited by L. I. Akselrod, V. I. Zasulich, and D. Koltsov. [Odessa, "Liberation of Labor"], 1908. VIII, 541 pp. (In the publication: From the Literary Heritage of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Ferd. Lassalle. Published by F. Mehring). – 388.

– Third International Review. From May to October. November 1, 1850. – 38–39.

– Circular against Kriege. May 11, 1846. – 266.

Marx, K. Second Address of the General Council of the International Workingmen's Association on the Franco-Prussian War. To the Members of the International Workingmen's Association in Europe and the United States. September 9, 1870. – 48–49.

– Bill on the Abolition of Feudal Dues – see Marx, K. Köln, 29. Juli.

– Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Introduction. Late 1843 – January 1844. – 416, 438.

– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, vols. I–III. 1867–1894. – 268–269, 343.

– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. I. 1867. – 19.

– The Poverty of Philosophy. Answer to "The Philosophy of Poverty" by Mr. Proudhon. First half of 1847. – 128, 162.

*– Letters to L. Kugelmann. With a preface by the editors of "Neue Zeit". Translated from German by M. Ilyina, edited and with a preface by N. Lenin. St. Petersburg, [“New Duma”], 1907. XI, 96 pp. – 170.

*– [Letter to L. Kugelmann. April 12, 1871]. – In the book: Marx, K. Letters to L. Kugelmann. With a preface by the editors of "Neue Zeit". Translated from German by M. Ilyina, edited and with a preface by N. Lenin. St. Petersburg, [“New Duma”], 1907, pp. 88–89. – 170.

– Afterword to the second edition [of the first volume of "Capital"]. January 24, 1873. – 19.

Marseillaise. – 204.

Martens, F. Collection of Treaties and Conventions Concluded by Russia with Foreign Powers. Vol. VIII. Treaties with Germany. 1825–1888. St. Petersburg, typography of the Ministry of Railways (Benke), 1888. XXII, 747 pp. In Russian and French. – 224, 243.

Martov, L. What to Fight For? – "Social-Democrat", Paris, 1909, No. 3, March 9 (22), pp. 3–4. – 370, 373, 376, 377, 378–380, 381, 384, 385–386, 387–388, 389.

– Results of Political Development. – In the book: Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century. Edited by L. Martov, P. Maslov, and A. Potresov. Vol. I. Forerunners and Main Causes of the Movement. St. Petersburg, typography "Public Benefit", 1909, pp. 663–676. Signed: L. M. – 413.

– The "Leaning Left" of the Bourgeoisie. – "Vozrozhdenie", M., 1909, No. 1–2, pp. 26–31, in the section: Socio-Political Section. Journalist's Notes. – 408–409, 412, 413.

Martynov, A. The Agrarian Question in the Counter-Revolutionary Duma. – "Golos Social-Demokrata", [Geneva], 1908, No. 10–11, November – December, pp. 5–14. – 413.

– Incriminating Literature and Proletarian Struggle. ("Iskra", Nos. 1–5). – "Rabochee Delo", Geneva, 1901, No. 10, September, pp. 37–64. – 143.

Maslov, P. P. The Agrarian Question in Russia. (Conditions for the Development of Peasant Farming in Russia). 3rd ed. St. Petersburg, typography "Public Benefit", 1906. XIII, 462 pp. – 160, 161, 252, 253, 254–255, 256–257, 287, 288.

– The Agrarian Question in Russia. Vols. I–II. St. Petersburg, typography "Public Benefit", 1908. 2 vols. Vol. I. (Conditions for the Development of Peasant Farming in Russia). 4th augmented edition. With an appendix of articles: 1) On the Principal Foundations of the Agrarian Program. 2) To My Critics. XIII, 520 pp. – 255.

Vol. II. The Crisis of Peasant Farming and the Peasant Movement. VIII, 457, 135 pp.; 4 sheets of maps. – 255.

– On the Agrarian Question. (Critique of Critics). – "Zhizn", St. Petersburg, 1901, No. 3, pp. 162–186; No. 4, pp. 63–100. – 160.

– Critique of Agrarian Programs and a Draft Program. M., "Kolokol", 1905. 43 pp. (First Library. No. 31). – 153, 154–155, 261, 262–263.

– On the Principal and Theoretical Foundations of the Agrarian Program. – "Obrazovanie", St. Petersburg, 1907, No. 2a, pp. 117–126; No. 3, pp. 89–104. – 153–154, 160–161, 165–166, 167–168, 256–257.

– X. On the Agrarian Program. – In the book: [Maslov, P. P.] X. On the Agrarian Program. [Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, N. Reply to the Critique of Our Draft Program. Publishing House of the League of Russian Revolutionary Social-Democrats. Geneva, typography of the League, 1903, pp. 1–25. (RSDLP). – 257–258, 261, 262, 263.

– X. On the Agrarian Programme. [Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, N. Reply to the criticism of our draft programme. Publ. of the League of Russian Revolutionary Social-Democrats. Geneva, Printing House of the League, 1903. 42 pp. (RSDLP). – 257–258, 261, 262, 263.

– Letter to the Editors. – «Golos Sotsial-Demokrata» [Voice of the Social-Democrat], [Geneva], 1908, No. 8–9, July – September, pp. 23–24. – 250, 251–252, 253–254, 255, 256, 257, 285, 289.

– [Draft Agrarian Programme]. – «Partiinyye Izvestiya» [Party News], [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 12. Under the general heading: Drafts of the Agrarian Programme for the upcoming congress. – 261.

Materials for Statistics of the Kostroma Gubernia. Publ. of the Kostroma Gubernia Statistical Committee. Edited by V. Pirogov. Issue 8. Kostroma, 1891. II, 333, 25 pp.; 4 sheets of tables. – 99.

Materials for Statistics of the Krasnoufimsk Uyezd of the Perm Gubernia. Issue III. Tables. Publ. of the Krasnoufimsk Zemstvo. Kazan, Vyacheslav Printing House, 1893. [On the cover: 1894]. VII, 430 pp. – 83–84, 89, 91, 95, 102–103, 105, 106, 107, 109.

* Materials on the Peasant Question. Report on the sessions of the delegates’ congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union on November 6–10, 1905. With an introductory article by V. Grohman. S.l., «Novy Mir» [New World], 1905. 114 pp. – 158.

*Materials for the Assessment of Lands of the Nizhny Novgorod Gubernia. Economic Section. Issues IV, IX, XII. Publ. of the Nizhny Novgorod Gubernia Zemstvo. N.-Novgorod, 1888–1890. 3 vols. (Statistical Department of the Nizhny Novgorod Gubernia Zemstvo Administration).

*– Issue IV. Knyaginino Uyezd. 1888. 442 pp. – 89, 91, 95–96, 106.

*— Issue IX. Vasil Uyezd. 1890. 428 pp. – 59, 91, 95–96, 106.

*— Issue XII. Makaryev Uyezd. 1889. 549 pp. – 89, 91, 95–96, 106.

[Materials submitted to the General Assembly of the 2nd Convocation of the State Duma]. S.l., [1907]. 7, 23 pp.; 1040 sheets. – 11, 154–155, 341.

Militarism and International Conflicts. [Resolution adopted at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart]. – «Proletary» [The Proletarian], [Vyborg], 1907, No. 17, October 20, pp. 5–6. Under the general heading: Resolutions of the Stuttgart Congress. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 187–188, 192, 204.

Milyukov, P. N. A Year of Struggle. Journalistic Chronicle. 1905–1906. St. Petersburg, [Printing House «Obshchestvennaya Polza»], 1907. XVII, 550 pp. (Library of «Obshchestvennaya Polza»). – 12.

– The Tasks of Local Agrarian Committees as Understood by the Social-Democrats and Constitutional Democrats. – In the book: Milyukov, P. N. A Year of Struggle. Journalistic Chronicle. 1905–1906. St. Petersburg, [Printing House «Obshchestvennaya Polza»], 1907, pp. 457–460. (Library of «Obshchestvennaya Polza»). – 12.

– St. Petersburg, May 25. – «Rech» [Speech], St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 82, May 25 (June 7), p. 1. – 12.

– St. Petersburg, March 16. – «Rech» [Speech], St. Petersburg, 1908, No. 65, March 16 (29), p. 1. – 9, 10–11, 13.

Minsk. – «Sotsial-Demokrat» [The Social-Democrat], [Vilno – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 43–44. Under the general heading: Correspondences. – 5.

Molière, J. B. Tartuffe, or The Imposter. – 288.

Nadezhdin, L. The Eve of the Revolution – see The Eve of the Revolution.

«Narodnaya Duma» [People's Duma], [St. Petersburg], 1907, No. 12, March 24 (April 6), p. 4. – 377.

To the People from the People's Representatives. [July 1906. Leaflet]. S.l., 1906. 1 p. – 53.

Scientific Chronicle. (New Attempts to Revive Corpses). – «Proletary» [The Proletarian], Geneva, 1908, No. 30, (23) May 10, pp. 2–3. Signed: Τ—renov. – 52, 55–56.

Isn't It Time to Finish? – «Golos Sotsial-Demokrata» [Voice of the Social-Democrat], [Geneva], 1908, No. 1–2, February, pp. 24–26. – 140.

Nekrasov, N. A. Who Lives Well in Russia. – 210.

– A Knight for an Hour. – 293.

Nik.—ok – see Danielson, N. F.

«Novoye Vremya» [New Times], St. Petersburg, 1908, No. 11698, October 5 (18), p. 2. – 227–228.

New Executions of Terrorists and Our Legal Press. – «Znamya Truda» [Banner of Labour], [Paris], 1908, No. 10–11, February – March, pp. 5–9. – 140–141.

On the Provisional Government. [Resolution of the Conference of Caucasian Social-Democratic Workers' Organisations]. – In the book: Conference of Caucasian Social-Democratic Workers' Organisations. [Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905], p. 3. (RSDLP). – 47.

On the Duma Social-Democratic Faction. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian, 1908)]. – In the book: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party on the Regular All-Party Conference. [Publ. of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 5–6. (RSDLP). – 334, 361–362, 400–401.

On the Seizure of Power and Participation in the Provisional Government. [Resolution of the First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers]. – In the book: The First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate Supplement to No. 100 of «Iskra» [The Spark]. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905, pp. 23–24. (RSDLP). – 370–372, 374.

[On the Class Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Moment of the Democratic Revolution. Draft resolution for the V Congress of the RSDLP]. – «Proletary» [The Proletarian], [Vyborg], 1907, No. 14, March 4, p. 3. Under the general heading: Draft Resolutions for the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 372–373, 378.

On the Present Moment and the Tasks of the Party. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian, 1908)]. – In the book: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party on the Regular All-Party Conference. [Publ. of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–5. (RSDLP). – 357, 358–359, 360, 373, 380–381, 392–393, 396, 412.

On the Present Moment of the Revolution and the Tasks of the Proletariat. [Draft resolution of the Mensheviks for the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. – «Partiinyye Izvestiya» [Party News], [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 9. Under the general heading: Draft Resolutions for the upcoming congress, elaborated by a group of «Mensheviks» with the participation of the editors of «Iskra». – 373–374, 376.

On the Current Moment and the General Tactics of the Party. – In the book: Notification of the Central Committee of the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries]. On the congress of the party council and the all-party conference. S.l., [September 1908], pp. 6–7. Under the general heading: Resolutions adopted by the 1st All-Party Conference and approved by the 4th Council of the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries. – 347, 348.

[On the Attitude to Bourgeois Parties. Draft resolution of the Bolsheviks, submitted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In the book: The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (held in 1907). Full text of the protocols. Publ. of the Central Committee. Paris, 1909, pp. 466–467. (RSDLP). – 377, 378.

[On the Attitude to Bourgeois Parties. Draft resolution for the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, elaborated by a group of Menshevik writers and practical workers]. – «Narodnaya Duma» [People's Duma], [St. Petersburg], 1907, No. 12, March 24 (April 6), p. 4, in the section: From the Parties. – 377.

[On the Attitude to Bourgeois Parties. Draft resolution of the Mensheviks, submitted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In the book: The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (held in 1907). Full text of the protocols. Publ. of the Central Committee. Paris, 1909, p. 465. (RSDLP). – 377.

On Improving and Increasing Peasant Landownership and Land Use. Basic Provisions. – In the book: Appendices to the verbatim reports of the State Duma. Third Convocation. Session I. 1907–1908. Vol. I. (Nos. 1–350). St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1908, cols. 1983–1984. – 12.

[Review of the Press of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party]. – «Revolyutsionnaya Mysl» [Revolutionary Thought], 1908, No. 1, April, p. 16, in the section: Bibliography. – 139, 140, 142, 339.

Review of the Yaroslavl Gubernia. Issue II. Seasonal trades of the peasants of the Yaroslavl Gubernia. Edited by A. R. Svirshchevsky. Publ. of the Yaroslavl Gubernia Statistical Committee. Yaroslavl, 1896. IX, 193 pp.; 29 pp. of tables. – 99.

«Obrazovaniye» [Education], St. Petersburg, 1907, No. 2a, pp. 117–126; No. 3, pp. 89–104. – 153–154, 160–161, 165–166, 167–168, 256–257.

General Regulation on Peasants Who Have Emerged from Serf Dependence. February 19, 1861. – In the book: Regulations on Peasants Who Have Emerged from Serf Dependence. February 19, 1861. St. Petersburg, 1861, pp. 1–33. – 308.

The Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century. Edited by L. Martov, P. Maslov and A. Potresov. Vol. I. Harbingers and Basic Causes of the Movement. St. Petersburg, Printing House «Obshchestvennaya Polza», 1909. [5], 676 pp. – 413.

General Tactical Instructions for the Current Moment. [Resolution adopted at the X Congress of the PPS]. – In the book: Tenth Congress of the PPS. Programme. Tactics. [Publ. «Mysli Socjalistycznej». Lviv], 1908, pp. 8–10. Under the general heading: Resolutions. – 50.

Odintsev. On the Question of Revolutionary Organisations. (Letter to the Editors). – «Revolyutsionnaya Mysl» [Revolutionary Thought], 1908, No. 2, June, pp. 10–13. – 141–142, 339.

Odoyevsky, A. I. «The fiery sounds of prophetic strings…». – 186.

Ozerosky, S. On «Vekhi» [Signposts]. – «Rech» [Speech], St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 139 (1024), May 24 (June 6), p. 5. – 436.

Orlov, V. Peasant Economy. Issue I. Forms of Peasant Landownership in Moscow Province. Published by Moscow Provincial Zemstvo. M., 1879. III, 320, 39 pp. (In the publication: Collection of Statistical Information on Moscow Province. Department of Economic Statistics. Vol. IV. Issue I). – 81.

[Basic Provisions of the Draft Law on the Organization of Local Committees on the Agrarian Question, Submitted to the 1st State Duma by 35 Members of the Labour Group]. — In the book: Verbatim Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I. Meetings 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1906, pp. 672–673. (State Duma). – 11.

The Relationship Between the Socialist Party and Trade Unions. [Resolution Adopted at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart]. — "Proletary," [Vyborg], 1907, No. 17, October 20, p. 5. Under the general title: Resolutions of the Stuttgart Congress. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 328.

Report of the Caucasian Delegation on the All-Party Conference. Published by the Central Bureau of Foreign Groups of the RSDLP. Paris, Rédaction du Socialisme, 1909. 53 pp. (RSDLP). – 335, 379.

Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism. Philosophical Collection. St. Petersburg, [Bezobrazov Printing House], 1908. 329 pp. – 20.

Parliamentary Cretinism Inside Out. — "Proletary," [Vyborg], 1907, No. 18, October 29, pp. 2–5. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 145, 344.

"Party News," [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 5–9, 9–11, 12. – 172–173, 261, 372–374, 376, 378.

*First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Issue I. Population of the Empire According to the Census of January 28, 1897, by Uyezds. Compiled by the Central Statistical Committee on the Basis of Local Calculation Sheets. Published by the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. St. Petersburg, 1897. 29 pp. In Russian and French. – 68, 69.

First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate Supplement to No. 100 of "Iskra." Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905. 31 pp. (RSDLP). – 43, 370–372, 374.

Letters of I. F. Becker, J. Dietzgen, F. Engels, K. Marx and others to F. A. Sorge and others. Translated from German by Politicus. With letters and a biography of F. A. Sorge by Eugen Dietzgen. With a preface by N. Lenin. With a portrait of F. A. Sorge. St. Petersburg, Dauge, 1907. XXVI, 44, 485, II pp. – 239, 412.

Letter from St. Petersburg. (In the Duma Social-Democratic Fraction). — "Proletary," Geneva, 1908, No. 39, (26) November 13, pp. 6–8, in the section: Chronicle. Signature: N. – 302.

Letter from a Party Worker. — "Rabocheye Znamya," [M.], 1908, No. 7, December, pp. 4–6. – 366–368.

Letter from a Worker. (On the plan of party work in connection with the assessment of the current moment). — "Rabocheye Znamya," [M], 1908, No. 5, October, pp. 4–5. – 278, 290, 366, 367, 404.

Letter from a Worker to the Editorial Board of "Rabocheye Znamya." Reprinted from No. 5 of "Rabocheye Znamya." — "Proletary," Geneva, 1908, No. 39, (26) November 13, pp. 3–4. – 290–291, 295–307, 367, 404.

Plekhanov, G. V. [Questions to Non-Russian Social Democrats About the Nature of the Russian Revolution and the Tactics that Russian Social Democrats Should Adhere to]. — In the book: Kautsky, K. The Driving Forces and Prospects of the Russian Revolution. Translated from German ("Neue Zeit," Nos. 9 and 10, 25. Jg., Bd. I). Edited and with a preface by N. Lenin. M., "Novaya Epokha," 1907, p. 29. – 386–388.

– More About Our Situation. (Letter to Comrade X.). — "Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva], 1905, No. 4, December, pp. 1–12. – 34, 48.

– Notes of a Publicist. — "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva], 1908, No. 3, March, pp. 3–12. – 27, 28, 34.

– Notes of a Publicist. — "Sovremennaya Zhizn," M., 1907, No. 2, February – March, pp. 158–186. Signature: Beltov. – 44.

– Draft Program of the Russian Social Democrats. 1885–1887. – 152.

– Materialismus militans. Answer to Mr. Bogdanov. I. (First Letter). — "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva], 1908, No. 6–7, May – June, pp. 3–14. – 184, 258, 288.

Regarding the RSDLP Conference. — "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata," [Geneva], 1909, No. 12, March, pp. 15–16. – 409, 411, 413.

Regulation on Elections to the State Duma. With explanations from the Governing Senate and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. St. Petersburg, Senate Printing House, 1907. 188 pp.; 2 diagrams. (Published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 5, 11, 13, 276, 316.

Regulation on the Redemption by Peasants Who Have Emerged from Serf Dependence of Their Homestead Settlement and on Government Assistance for the Acquisition by These Peasants of Ownership of Field Lands. February 19, 1861. – In the book: Regulations on Peasants Who Have Emerged from Serf Dependence. St. Petersburg, 1861, pp. 1–32. – 308.

Regulations on Peasants Who Have Emerged from Serf Dependence. February 19, 1861. St. Petersburg, 1861. 357 pp. Separately paginated. – 308.

"Polyarnaya Zvezda," St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 10, February 18, pp. 733–737. – 9.

[Resolution of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP Regarding the Appeal of the St. Petersburg Coalition Student Council]. — "Proletary," Geneva, 1908, No. 36, (16) October 3, p. 10. Under the general title: St. Petersburg, in the section: From the Party. Newspaper date: 16 (30) October. – 218.

Resolutions of the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. [Leaflet. St. Petersburg], Printing House of the Central Committee, [1906], p. 1. (RSDLP). – 30, 152, 154, 156, 166, 169, 173, 184, 274–275, 320, 322.

*Postnikov, V. E. South Russian Peasant Economy. M., Kushnerev Printing House, 1891. XXXII, 392 pp. – 88, 90, 91, 92–93, 94, 96, 100, 106.

"Pravitelstvenny Vestnik," St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 222, 18 (31) October, p. 1. – 433.

"Pravitelstvenny Vestnik," St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 268, 13 (26) December, p. 1. – 33.

– 1906, No. 252, 12 (25) November, p. 1. – 156, 308, 311, 312, 317, 321, 326.

– 1906, No. 256, 18 November (1 December), p. 1. – 156.

Debates in the Duma Social-Democratic Fraction on the Question of the Social Democrats' Attitude to Religion. — "Proletary," [Paris], 1909, No. 45, 13 (26) May, pp. 6–7, in the section: From the Party. – 415, 423, 426.

Appendices to the Verbatim Reports of the State Duma. Third Convocation. Session I. 1907–1908. Vol. I. (Nos. 1–350). St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1908. 35 pp., 2024 columns. – 12.

Resolution Adopted [by the Fifth] Conference [of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)] After Commission Work [on the Organizational Question]. — In the book: Announcement of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party Regarding the Regular All-Party Conference That Has Taken Place. [Published by the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). Under the general title: Organizational Question. – 357, 363–364, 391, 398–399.

Program and Organizational Charter of the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, Approved at the First Congress. Published by the Central Committee of the P. S.-R. S.l., Printing House of the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, 1906. 32 pp. – 340–341.

Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, Adopted at the Second Party Congress. — In the book: Second Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. Complete Text of the Protocols. Published by the Central Committee. Geneva, Party Printing House, [1904], pp. 1–6. (RSDLP). – 152, 165, 166, 230, 261, 264, 304, 340–341, 342.

Draft of the Main Principles of the Law on Land Security for the Agricultural Population, [Submitted to the Second State Duma by the Cadets]. — In the book: [Materials Received by the General Assembly of the State Duma of the 2nd Convocation]. S.l., [1907], sheets 293–295. – 11.

Draft Menshevik Resolution on the Provisional Government and Revolutionary Self-Government. Provisional Government and Revolutionary Self-Government. — In the book: [Lenin, V. I.] Report on the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Letter to St. Petersburg Workers. M. – St. Petersburg, "Delo" Printing House, 1906, pp. 91–92, in the section: Appendices. – 374–375, 376.

Draft Menshevik Resolution on the Assessment of the Current Moment. On the Current Moment of the Revolution and the Tasks of the Proletariat. — In the book: [Lenin, V. I.] Report on the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Letter to St. Petersburg Workers. M. – St. Petersburg, "Delo" Printing House, 1906, pp. 68–70, in the section: Appendices. – 373–374, 376.

Draft Organization of Local Land Committees, Submitted to the 1st State Duma by 35 Members of the Labour Group – see Basic Provisions of the Draft Law on the Organization of Local Committees on the Agrarian Question, Submitted to the 1st State Duma by 35 Members of the Labour Group.

[Draft Organization of Local Land Committees, Submitted to the Second State Duma by 37 Members of the Labour Group]. — In the book: [Materials Received by the General Assembly of the State Duma of the 2nd Convocation]. S.l., [1907], sheet 314. – 11.

Draft of the Basic Land Law, [submitted by 33 members of the State Duma]. — In the book: Verbatim Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. II. Meetings 19–38 (from June 1 to July 4). St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1906, pp. 1153–1156. (State Duma). – 54–55, 341.

Draft of the Basic Provisions of the Land Law, [submitted to the Second State Duma on behalf of a group of Socialist-Revolutionaries]. — In the book: [Materials Received by the General Assembly of the Second State Duma]. No place of publication, [1907], sheets 486–491. – 341.

Draft of the Basic Provisions, [of the Land Law, submitted by 104 members of the State Duma]. — In the book: Verbatim Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I. Meetings 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1906, pp. 560–562. (State Duma). – 11, 54–55, 154, 155, 263, 341.

Draft of the Basic Provisions [of the Land Reform, submitted to the Second State Duma on behalf of the Trudovik Group and the Peasant Union]. — In the book: [Materials Received by the General Assembly of the Second State Duma]. No place of publication, [1907], sheets 17–19, 37. – 11, 154–155, 341.

[Draft of the Basic Provisions on the Agrarian Question, submitted by 42 members of the First State Duma]. — In the book: Verbatim Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I. Meetings 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1906, pp. 248–251. (State Duma). – 11, 314.

Draft Resolutions for the Forthcoming Congress, Drawn Up by a Group of "Mensheviks" with the Participation of the Editors of "Iskra." – "Party News," [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 9–11. – 372.

Productive Forces of Russia. A Brief Description of Various Branches of Labor Corresponding to the Classification of the Exhibition. Compiled under the general editorship of V. I. Kovalevsky. St. Petersburg, [1896]. XI, 1249 pp. (Ministry of Finance. Commission for the Management of the Arrangement of the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod). – 78.

*Prokopovich, S. N. and Mertzago, A. P. How Much Land is in Russia and How Do We Use It. M., Printing House of Sytin, 1907. 28 pp. (Library of the Master (ed. by A. P. Mertzago)). – 68, 69, 70, 151–152.

"Proletary," [Vyborg – Geneva – Paris]. – 6, 138, 146, 238, 285, 296, 339, 366, 368, 394.

– [Vyborg], 1906, No. 1, August 21, pp. 2–6. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 383.

*– 1906, No. 4, September 19, pp. 3–6. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 139.

– 1906, No. 8, November 23, pp. 2–5. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 383.

– 1907, No. 14, March 4, p. 3. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 372–373, 378.

– 1907, No. 17, October 20, pp. 5–6. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 187–188, 192, 204, 328.

– 1907, No. 18, October 29, pp. 1–5. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 36, 145, 344.

– 1907, No. 19, November 5, pp. 6–7. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 147.

– 1907, No. 20, November 19, p. 4. Place of publication on the newspaper: M. – 36.

– Geneva, 1908, No. 21, 26 (13) February, p. 2. – 339.

– 1908, No. 22, (3 March) 19 February, p. 1. Date on the newspaper: (4 March) 19 February. – 11, 315.

– 1908, No. 28, (15) 2 April, p. 1. – 426.

– 1908, No. 30, (23) 10 May, pp. 2–3. – 52, 55–56.

– 1908, No. 31, (17) 4 June, pp. 5–6. – 296.

– 1908, No. 32, (15) 2 July, pp. 1–2. – 339.

– 1908, No. 33, (5 Aug.) 23 July, pp. 3–6. – 184, 250–257, 287, 288.

– 1908, No. 36, (16) 3 October, pp. 6–7, 10. Date on the newspaper: (16) 30 October. – 218.

– 1908, No. 37, (29) 16 October, pp. 3–5. – 285, 287.

– 1908, No. 39, (26) 13 November, pp. 2–8. – 278, 290–293, 294–307, 367, 404.

– 1908, No. 40, 1 (14) December, pp. 3–5. – 339.

– Paris, 1909, No. 42, 12 (25) February, pp. 1–4. – 366–369, 394, 395.

– 1909, No. 44. Supplement to No. 44 of the newspaper "Proletary", 4 (17) April, p. 1. – 394–405.

– 1909, No. 45, 13 (26) May, pp. 6–7. – 415, 423, 426.

Protest Against the Actions of the Chairman A. F. Meyendorff. – In the book: Verbatim Reports [of the State Duma]. 1909. Second Session. Part III. Meetings 71–100 (from March 6 to April 24, 1909). St. Petersburg, State Printing House, 1909, columns 2309–2310. (State Duma. Third Convocation). Under the general title: Appendix to the Verbatim Report of the Ninety-Fifth Meeting. – 437.

Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., Printing House of Ivanov, 1907. VI, 420 pp. – 9, 47, 152–153, 154, 158, 163–165, 167, 168–169, 171–172, 260, 263, 269, 318, 319, 320.

"Rabocheye Delo", Geneva, 1901, No. 10, September. 136, 46 pp. – 143. "Rabocheye Znamya", M. – 6, 366, 367.

– 1908, No. 5, October, pp. 4–5. – 278, 290, 366, 367, 404.

– 1908, No. 7, December, pp. 4–6. – 366–368.

"Revolutionary Thought." – 139, 141, 142, 351.

– 1908, No. 1, April, pp. 1, 4–8, 16. – 139–140, 141, 142, 144–145, 339, 352.

"Revolutionary Thought", 1908, No. 2, June, pp. 1–7, 10–13. – 139, 141–142, 143, 144, 339.

Revolution and the Third Duma. – "Znamya Truda", [Paris], 1907, No. 4, August 30, pp. 1–3. – 145.

[Resolutions Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. — In the book: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party Regarding the Regular All-Party Conference That Took Place. [Published by the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–7. (RSDLP). – 354–358.

Resolutions Adopted by the [First All-Russian] Conference [of Party Workers]. — In the book: The First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate Appendix to No. 100 of "Iskra." Geneva, Printing House of the Party, 1905, pp. 15–30. (RSDLP). – 43.

Resolution of the Moscow City-Wide Conference of the RSDLP on the Attitude Towards the Duma Faction. – "Proletary", Geneva, 1908, No. 31, (17) 4 June, pp. 5–6, in the section: Chronicle. – 296.

Resolution on Armed Uprising. [The Most Important Resolutions Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP] – see Lenin, V. I. Resolution on Armed Uprising, Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP.

Resolution on a Provisional Revolutionary Government. [The Most Important Resolutions Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP]. – In the book: Third Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party. Complete Text of the Protocols. Published by the Central Committee. Geneva, Printing House of the Party, 1905, pp. XVIII–XIX. (RSDLP). – 370–372, 376, 378.

Resolution on the Attitude Towards the Peasant Movement. [The Most Important Resolutions Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP]. – Ibid., pp. XX–XXI. – 372, 378.

Resolution on the Attitude Towards Non-Proletarian Parties, [Adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In the book: London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (Held in 1907). Complete Text of the Protocols. Published by the Central Committee. Paris, 1909, pp. 454–455. (RSDLP). – 349, 377–378, 380.

Resolution of the St. Petersburg "Recallists," Proposed by Them to the Extended Meeting of the St. Petersburg Committee Before the All-Party Conference. – "Proletary", [Paris], 1909, No. 44. Supplement to No. 44 of the newspaper "Proletary", 4 (17) April, p. 1. – 394–405.

Resolution of the Central Committee [of the RSDLP] on Cooperatives. – "Social-Democrat", [Vilna – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 37–38, in the section: From the Party. – 5.

[Resolution of the Central Committee of the RSDLP on Work in Trade Unions]. — "Social-Democrat", [Vilna – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 38–39, in the section: From the Party. – 5.

[Resolution of the Central Committee of the RSDLP Regarding the Performance of the Social-Democratic Faction in the Third State Duma on the Question of Closing the Doors of the Duma Commission on State Defense…]. — "Social-Democrat", [Vilna – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, p. 35. Under the general title: Activities of the Central Committee, in the section: From the Party. – 6.

"Rech," St. Petersburg. – 11, 436.

– 1906, No. 82, May 25 (June 7), p. 1. – 12.

– 1908, No. 65, March 16 (29), p. 1. – 9, 10–11, 13.

– 1908, No. 205, August 28 (September 10), pp. 1–3. – 209.

– 1909, No. 133 (1018), May 17 (30), pp. 2–3. – 436.

– 1909, No. 139 (1024), May 24 (June 6), p. 5. – 436.

Rubakin, P. A. Our Ruling Bureaucracy in Figures. (From "Studies on the Pure Public"). – "Son of the Fatherland", St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 54, April 20 (May 3), pp. 2–3. – 63.

Rudnev, P. F. Crafts of Peasants in European Russia. – "Collection of the Saratov Zemstvo", 1894, *No. 6, pp. 189–222; No. 11, pp. 421–463. – 111.

"Russian Thought", M, 1907, No. 7, pp. 172–178. – 10.

– 1907, No. 8, pp. 228–235. – 10.

"Russian State", St. Petersburg. – 9.

– 1906, No. 39, March 18 (31), p. 4. – 9.

With the Party or Without the Party? – "Proletary", Geneve, 1908, No. 28, (15) 2 April, p. 1. – 426.

From the Urals. – "Social-Democrat", [Vilna – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 44–45. Under the general heading: Correspondences. – 4.

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E. In an environment of moderation and accuracy. – 209.

– Wild Landlord. – 77, 283, 435.

– Abroad. – 11, 285.

– The History of a Town. – 310.

– Trifles of Life. – 153, 212.

– The Wise Gudgeon. – 165.

– Signs of the Times. – 223.

– A Modern Idyll. – 209.

St. Petersburg, October 4. – "Novoye Vremya", St. Petersburg, 1908, No. 11698, October 5 (18), p. 2. – 227–228.

"St. Petersburg Gazette", 1908, No. 24, January 29 (February 11), p. 2. – 315–316.

Collection of valuation information on peasant landownership in the Zemlyansky, Zadonsky, Korotoyaksky and Nizhnedevitsky districts. [Compiled by F. Shcherbina]. With 3 schematic maps. Appendix to volumes III, IV, V and VI. Published by the Voronezh Provincial Zemstvo. Voronezh, Isayev Printing House, 1889. 459 pp. – 97, 101–102, 106, 114–115, 119–120.

"Collection of the Saratov Zemstvo", 1894, *No. 6, pp. 189–222; No. 11, pp. 421–463. – 111.

Collection of articles. No. 1. St. Petersburg, "Our Thought", 1907. 128 pp. – 341.

Collection of statistical information on the Voronezh Governorate. Vol. 4. Issue I. Zadonsky District. Published by the Voronezh Provincial Zemstvo. Voronezh, Isayev Printing House, 1887. XIV, 157 pp. – 89, 91, 105, 106.

Collection of statistical information on the Oryol Governorate. Vol. II–III, VIII. Published by the Oryol Provincial Zemstvo. Oryol, 1887–1895. 3 vols.

– Vol. II. [Issue I]. Yelets District. 1887. 958 pp. – 89, 105, 106.

– Vol. III. Trubchevsk District. 1887. IV, 265, 224 pp. – 89, 105, 106.

– Vol. VIII. Oryol District. Statistical-economic and valuation materials on peasant and privately-owned farming. With 2 cartogr. 1895. 1005 pp. (Statistical department of the Oryol Provincial Zemstvo Board). – 103.

Collection of statistical information on the Samara Governorate. Department of Economic Statistics. Vol. VII. Novouzensky District. Published by the Samara Provincial Zemstvo. Samara, 1890. 524 pp. – 88–89, 91, 93, 105, 106.

Collection of statistical information on the Saratov Governorate. Vol. I, XI. Published by the Saratov Provincial Zemstvo. Saratov, 1883–1891. 2 vols.

– Vol. I. Saratov District. 1883. V, 154 pp.; 126 pp. of tables, 1 map. – 65, 74.

*– Vol. XI. Kamyshin District. 1891. 979 pp. – 86–87, 91, 106, 157.

Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 1.4. I. Digest of Fundamental State Laws. Edition of 1906. St. Petersburg, state printing house, n.d. 78 pp. – 156.

Consolidated collection of statistical information on the Samara Governorate. Vol. VIII. (Issue I). Published by the Samara Provincial Zemstvo. Samara, 1892. X, 228 pp. – 88–89, 108–109.

"Northern Herald", St. Petersburg, 1885, No. 3, November, pp. 186–193. – 82.

Agriculture and Forestry of Russia. With app. 47 maps and diagrams. Published by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry of the Ministry of State Properties. St. Petersburg, 1893. II, XXVI, 649 pp. (World Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago). – 78.

Agricultural and statistical information based on materials received from owners. Issue V – see Korolenko, S. A. Hired labor in landowners' farms and the movement of workers in connection with a statistical and economic overview of European Russia in agricultural and industrial terms.

"A Little Gray One" – in the Duma. – "Russian State", St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 39, March 18 (31), p. 4. Signed: Segno. – 9.

Siversky. Philosophy and Terror. – "Revolutionary Thought", 1908, No. 2, June, pp. 1–4. – 141, 142, 143, 144, 339.

*At First. – "Znamya Truda", [Paris, 1908, No. 13, November], pp. 1–3. – 343–345, 346–348, 351–352.

"Contemporary Life", M., 1907, No. 2, February – March, pp. 158–186. – 44. "Social-Democrat", St. Petersburg – 383.

– 1906, No. 6, November 3, pp. 2–4. On the newspaper date: October 3. – 383.

"Social-Democrat", [Vilna – St. Petersburg] – Paris – Geneva. – 4, 6, 379, 380, 381, 389.

– [Vilna – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 10–19, 21–30, 35, 36–39, 43–45. – 4, 5, 6.

– Paris, 1909, No. 3, March 9 (22), pp. 3–4. – 370, 373, 376, 377, 378–380, 381, 384, 385–386, 387–388, 389.

Old Tendencies and Lessons of Life. – "Social-Democrat", [Vilna – St. Petersburg], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 15–19. – 6.

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*Statistics of industries subject to excise duty, and revenue stamps for 1897 and 1898. Compiled in the statistical department of the main directorate. St. Petersburg, 1900. 1037 pp. (Main Directorate of Indirect Taxes and State Sale of Beverages). – 110, 111.

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– XXXI. Military-Horse Census of 1891. Edited by A. Syrnev. 1894. IV, XXIX, 149 pp. – 63, 103, 115–117.

– XLIV Military-Horse Census of 1896. Edited by A. Syrnev. 1898. XIII pp.; 79 pp. of tables; 11 l. of maps. – 63–64, 101, 103, 115–117, 128, 136, 157.

– LV Military-Horse Census of 1899–1901. Edited by A. Syrnev. 1902. XIV pp.; 223 pp. of tables; 2 l. of maps. – 63–64, 101, 103, 115–117, 128, 136, 157.

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*– Vol. II. Sessions 19–38 (from June 1 to July 4), pp. 867 – 2013. – 11, 54–55, 314, 341.

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– Vol. II. Sessions 31–53 (from May 1 to June 2). VIII pp., 1610 columns. – 159.

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– Part III. Sessions 71–100 (from March 6 to April 24, 1909). XII pp., 2956 columns. – 303, 408, 415, 425–426, 429–432, 433, 434–438.

– Part IV Sessions 101–126 (from April 27 to June 2, 1909). XXXVII pp., 3476 columns. – 430.

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– 1908, No. 251, March 1 (14), pp. 3–4. – 37–38.

Struve, P. B. Notes of a publicist. Congress of the Union of October 17 and the convocation of the State Duma. – "Polar Star", St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 10, February 18, pp. 733–737. – 9.

– Conservatism of intellectual thought. From reflections on the Russian revolution. – "Russian Thought", M, 1907, No. 7, pp. 172–178. – 10.

– Tactics or Ideas? From reflections on the Russian revolution. – "Russian Thought", M., 1907, No. 8, pp. 228–235. – 10.

"Son of the Fatherland", St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 54, April 20 (May 3), pp. 2–3. – 63.

[Tactical resolution on the agrarian question adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In the leaflet: Resolutions and Resolutions of the Unification Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. [St. Petersburg], Printing House of the Central Committee, [1906], p. 1. (RSDLP). Under the heading: Agrarian program. – 173.

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Tolstoy, L. N. The Fruits of Enlightenment. – 66.

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[Formula for Moving to the Next Order of Business, Proposed by the Social-Democratic Faction of the State Duma Regarding the Draft Law on the Decree of November 9, 1906]. – In: Stenographic Report of the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency [On the Sessions of the State Duma. 1908. Third Convocation. Second Session. Part I. Sessions 1–35 (From October 15 to December 20, 1908). Supplement to the *Russia* Newspaper]. St. Petersburg, [Printing House of the *Russia* Newspaper], 1908, p. 118. – 322.

[Formula for Moving to the Next Order of Business, Proposed by the Labor Group of the State Duma Regarding the Draft Law on the Decree of November 9, 1906]. – Ibid., p. 482. – 319.

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– [Letter to F. A. Sorge. December 7, 1889]. – Ibid., pp. 356–359. – 239.

– [Letter to F. A. Sorge. June 10, 1891]. – Ibid., pp. 406–407. – 239.

– [Letter to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. December 28, 1886]. – Ibid., pp. 271–274. – 239.

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Protokoll des Internationalen sozialistischen Arbeiterkongresses in der Tonhalle Zürich vom 6. bis 12. August 1893. Hrsg. vom Organisationskomitee. Zürich, Buchh. des Schweiz. Grütlivereins, 1894. VIII, 65 S. – 187.

Protokoll über die Verhandlungen des Parteitages der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands. Abgehalten zu Erfurt vom 14. bis 20. Oktober 1891. Berlin, «Vorwärts», 1891. 368 S. – 343, 417, 423, 426.

Protokoll über die Verhandlungen des Parteitages der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands. Abgehalten zu Essen vom 15. bis 21. September 1907. Berlin, Buchh. «Vorwärts», 1907. 413 S. – 189, 192.

«Przeglad Socjaldemokratyczny», Krakow. – 170.

– 1908, Nr. 6, sierpien, s. 516–532. – 259–260, 261, 262, 266, 269.

– 1908, Nr. 7, wrzesien, s. 588–596. – 259–263, 265–266, 267–270.

«Reichs-Gesetzblatt», Berlin, 1878, Nr. 34, S. 351–358. – 7, 194, 302, 361, 403, 445.

[The Resolution of the Assembly of Berlin Workers. September 20, 1908]. – «Vorwärts», Berlin, 1908, No. 222, September 22, p. 2. Under the general title: The Workers for Peace. – 204.

«Russisches Bulletin», Berlin. – 233.

Schippel, M. Balkanwirren und Demokratie einst und heute. – «Sozialistische Monatshefte», Berlin, 1908, Bd. 3, Hft. 21, 22. Oktober, S. 1315–1319. – 226–227, 228.

Sembat, M. Lendemain. – «L'Humanité», Paris, 1908, No. 1567, 1 août, p. 1. – 179–180.

Sitzung der Interparlamentarischen Komission. – «Vorwärts», Berlin, 1908, Nr. 243, 16. Oktober. 1. Beilage des «Vorwärts», S. 1. – 246–249.

«Der Sozialdemokrat», Zürich – London. – 302.

«Sozialistische Monatshefte», Berlin. – 226.

– 1908, Bd. 3, Hft. 21, 22. Oktober, S. 1315–1319. – 226–227, 228.

Sprawozdanie z VI zjazdu Socjaldemokracji Krolestwa Polskiego i Litwy. Krakow, Wojtaszek, 1910. 2, XXII, 180 s. (Socjal-demokracja Krolestwa Polskiego i Litwy). – 379.

Stellung des Proletariats zum Militarismus. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Congress at Brussels], – In: Verhandlungen und Beschlüsse des Internationalen Arbeiterkongresses zu Brüssel. (16. – 22. August 1891). Berlin, die Expedition des «Vorwärts», 1893, S. 26. – 187.

Stellung der Sozialdemokratie in Kriegsfalle. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Congress at Zurich]. – In: Protokoll des Internationalen sozialistischen Arbeiterkongresses in der Tonhalle Zürich vom 6. bis 12. August 1893. Hrsg. vom Organisationskomitee. Zürich, Buchh. des Schweiz. Grütlivereins, 1894, S. 20, 30. – 187.

«La Tribune Russe», Paris. – 233.

Vaillant, Ε. Μ. Die politische Lage. [The draft resolution proposed at the session of the International Socialist Bureau on October 12, 1908]. – «Vorwärts», Berlin, 1908, No. 242, October 15. 1. Beilage des «Vorwärts», S. 2. Under the general title: International Socialist Conference in Brussels. – 242–243.

Van Kol, G [The Resolution on the Colonial Question]. — In: Internationaler Sozialistenkongreß zu Stuttgart. 18. bis 24. August 1907. Berlin, Buchh. «Vorwärts», 1907, S. 112. Under the rubric: III. Colonial Question. – 247.

Verhandlungen und Beschlüsse des 'Internationalen Arbeiterkongresses zu Brüssel. (16. – 22. August 1891). Berlin, die Expedition des «Vorwärts», 1893. 35 S. – 187.

Verhandlungen und Beschlüsse des Internationalen sozialistischen Arbeiter– und Gewerkschaftskongresses zu London vom 27. Juli bis 1. August 1896. Berlin, die Expedition der Buchh. «Vorwärts», 1896. 32 S. – 328.

Die Verteidigung von Berlin! – «Vorwärts», Berlin, 1908, No. 222, September 22, p. 3. Under the general title: The Workers for Peace. – 204–205.

«Vorwärts», Berlin. – 226, 391, 392.

– 1908, No. 222, September 22, pp. 1–3. – 203–205.

– 1908, No. 242, October 15. 1. Beilage des «Vorwärts», S. 1–2. – 236–239, 240–241, 242–243, 246.

«Vorwärts», Berlin, 1908, No. 243, October 16. 1. Beilage des «Vorwärts», S. 1. – 246–249.

– 1909, No. 79, April 3. 1. Beilage des «Vorwärts», S. 1–2. – 592–553.

Die Wirtschaftspolitik der Arbeiterklasse, pie Resolution des Internationalen sozialistischen Kongresses zu London]. – In: Verhandlungen und Beschlüsse des Internationalen sozialistischen Arbeiter– und Gewerkschaftskongresses zu London vom 27. Juli bis 1. August 1896. Berlin, die Expedition der Buchh. «Vorwärts», 1896, S. 27–29. – 328.

Zadania partji w chwili obechej. [Resolution from the VI Congress of the SDKP and L]. – In: Sprawozdanie z VI zjazdu Socjaldemokracji Krolestwa Polskiego i Litwy. Krakow, Wojtaszek, 1910, s. I–V. – 379.

Die Zulassung der «Arbeiterpartei» Englands zu den Internationalen Kongressen. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Bureau, adopted on October 12, 1908]. – «Vorwärts», Berlin, 1908, No. 242, October 15. 1. Beilage des «Vorwärts», S. 1. Under the general title: International Socialist Conference in Brussels. – 236–237, 238–239, 240–241, 242.

Index of Names

A

Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918) – Turkish Sultan (1876–1909). Ascended the throne with the support of the liberal bourgeoisie, but already in 1878 he dissolved parliament and established a despotic regime. With his policy of oppression of the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and especially the Armenian pogroms, he earned the nickname of the bloody sultan. Contributed to the transformation of Turkey into a semi-colony of European imperialist powers. After the revolution of 1908, he was forced to convene parliament and restore the constitution. In 1909, after a failed attempt at a counter-revolutionary coup, he was deposed and imprisoned. – 177, 242.

Avramov, Stefan – Bulgarian Social Democrat. Delegate of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party ("Tesnyaks") at the session of the International Socialist Bureau in 1908; shortly after the session, he withdrew from party work. – 237, 239, 242.

Adler, Victor (1852–1918) – one of the organizers and leaders of Austrian Social Democracy; he began his political activity as a bourgeois radical, and from the mid-80s he took part in the labor movement. In 1886, Adler founded the newspaper "Gleichheit" ("Equality"), and from 1889 he was the editor of the central organ of Austrian Social Democracy, the "Arbeiter-Zeitung" ("Workers' Newspaper"). In the 80s and 90s, he maintained relations with F. Engels, but soon after Engels's death, he slid into reformism and acted as one of the leaders of opportunism. During the First World War (1914–1918), Adler took a centrist position, preached "class peace" and fought against the revolutionary actions of the working class. In 1918, after the establishment of a bourgeois republic in Austria, he was briefly the Minister of Foreign Affairs. – 237–238, 245, 246.

Alexander II (Romanov) (1818–1881) – Russian Emperor (1855–1881). – 411.

Anderson, James (1739–1808) – a famous English bourgeois economist, a large farmer, the author of a number of scientific works devoted mainly to agriculture. In 1777, in the work "An Inquiry into the Nature of the Corn Laws," he developed in broad outline the theory of differential rent. Defending the interests of landowners, he advocated the preservation of corn laws, customs tariffs, and export premiums, which, in his opinion, stimulated the development of agriculture. A critique of Anderson's views is given by K. Marx in "Theories of Surplus Value (Vol. IV of "Capital")", Part II, 1957. – 131.

Andreychuk, M. S. (born in 1866) – a well-to-do peasant; deputy of the Third State Duma from the Volyn province; non-party. In the Duma, he was elected to the commissions: food, fisheries, etc. – 316.

Annensky, N. F. (1843–1912) – an economist-statistician and publicist, a prominent figure in the liberal-Narodnik movement; he headed the zemstvo statistics in a number of provinces, and many statistical works were published under his leadership and editorship. He participated in the two-volume collection "The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Some Aspects of the Russian National Economy" (1897), collaborated with the journals: "Delo", "Otechestvennye Zapiski"; was a member of the editorial board of the liberal-Narodnik journal "Russkoe Bogatstvo". In 1904–1905, he was one of the leaders of the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation". In 1906, he was among the organizers and leaders of the petty-bourgeois party "Popular Socialists", close to the Cadets, which separated from the right wing of the Socialist-Revolutionaries. In the last years of his life, he withdrew from political activity. – 75.

B

Bazarov (Rudnev[80]), V. A. (1874–1939) – a literary economist and philosopher, translator of the works of K. Marx and F. Engels; he participated in the Social Democratic movement from 1896. In 1905–1907, Bazarov participated in a number of Bolshevik publications; during the period of reaction, he departed from Bolshevism and was one of the revisionists of Marxist philosophy from the positions of Machism. V. I. Lenin, who exposed Bazarov's falsification of Marxism, called him "a semi-Berkeleyan, a semi-Humian of the Machist sect" (Works, 5th ed., vol. 18, p. 111). In 1917 – a Menshevik-Internationalist, one of the editors of the Menshevik newspaper "Novaya Zhizn"; he opposed the October Socialist Revolution. From 1921, Bazarov worked in the USSR State Planning Committee (Gosplan). In 1931, he was convicted in the case of the counter-revolutionary Menshevik organization, and in 1932 he was released. – 20.

Balakleev, I. I. (born in 1866) – a large landlord, an extreme right-wing deputy of the Third State Duma from the Podolsk province; chairman of the local branch of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People". In the Duma, he was elected to the commissions: budget, labor issues, etc. – 311.

Bebel, August (1840–1913) – one of the most prominent figures in German Social Democracy and the Second International. By profession, a lathe operator. He began his political activity in the first half of the 60s; he was a member of the First International. In 1869, together with W. Liebknecht, he founded the German Social Democratic Workers' Party ("Eisenachers"); he was repeatedly elected as a deputy to the Reichstag, fought for a democratic path to the unification of Germany, and exposed the reactionary internal and foreign policies of the Kaiser's government. During the Franco-Prussian War, he took an internationalist position and supported the Paris Commune. In the 90s and early 1900s, he spoke out against reformism and revisionism in the ranks of German Social Democracy. V. I. Lenin considered his speeches against the Bernsteinianists to be "a model of defending Marxist views and fighting for the truly socialist character of the workers' party" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 19, p. 268). A talented publicist and an excellent orator, Bebel had a significant impact on the development of the German and European labor movement. In the last period of his activity, Bebel made a number of errors of a centrist character (insufficient struggle against opportunists, overestimation of the importance of parliamentary forms of struggle, etc.). – 189, 402–403.

Belousov, T. O. (born in 1875) – a Menshevik-Liquidator, a deputy of the Third State Duma from the Irkutsk province; in the Duma, he was elected to the budget and land commissions. In February 1912, he left the Social Democratic faction of the Duma, but did not relinquish his deputy powers. V. I. Lenin sharply condemned Belousov's behavior in the article "On the occasion of Deputy T. O. Belousov's departure from the Social-Democratic Duma faction" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 17, pp. 467–471). – 320, 322, 403, 426, 435.

Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen (1851–1914) – a bourgeois economist, one of the representatives of the so-called "Austrian school" in political economy. In his works, directed against the Marxist theory of surplus value, he claimed that profit stems from the difference in subjective assessments of present and future goods, and is not the result of the exploitation of the working class. Covering up the contradictions of capitalism, the oppression of labor by capital, Böhm-Bawerk sought to divert the attention of the working class from the revolutionary struggle; his reactionary views are used by the bourgeoisie to defend capitalism. – 20, 22.

Ber – see Baer, K. M.

Berezovsky, A. E. (Berezovsky 1st) (born in 1868) – a landlord, a Cadet, a zemstvo figure; a deputy of the Third State Duma from the Simbirsk province, a member of the commissions: on the food issue, land, etc. – 312–315.

Burns, John Elliot (1858–1943) – an English political figure. In the 80s – one of the leaders of the trade unions, a participant in a number of strikes, including a major dockers' strike in 1889. He was a member of the English Social Democratic Federation, but soon left it. In 1889, he joined the council of the London County Council. In 1892, he was elected to Parliament, where he spoke out against the interests of the working class, in favor of cooperation with capitalists. In 1905–1914 – Minister of Local Government, and then – Minister of Trade (1914). In August 1914, he resigned, disagreeing with the government's decision to enter the world war that had begun. He did not play an active political role in the future. – 239, 242.

Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932) – leader of the extreme opportunist wing of German Social Democracy and the Second International, theorist of revisionism and reformism. He participated in the Social Democratic movement from the mid-1870s, and was influenced by Dühring. From 1881 to 1889, he was the editor of the illegal central organ of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, "Der Sozialdemokrat" ("The Social Democrat"). In 1896–1898, he published a series of articles in the journal "Die Neue Zeit" ("The New Time") under the title "Problems of Socialism," which were later published as a book, "The Prerequisites for Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy" (1899), where he openly advocated a revision of the philosophical, economic, and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism. Bernstein denied the Marxist theory of class struggle, the doctrine of the inevitability of the collapse of capitalism, of socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat. "The opportunist has forgotten how to even think about the revolution of the proletariat," wrote V. I. Lenin, referring to Bernstein (Works, 4th ed., Vol. 25, p. 400). Bernstein declared the only task of the workers' movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at "improving" the economic situation of workers under capitalism, and put forward the opportunist formula: "the movement is everything, the ultimate goal is nothing." The theoretical views and practical opportunist activities of Bernstein and his followers led to a direct betrayal of the interests of the working class, which culminated in the collapse of the Second International during the First World War (1914–1918). In subsequent years, Bernstein continued the struggle against Marxism, supported the policy of the imperialist bourgeoisie, and opposed the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet state. – 18–19, 24, 34, 276.

Binasik, M. S. – see Novoselsky.

Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold (1815–1898) – statesman and diplomat of Prussia and Germany, the first Chancellor of the German Empire, nicknamed the "Iron Chancellor." In 1862 – Minister-President and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Prussia. Bismarck's main goal was the unification "with blood and iron" of small, fragmented German states and the creation of a unified German Empire under the hegemony of Junker Prussia. In January 1871, Bismarck took the post of Reich Chancellor of the German Empire. From 1871 to 1890, he directed all foreign and domestic policy of Germany, directing it in the interests of the landlords-Junkers, while at the same time trying to ensure the alliance of the Junkers with the large bourgeoisie. Having failed to stifle the workers' movement with the help of the exceptional law against socialists introduced by him in 1878, Bismarck came out with a demagogic program of social legislation, introducing laws on compulsory insurance for certain categories of workers. However, the attempt to decompose the workers' movement with paltry handouts was unsuccessful. In March 1890 he was dismissed. – 33, 194, 416–417.

Blagoveshchensky, N. A. (born in 1859) – Kursk zemstvo statistician, compiler of the book "Consolidated Statistical Collection of Economic Information Based on Zemstvo Household Censuses. Vol. I. Peasant Economy" (1893) and author of other statistical works. After the October Socialist Revolution, he worked in the Kursk Provincial Statistical Bureau. – 122–123.

Bobrinsky, V. A. (born in 1868) – Count, reactionary politician, large landowner and sugar manufacturer. From 1895 to 1898, he was the chairman of the Bogoroditsky district zemstvo council. Deputy of the II, III and IV State Dumas from the Tula province. In the Dumas, he belonged to the right wing. As an extreme nationalist, he was a supporter of the forced Russification of the national outskirts of Russia. After the October Socialist Revolution, he fought against the Soviet government in the south of Russia. In 1919 he emigrated abroad. – 310.

Bobyansky, A. F. (born in 1853) – Cadet, large landowner, military judge, after retirement – attorney. Deputy of the III State Duma from the Perm province. In the Duma he spoke on legal issues. – 312.

Bogdanov, A. (Malinovsky, A. A.) (1873–1928) – Social Democrat, philosopher, sociologist, economist, by education a doctor. In the 1890s, he took part in the work of Social Democratic circles (in Tula). After the II Congress of the RSDLP, he joined the Bolsheviks. At the III Congress of the party, he was elected a member of the Central Committee. He was a member of the editorial boards of the Bolshevik organs "Vpered" and "Proletary," and was one of the editors of the Bolshevik newspaper "Novaya Zhizn." He participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction, he headed the recallists, was the leader of the "Vpered" group, which opposed the party line. In matters of philosophy, he tried to create his own system – "empiriomonism" (a kind of subjective-idealistic Machist philosophy, disguised with pseudo-Marxist terminology), a sharp criticism of which Lenin gave in his work "Materialism and Empiriocriticism." At a meeting of the expanded editorial board of the newspaper "Proletary" in June 1909, Bogdanov was expelled from the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution, he was one of the organizers and leaders of "Proletkult," worked at the Proletarian University. From 1926 – Director of the Institute of Blood Transfusion he founded. – 20, 444.

Branting, Karl Hjalmar (1860–1925) – leader of the Social Democratic Party of Sweden, one of the leaders of the Second International; revisionist and opportunist. From 1884 he was an employee, and then editor, of the liberal newspaper "Tiden" ("Time"), in 1887–1917 (with interruptions – editor of the central organ of the party, the newspaper "Socialdemokraten" ("The Social Democrat"); deputy of the Riksdag (1897–1925). During the First World War – social chauvinist. In 1917 he joined the coalition liberal-socialist government of Eden, supported military intervention against Soviet Russia. In 1920, 1921–1923 and 1924–1925 he headed the social democratic governments. – 247.

Briand, Aristide (1862–1932) – French statesman and diplomat; by profession a lawyer. For some time he belonged to the left wing of the socialists. In 1902, he entered parliament and became an openly hostile to the working class reactionary bourgeois politician. In 1906, Briand entered the bourgeois government as Minister of Education. Being excluded from the socialist party, he joined the group of "independent socialists," which in 1911 took the name "Republican Socialist Party." In 1909, Briand became Prime Minister of the "cabinet of three renegades" (Briand – Millerand – Viviani). In 1910, Briand brutally suppressed the railway workers' strike, declaring the railways under military law. In 1913, 1915–1917, 1921–1922 – Prime Minister; in 1924 he was the representative of France in the League of Nations. In 1925 he took part in the conclusion of the Locarno Treaties, directed against the USSR. In 1926–1931 he directed French foreign policy. In 1931, Briand, having suffered defeat in the presidential elections, retired from political activity. – 187.

Brouckère, Louis, de (born in 1870) – one of the leaders and theorists of the Belgian Labour Party; before the First World War he headed its left wing. At the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International he spoke on the issue of the relationship between socialist parties and trade unions. During the First World War (1914–1918) – a zealous social-chauvinist. After the end of the war – a member of the bureau of the General Council of the party and a member of the Executive Committee of the restored Second International. Later he was a member of the government, a senator, and a representative of Belgium in the League of Nations. Since 1919 – Professor at the University of Brussels, since 1926 – Member of the Belgian Academy. He spoke out against the Soviet state and the Bolshevik party. – 24, 246.

Bulat (Bulota), A. A. (1872–1941) – Lithuanian public figure, deputy of the II and III State Dumas from the Suwałki Governorate, by profession a lawyer. In the October days of 1905, he was one of the organizers of the postal and telegraph employees' strike; he was imprisoned. In the Dumas, he was a member of the Trudovik faction; in the III State Duma he was the leader of this faction. In 1912–1915, he was a lawyer in Vilnius, from 1915 to 1917 he was in the USA. Upon returning to Petrograd, he was co-opted into the conciliatory Central Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies from the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.

In 1940, after the overthrow of the fascist regime in Lithuania, he was a member of the republican electoral commission for elections to the People's Seimas. In 1940–1941 he was the head of the legal department of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1941 he was shot by the German occupiers. – 319.

Baer, K. M. (1792–1876) – Russian scientist, one of the greatest natural scientists of the 19th century, founder of embryology, academician. After graduating from the University of Dorpat, he went abroad, where he remained until 1834. From 1817 he was pro-rector of the University of Königsberg, from 1819 he was a professor of zoology, from 1826 he was a professor of anatomy. In 1826 he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1828 an ordinary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1834 he returned to St. Petersburg. He gained the greatest fame for his work on the embryonic development of animals. He recognized the process of evolution, but interpreted it idealistically: he opposed Darwin's theory of evolution and especially the theory of natural selection. He also developed questions of anthropology. One of the founders of the Geographical Society. Participant in a number of geographical expeditions. Author of many scientific works on embryology, anthropology, anatomy, geography and other issues. – 70.

Bülow, Bernhard (1849–1929) – Diplomat and statesman of Kaiser Germany. In 1897–1900 he was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs; from 1900 to 1909 – Reich Chancellor. He advocated a broad program of colonial seizures, reflecting the desire of German imperialism to fight for world domination. He pursued a reactionary domestic policy, resorting to brutal repressions against the growing strike movement; fought against anti-militarism. At the beginning of the First World War (1914–1918) he was an extraordinary ambassador to Italy. Later he withdrew from political activity. – 187.

V

V. V. – see Vorontsov, V. P.

Valentinov, N. (Volsky, N. V.) (1879–1964) – Menshevik, journalist. After the II Congress of the RSDLP he sided with the Bolsheviks, at the end of 1904 he went over to the Mensheviks, edited the legal Menshevik "Moscow Gazette", participated in a number of Menshevik journals: "Pravda", "Nashe Delo", "Delo Zhizni", etc., collaborated in the bourgeois newspaper "Russkoe Slovo"; during the years of reaction – a liquidator. On the agrarian question, he defended the municipalization of land. In matters of philosophy, he advocated a revision of Marxism, defending the subjective-idealistic views of Mach and Avenarius. V. I. Lenin gave a critique of Valentinov's philosophical views in his work "Materialism and Empiriocriticism" (1909).

After the October Socialist Revolution, he worked as deputy editor of the "Trade and Industrial Gazette" of the Supreme Council of National Economy, then – in the trade representation of the USSR in Paris. In 1930 he emigrated abroad. He spoke in the bourgeois press against the Communist Party and the Soviet state. – 405.

Vaillant, Édouard Marie (1840–1915) – French socialist, follower of Blanqui, one of the leaders of the left wing of the II International, member of the Executive Commission of the Paris Commune and the General Council of the I International. He was one of the initiators of the formation of the Socialist Party of France (1901). In 1905, after the unification of the Socialist Party with the reformist French Socialist Party of Jaurès, Vaillant took an opportunist position on the most important issues. During the First World War (1914–1918) – a social-chauvinist. – 236, 242, 246.

Vandervelde, Émile (1866–1938) – Leader of the Belgian Labour Party, chairman of the International Socialist Bureau of the II International, held extremely opportunist positions. During the First World War (1914–1918) – a social-chauvinist; he was a member of the bourgeois government, held various ministerial posts. After the February Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1917, he came to Russia to agitate for the continuation of the imperialist war. Vandervelde was extremely hostile to the October Socialist Revolution, actively contributed to the armed intervention against Soviet Russia, and made considerable efforts to restore the II International. In 1925–1927 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belgium, participated in the conclusion of the Locarno Treaties (1925), directed against the USSR, actively fought against the creation of a united anti-fascist front of communists and socialists. Vandervelde is the author of a number of books and brochures. In Vandervelde's works, as V. I. Lenin pointed out, "petty-bourgeois eclecticism" acts "against Marxism, sophistry against dialectics, philistine reformism against proletarian revolution" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 28, p. 302). – 24.

Van Kol, Henri (1851–1925) – One of the founders and leaders of the Dutch Social Democratic Workers' Party (1894). Already a few years after the formation of the party, he slid into reformism and opportunism. At the Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907) congresses of the II International, he defended an opportunist resolution on the colonial question, justifying the enslavement of the peoples of the colonies under the guise of implementing the so-called "civilizing mission" of imperialism. He was hostile to the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet state.

V. I. Lenin in his works sharply criticized the imperialist essence of Van Kol's position. – 243, 246, 247–248, 249.

Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern) (1859–1941) – German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888–1918). – 202, 205.

Virvaire – French general who commanded the troops called out on July 30, 1908 to fight against the strikers in Villeneuve-Saint-Georges. – 181.

Witte, S. Yu. (1849–1915) – Statesman who expressed the interests of the "military-feudal imperialism" of tsarist Russia, a staunch supporter of autocracy, striving to preserve the monarchy through minor concessions and promises to the liberal bourgeoisie and brutal repressions against the people; one of the organizers of the suppression of the revolution of 1905–1907. As Minister of Railways (February – August 1892), Minister of Finance (1892–1903), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (October 1905 – April 1906), Witte, through his measures in the field of finance, customs policy, railway construction, factory legislation, and all possible encouragement of foreign investment, contributed to the development of capitalism in Russia and the strengthening of its dependence on the imperialist powers. "Minister-broker," "stock exchange agent" – this is how V. I. Lenin characterized him. – 9, 35, 53, 315.

Vikhlyaev, P. A. (1869–1928) – Statistician and agronomist, liberal Narodnik. He headed the economic department of the Tver zemstvo council, and from 1907 to 1917 he headed the statistical department of the Moscow zemstvo council. Author of a number of statistical works on the peasant economy of tsarist Russia, in which the class stratification of the peasantry was denied and the rural commune was praised. In the bourgeois Provisional Government (1917) he was Deputy Minister of Agriculture. After the October Socialist Revolution, Vikhlyaev worked in the Central Statistical Administration and was a professor at higher educational institutions in Moscow. – 87, 341.

Volkov, N. K. (Volkov 2nd) (born in 1875) – Cadet, specialized in agronomy; participant in the armed uprising in Chita in 1905, for which he was convicted by the tsarist government. Deputy of the III and IV State Dumas from the Trans-Baikal region; in the III and IV Dumas he was a member of the commissions: resettlement, fisheries, land, etc. – 319.

Vol'skii, A. A. – a major industrialist and stock-broker, mining engineer, state councilor; in 1908–1911 – manager of affairs of the Council of Congresses of Representatives of Industry and Trade, editor of the journal "Industry and Trade". – 407.

Vol'skii, N. V. – see Valentinov, N.

Vorontsov, V. P. (V. V.) (1847–1918) – economist and publicist, one of the ideologues of liberal Narodism of the 80s–90s; author of the books "The Destinies of Capitalism in Russia" (1882), "Our Directions" (1893), "Essays on Theoretical Economics" (1895) and others, in which he denied the development of capitalism in Russia, praised small-scale commodity production, and idealized the peasant commune. He preached reconciliation with the tsarist government and resolutely opposed Marxism. Vorontsov's views were sharply criticized in many works by V. I. Lenin. – 81, 82, 87, 103, 104.

G

Hyndman, Henry Mayers (1842–1921) – English socialist. In 1881 he founded the Democratic Federation, transformed in 1884 into the Social-Democratic Federation, which he continued to lead until 1892. In 1900–1910 – member of the International Socialist Bureau. In 1916 he was expelled from the British Socialist Party for advocating the imperialist war. He was hostile to the October Socialist Revolution and advocated intervention against Soviet Russia. – 236–237, 239, 241–242.

Hardie, James Keir (1856–1915) – figure in the English labor movement, reformist, leader of the Independent Labour Party, one of the founders of the Labour Party; by profession a miner. He began his political career as the head of the trade union organization of Scottish coal miners. In 1888 he founded the Scottish Labour Party. In 1887 he began publishing the magazine "Miner," later renamed "The Labour Leader." In the early 90s, Hardie advocated the creation of an independent political party of English workers, limiting, however, its tasks to narrowly constitutional, reformist goals. In 1892 he was elected to Parliament as an "independent" labor candidate, pursuing a conciliatory policy with representatives of bourgeois parties. He belonged to the right wing of the figures of the II International. At the beginning of the First World War (1914–1918) he took a centrist position, covering up the betrayal of the parties of the II International to the working class with pacifist phrases. At the London Conference of Socialists of the Entente countries (February 1915), Hardie openly joined the social-chauvinists, who called for support of the imperialist governments in the war. – 178.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) – the greatest German philosopher – objective idealist, ideologist of the German bourgeoisie. Hegel's philosophy was the culmination of German idealism of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. Hegel's historical merit is the profound and comprehensive development of idealistic dialectics, which served as one of the theoretical sources of dialectical materialism. According to Hegel, the entire natural, historical, and spiritual world is in continuous motion, change, transformation, and development; however, the objective world, reality, is considered by him as the creation of the "absolute spirit," the "absolute idea." V. I. Lenin called the "absolute idea" the theological fiction of the idealist Hegel. Hegel's philosophy is characterized by a deep contradiction between the dialectical method and the conservative, metaphysical system, which essentially demanded the cessation of development. In his political views, Hegel was a supporter of a constitutional monarchy.

K. Marx, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin, critically reworked Hegel's dialectical method, created materialistic dialectics, which reflects the most general laws of the development of the objective world and human thought.

Hegel's main works: "Phenomenology of Spirit" (1806), "Science of Logic" (1812–1816), "Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences" (1817), "Philosophy of Right" (1821). Posthumous editions: "Lectures on the History of Philosophy" (1833–1836) and "Lectures on Aesthetics, or Philosophy of Art" (1836–1838). – 19, 444.

Hegechkori, E. P. (born in 1879) – Georgian Menshevik. Deputy of the III State Duma from the Kutais Governorate, one of the leaders of the Social-Democratic faction in the Duma.

After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the special Transcaucasian committee of the Provisional Government. From November 1917 – chairman of the counter-revolutionary government of Transcaucasia (Transcaucasian Commissariat), then Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Menshevik government of Georgia. After the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia in 1921 – a White émigré. – 322.

Guesde, Jules (Basil, Mathieu Jules) (1845–1922) – one of the organizers and leaders of the French socialist movement and the II International. He began his political activity in the second half of the 60s; he supported the Paris Commune of 1871, and was forced to emigrate. In 1876 he returned to France, and under the influence of the works of K. Marx and F. Engels he moved to the positions of Marxism; in 1877 he was one of the founders of the newspaper "L'Égalité" ("Equality"), which played a decisive role in the organization in 1879 of the Workers' Party of France – the first independent political party of the French proletariat. With the assistance of Marx and Engels, Guesde, together with Lafargue, developed the party program, adopted at the Le Havre Congress (1880). Guesde did a lot to spread the ideas of Marxism and the development of the socialist movement in France; he was elected several times as a member of parliament. In 1904, Lenin characterized Guesde as one of the most consistent and resolute representatives of international social democracy.

But, speaking out against the policies of the right-wing socialists, Guesde made mistakes of a sectarian nature both in theoretical and tactical matters: he underestimated the role of the party in the struggle of the working class, took the wrong position on the issue of the proletariat's attitude to the war. When the First World War began, Guesde took the position of social-chauvinism, joining the bourgeois government. Lenin wrote: "Learn from the example of Guesde's entire life, we will say to the workers, except for his obvious betrayal of socialism in 1914" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 104). Guesde did not understand the significance of the October Socialist Revolution, did not follow the majority of the Tours Congress of the French Socialist Party (1920), which decided to join the Comintern. – 246.

Helmersen, G. P. (1803–1885) – a famous Russian geologist, academician. From 1865 to 1872 – director of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute. From 1882 – director of the Geological Committee, organized with his active participation. He is known for his studies of the Urals, Altai and Central Asia. In 1841 he compiled a geological map of European Russia. – 70.

Henry VII, Tudor (1457–1509) – King of England from 1485. Encouraged the development of industry and trade. During his reign, a sharp increase in the process of enclosing peasant lands by large landowners and the mass eviction of peasants from the land began. – 155.

Gepetskii, N. E. (born in 1869) – landlord, priest; county observer of parish schools. Deputy of the III and IV State Dumas from the Bessarabian Governorate; member of the commissions: budget, public education. – 431.

Gershuni, G. A. (1870–1908) – one of the founders and leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, organizer and leader of its combat group, member of the Central Committee of the party. In 1902–1903 he organized a series of terrorist acts, was arrested, sentenced to death, replaced by life imprisonment. In 1905 he was exiled to Siberia, from where he fled abroad in 1906. In 1907 he participated in the Tammerfors Congress of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, where he advocated a bloc with the Cadets. – 147.

Glasier, John Bruce (1859–1920) – English socialist, one of the founders of the Labour Party; a metalworker by profession. He began to participate in the socialist movement in the early 1880s. In 1893 he joined the Independent Labour Party, was a member of its National Council, and in 1899–1900 was its chairman. In 1900 he participated in the creation of the Labour Representation Committee, which was transformed into the Labour Party in 1906. He was a delegate to the International Socialist Bureau from the Independent Labour Party. From 1906 to 1910 he edited the weekly organ of the Independent Labour Party, "The Labour Leader," and from 1913 to 1917 the monthly "The Socialist Review." V. I. Lenin spoke of Glasier as follows: "... although he has a proletarian streak, he is still an unbearable opportunist" (Works, 4th ed., Vol. 35, p. 144). – 236, 240, 241, 242.

Golitsyn, A. D. (born in 1874) – Prince, a large landlord, a well-known zemstvo figure; one of the organizers of the monarchist party "Union of October 17." Chairman of the board of the distillery owners' society, owner of a distillery. Deputy of the III State Duma from the Kharkov province; member of the commissions: budget, resettlement, on the fight against drunkenness, etc. – 310.

Gorev, B. I. (Goldman, B. I., Igorev) (born in 1874) – Social Democrat. He began to participate in the revolutionary movement in the mid-1890s. In 1905 – a member of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. In 1907 he joined the Mensheviks. At the V (London) Congress (1907) he was elected by the Mensheviks as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. He collaborated in the organs of the Menshevik-Liquidators: the newspaper "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata" and the journal "Nasha Zarya." In 1912 he participated in the anti-party August conference in Vienna, where he was elected to the OC. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – one of the editors of the Menshevik "Rabochaya Gazeta", a member of the Menshevik Central Committee and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation. In August 1920, he announced his withdrawal from the Menshevik organization. Subsequently, he held a teaching position in higher educational institutions. – 338.

Grigory – see Zinoviev, G. E.

Goujon, Yu. P. – a major industrialist. In the 1900s, he was the director of the board of the Moscow Metal Plant association, a member of the Moscow Department of the Council of Trade and Manufactures, the "French Society for Mutual Assistance," the chairman of the "Society of Factory Owners and Manufacturers of the Moscow Industrial Region," a full member of the congresses of representatives of industry and trade. – 407.

Gurvich, F. I. – see Dan, F. I.

Gurko, V. I. (1863–1927) – a reactionary figure of tsarist Russia. In 1902 he was appointed manager of the zemstvo department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and in 1906 – Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. In the I State Duma, he opposed agrarian bills, defending the interests of the serf-owning landlords. He played a prominent role in the Goremykin government, which V. I. Lenin called the Gurko-Goremykin cabinet with a "noble-bourgeois program." Later, he was implicated in embezzlement and misappropriation and, by a sentence of the Senate, was removed from office. In 1912 he was elected a member of the State Council. After the October Socialist Revolution, he fought against Soviet power, a White émigré. – 11.

Guchkov, A. I. (1862–1936) – a major capitalist, organizer and leader of the Octobrist party. During the revolution of 1905–1907, he strongly opposed the revolutionary movement, siding with the government's policy of merciless repression against the working class and the peasantry. In 1910–1911 – Chairman of the III State Duma. During the First World War, he was chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee and a member of the Special Conference on Defense. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Minister of War and Navy of the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government, advocated the continuation of the war "to a victorious end." In August 1917, he participated in the organization of the Kornilov revolt, was arrested at the front, but released by the Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution, he actively fought against Soviet power, a White émigré. – 33, 359.

Huysmans, Camille (1871–1968) – one of the oldest figures in the Belgian labor movement; professor of philology, journalist. In 1904–1919 – Secretary of the International Socialist Bureau of the Second International, held a centrist position. In 1916, he organized a conference of socialists from neutral countries in The Hague to restore the Second International. After the First World War (1914–1918) – one of the prominent figures in the restored Second International. He was repeatedly a member of the Belgian government. In 1946–1947 – Prime Minister. Since 1910, Huysmans has been a member of parliament; in 1936–1939 and in 1954–1959 – Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies of Belgium. In recent years, he has repeatedly advocated for the establishment of contacts between the Socialist parties and the CPSU, for the restoration of the unity of the international labor movement. – 234.

D

Dan (Gurvich), F. I. (1871–1947) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks, a doctor by profession. He participated in the Social Democratic movement from the 1890s, was a member of the St. Petersburg "Union for the Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class." He was repeatedly arrested and exiled; in September 1903 he fled abroad, where he became a Menshevik. Dan was a participant in the IV (Unification), V (London) Congresses of the RSDLP and a number of conferences. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, he headed a group of Liquidators abroad, and edited the newspaper "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata." During the First World War (1914–1918) – a defencist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the first convocation, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution, he fought against Soviet power. In early 1922, he was expelled abroad as an irreconcilable enemy of the Soviet state. – 27–28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 154, 295, 335, 379, 409.

Danielson, N. F. (Nik. – on, Nikolai – on) (1844–1918) – Russian writer-economist, one of the ideologists of liberal Narodism of the 1880s and 1890s. In the 1860s and 1870s he was associated with circles of revolutionary *raznochintsy* youth. He completed the first translation of K. Marx's "Capital" into Russian, begun by G. A. Lopatin, in connection with which he corresponded with K. Marx and F. Engels, in which he also touched upon the problems of Russia's economic development. However, Danielson did not understand the essence of Marxism and subsequently opposed it. In 1893, he published the book "Essays on Our Post-Reform Social Economy," which, together with the works of V. P. Vorontsov, served as the theoretical basis of liberal Narodism. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Danielson's views in a number of his works. – 87, 110.

de-Brouckère, L. – see Brouckère, L.

John – see Maslov, P. P.

George, Henry (1839–1897) – American petty-bourgeois economist and publicist. George argued that the main cause of popular poverty was land rent, the deprivation of the people of land. He denied the antagonism between labor and capital, considered profit on capital a natural law of nature. He advocated the nationalization of all land by the bourgeois state with its leasing to individuals. V. I. Lenin called George a "bourgeois nationalizer of land." For a characterization of George, see Marx's letter to Sorge in 1881, in F. Engels's preface to the American edition of "The Condition of the Working Class in England" (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. XVI, part 1, 1937, pp. 286–287). – 317.

Dzyubinsky, V. I. (1860–1927) – a Trudovik. He participated in the Narodnik movement; in 1882 he was arrested and exiled for 3 years to Western Siberia, where he remained permanently. Deputy of the III and IV State Dumas from the Tobolsk province; in the Duma he was one of the leaders of the Labour Group. – 319.

Drechsler, Gustav (1833–1890) – German professor and director of the agricultural institute he founded in Göttingen. Together with W. Henneberg, he published "Journal für Landwirtschaft" ("Journal of Agriculture"), author of works on agriculture: "Die Statik des Landbaues" ("The State of Agriculture") (1869), "Die Entschädigungsberechnung expropriierter Grundstücke" ("Redemption calculations for expropriated land plots") (1873), etc. In 1887 he was elected to the Reichstag. – 102.

Dubasov, F. V. (1845–1912) – Adjutant-General, Admiral, one of the ringleaders of Tsarist reaction, the bloody executioner of the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907. In 1905 he directed the suppression of the agrarian movement in the Chernigov, Poltava and Kursk provinces. From November 1905 – Moscow Governor-General, directed the defeat of the December armed uprising in Moscow. From 1906 – a member of the State Council, and from 1907 – a member of the Council of State Defense. – 53.

Dubrovin, A. I. (1855–1918) – Organizer and leader of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People", a doctor by profession. In 1905–1907 – the inspirer and organizer of Jewish pogroms and terrorist acts. Edited the Black Hundred anti-Semitic newspaper "Russkoye Znamya". After the split of the "Union of the Russian People" in 1910, he continued to lead the part of the "Union" that remained under his influence. – 401.

Dumbadze, I. A. (1851–1916) – General of the Tsarist army, a Black Hundred member, a supporter of the Russification policy in the Caucasus. In 1906 he was appointed chief of the city of Yalta. As a member of the monarchical "Union of the Russian People" and relying on the personal disposition of Nicholas II, Dumbadze dealt with people he did not like, without regard to any laws, turned Yalta into his patrimony, terrorized the population, interfered in judicial affairs. This caused a protest even from the Octobrists, who submitted a request to the III State Duma in 1908 regarding his illegal actions; in 1910 he was dismissed, but a month later he was again appointed mayor of Yalta. – 33, 35.

Dühring, Eugen (1833–1921) – German philosopher and economist, petty-bourgeois ideologue. Dühring's philosophical views were an eclectic mixture of positivism, metaphysical materialism, and idealism. His reactionary-utopian system of "socialitarian" economy idealized Prussian semi-feudal forms of economy. Dühring's views, which found support among some of the German Social Democrats, were criticized by Engels in the book "Anti-Dühring. Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science". Lenin, in his book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" and in a number of other works, repeatedly criticized Dühring's eclectic views.

Dühring's main works: "Critical History of National Economy and Socialism", "Course of National and Social Economy", "Course of Philosophy". – 18, 20, 415, 416, 417, 424.

Ε

Evlogii (Georgievsky, V.) (born in 1868) – Monarchist, extreme reactionary, one of the leaders of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People". From 1902 – Bishop of Lublin. Deputy of the II and III State Dumas from the Orthodox population of the Lublin and Sedletsk provinces. In 1914 he was appointed Archbishop of Volyn. After the October Socialist Revolution – one of the leaders of the monarchist emigration. – 430–431, 435, 436.

Catherine II (Romanova) (1729–1796) – Russian Empress (1762–1796). – 431.

Ermansky (Kogan), O. A. (1866–1941) – Social Democrat, Menshevik. In the revolutionary movement – since the late 80s. In 1905 he worked in the St. Petersburg organization, then – in the Odessa Committee of the RSDLP. At the IV (Unification) Congress of the party – a delegate from the Odessa organization. During the years of reaction – a liquidator; actively collaborated in the Menshevik press. He participated in the work of the Social Democratic faction of the III State Duma. During the First World War (1914–1918) – a centrist. In 1917 – a Menshevik-internationalist. In 1918 – a member of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks, one of the editors of their central organ – the journal "Rabochiy Internatsional". In 1921 he left the Menshevik party, was engaged in scientific work in Moscow. – 405.

Ж

Zhbankov, D. N. (born in 1853) – Doctor, writer, prominent figure in public medicine, one of the leaders of the Pirogov Society. Zhbankov's literary activity is devoted to the development of various aspects of the zemstvo-sanitary affairs, epidemiology, statistics, the issue of migratory trades and their cultural and sanitary influence on the population. In his works: "Zemstvo-Medical Collection" (int. I–VII), "Babya Storona", "Migratory Trades in the Smolensk Province in 1892–1895", etc. Zhbankov defended populist petty-bourgeois ideals. After the October Socialist Revolution, he opposed the Soviet government. Since 1921, he retired from public activity. – 99.

Zhitlovsky, X. I. (1865–1943) – Began his public activity as a Narodnik; in the late 80s he emigrated to Switzerland, was one of the organizers of the "Union of Russian Socialist-Revolutionaries" in Bern (1894). Later, while continuing to maintain close ties with the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, he became one of the ideologists of the Jewish petty-bourgeois nationalist movement, participated in the organization of the Socialist Jewish Workers' Party (SERP), was one of its leaders and theorists. He opposed Marxism. After the Tsar's Manifesto of October 17, 1905, he returned to Russia, but then emigrated again. From 1908 he published the magazine "Dos Naie Leben" ("New Life") in the USA. In subsequent years he lived in the USA, collaborated in a number of progressive Jewish magazines, and sympathized with the USSR. – 245.

Zhordania, N. N. (Kostrov) (1870–1953) – Social Democrat, Menshevik. He began his political activity in the 90s, joined the first Marxist group in Georgia "Mesame Dasi", and headed the opportunist wing in it. At the II Congress of the RSDLP, he attended with an advisory vote, sided with the minority Iskrists. After the congress – the leader of the Caucasian Mensheviks. In 1905, he edited the Menshevik newspaper "Social-Demokrata" (in Georgian), opposed the Bolshevik tactics in the bourgeois-democratic revolution. In 1906 he was a member of the I State Duma. He participated in the work of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP; at the V (London) Congress of the party he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, Zhordania, formally adhering to the Menshevik-Partyists, actually supported the liquidators. In 1914 he collaborated in Trotsky's magazine "Borba"; during the First World War (1914–1918) – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he was chairman of the Tiflis Soviet of Workers' Deputies, in 1918–1921 he headed the counter-revolutionary Menshevik government of Georgia; since 1921 – a White émigré. – 153, 168–169.

Jaurès, Jean (1859–1914) – A prominent figure in the French and international socialist movement, a historian. In the 80s – a bourgeois radical, then joined the group of "independent socialists". In 1902, Jaurès and his supporters created the French Socialist Party, which in 1905, merging with the Socialist Party of France, was named the United French Socialist Party. Member of Parliament in 1885–1889, 1893–1898, 1902–1914; one of the leaders of the parliamentary socialist faction. In 1904 he founded and edited until the end of his life the newspaper "L'Humanité" ("Humanity"), which in 1920 became the central organ of the French Communist Party. During the revolution of 1905–1907 in Russia, he welcomed the struggle of the Russian people. Jaurès tirelessly defended democracy, popular freedoms, peace, against imperialist oppression and predatory wars. He was convinced that only socialism would finally put an end to wars and colonial oppression.

However, Jaurès believed that socialism would win not through the struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, but as a result of the flourishing of the democratic idea. He was alien to the idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat, preached class peace between oppressors and oppressed, shared Proudhonist illusions about cooperation, the development of which under capitalism would supposedly contribute to a gradual transition to socialism. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Jaurès' reformist views, which pushed him onto the path of opportunism.

Jaurès' struggle for peace, against the looming threat of war, aroused the hatred of the imperialist bourgeoisie towards him. On the eve of the First World War (1914–1918), Jaurès was killed by a henchman of reaction.

Author of the works: "History of the Great French Revolution," "Political and Social Ideas of Europe and the Great Revolution," etc. – 194, 195, 203, 246.

Z

Zelensky, E. O. – see Nadezhdin, L.

Zinoviev, G. E. (Radomyslsky, G. E., Grigory) (1883–1936) – member of the RSDLP since 1901. From 1908 to April 1917 he was in emigration, a member of the editorial boards of the Central Organ of the party "Social-Democrat" and the Bolshevik newspaper "Proletary." During the years of reaction, he was conciliatory towards the liquidators, otzovists and Trotskyists. During the period of preparation and implementation of the October Socialist Revolution, he showed hesitation; in October 1917, together with Kamenev, he published a statement in the semi-Menshevik newspaper "New Life" about his disagreement with the Central Committee's decision on an armed uprising, thereby betraying the party's plans to the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution – Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. He repeatedly opposed Lenin's policy of the party: in November 1917 he was a supporter of creating a coalition government with the participation of Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries; in 1925 – one of the organizers of the "new opposition"; in 1926 – one of the leaders of the anti-party Trotskyist-Zinoviev bloc. In November 1927, he was expelled from the party for factional activities. In 1928 he was reinstated, and in 1932 he was again expelled from the party. He was reinstated again in 1933. In 1934, he was expelled from the party for the third time for anti-party activities. – 199.

Sorge, Friedrich Adolf (1828–1906) – German Socialist, a prominent figure in the international labor and socialist movement, a friend and comrade-in-arms of K. Marx and F. Engels. Participant in the revolution of 1848–1849 in Germany. After the defeat of the revolution, he emigrated to Switzerland, and then (1852) – to America. Organizer of the sections of the I International in America, secretary of the General Council of the I International (1872–1874). He took an active part in the founding of the Socialist Labor Party of the USA and the International Labor Union. Sorge is the author of the book "The Labor Movement in the United States," wrote a number of articles, printed mainly in the journal of the German Social Democracy "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Time"); he prepared for publication his correspondence with K. Marx, F. Engels and other persons. Lenin highly appreciated Sorge's activities, speaking of him as a veteran of the I International. – 239.

I

Igorev – see Gorev, B. I.

Izvolsky, A. P. (1856–1919) – Russian diplomat. Until 1906, he held leading diplomatic posts in the Vatican, Belgrade, Munich, Tokyo and Copenhagen. From 1906 – Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. An energetic supporter of Anglo-Russian rapprochement; took a direct part in the conclusion of the Russian-English agreement of 1907, which completed the formation of the Entente. He participated in a number of international meetings and conferences. In 1910, due to a number of diplomatic failures, he was dismissed from the post of minister and appointed ambassador to Paris, where he continued to pursue a course of strengthening the Entente. After the October Socialist Revolution, he remained an émigré in France, supporting foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia. – 224, 229.

Iliodor (Trufanov, S. M.) (born in 1880) – hieromonk, one of the leaders of the Black Hundreds. After graduating from the Theological Academy, he served in the Pochaev Lavra, where he quickly distinguished himself with his sharp speeches against the revolutionary movement of 1905–1907. In 1908 he was transferred to Tsaritsyn, where he developed active reactionary activities; created his own "Union of the Orthodox Russian People." In 1912 he resigned his rank. In the book "Holy Devil" (1917) he exposed Rasputin. After the October Socialist Revolution, he emigrated abroad. – 250, 401.

Ilyin, Vl. – see Lenin, V. I.

K

Kamensky, P. V. (born in 1860) – a major landowner, chairman of the central bureau of the party "Union of October 17"; zemstvo figure. In 1890–1908 he was the leader of the nobility of the Mariupol district. Deputy of the III State Duma from the Ekaterinoslav province. – 434.

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) – German philosopher, founder of classical German idealism, from 1770 professor at the University of Königsberg. In the first period of his activity (until about 1770) he paid much attention to natural science, put forward a well-known cosmogonic hypothesis, which, in Engels' expression, made the first breach in the metaphysical worldview. Later he mainly developed the theory of knowledge, considering the task of philosophy to be the study of the possibilities and determination of the limits of human knowledge. According to Kant, the empirical material of knowledge is sensations, their source is "things in themselves" located outside the subject and unknowable. Being an ideologist of the liberal German bourgeoisie, inconsistent in its struggle against feudalism, Kant could not abandon the concepts of God, free will, and the immortality of the soul, which are the basis of religious morality; he believed that a person should believe in them and be guided by them in his practical life.

Kant's philosophy is a kind of subjective idealism and agnosticism, but at the same time it has a certain materialistic tendency, expressed in the doctrine of "things in themselves" and in the recognition of the empirical nature of our knowledge. Kantianism played a huge role in the history of philosophy, under its influence later representatives of classical German idealism (Fichte, Schelling, Hegel) were formed, such trends in bourgeois philosophical thought as neo-Kantianism, positivism and others arose. K. Marx and F. Engels revealed the essence of Kant's philosophy, the inconsistency and inconsistent nature of which caused criticism both "from the right" (by more consistent subjective idealists) and "from the left" (by Feuerbach, Chernyshevsky, dialectical materialists) (see V. I. Lenin. Works, 4th ed., vol. 14, pp. 181–192, 344–346). The desire to return to Kant or reconcile Marxism with Kantianism has always been characteristic of revisionists.

Kant's main works: "Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens" (1755), "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781), "Critique of Practical Reason" (1788), "Critique of Judgment" (1790) and others. – 19.

Kapustin, M. Ya. (1847–1920) – Octobrist, physician by profession. In the early 70s, he worked as a zemstvo doctor in the Kostroma province, then – in military hospitals, in the military medical academy, in the Warsaw University. From 1887 – professor at Kazan University. Deputy of the II State Duma from the city of Kazan; was a deputy from the Kazan province in the III State Duma, was elected deputy chairman of the Duma. V. I. Lenin called Kapustin "a representative of the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie." – 310, 434.

Karaulov, V. A. (1854–1910) – Cadet, nobleman, lawyer by profession; deputy of the III State Duma from the Yenisei province. In the past – Narodnik. In 1884 he was arrested in Kiev in the case of 12 Narodniks and sentenced to 4 years of hard labor. After hard labor he was exiled to Siberia. In 1905 he joined the Cadets; openly opposed the revolution of 1905–1907. In the III Duma he occupied "one of the first places among the most vile counter-revolutionary Cadets with an eternal hypocritical phrase on their lips" (see V. I. Lenin. Works, 4th ed., vol. 17, p. 27). – 435–436.

Karaulov, M. A. (1878–1917) – Cossack yesaul, deputy of the II and IV State Dumas from the Terek region, monarchist. Edited the journal "Cossack Week". In the Dumas, he was a member of various commissions, defended the municipalization of land. In 1917, he was a member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution, he was one of the leaders of the counter-revolution in the Terek. The first ataman of the Terek Cossack Host, actively fought against Soviet power. – 165.

Charles I (Stuart) (1600–1649) – King of England (1625–1649). – 46, 389.

Karyshev, N. A. (1855–1905) – economist and statistician, zemstvo figure. From 1891 – professor at Yuriev (Tartu) University, then at the Moscow Agricultural Institute. He collaborated in the newspaper "Russian Vedomosti", in the journals "Zemstvo", "Russian Wealth" and others; author of many books and journal articles on the economics of peasant farming in Russia, in which he defended the views of liberal populists. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Karyshev's reactionary views in a number of his works and speeches. – 85–86, 87.

Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938) – one of the leaders of German social democracy and the II International, initially a Marxist, later a renegade of Marxism, the ideologue of the most dangerous and harmful variety of opportunism – centrism (Kautskyism). Editor of the theoretical journal of German social democracy "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Time").

He began to participate in the socialist movement in 1874. His views at that time represented a mixture of Lassalleanism, neo-Malthusianism, and anarchism. In 1881 he met K. Marx and F. Engels and, under their influence, switched to Marxism, but even during this period he showed hesitation towards opportunism, for which K. Marx and F. Engels sharply criticized him. In the 80s and 90s he wrote a number of works on Marxist theory: "The Economic Doctrine of Karl Marx", "The Agrarian Question" and others, which, despite the mistakes made in them, played a positive role in the propaganda of Marxism. Later, during the period of the widely deployed revolutionary movement, he moved to the positions of opportunism. He preached the ideology of centrism, i.e., hidden opportunism, and advocated leaving open opportunists in the party. During the First World War (1914–1918), Kautsky stood on the positions of social-chauvinism, covering it with phrases about internationalism. Author of the theory of ultra-imperialism, the reactionary essence of which Lenin exposed in the works "The Collapse of the II International", "Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism" and others. After the October Socialist Revolution, he openly opposed the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin, in his works "State and Revolution", "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" and a number of others, subjected Kautskyism to devastating criticism. Revealing the danger of Kautskyism, V. I. Lenin wrote in 1915 in the article "Socialism and War": "The working class cannot fulfill its world-revolutionary role without waging a merciless war against this renegacy, spinelessness, subservience to opportunism and unprecedented theoretical vulgarization of Marxism" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 283). – 41–48, 172, 192, 194–195, 236, 237, 238–239, 240, 241, 242, 248, 249, 385–388, 389.

Kaufman, A. A. (1864–1919) – Russian bourgeois economist and statistician, professor, publicist; one of the organizers and leaders of the Cadet Party. From 1887 to 1906 he served in the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property. In his book "Resettlement and Colonization" (1905) he gave an outline of the history of the resettlement policy of Tsarism. "Like a true "liberal", the author is excessively respectful of the bureaucracy of serf-owners," wrote V. I. Lenin about Kaufman (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 16, p. 405). He participated in the drafting of the Cadet draft of agrarian reform, actively collaborated in "Russian Vedomosti"; preached class peace between peasants and landlords. V. I. Lenin, referring Kaufman to the number of "cautious" statisticians, criticized him for the bourgeois-bureaucratic approach to solving the agrarian question. After the October Socialist Revolution, Kaufman took part in the work of the central statistical institutions. – 74–76, 78–80, 105.

Keir-Hardie – see Hardie, J. K.

Keissler, I. A. (1843–1897) – economist. He served in the Ministry of Finance, author of works on the Russian peasant economy and the land commune (mostly in German). He received the degrees of Master and Doctor of Political Economy for his four-volume work on the Russian land commune: "Zur Geschichte und Kritik des bäuerlichen Gemeindebesitzes in Russland" ("On the history and criticism of peasant communal ownership in Russia"). – 81.

Kizevetter, A. A. (1866–1933) – Russian liberal-bourgeois historian and publicist. In 1900–1911 – Privatdozent of Moscow University; member of the "Union of Liberation" from the moment of its foundation, one of the leaders of the Cadet Party. Deputy of the II State Duma from the city of Moscow; collaborated in "Russian Vedomosti", was a member of the editorial board and was one of the editors of the journal "Russian Thought". In his historical and journalistic works he distorted the significance of the Russian Revolution of 1905–1907. V. I. Lenin, characterizing Kizevetter's views in a number of his works, referred him to the number of Cadet professors who trade in science for the sake of reaction. After the October Socialist Revolution, Kizevetter waged an active struggle against Soviet power, for which he was exiled from Soviet Russia in 1922. Abroad, he took an active part in the White émigré press. – 407.

Clemenceau, Georges; Benjamin (1841–1929) – political and statesman of France, for many years leader of the Radical Party. He began his political career as a left-wing republican, hostile to the empire of Napoleon III. During the days of the Paris Commune of 1871, being the mayor of one of the districts of Paris, he sought to reconcile the proletariat with the bourgeoisie. In subsequent years he was engaged in municipal activities, was elected chairman of the Paris municipality, and in 1876 – a member of the Chamber of Deputies of France. Since the 80s – one of the leaders of the Radicals. In 1902 he was elected to the Senate, and from 1906 to 1909 he headed the French government. Defending the interests of big capital, he pursued a policy of brutal repression against the working class. On the eve of the First World War (1914–1918) he broke with the Radical Party. During the war – a staunch chauvinist. From November 1917, Clemenceau again headed the French government, introduced a regime of military dictatorship in the country. He was one of the organizers and inspirers of the armed intervention against Soviet Russia, supported the Russian counter-revolution, sought to implement the "economic encirclement" and strangulation of the Soviet republic. In 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, he defended the interests of French imperialists, but did not fully achieve his goal. In 1920 he was defeated in the presidential elections and retired from political activity. – 179–180, 187, 224, 228, 289.

Kogan, O. A. – see Ermansky, O. A.

Kondratyev, F. F. (born in 1871) – peasant, Trudovik. Deputy of the III State Duma from the Perm province; in the Duma he was elected to the commissions: judicial reforms, public education. – 319.

Korolenko, S. A. – economist-statistician, served in the Ministry of State Property, then an official for special assignments under the State Comptroller. From 1889 to 1892, on behalf of the Ministry of State Property, he worked on the book "Wage Labor on Landowner Farms and the Movement of Workers, in connection with a statistical and economic review of European Russia in agricultural and industrial relations. (Agricultural and statistical information based on materials received from the owners. Issue V)", published by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry. In the 1900s he collaborated in the Black Hundred newspaper "New Time". – ПО, 113.

Kostrov – see Jordania, N. N.

Krestovnikov, G. A. (born in 1855) – Octobrist, a major industrialist and stockbroker. For a long time, Krestovnikov was the director of the board of the Moscow-Kursk Railway, chairman of the board of the Moscow Merchant Bank and the Moscow Stock Exchange Society; an active member of the congresses of representatives of industry and trade. In 1906 he was elected a member of the State Council from the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. – 407, 408, 412, 414.

Krichevsky, B. N. (1866–1919) – Social-Democrat, publicist, one of the leaders of "Economism." From the late 1880s, he participated in the work of Social-Democratic circles in Russia; in the early 1890s he emigrated; abroad, for a time he adhered to the Emancipation of Labor group, and participated in its publications. In the late 1890s, he became one of the leaders of the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," in 1899 he became the editor of the Union's journal "Rabochee Delo," on the pages of which he propagated Bernsteinian views. Shortly after the II Congress of the RSDLP, he withdrew from the Social-Democratic movement. – 143.

Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) – a major figure in the English bourgeois revolution of the XVII century, leader of the Independent party, Lord Protector of England. He began his active political activity with the convocation in 1640 of the Long Parliament, to which he was elected as a member from the city of Cambridge. At the beginning of the civil war, he energetically organized military detachments, the bulk of which consisted of peasants. These detachments served as the nucleus of a regular parliamentary army. Cromwell demonstrated outstanding military abilities, winning a number of major victories over the King's troops. After the victory in the second civil war (1648), Cromwell, under pressure from the popular masses, went on to "purge" the parliament of Presbyterians, who represented the top of the London bourgeoisie, to execute the king and proclaim England a Republic. At the same time, Cromwell, who, in F. Engels's expression, combined "in one person Robespierre and Napoleon," harshly dealt with representatives of democratic currents – the Levellers and Diggers, as well as the national liberation movement in Ireland and Scotland. Having dispersed the "rump" of the Long Parliament in April 1653, Cromwell established his sole dictatorship-protectorate, and he himself was proclaimed Lord Protector. Cromwell's dictatorship paved the way for the restoration of the royal Stuart dynasty. In the interests of the English bourgeoisie, Cromwell waged a struggle for the trade and colonial dominance of England. – 46.

Cromer, Evelyn Baring (1841–1917) – English reactionary statesman and diplomat, lord; "English imperialist and bureaucrat," – this is how V. I. Lenin characterized him (Works, 4th ed., vol. 39, p. 551). In 1872–1876 he was the chief of staff of the viceroy of India; after the English occupation of Egypt (1882) until 1907 – the British resident in Egypt. Ruling Egypt with absolute power, he subordinated the economic and political life of the country to the interests of English capital. The harsh colonial regime he established, with the fictitious preservation of local authorities, was called the "Cromer regime." Cromer ruthlessly dealt with participants in the Egyptian national liberation movement. In 1907, in connection with the anti-English campaign caused by the massacre of peaceful Egyptian civilians by English imperialists in the area of the village of Denshawai, Cromer was forced to retire and took up literary activities. – 186.

Kropotov, A. E. (born in 1874) – peasant, Trudovik; volost clerk. Deputy of the Third State Duma from Vyatka Governorate. In the Duma he was a member of the land commission. – 317.

Cunow, Heinrich (1862–1936) – German right-wing Social-Democrat, historian, sociologist and ethnographer, professor. From 1917 to 1923 – editor of the organ of the German Social-Democratic Party "Die Neue Zeit". At first he adhered to the Marxists, then a revisionist and falsifier of Marxism. Lenin called him a "German apologist for imperialism and annexations" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 22, p. 257). – 286.

Kuskova, E. D. (1869–1958) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the mid-1890s, while abroad, she became close to the Emancipation of Labor group, but soon, under the influence of Bernsteinianism, took the path of revision of Marxism. The document written by Kuskova in the spirit of Bernsteinianism, which received the name "Credo", most clearly expressed the opportunist essence of "Economism" and caused a sharp protest from a group of Russian Marxists led by V. I. Lenin (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 4, pp. 163–176). On the eve of the revolution of 1905–1907, Kuskova joined the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation." In 1906, together with S. N. Prokopovich, she published the semi-Cadet journal "Bez Zaglaviya", and was an active contributor to the newspaper of the left Cadets "Tovarishch". Kuskova called on workers to abandon the revolutionary struggle and sought to subordinate the labor movement to the political leadership of the liberal bourgeoisie. After the October Socialist Revolution, she opposed the Bolsheviks. In 1922 she was expelled abroad, where she became an active figure in the White emigration. – 405.

Kutler, N. N. (1859–1924) – a prominent figure in the Cadet Party; worked in the Ministry of Finance, was the director of the Department of Assessed Taxes, later – Minister of Agriculture and Land Management. Deputy of the II and III State Dumas from the city of St. Petersburg, one of the authors of the draft agrarian program of the Cadets. V. I. Lenin gave a detailed criticism of this project and Kutler's position in his works "Draft of a speech on the agrarian question in the Second State Duma" and "The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907" (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 15, pp. 141–150 and vol. 16, pp. 193–413). After the October Socialist Revolution, Kutler worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance. From 1922 he was a member of the board of the State Bank of the USSR. – 12, 314.

L

Labriola, Arturo (born in 1873) – Italian political figure, lawyer and economist; one of the leaders of the syndicalist movement in Italy. Author of a number of books on the theory of syndicalism, in which he tried to adapt his program of so-called "revolutionary syndicalism" to Marxism, "correcting" Marxism. During the First World War (1914–1918) he stood on chauvinist positions. In 1920–1921 – Minister of Labor in the Giolitti government. In 1926–1939 he was in emigration; spoke out against fascism. In 1948–1953 – Senator. After the signing of the aggressive Atlantic Pact by the Italian government in 1949, Labriola joined the peace movement. In 1950 he was elected to the World Peace Council. – 25.

Lagardelle, Hubert (born in 1874) – French petty-bourgeois political figure, anarcho-syndicalist; one of the followers of the theorist of French anarcho-syndicalism Georges Sorel. Lagardelle is the author of a number of works on the history of anarcho-syndicalism in France; for a time he was the editor of the socialist organ "Le mouvement socialiste" ("The Socialist Movement"). During the First World War (1914–1918) – a social-chauvinist. Later – an activist of the General Confederation of Labor.

In 1942–1943 – Minister of Labor in the Vichy government; in 1946 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for participating in the Vichy government. – 25.

Larin, Yu. (Lurie, M. A.) (1882–1932) – Social-Democrat, Menshevik, delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP with a deciding vote. He defended the Menshevik program of municipalization of land, supported the opportunist idea of convening a "workers' congress." He was a delegate to the V (London) Congress of the party from the Poltava organization. After the defeat of the revolution of 1905–1907 – one of the active supporters of liquidationism. He took an active part in the anti-party August Bloc; was a member of its organizing committee. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he headed the group of Menshevik-Internationalists who published the journal "Internatsional". In August 1917 he was accepted into the Bolshevik Party. After the October Socialist Revolution, he worked in Soviet and economic organizations. – 168–169.

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–1864) – German petty-bourgeois socialist, founder of one of the varieties of opportunism in the German labor movement – Lassalleanism.

Lassalle was one of the founders of the General German Workers' Association (1863). The creation of the Union had a positive significance for the labor movement, but Lassalle, elected president of the Union, led it along an opportunist path. The Lassalleans hoped, through legal agitation for universal suffrage, through the creation of production associations subsidized by the Junker state, to achieve the construction of a "free people's state." Lassalle supported the policy of uniting Germany "from above" under the hegemony of reactionary Prussia. The opportunist policy of the Lassalleans was an obstacle to the activities of the I International and to the creation of a genuine workers' party in Germany, and hindered the development of class consciousness among the workers.

The theoretical and political views of the Lassalleans were sharply criticized by the classics of Marxism-Leninism (see K. Marx. "Critique of the Gotha Program"; V. I. Lenin. "State and Revolution" and other works). – 300, 345.

Legien, Karl (1861–1920) – German right-wing Social Democrat, one of the leaders of the German trade unions, revisionist. From 1890 – chairman of the General Commission of German Trade Unions, from 1903 – secretary, and from 1913 – chairman of the International Secretariat of Trade Unions. From 1893 to 1920 (with interruptions) – deputy of the Reichstag from the German Social Democracy. In 1919–1920 – member of the national assembly of the Weimar Republic. During the First World War (1914–1918) – an open social-chauvinist. Actively pursued a policy in the interests of the bourgeoisie, and fought in every way against the revolutionary movement of the proletariat. – 203.

Ledebour, Georg (1850–1947) – German Social Democrat, from 1900 to 1918 he was a member of the Reichstag from the German Social Democracy. Participant in the international socialist congress in Stuttgart, where he spoke out against colonialism. Participated in the Zimmerwald Conference, one of the political leaders of the Zimmerwald Right. In 1916, after the split in the German Social Democracy, he joined the "Social Democratic Labor Group" of the Reichstag, which formed the main core in 1917 of the centrist Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, which justified open chauvinists. In 1920–1924 he headed a small independent group in the Reichstag. In 1931 he joined the Socialist Workers' Party. After Hitler came to power, he emigrated to Switzerland. – 248–249.

Lenin, V. I. (Ulyanov, V. I., Ilyin, Vl., Lenin, N., N. L.) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 20, 36, 60, 62, 73, 83, 102, ПО, 115, 127, 130, 135, 139, 145, 148, 156–157, 160, 161, 170, 172, 184, 199, 237, 238, 245, 246, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254–255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264, 269, 278, 285, 287, 315, 330, 337, 339, 347, 370, 371, 373, 378, 383, 385–386, 387, 394, 404.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826–1900) – a prominent figure in the German and international labor movement, one of the founders and leaders of the German Social Democratic Party. He took an active part in the revolution of 1848–1849 in Germany, after the defeat of which he emigrated first to Switzerland, and then to England, where he became close to K. Marx and F. Engels; under their influence he becomes a socialist. In 1862 he returned to Germany. After the creation of the I International, he was one of the most active propagandists of its revolutionary ideas and the organizer of the International's sections in Germany. From 1875 until the end of his life, Liebknecht was a member of the Central Committee of the German Social Democratic Party and the responsible editor of its central organ "Vorwärts" ("Forward"). From 1867 to 1870 – deputy of the North German Reichstag, and from 1874 he was repeatedly elected deputy of the German Reichstag; he skillfully used the parliamentary rostrum to expose the reactionary foreign and domestic policies of the Prussian Junkers. For revolutionary activity he was repeatedly imprisoned. He took an active part in the organization of the II International. K. Marx and F. Engels valued Liebknecht, directed his activities, but at the same time criticized his conciliatory position towards opportunist elements. – 300.

Liebknecht, Karl (1871–1919) – an outstanding figure in the German and international labor movement; son of Wilhelm Liebknecht, by profession a lawyer.

He began to participate in the socialist movement in his student years, actively fought against opportunism and militarism. During the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907, he called on German workers to follow the Russian example. In 1912 he was elected deputy of the Reichstag. From the beginning of the First World War (1914–1918) he resolutely opposed supporting "his" government in the predatory war, and was the only one in the entire Reichstag to vote against military credits (December 2, 1914). One of the organizers and leaders of the revolutionary "Spartacus League." In 1916 he was sentenced to hard labor. During the November Revolution in Germany, together with R. Luxemburg, he led the revolutionary vanguard of the German workers, edited the newspaper "Die Rote Fahne" ("The Red Banner"), and was one of the founders of the KPD and the leaders of the uprising of Berlin workers in January 1919. After the suppression of the uprising, he was brutally murdered by Noske's gangs.

Assessing the activities of K. Liebknecht, Lenin wrote that "this name is a symbol of the leader's devotion to the interests of the proletariat, fidelity to the socialist revolution... This name is a symbol of an irreconcilable struggle against imperialism not in words, but in deeds..." (Works, 4th ed., volume 28, pp. 410–411). – 191.

Lipkin, F. A. – see Cherevanin, N.

Lunacharsky, A. V. (1875–1933) – a professional revolutionary, later a prominent Soviet statesman. He joined the revolutionary movement in the early 90s. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – a Bolshevik. He was a member of the editorial boards of the Bolshevik newspapers "Vpered", "Proletary", and then "New Life". On behalf of V. I. Lenin, at the III Congress of the party, he made a report on the armed uprising. Participant in the IV (Unification) and V (London) Congresses of the party. In 1907 he was a representative of the Bolsheviks at the Stuttgart International Socialist Congress. During the years of reaction he departed from Marxism, participated in the anti-party group "Vpered", and demanded the combination of Marxism with religion. V. I. Lenin in his work "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" (1909) revealed the erroneousness of Lunacharsky's views and subjected them to serious criticism. In the First World War, Lunacharsky stood on the positions of internationalism. At the beginning of 1917 he joined the "Interdistrict" group, together with which he was accepted into the party at the VI Congress of the RSDLP. After the October Socialist Revolution, until 1929 – People's Commissar of Education, then Chairman of the Scientific Committee under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In August 1933 he was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Spain. Author of a number of works on art and literature. – 423.

Lurie, M. A. – see Larin, Yu.

Lykoshin, A. I. (1861–1918) – a reactionary figure of Tsarist Russia, a landlord-Black Hundred member, one of the organizers of the monarchist "Union of the Russian People". In 1907–1914 he was Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. – 309, 312.

Lvov, N. N. (1867–1944) – landlord; according to V. I. Lenin – “counter-revolutionary nobleman”, “an example of a traitorous Cadet”. In 1893–1900 he was the Balashov district marshal of the nobility; from 1899 chairman of the Saratov Provincial Zemstvo Administration. Participant in the zemstvo congresses of 1904–1905. One of the founders of the "Union of Liberation" and the Cadet party, member of its Central Committee. Elected to the First State Duma by the votes of peasants deceived by the Cadets, he spoke out decisively against their demands. Member of the Second State Duma. One of the founders of the "peaceful renovation" party. In the Third and Fourth Dumas he acted as the leader of the "Progressists". In 1917 – one of the leaders of the Union of Landowners. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White Guard journalist, later – a White émigré. – 309–310.

Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) – an outstanding figure in the international workers' movement, one of the leaders of the left wing of the Second International. She began her revolutionary activity in the second half of the 1880s, was among the founders and leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Poland, and opposed nationalism in the ranks of the Polish workers' movement. From 1897 she took an active part in the German Social Democratic movement, and fought against Bernsteinism and Millerandism. Luxemburg participated in the first Russian revolution (in Warsaw), in 1907 she participated in the 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where she supported the Bolsheviks. From the very beginning of the First World War (1914–1918) she took an internationalist position. She was one of the initiators of the creation of the "International" group, later renamed the "Spartacus" group, and then the "Spartacus League"; she wrote (in prison) under the pseudonym Junius the pamphlet "The Crisis of Social Democracy" (see V. I. Lenin's article "On the Junius Pamphlet" – Works, 4th ed., vol. 22, pp. 291–305). After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany, she took a leading part in the Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of Germany. In January 1919, she was arrested and killed on the orders of the Scheidemann government. Lenin, who highly valued R. Luxemburg, repeatedly criticized her mistakes on a number of issues (on the role of the party, on imperialism, the national-colonial and peasant questions, on permanent revolution, etc.), thereby helping her to take the correct position. – 195–196.

Lyadov (Mandelstam), M. N. (1872–1947) – professional revolutionary. He began his revolutionary activity in 1891 in Moscow Narodnik circles; in 1892 he joined a Marxist circle, in 1893 he took part in the creation of the Moscow Workers' Union – the first social democratic organization in Moscow. In 1895 he led a May Day demonstration in Moscow, was arrested and in 1897 exiled for 5 years to Verkhoyansk. Upon his return from exile, he worked in Saratov. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP – a delegate from the Saratov Committee, an Iskra-ist of the majority, after the congress – an agent of the Central Committee, actively fought against the Mensheviks in Russia and abroad. In August 1904, he participated in the meeting of 22 Bolsheviks in Geneva, joined the Bureau of Committees of the Majority, and was a delegate from the Bolsheviks to the Amsterdam Congress of the Second International. He took an active part in the revolution of 1905–1907, was a member of the Moscow Committee of the party, and carried out important assignments from the Central Committee of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction, he joined the Otzovists, in 1909 he joined the factional group "Vpered" and was one of the lecturers in the party school on the island of Capri. In 1911 he left the Vpered group and went to Baku.

After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – deputy chairman of the Baku Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, held Menshevik positions.

In 1920 he was reinstated in the ranks of the RCP(b), held economic work in Moscow, worked in the Supreme Council of National Economy, then in the People's Commissariat of Education; from 1923 – rector of the Ya. M. Sverdlov Communist University; was a delegate to the XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI party congresses. – 337.

Lafontaine, Henri (1854–1943) – Belgian socialist, professor of international law at the University of Brussels, senator. From 1892 – Chairman of the International Bureau of Peace; in 1895 he participated in the founding of the International Bibliographic Institute in Brussels, the League of Peace (Bern) and the League on International Arbitration. In 1913 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1921 he was a delegate from Belgium to the League of Nations session. – 246, 247.

Lyakhnitsky, N. Ya. (born in 1871) – Trudovik, a lawyer by profession. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Stavropol province; in the Duma he was elected to the commissions: on inquiries, judicial reforms, budget, etc. – 319.

Lyakhov, V. P. (1869–1919) – Colonel of the tsarist army; gained notoriety as a result of the suppression of the national-revolutionary movement in the Caucasus and Iran. During the First World War (1914–1918) – Governor-General of the zone of the Turkish coast of the Black Sea. In February 1919, Lyakhov was appointed chief commander and commander of Denikin's troops in the Terek-Dagestan region. During the fierce struggle of the "Volunteer Army" with the mountain peoples, Lyakhov was killed. – 177, 228, 229.

M

Maddison, Fred (1856–1937) – English socialist, a compositor by profession. In 1886 – Chairman of the Trades Union Congress. For six years he was a member of the Tottenham Board of Schools. In 1893 he was nominated for the post of labour correspondent in the Ministry of Commerce. Until 1897 – editor of the official organ of the United Society of Railway Servants "Railway Review". Later he was the secretary of the Union of International Arbitration. In 1897–1900 and 1906–1910 – Member of Parliament. – 203.

MacDonald, James Ramsay (1866–1937) – English politician, one of the founders and leaders of the Labour Party. In 1893 he was among the organizers of the Independent Labour Party. In 1900 he was elected secretary of the Labour Representation Committee, transformed in 1906 into the Labour Party. In 1906 he was elected a member of the House of Commons; in 1911 MacDonald became the leader of the Labour Party. He pursued an extremely opportunist policy in the party and in the Second International. He preached the reactionary theory of class collaboration and the gradual growing of capitalism into socialism ("constructive socialism"). At the beginning of the First World War (1914–1918) he took a pacifist position, then embarked on the path of open support for the imperialist bourgeoisie. In 1918–1920 he tried to prevent the struggle of the English workers who opposed the anti-Soviet intervention; pursued a policy of splitting the working class. In 1924 he became Prime Minister of the first Labour government. Under pressure from the masses, his government was forced to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in February 1924. In 1929–1931, MacDonald became Prime Minister of the second Labour government, which again was forced to restore diplomatic relations with the USSR, provocatively broken in 1927 by the Baldwin government. The MacDonald government brutally suppressed the national liberation movement in the English colonies and pursued an anti-labour policy. In 1931–1935, MacDonald headed the so-called "national government", the policy of which was determined by the Conservatives. – 240.

Malinovsky, A. A. – see Bogdanov, A.

Mandelstam, M. N. – see Lyadov, M. N.

Manuilov, A. A. (1861–1929) – Russian bourgeois economist, a prominent figure in the Cadet party, one of the editors of the newspaper "Russkiye Vedomosti". In 1905–1911 – Rector of Moscow University, in 1907–1911 – Member of the State Council, in 1917 – Minister of Public Education of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution, having returned from emigration, Manuilov taught at Soviet higher educational institutions. Manuilov's main works: "Land Lease in Ireland" (1895), "The Concept of Value According to the Doctrine of Economists of the Classical School" (1901), "Political Economy. Course of lectures." Vol. I (1914) and others. – 407.

Maresse, L. N. – Russian statistician and economist, author of the article "Production and Consumption of Grain in Peasant Farming," published in the Narodnik-liberal collection "The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Certain Aspects of the Russian National Economy" (St. Petersburg, 1897). – 87–88.

Marx, Karl (1818–1883) – the founder of scientific communism, a brilliant thinker, leader, and teacher of the international proletariat (see V. I. Lenin's article "Karl Marx (A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism)" – Collected Works, 4th edition, volume 21, pp. 27–74). – 17, 18–19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 34, 37, 38, 48–49, 128, 130, 131–132, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 170, 185, 194, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 264, 265, 266, 268, 274, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 300, 343, 345, 388, 389, 409–410, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420, 426, 444.

Martov, L. (Tsederbaum, Yu. O.) (1873–1923) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. Joined the social-democratic movement in the first half of the 1890s. In 1895, he participated in the organization of the St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class," for which he was arrested in 1896 and exiled to Turukhansk for 3 years. After exile, in 1900, he participated in the preparation of the publication of "Iskra," and was a member of its editorial board. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP – a delegate from the "Iskra" organization, he led the opportunistic minority of the congress and since then has been one of the leaders of the central institutions of the Mensheviks and editor of Menshevik publications. He participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Congress of the party. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator, he edited "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata" [The Voice of the Social-Democrat], participated in the anti-party August conference (1912). During the years of the First World War (1914–1918) he took a centrist position; he participated in the Zimmerwald and Kienthal conferences. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists. After the October Socialist Revolution, he moved to the camp of open enemies of Soviet power. In 1920 he emigrated to Germany, where he published the counter-revolutionary Menshevik "Socialist Bulletin" in Berlin. – 44, 251, 370, 373, 376, 378–379, 380, 381, 384, 385, 386, 387–388, 389, 408, 413.

Martynov, A. (Piker, A. S.) (1865–1935) – one of the leaders of the "Economists," a prominent Menshevik; later a member of the Communist Party. From the early 1880s, he participated in Narodnik circles, in 1886 he was arrested and exiled to Eastern Siberia, where he became a social democrat in exile. In 1900 he emigrated, joined the editorial board of the "Economists'" journal "Rabocheye Delo" [The Workers' Cause], and opposed Lenin's "Iskra." At the Second Congress of the RSDLP – a delegate from the "Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad," an anti-Iskraite; after the congress he joined the Mensheviks. He participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Congress of the party as a delegate from the Ekaterinoslav organization. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator. During the First World War (1914–1918) he took a centrist position, after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a Menshevik-internationalist. After the October Socialist Revolution, he broke away from the Mensheviks, and in 1918–1920 he worked as a teacher in Ukraine. In 1923, at the Twelfth Congress of the RCP(b), he was admitted to the party, worked at the K. Marx and F. Engels Institute; from 1924 – a member of the editorial board of the journal "Communist International." – 143, 288, 338, 413.

Maslov, P. P. (John) (1867–1946) – an economist, social democrat, author of a number of works on the agrarian question, in which he attempted to revise Marxism; he collaborated in the journals "Zhizn'" [Life], "Nachalo" [Beginning], and "Nauchnoye Obozreniye" [Scientific Review]. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP, he joined the Mensheviks; he put forward the Menshevik program of municipalization of land. At the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP, he spoke on behalf of the Mensheviks with a report on the agrarian question, and was elected by the congress to the editorial board of the Central Organ. During the years of reaction – a liquidator, during the First World War (1914–1918) – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution, he withdrew from political activity and engaged in pedagogical and scientific work. From 1929 – a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – 151, 152, 153–154, 156, 157, 160–161, 165, 167–168, 184, 185, 250–258, 259–270, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 405.

Mashkevich, D. F. (born in 1871) – a Black Hundred member, a priest. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Kherson province; in the Duma he was a member of the commissions: budgetary, on public education, etc. Mashkevich carried out active work in the Elisavetgrad department of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People." – 431–432.

Meyendorff, A. F. (born in 1869) – an Octobrist, a Livonian baron, a landowner, trained as a lawyer. In 1892 he graduated from St. Petersburg University with a degree of candidate of law. From 1892 to 1907 he worked in the Senate, in the Riga District Court, the chancellery of the State Council, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1902–1905 – Privatdozent at St. Petersburg University in Russian land law. Deputy of the Third and Fourth State Dumas from the Livland province, during the first two sessions of the Third Duma he was the deputy chairman. In 1919 he emigrated abroad.

Meyendorff is known as the author of the works: "The Prussian Constitution" (1904), "The Peasant Yard in the System of Russian Legislation" (1907), etc. – 437.

Merzlyakov, I. L. (born in 1874) – a Trudovik, a peasant. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Vyatka province; in the Duma he was a member of the agricultural and Old Believers commissions. – 319.

Mehring, Franz (1846–1919) – an outstanding figure in the German labor movement, one of the leaders and theorists of the left wing of German Social Democracy; historian, publicist, and literary critic. From the end of the 1860s – a radical bourgeois-democratic publicist; in 1876–1882 he stood on the positions of bourgeois liberalism, then evolved to the left, was the editor of the democratic "Volks-Zeitung" ("People's Newspaper"), spoke out against Bismarck in defense of social democracy. In 1891 he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany. He was an active collaborator and one of the editors of the party's theoretical organ – the journal "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Time"); later he edited "Leipziger Volkszeitung" ("Leipzig People's Newspaper"). In 1893 his work "The Legend of Lessing" was published as a separate edition, in 1897 – the four-volume "History of German Social Democracy." Mehring worked extensively on the publication of the literary legacy of Marx, Engels, and Lassalle; in 1918 his book on the life and work of K. Marx was published. In Mehring's works there are a number of deviations from Marxism, an incorrect assessment of such figures as Lassalle, Schweitzer, Bakunin, and a misunderstanding of the revolutionary upheaval made by Marx and Engels in philosophy. Mehring actively opposed opportunism and revisionism in the ranks of the Second International, condemned Kautskyism, but at the same time shared the mistakes of the German Left, who were afraid to organizationally break with the opportunists. He consistently defended internationalism, and welcomed the October Socialist Revolution. Starting in 1916, he was one of the leaders of the revolutionary "Spartacus League," and played a prominent role in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany. – 388.

Mertvago, A. P. (born in 1856) – an agronomist, studied horticulture in France, attended a course in natural sciences at the Sorbonne. From 1887 to 1893 he collaborated in the "Zemledelcheskaya Gazeta" [Agricultural Gazette], and the journal "Sel'skoye Khozyaistvo i Lesovodstvo" [Agriculture and Forestry]. In 1894–1905 – editor of the agricultural and economic journal "Khozyain" [The Master], from 1905 – its publisher. Author of the works: "Agricultural Issues of the Non-Black Earth Belt of Russia," "How Much Land is in Russia and How We Use It," and others. – 68–70.

Milyukov, P. N. (1859–1943) – leader of the Cadet party, a prominent ideologue of the Russian imperialist bourgeoisie, historian and publicist. From 1886 – Privatdozent at Moscow University. He began his political activity in the first half of the 1890s; from 1902 he actively collaborated in the journal "Liberation," published abroad by bourgeois liberals. In October 1905 – one of the founders of the Cadet party, then chairman of its Central Committee and editor of the central organ – the newspaper "Rech'." Member of the III and IV State Dumas. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government, pursued an imperialist policy of continuing the war "to a victorious end"; in August 1917 he took an active part in preparing the counter-revolutionary Kornilov mutiny. After the October Socialist Revolution, he became one of the organizers of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia; an active figure in the White emigration. From 1921 he published the newspaper "Latest News" in Paris. – 12, 13, 34, 225, 312, 313, 436.

Mitrofan (Krasnopolsky, D.) (born 1869) – Black Hundred member, bishop. Deputy of the III State Duma from the Mogilev province; in the Duma he was a member of the commissions: on public education, the Orthodox Church, etc. – 311, 429–430.

Molkenbuhr, Hermann (1851–1927) – German Social Democrat, by profession a tobacco worker. In the 1860s he joined the General German Workers' Union founded by Lassalle. In connection with the exceptional law against socialists, he was expelled in 1881 and lived in the United States until 1884. From 1890 – editor of the Social Democratic newspaper "Hamburger Echo" ("Hamburg Echo"); from 1904 – general secretary of the German Social Democratic Party; member of the International Socialist Bureau. In 1890–1906, 1907–1918 and 1920–1924 – deputy of the Reichstag; from 1911 to 1924 – chairman of the Social Democratic faction of the Reichstag. During the First World War (1914–1918) he took a chauvinistic position. After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany, he was elected to the Berlin Executive Committee of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, where he pursued a policy of bloc with the counter-revolutionary bourgeois government. – 248.

Morley, John (1838–1923) – English bourgeois political figure. In 1883 he was elected to Parliament. In 1886 and 1892 he served as Secretary for Ireland in Gladstone's cabinets, from 1906 to 1910 – Secretary for India, where he pursued a policy of suppressing the national liberation movement. Morley is also known as a writer. He wrote books about Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Cobden, Cromwell, Gladstone; in 1917, Morley published two volumes of Memoirs. – 178.

Most, Johann Joseph (1846–1906) – German Social Democrat, then anarchist, by profession a bookbinder. In the 1860s he joined the labor movement, became close to Social Democracy, became a journalist; in 1874–1878 he was elected deputy of the Reichstag. In theory, Most was a supporter of Dühring, in politics – he pursued the anarchist idea of ​​"propaganda by deed", considered an immediate proletarian revolution possible. After the publication in 1878 of the exceptional law against socialists, Most emigrated to London, where he published the anarchist newspaper "Freiheit" ("Freedom"), about which Marx wrote: "We do not reproach Most for his "Freiheit" being too revolutionary. We accuse him of not having any revolutionary content, but only revolutionary phrases" (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. XXVII, 1935, p. 63). On the pages of the newspaper, Most called on workers to individual terror, in which he saw the most effective means of revolutionary struggle. In 1882, Most emigrated to the United States, where he continued to publish "Freiheit". In subsequent years he moved away from the labor movement. – 424.

Mushenko, I. N. (born 1871) – deputy of the II State Duma from the Kursk province, one of the leaders of the Duma faction of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, by profession an engineer. In the Duma he was a member of the agrarian commission, was the official speaker of the Socialist-Revolutionary party on the agrarian question. – 159.

Mülberger, Arthur (1847–1907) – German petty-bourgeois publicist, follower of Proudhon, by profession a doctor. In 1872 he published a series of articles on the housing question in the central organ of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany, the newspaper "Der Volksstaat" ("People's State"), which provoked sharp criticism from F. Engels. He collaborated in the opportunist journal "Die Zukunft" ("The Future") published by Höchberg, wrote several works on the history of social thought in France and Germany, and criticized Marxism. – 18.

H

H. L. – see Lenin, V. I.

Nadezhdin, L. (Zelensky, E. O.) (1877–1905) – began his political activity as a Populist; in 1898 he joined the Saratov Social Democratic organization. In 1899 he was arrested and exiled to the Vologda province; in 1900 he emigrated to Switzerland, where he organized the "revolutionary socialist group" "Freedom" (1901–1903). In the journal "Freedom," in the brochures "The Eve of the Revolution" (1901), "The Revival of Revolutionism in Russia" (1901), etc. he supported the "Economists" and at the same time preached terror as an effective means of "stirring up the masses"; opposed Lenin's "Iskra." After the II Congress of the RSDLP, he collaborated in Menshevik publications. – 143.

Nikityuk, Ya. S. (born 1873) – peasant. Deputy of the III State Duma from the Volyn province; in the Duma he was elected to the agricultural and resettlement commissions. – 316.

Nik. – he – see Danielson, N. F.

Nicholas I (Romanov) (1796–1855) – Russian Emperor (1825–1855). – 228.

Nicholas II (Romanov) (1868–1918) – the last Russian emperor, reigned from 1894 until the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917. On July 17, 1918, he was shot in Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) by the decision of the Ural Regional Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. – 30, 174, 225, 228, 315, 359, 401, 411.

Nicholas – he – see Danielson, N. F.

Novosedsky (Binasik, M. S.) (1883–1938) – Social Democrat, Menshevik, by profession a lawyer. In 1906 he was a delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP with a decisive vote from the Smorgon organization. During the years of reaction, he moved away from the Social Democratic movement. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – chairman of the military section of the Petrograd Soviet and a member of the Petrograd Executive Committee; was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. After the October Socialist Revolution – chairman of the coalition cabinet of ministers in Vladivostok; later he was in economic work in Moscow. – 165, 167, 260, 269.

Noske, Gustav (1868–1946) – one of the opportunist leaders of the German Social Democratic Party. Long before the First World War (1914–1918) he spoke in defense of militarism. During the war – a social-chauvinist, voted in the Reichstag for military credits. In 1918, during the November Revolution in Germany, he was one of the leaders of the suppression of the revolutionary movement of sailors in Kiel. In 1919–1920 he was Minister of War; organizer of the massacre of workers in Berlin and the murder of K. Liebknecht and R. Luxembourg, for which he received the nickname "bloody dog." Later he was president of the Prussian province of Hanover. During the years of fascist dictatorship he received a state pension from the Hitler government.

V. I. Lenin called Noske a "social-traitor," one of the "most disgusting executioners of the workers in the service of the monarchy and the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 29, p. 283). – 189, 190, 192.

О

Orlov, V. I. (1848–1885) – statistician, one of the founders of zemstvo statistics in Russia. From 1875 he headed the statistical bureau of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo; under his leadership, statistical work was also carried out in the Tambov, Kursk, Orlov, Voronezh and Samara provinces. One of the first to apply the method of continuous expeditionary household research according to an extensive program. Orlov largely owns the "Collections of Statistical Information on the Moscow Province," vols. I–IX. K. Marx and V. I. Lenin used the data from Orlov's works. – 81.

Π

Pernerstorfer, Engelbert (1850–1918) – Austrian social-democrat, a teacher by profession. In 1885 he was elected a deputy to the Reichsrath; in 1896 he joined the right opportunistic wing of the Social-Democratic Party, and from 1897 was a member of its Central Committee. He participated in almost all congresses of the Second International. In 1907, as chairman of the Social-Democratic faction in the Reichsrath, he was elected its vice-president. During the First World War (1914–1918) he held an extremely chauvinistic position. – 247.

Peter – see Ramishvili, N. V.

Petrov, K. M. (Petrov 3rd) (born in 1877) – Trudovik, secretary of the faction of the Labor Group; a typesetter by profession. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Perm province; in the Duma he was elected to the commissions: city, on the labor issue, budgetary, etc. – 319.

Peshekhonov, A. V. (1867–1933) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the 90s – a liberal Narodnik; an employee, and from 1904 – a member of the editorial board of the journal "Russkoye Bogatstvo"; collaborated with the liberal-monarchist journal "Osvobozhdeniye" and the SR newspaper "Revolutionary Russia." In 1903–1905 he was a member of the "Union of Liberation," and from 1906 – one of the leaders of the petty-bourgeois party of "popular socialists" (Eneses). After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Minister of Food of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution, he fought against Soviet power; from 1922 – a white émigré. – 158.

Picker, A. S. – see Martynov, A.

Plehve, V. K. (1846–1904) – a reactionary statesman of tsarist Russia, in 1881–1884 – director of the police department; from 1902 – Minister of Internal Affairs. Under him, peasant movements in the Poltava and Kharkov provinces were brutally suppressed, a number of zemstvos were defeated; Plehve encouraged the reactionary Russification policy in the outskirts of Russia. In order to divert the masses from the struggle against the autocracy, he contributed to the unleashing of the Russo-Japanese War; for the same purpose, he organized Jewish pogroms, encouraged "Zubatovshchina." His policies aroused hatred towards himself in wide sections of Russian society. On July 15, 1904, he was killed by the SR E. S. Sazonov. – 144.

Plekhanov, G. V. (1856–1918) – an outstanding figure in the Russian and international labor movement, the first propagandist of Marxism in Russia. In 1875, while still a student, he established contact with the Narodniks, with the workers of St. Petersburg, and joined the revolutionary activity; in 1877 he joined the Narodnik organization "Land and Freedom," and in 1879, after its split, he headed the newly created Narodnik organization "Black Repartition." In 1880 he emigrated to Switzerland, broke with Narodism, and in 1883 in Geneva he created the first Russian Marxist organization – the "Emancipation of Labor" group. In the 90s of the 19th century, Plekhanov fought against Narodism, opposed revisionism in the international labor movement. In the early 900s, together with V. I. Lenin, he edited the newspaper "Iskra" and the journal "Zarya," and participated in the preparation of the Second Congress of the RSDLP. At the congress – a delegate from the "Emancipation of Labor" group.

From 1883 to 1903, Plekhanov wrote a number of works that played a major role in the defense and propagation of the materialistic worldview: "Socialism and Political Struggle" (1883), "Our Differences" (1885), "On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History" (1895), "Essays on the History of Materialism" (1896), "On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History" (1898), etc.

However, even at that time he had serious mistakes, which were the germ of his future Menshevik views. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP, Plekhanov took a position of reconciliation with opportunism, and then joined the Mensheviks. During the revolution of 1905–1907, on all major issues he stood on Menshevik positions; he underestimated the revolutionary role of the peasantry, advocated an alliance with the liberal bourgeoisie; recognizing in words the idea of the hegemony of the proletariat, in deeds he opposed the essence of this idea. He condemned the December armed uprising of 1905. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, he opposed the Machist revision of Marxism and liquidationism, and headed the group of "Mensheviks-Party members." During the First World War (1914–1918) he took the position of social-chauvinism, defending the Menshevik tactics of defensism.

Returning to Russia after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he headed the extreme right-wing group of Menshevik-defensists "Unity," actively opposed the Bolsheviks, against the socialist revolution, believing that Russia was not ripe for the transition to socialism. He reacted negatively to the October Socialist Revolution, but did not participate in the struggle against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin highly appreciated Plekhanov's philosophical works and his role in the spread of Marxism in Russia; at the same time, he sharply criticized Plekhanov for deviations from Marxism and major errors in political activity. – 20, 27, 28, 34, 43, 44, 47, 48, 152, 156, 157, 163, 164–165, 171–172, 184–185, 251, 253, 258, 285–289, 318, 319, 320, 369, 386, 387.

Polovnev, A. V. – an agent of the Okhrana department, one of the founders of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People," the head of the combat squad of the "Union" in the Narva district. In July 1906, he participated in the murder of a member of the State Duma, the Cadet M. Ya. Herzenstein, for which he was convicted, but soon received a pardon from the tsar. – 401.

Popov, A. A. (Popov 2nd) (born in 1868) – rural priest. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Vyatka province; in the Duma he belonged to the faction of progressists; was a member of the commissions: confessional and Orthodox Church. – 319.

Popov, I. N. (Popov 4th) (born in 1878) – peasant. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Vologda province; in the Duma he was first moderately right-wing, then – non-partisan; was a member of the resettlement and trade and industrial commissions. – 316.

Prokopovich, S. P. (1871–1955) – bourgeois economist and publicist. In the late 90s – a prominent representative of "Economism," one of the first preachers of Bernsteinianism in Russia. Later, an active member of the liberal-monarchist organization "Union of Liberation." In 1906 – a member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. Editor-publisher of the semi-Cadet, semi-Menshevik journal "Bez Zaglaviya," an active contributor to the left-Cadet newspaper "Tovarishch," the author of books on the labor issue, written from Bernsteinian-liberal positions. In 1917 – Minister of Food of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution, he was expelled from the USSR for anti-Soviet activities. – 70, 151, 379, 405.

Purishkevich, V. M. (1870–1920) – a large landlord, a fierce reactionary Black Hundred member, a monarchist. From 1900 he served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 1904 – an official for special assignments under the Minister of Internal Affairs Plehve. He was one of the initiators of the creation of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People"; in 1907 he left this union and formed a new monarchist counter-revolutionary organization – "Chamber of Michael the Archangel"; deputy of the II, III and IV State Dumas from the Bessarabian province; gained wide fame for his pogrom, anti-Semitic speeches in the Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution, he actively fought against Soviet power. – 359, 401, 435.

R

Ramishvili, N. V. (Petr, Semenov, N.) (born in 1881) – one of the leaders of the Georgian Mensheviks. In 1902, he joined the Social Democratic Party, working among the peasants of Georgia. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP, he joined the Mensheviks and has since fought against the Bolsheviks. In 1907 – a delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where he was elected to the Central Committee from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction – a liquidator. In 1910, he worked in Tiflis as a member of the regional committee of the RSDLP. During the First World War – a defencist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a member of the Central Committee of the Georgian Menshevik party, editor of the newspaper "Ertoba" ("Unity"). In 1918–1920, Ramishvili was the Minister of Internal Affairs in the Georgian Menshevik government, advocated the separation of Georgia from Russia, and fought against Soviet power. In 1923, while abroad, he led a group of Mensheviks who attempted to organize an uprising against Soviet power in Georgia. – 200, 330, 379, 409.

Reclus, Jean Jacques Élisée (1830–1905) – a famous French geographer and sociologist, theorist of anarchism; participant in the revolution of 1848 in France. After the coup d'état of Napoleon III (1851), Reclus emigrated to England. From 1852 to 1857 he lived in Ireland, the USA, and South America. In 1857 he returned to France and published a number of articles about his travels. In 1865 he joined the First International, where he sided with the Bakuninists; he was a participant in the Paris Commune of 1871; in a battle with the Versaillais he was taken prisoner and sentenced to life exile, but as a result of the protest of a number of prominent scientists and political figures, the exile was replaced with lifelong expulsion from France. He lived in Italy, then in Switzerland and Belgium.

Reclus's main works: "Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes" in 19 volumes (1876–1894), "L'Homme et la Terre" in 6 volumes (1905–1908), "L'Évolution, la révolution et l'idéal anarchique" (1897) and others. – 227.

Ricardo, David (1772–1823) – an outstanding English economist, author of the works "On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" (1817), "On Protection to Agriculture" (1822) and other works in which classical bourgeois political economy was completed. Defending the interests of the bourgeoisie in its struggle against the remnants of feudalism, Ricardo defended the principle of free competition, demanded the elimination of all restrictions that hindered the development of capitalist production. Ricardo's historical significance for economic science lies primarily in his labor theory of value, which he sought to base all political economy on. Developing A. Smith's theory of value, Ricardo proved that value is determined by the labor expended on the production of a commodity, and from this source arise both the wages of the worker and non-labor income – profit and rent. He discovered the opposition between the wages of the worker and the profit of the capitalist, i.e. he discovered the clash of interests between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.

However, Ricardo's class limitations prevented him from giving a truly scientific analysis of capitalism and revealing the secret of capitalist exploitation. Ricardo considered commodity production and capitalism to be an eternal and natural form of social production. He did not reveal the social nature of value, did not see the difference between value and price of production, and could not understand the origin and essence of money.

Criticism of Ricardo's theoretical views is given by K. Marx in "Capital", "Theories of Surplus Value" and other works. – 131, 132, 155.

Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl (1805–1875) – German vulgar economist, a major Prussian landowner, one of the theorists of "state socialism." Rodbertus believed that the contradictions between labor and capital could be resolved through a series of reforms carried out by the Prussian Junker state; he hoped to preserve, as Engels wrote, "the privileged class for at least the next 500 years" (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. XVI, part I, 1937, p. 186). Not understanding the origin of surplus value and the essence of the main contradiction of capitalism, Rodbertus considered the underconsumption of the masses to be the cause of economic crises. Rodbertus's main works: "Zur Erkenntniss unserer staatswirthschaftlichen Zustände" (1842), "Sociale Briefe an von Kirchmann" (1850–1851, 1884). – 132, 254.

Rodichev, F. I. (born in 1856) – Tver landlord and zemstvo figure, one of the leaders of the Cadet party, a member of its Central Committee. Participant in the zemstvo congresses of 1904–1905. Deputy of the I, II, III and IV State Dumas. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he was the commissioner of the bourgeois Provisional Government for Finnish affairs. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White émigré. – 312.

Rozhkov, G. E. (born in 1864) – peasant, Trudovik. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Stavropol province; member of the commission of the Orthodox Church. In June 1912, he was among the 200 deputies at an audience with the Tsar, for which he was expelled from the Trudovik faction the next day. – 317, 436–437.

Rozanov, N. S. (born in 1870) – Trudovik, a doctor by profession. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Saratov province; in the Duma he was a member of the commissions: budget, public education, etc. – 437–438.

Rosen, M. M. (Ezra) – delegate of the Bund at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP on August 24–26, 1908. – 199, 200.

Romanovs – dynasty of Russian Tsars and Emperors, who reigned from 1613 to 1917. – 170.

Rubakin, N. A. (1862–1946) – Russian bibliographer and writer, author of numerous works on bibliography, the history of the book business in Russia, popular science essays on geography, natural sciences, etc. In 1907, he emigrated to Switzerland, where he lived until the end of his life. Rubakin's main bibliographic work is "Among Books" (1906). V. I. Lenin wrote a review of the second volume of this work, in which he noted: "Not a single solid library will be able to do without the works of Mr. Rubakin" (Collected Works, 4th ed., volume 20, p. 236). V. I. Lenin met with Rubakin abroad and used books from his library. Subsequently, Rubakin maintained close ties with the Soviet Union, bequeathed his library of 80 thousand volumes of books to the USSR, which is stored in the V. I. Lenin State Library. – 63.

Rubanovich, I. A. (1860–1920) – one of the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Initially, he took an active part in the Narodnik movement; in the 80s, he emigrated to Paris, where in 1893 he joined the "group of old Narodniks." With the formation of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party – an active member of it. He took an active part in the journal "Vestnik Russkoi Revoliutsii", which from 1902 became the official organ of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Representative of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party at the International Socialist Congresses in Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907). Member of the International Socialist Bureau. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution – an opponent of Soviet power. – 237, 239, 246–246.

Rudnev, V. A. – see Bazarov, V.

Rudnev, S. F. (died in 1909) – statistician, assistant head of the statistical department of the Moscow provincial zemstvo administration, author of the article "Peasant Crafts in European Russia", published in "Sbornik Saratovskogo Zemstva", 1894, Nos. 6 and 11. – 777.

Roussel, Angèle – French socialist. From 1907 to 1912 – member of the permanent administrative commission of the French Socialist Party. Subsequently, she withdrew from political activity. – 237, 239.

S

Sattar Khan (born in the 1870s, died in 1914) – leader of the democratic movement in Iranian Azerbaijan, national hero of Iran. He participated in the workers' movement of Transcaucasia and was a member of the social-democratic organization "Gummet." During the revolution of 1905–1911 in Iran, he fought against the reactionary Iranian authorities; in 1908–1909, he led the popular uprising in Tabriz against the Shah's power and detachments of Azerbaijani feudal lords for the restoration of the constitution, in the struggle with whom he demonstrated outstanding abilities as a popular leader and military organizer. Sattar Khan enjoyed great popularity among the broad masses of the Iranian Azerbaijan and the whole of Iran. – 227.

Semenov, N. – see Ramishvili, N. V.

Stolypin, P. A. (1862–1911) – statesman of Tsarist Russia, a major landlord. In 1906–1911 – Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia. A period of severe political reaction with the widespread use of the death penalty to suppress the revolutionary movement ("Stolypin reaction" 1907–1910) is associated with his name. Stolypin carried out an agrarian reform in order to create support for the tsarist autocracy in the countryside in the person of the kulaks. However, his attempt to strengthen the rotten autocracy by carrying out some reforms from above in the interests of the bourgeoisie and landlords failed. In 1911, Stolypin was killed in Kyiv by the SR Bogrov. – 12, 13, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 144, 158, 212, 214, 266, 274, 275, 313, 315, 321, 360, 364.

Storchak, I. I. (born in 1862) – peasant, non-party. Deputy of the III State Duma from the Kherson Governorate; member of the commission on combating drunkenness. – 315–316.

Streltsov, R. E. (born in 1875) – writer, publicist. From 1900 to 1914 he was in emigration, mainly in Germany, collaborated with foreign social-democratic publications, as well as with the left-Cadet newspaper "Comrade" published in Russia. Upon returning to Russia, he worked in various commissions under the city government of Petrograd. After the October Socialist Revolution, he worked in economic bodies in Moscow and Yaroslavl. – 34.

Struve, P. B. (1870–1944) – bourgeois economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the Cadet party. In the 90s – the most prominent representative of "legal Marxism," a contributor to and editor of the journals "New Word" (1897), "Beginning" (1899), and "Life" (1900). Already in his first work, "Critical Remarks on the Question of the Economic Development of Russia" (1894), Struve, criticizing populism, came out with "additions" and "criticism" of the economic and philosophical teachings of K. Marx, showed solidarity with representatives of vulgar bourgeois political economy, preached Malthusianism; he sought to adapt Marxism and the labor movement to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Struve was one of the theorists and organizers of the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation" (1903–1905) and editor of its illegal organ – the journal "Liberation" (1902–1905). With the formation of the Cadet party in 1905 – a member of its Central Committee. One of the ideologists of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – a fierce enemy of the Soviet government, a member of Wrangel's counter-revolutionary government, a White émigré. – 9, 10, 13, 30, 33, 34, 35, 53, 219, 309, 407, 436.

Surkov, P. I. (1876–1946) – social democrat, weaver. Bolshevik deputy of the III State Duma from the workers of the Kostroma Governorate; was an elector in the I and II State Dumas. He collaborated with the legal Bolshevik newspaper "Zvezda," published in St. Petersburg. After the October Socialist Revolution – non-party; worked in a number of Soviet institutions. – 415, 425–426, 431, 434, 438.

T

Tezyakov, N. I. (1859–1925) – major medical figure, graduated from Kazan University in 1884 and worked as a sanitary doctor in the Kherson, Saratov, and other zemstvos. Author of many studies on the sanitary conditions of labor and life of agricultural workers. After the October Socialist Revolution – an active figure in Soviet healthcare; from 1920 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Health. V.I. Lenin, giving a positive assessment of Tezyakov's book "Agricultural Workers and the Organization of Sanitary Supervision over Them in the Kherson Governorate" (1896), at the same time pointed out some of its errors of a populist nature. – 113.

Tilak, Balgangadhar (1856–1920) – a prominent figure in the Indian national liberation movement. In 1881, he began publishing the newspaper "Kesari" ("Lion"), in which he spoke out against the English colonial regime. In the Indian National Congress party, he headed the left wing, which opposed peaceful, legal methods of struggle against the English colonial regime; he called on the popular masses to fight the colonizers by all means, including violence. However, Tilak did not put forward such an economic program that would meet the interests of the peasantry and artisans; he idealized the feudal past, advocated the preservation of the caste system.

During the rise of the national liberation movement in India in 1905–1908, he called on the popular masses to use the experience of the Russian people's struggle for freedom. In 1908, for calling for a struggle against the colonial regime, Tilak was sentenced by the English authorities to 6 years of penal servitude. The proletariat of Bombay responded to Tilak's condemnation with a general political strike. In 1914 he was released from prison.

Tilak welcomed the October Socialist Revolution and, under its influence, demanded the nationalization of railways and other enterprises owned by English colonizers. – 178.

Timiryazev, V. I. (born in 1849) – industrial and financial figure of Tsarist Russia. From 1894 – a member of the Council of the Minister of Finance and the Ministry's agent in Berlin and Vienna. From 1902 – Deputy Minister of Finance, and from 1905 – Minister of Trade and Industry. In 1906 he retired, engaged in private commercial and industrial activities; member of the State Council. From 1909 he was re-appointed Minister of Trade and Industry. In 1912, as director of the board of the "Lena Gold Mining Partnership," he justified the massacre of workers at the mines (Lena Massacre). – 407–408.

Titov, I. V. (born in 1879) – priest, deputy of the III and IV State Dumas from the Perm Governorate; in the Duma he belonged to the faction of progressives, was a member of the commissions: public education, on the affairs of the Orthodox Church, etc. In the summer of 1912, he resigned from his clerical position. – 316.

Tittoni, Tommaso (1855–1931) – Italian statesman and diplomat. In 1903–1909 – Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy. From 1906 – Senator. In 1910–1916 – Ambassador to Paris. In 1919 – again Minister of Foreign Affairs, represented Italy at the Paris Peace Conference. In 1919–1928 – Chairman of the Senate. In 1929–1930 he was president of the Italian Academy. – 224.

Tolstoy, D. A. (1823–1889) – count, reactionary statesman of Tsarist Russia. In 1865 he was appointed Procurator General of the Synod, and from 1866 simultaneously Minister of Public Education; carried out a number of reactionary reforms of primary and secondary schools. From 1882 – Minister of Internal Affairs and Chief of Gendarmes, introduced draconian "Temporary Rules," extremely limited the independence of zemstvo institutions, fought against the slightest manifestation of free thought. – 308.

Tolstoy, L. N. (1828–1910) – a brilliant Russian writer, one of the greatest writers in the world, who had a huge impact on the development of Russian and world literature. In his work, Tolstoy highlighted the life of pre-revolutionary Russia, reflected the complex and contradictory conditions of that time, which determined the psychology of various classes and various strata of Russian society in the post-reform era and their behavior in the revolution of 1905–1907.

By birth and upbringing, Tolstoy belonged to the highest landlord aristocracy – the ruling class of Russia. But he broke with the views of this milieu and acted as a passionate denouncer of state and socio-economic orders based on the enslavement and exploitation of the working masses; he angrily castigated the ruling classes, exposed the injustice of the tsarist court, the hypocrisy of bourgeois morality, and so on. Tolstoy subjected the church to sharp criticism; it sanctified autocratic orders, supported and justified oppression and exploitation; for this he was excommunicated from the church. V. I. Lenin called Tolstoy "the mirror of the Russian revolution." Noting the writer's greatness, his brilliant mastery, his outstanding significance for Russian and world literature, Lenin showed that Tolstoy's worldview clearly expressed the features of the historical originality of the first Russian revolution as a peasant bourgeois revolution, reflected the contradictions of this revolution, its strengths and weaknesses.

Denouncing the arbitrariness of the autocracy, Tolstoy, instead of fighting against serfdom and the autocratic-police state, preached "non-resistance to evil by violence," detachment from politics, renunciation of revolution, self-improvement; instead of fighting against religion, he preached the need to replace the old religion with a new one. Tolstoy could not understand either the workers' movement or the causes of the revolution and its inevitability. His teaching – "Tolstoyism" – was utopian and reactionary in nature and caused deep harm to the revolutionary movement. V. I. Lenin dedicated a number of works to the characteristics of Tolstoy's worldview and the assessment of all his activities: "Leo Tolstoy as a Mirror of the Russian Revolution," "L. N. Tolstoy," "L. N. Tolstoy and the Modern Labor Movement," "Tolstoy and the Proletarian Struggle" (see the present volume, pp. 206–213; Works, 4th ed., vol. 16, pp. 293–297, 300–302, 323–324), and others. – 206–213.

Tomilov, I. S. (born in 1873) – a petty official from the peasantry; initially a Cadet, then joined the Trudoviks. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Arkhangelsk province; in the Duma he was elected to the following commissions: fisheries, legislative proposals. – 318.

Tomsky, M. P. (1880–1936) – a member of the party since 1904. In 1905–1906 he worked in the Revel organization of the RSDLP; in 1907 – a member of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP; a member of the editorial board of the Bolshevik newspaper "Proletary"; participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction, he took a conciliatory attitude towards the liquidators, Otzovists and Trotskyists. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a member of the Executive Commission of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP(b). After the October Socialist Revolution – Chairman of the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of National Economy, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, head of OGIZ. He repeatedly opposed the Leninist policy of the party. In 1928, together with Bukharin and Rykov, he headed the right-opportunist deviation in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). – 290, 295, 306.

Treпов, D. F. (1855–1906) – in 1896–1905 – Moscow Chief of Police; according to V. I. Lenin – "one of the most hated servants of Tsarism in all of Russia, who became famous in Moscow for his ferocity, rudeness and participation in Zubatov's attempts to corrupt the workers" (Works, 5th ed., vol. 9, p. 238). From January 11, 1905 – St. Petersburg Governor-General, then – Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs; the author of the notorious order in October 1905: "do not give blank volleys and do not spare cartridges." Inspirer of Black Hundred pogroms. – 36, 53, 305, 314, 315.

Trigorov, V. G. – statistician, assistant chairman of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, author of the book "The Commune and the Tax" (1882). – 81.

Trotsky (Bronstein), L. D. (1879–1940) – the worst enemy of Leninism. At the II Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Siberian Union, Iskraite of the minority; after the congress, he waged a struggle against the Bolsheviks on all issues of the theory and practice of the socialist revolution. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, hiding behind the mask of "non-factionalism," he actually stood on the positions of the liquidators; in 1912 he was the organizer of the anti-party August Bloc; during the First World War he took a centrist position, waged a struggle against V. I. Lenin on issues of war, peace and revolution. After returning from emigration after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he joined the group of "inter-districtites" and together with them at the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b) he was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution – People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; he was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. In 1918 he was an opponent of the Brest Peace, in 1920–1921 he headed the opposition in the trade union discussion, from 1923 he waged a fierce factional struggle against the general line of the party, against the Leninist program of building socialism, preached the impossibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR. The Communist Party, exposing Trotskyism as a petty-bourgeois deviation in the party, ideologically and organizationally defeated it. In 1927, Trotsky was expelled from the party, in 1929, for anti-Soviet activities, he was expelled from the USSR and in 1932 he was deprived of Soviet citizenship. While abroad, he continued the struggle against the Soviet state and the Communist Party, against the international communist movement. – 381–385.

U

Uvarov, A. A. (born in 1859) – Count, a major landlord, zemstvo figure, an official of the Ministry of Internal Affairs under Pleve. Deputy of the Third State Duma from the Saratov province; in the Duma he was initially in the Octobrist faction, then joined the non-partisans and, finally, joined the progressists; he was a member of the following commissions: local self-government, city and others. – 434.

Uvarov, M. S. – author of the article "On the Influence of Seasonal Labor on the Sanitary Situation of Russia," published in the journal "Bulletin of Public Hygiene, Forensic and Practical Medicine" for 1896, July. – 110.

F

Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804–1872) – an outstanding German materialist philosopher and atheist. From 1828 – Privatdozent at the University of Erlangen; in his first work "Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit" (1830) ("Thoughts on Death and Immortality") he spoke out against the dogma of the Christian religion about the immortality of the soul; the book was confiscated, Feuerbach was persecuted and soon fired from the university. In 1836 he moved to the village of Bruckberg (Thuringia), where he lived for almost 25 years. In the first period of his philosophical activity, he belonged to the left wing of the Hegelian school. By the end of the 30s he departed from idealism; in the works "Zur Kritik der Hegeischen Philosophie" (1839) ("Towards a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy") and "Das Wesen des Christentums" (1841) ("The Essence of Christianity") he breaks with Hegelianism and moves to materialist positions. In understanding social phenomena, Feuerbach remained an idealist. V. I. Lenin called the anthropological principle in philosophy proclaimed by him "only an inaccurate, weak description of materialism" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 38, p. 72). Feuerbach was unable to overcome the contemplative nature of metaphysical materialism and realize the role of practice in the process of cognition and social development.

Feuerbach was the ideologist of the most radical, democratic strata of the German bourgeoisie. During the revolution of 1848 he recognized the paramount importance of politics, however, he himself was far from political activity; after the revolution, his influence in Germany noticeably declined. In the last years of his life he was interested in socialist literature, read Marx's "Capital" and in 1870 joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

A comprehensive analysis of Feuerbach's philosophy is given in Marx's "Theses on Feuerbach" and in Engels' work "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy" (see K. Marx and F. Engels. Selected Works in two volumes, vol. II, 1955, pp. 339–382, 383–385). – 415, 418, 424, 444.

Ferdinand I of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1861–1948) – Bulgarian Prince (1887–1908) and Tsar (1908–1918); came from a German princely family. As a result of the intrigues of Austro-German diplomacy and the support of part of the Bulgarian bourgeoisie, he was elected Prince of Bulgaria in 1887. His policies contributed to the outbreak of the Second Balkan War (1913) and Bulgaria's involvement in the First World War (1914–1918) on the side of Germany and its allies. In connection with the Vladaya Soldiers' Rebellion in the Bulgarian army, Ferdinand I abdicated the throne in October 1918 and fled to Germany. – 224.

Vollmar, Georg Heinrich (1850–1922) – one of the leaders of the opportunist wing of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, a journalist. In the mid-1870s, he joined the Social Democracy, in 1879–1880 he edited the party organ "Der Sozialdemokrat" ("The Social Democrat"), which was published illegally in Zurich; he was repeatedly elected as a deputy to the Reichstag and the Bavarian Landtag. After the repeal of the exceptional law against socialists, Vollmar delivered two speeches in Munich in 1891, in which he proposed limiting the party's activities to the struggle for reforms and called for an agreement with the government. Together with Bernstein, Vollmar became an ideologue of reformism and revisionism. He opposed the intensification of the class struggle, argued for the advantages of "state socialism," and called on Social Democracy to ally with the liberals; in the development of the party's agrarian program, he defended the interests of small landowners. During the First World War, he stood on the positions of social-chauvinism. In the last years of his life, he moved away from active political activity. – 189, 190, 192, 194.

Franz Joseph I (1830–1916) – Austrian Emperor (1848–1916). – 224, 242.

Ч

Cherevanin, N. (Lipkin, F. A.) (1868–1938) – one of the leaders of Menshevism, an extreme liquidator. Participant in the IV (Unification) and V (London) Congresses of the RSDLP. A contributor to liquidationist publications, one of the authors of the "Open Letter" of 16 Mensheviks on the liquidation of the party (1910); after the August anti-party conference of 1912 – a member of the Menshevik center (OK). During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. In 1917, one of the editors of "Rabochaya Gazeta," the central organ of the Mensheviks and a member of the Menshevik Central Committee. He was hostile to the October Socialist Revolution. – 275, 280, 368, 379, 405, 445.

Chernyshevsky, N. G. (1828–1889) – a great Russian revolutionary democrat and utopian socialist, scientist, writer, literary critic; one of the outstanding predecessors of Russian Social Democracy. Chernyshevsky was the ideological inspiration and leader of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1860s in Russia. The journal "Sovremennik," which he edited, was the voice of the revolutionary forces of Russia. Chernyshevsky came out with a fiery denunciation of the serfdom nature of the "peasant reform" of 1861, and called on the peasants to revolt. In 1862, he was arrested by the tsarist government and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he remained for about two years, and was then sentenced to seven years of hard labor and perpetual settlement in Siberia. Only in his declining years was Chernyshevsky released from exile. Until the end of his days, he remained a passionate fighter against social inequality, against all manifestations of political and economic oppression.

Chernyshevsky's merits in the field of development of Russian materialistic philosophy are enormous. His philosophical views were the pinnacle of all pre-Marxist materialistic philosophy. Chernyshevsky's materialism was revolutionary and active. Chernyshevsky sharply criticized various idealistic theories and sought to rework Hegel's dialectic in a materialistic spirit. K. Marx highly valued Chernyshevsky's works and called him a great Russian scientist. Lenin wrote of Chernyshevsky that he was "the only really great Russian writer who managed from the 50s until 88 to remain at the level of integral philosophical materialism… But Chernyshevsky could not, or rather: could not, due to the backwardness of Russian life, rise to the dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 14, p. 346).

Chernyshevsky is the author of a number of brilliant works in the field of political economy, literature, history, ethics, and aesthetics. His literary-critical works had a huge impact on the development of Russian literature and art. Chernyshevsky's novel "What Is to Be Done?" (1863) educated more than one generation of revolutionaries in Russia and abroad. – 444.

Chizhevsky, P. I. (born in 1861) – a member of the Cadet party, a Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist; a deputy to the First State Duma from the Poltava province. After the October Socialist Revolution, he emigrated abroad and collaborated in the weekly "Volia" – the organ of the counter-revolutionary Ukrainian Rada. – 135–136, 263.

Chilikin, F. N. (born in 1876) – a deputy to the Third State Duma from the Amur region; in the Duma he first belonged to the Social Democratic faction (until 1909), then was non-party. During his time in the Social Democratic faction, he did not obey its decisions, nor did he recognize party leadership. – 303.

Genghis Khan (Temujin) (born around 1155 – died in 1227) – Mongolian khan and military leader. In 1206, he completed the unification of Mongolia, creating a state that consolidated the dominance of the nobility over the mass of ordinary nomadic pastoralists. Genghis Khan introduced a system of universal military conscription, created a large mounted army, organized a privileged military estate, from which he formed a select guard, after which he began a broad policy of conquest. After conquering the Uighurs in 1209–1210, Genghis Khan undertook campaigns in Northern China, Central Asia, Iran, and the Transcaucasus. These campaigns were accompanied by wild looting and violence against the local population. The empire created by Genghis Khan disintegrated in the 1260s. – 178.

Chuprov, A. I. (1842–1908) – professor of economics, liberal. He was chairman of the statistical department of the Moscow Law Society. Author of numerous works on railway management and the agrarian question. Editor of the liberal-Narodnik collection "The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Some Aspects of the Russian National Economy" (1897) and author of one of the articles in this collection. Chuprov's agrarian works were sharply criticized by V. I. Lenin. – 12.

Ш

Shanin, M. (Shapiro, L. G.) (1887–1957) – in the revolutionary movement since 1902; in 1903 he joined the Riga organization of the Bund. Delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP from the Dvinsk organization of the Bund. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he joined the RSDLP, was a Menshevik. From 1918 – a member of the RCP(b), worked in the People's Commissariat of Education, was engaged in political work in the Red Army. From 1920 to 1921 – member of the presidium of Glavpolitprosvet. From 1925 to 1929 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR. Author of a number of scientific works. – 124–125, 159.

Shapiro, L. G. – see Shanin, M.

Schwartz, A. N. (1848–1915) – a reactionary figure in Tsarist Russia, educated as a philologist. He was a teacher for several years. In 1908–1910 – Minister of Public Education; carried out a number of reactionary measures in the field of secondary and higher education: abolition of university autonomy, prohibition of women auditors from being admitted to higher educational institutions, strict enforcement of the percentage quota for Jews in admission to educational institutions. – 214, 218–219, 303.

Schoen, Wilhelm Eduard (1851–1933) – German diplomat, baron. In 1900 he was envoy to Copenhagen; in 1906 – ambassador to St. Petersburg; in 1907–1910 – Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1910–1914 he was ambassador to Paris. – 224.

Shidlovsky, S. I. (born in 1861) – Octobrist, landlord, zemstvo figure. In 1900 – a member of the Council of the Peasant Bank; in 1905 – director of the Department of Agriculture. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from the Voronezh province; was a member of the commissions: land, agricultural, etc. – 308, 309, 310, 312.

Shingarev, A. I. (1869–1918) – Cadet, zemstvo figure, publicist, physician by profession. Chairman of the Voronezh Provincial Committee of the Cadet Party, from 1907 – member of the Central Committee of the party. Deputy of the II and III State Dumas from the Voronezh Governorate and the IV Duma from St. Petersburg; leader of the Duma faction of Cadets. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Minister of Agriculture in the first composition and Minister of Finance in the second composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. – 312.

Schippel, Max (1859–1928) – German Social Democrat, revisionist. In 1887–1890 he edited the newspaper "Berliner Volkstribüne" ("Berlin People's Tribune"), and from 1897 he took a leading part in the journal of German opportunists "Sozialistische Monatshefte" ("Socialist Monthly"). As a member of the Reichstag (1890–1905), he defended the expansion of German imperialism. During the First World War, he was one of the extreme social-chauvinists. In the last years of his life he was a professor at the Dresden Polytechnic Institute (1923–1928). He was hostile to the Soviet Union. – 226, 228.

E

Edward VII (1841–1910) – King of England (1901–1910). – 224, 242.

Ezra – see Rosen, M. M.

Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of the international proletariat, friend and comrade-in-arms of K. Marx (see V. I. Lenin's article "Friedrich Engels". Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1–14). – 18, 20, 28, 34, 38, 46, 47, 194, 239, 250, 274, 276–277, 285, 286, 388–389, 413, 415–416, 417, 418, 420, 425, 444.

Hervé, Gustave (1871–1944) – member of the Socialist Party of France, publicist and lawyer. In 1906 he founded the newspaper "La Guerre Sociale" ("Social War"), in which he promoted a semi-anarchist program of struggle against militarism. At the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International (1907), he defended this point of view, proposing to respond to every war with a strike and an uprising. In a number of his works, V. I. Lenin revealed the petty-bourgeois character of Hervéism. During the First World War, he was an ardent social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution, he strongly opposed Soviet Russia and the Bolsheviks. In 1918 he was expelled from the Socialist Party of France. In the 1930s he was a supporter of rapprochement between France and fascist Germany. – 189, 190, 191, 192.

Aehrenthal, Alois (1854–1912) – Austrian statesman and diplomat, Count. In diplomatic service since 1877. In 1895–1898 – envoy to Romania; in 1899–1906 – ambassador to St. Petersburg. From 1906 to 1912 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary. He pursued an expansionist policy in the Balkans. He prepared and carried out the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908), which caused a sharp aggravation of relations between Austria-Hungary and Russia and a crisis in international relations. – 224.

Dates of life and activity of V. I. Lenin (March 1908 – June 1909)

March 1908 – June 1909.

Lenin lives in Geneva (from January 7 (new style)), then in mid-December (new style) 1908 moves to Paris; edits the Bolshevik newspaper "Proletary," organizes the publication of the Central Organ of the party – the newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrat" and conducts editorial work in it; directs the preparation and holding of the Fifth All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP.

March, 19 (April, 1).

Lenin's article "On the Straight Road" is published as an editorial in No. 26 of the newspaper "Proletary."

March, 26 (April, 8).

Lenin's article "On the 'Nature' of the Russian Revolution" is published as an editorial in No. 27 of the newspaper "Proletary"; in the same issue is published a postscript to the article "On the Debates on Expanding the Budgetary Rights of the Duma."

Second half of March – no later than 3 (16) April.

Lenin writes the article "Marxism and Revisionism" for the collection "Karl Marx (1818–1883)." The collection was published in St. Petersburg between September 25 and October 2 (October 8 and 15), 1908.

No earlier than March – no later than 14 (27) October.

Lenin makes notes on the book J. Dietzgen. "Kleinere Philosophische Schriften". Stuttgart, 1903 (J. Dietzgen. "Smaller Philosophical Works." Stuttgart. 1903). Lenin widely uses this book in the work "Materialism and Empiriocriticism."

March – October.

Lenin works (from February 1908) on the book "Materialism and Empiriocriticism."

Earlier than April.

Lenin makes numerical calculations, notes and underlines in the brochure: K. Kautsky. "Die soziale Revolution". Berlin, 1907 (K. Kautsky. "The Social Revolution." Berlin, 1907).

April, 3 (16).

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin reports that he is sending his article "Marxism and Revisionism" to the press, calling it a "formal declaration of war" on the revisionists (in this article Lenin first spoke out in print with criticism of the Russian Machists – A. Bogdanov, V. Bazarov and others).

In a letter to A. V. Lunacharsky, Lenin expresses satisfaction that the latter agreed to write articles and reports from Italy for "Proletary"; in the postscript, Lenin writes that his paths have diverged with the preachers of "combining scientific socialism with religion" and with all the Machists.

Later than 3 (16) April.

Lenin gives his opinion on V. Karpinsky's article on the formation of the All-Russian Trust of Metallurgical Plants, proposes to take two pages (out of 25) for a note in "Proletary," and rework the entire article into a brochure.

No later than 6 (19) April.

In a letter to M. I. Ulyanova, Lenin reports on his upcoming trip to Italy.

April, 6 (19).

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin writes about disagreements within the Bolshevik faction on issues of philosophy; asks to send articles for "Proletary."

Between 10 and 17 (23 and 30) April.

At the request of A. M. Gorky, Lenin arrives on Capri and spends several days there. Lenin declares to A. Bogdanov, V. Bazarov and A. V. Lunacharsky about his unconditional disagreement with them on issues of philosophy.

Together with A. M. Gorky, Lenin examines the Neapolitan Museum, the surroundings of Naples, Pompeii, and ascends Vesuvius.

April, 16 (29).

Lenin's articles "On the Well-Trodden Path!" and "A Bloc of Cadets with Octobrists?" are printed in No. 29 of the newspaper "Proletary."

Mid-April.

Lenin, in a letter to M. F. Andreeva, asks A. M. Gorky to address an open letter to Russian newspapers with a request to help the Kuklin library in Geneva by sending newspapers from the era of the revolution and materials for its history.

April, 24 (May, 7).

In Geneva, Lenin gives a lecture on the topic "Assessment of the Russian Revolution and its Probable Future."

April.

Lenin makes notes on Engels' article "Über historischen Materialismus" ("On Historical Materialism"), printed in the journal "Die Neue Zeit", Nr. 1, XI Jahrgang, 1 Band, 1892/93. Lenin used this work by Engels in the book "Materialism and Empiriocriticism" and in the article "Towards an Assessment of the Russian Revolution."

Lenin's article "Towards an Assessment of the Russian Revolution" is published in the Polish journal "Przegłąd Socjaldemokratyczny" No. 2.

No earlier than April – no later than 2 (15) July.

Lenin makes notes on Siversky's (V. Agafonov) article "Carthage Must Be Destroyed!", printed in No. 1 of the journal "Revolutionary Thought" (April 1908).

May, 1 (14).

In Paris, Lenin gives a lecture on the nature of the Russian revolution.

May, 3 (16).

In a letter to the Secretary of the International Socialist Bureau K. Huysmans, Lenin asks to issue 50 francs to I. R. Romanov, a former deputy of the II Duma, who has been out of work for several months.

May, 10 (23).

In No. 30 of the newspaper "Proletary" are published Lenin's articles "Cadets of the Second Conscription" (editorial) and "Towards an Assessment of the Russian Revolution" (previously published in the Polish journal "Przegłąd Socjaldemokratyczny" No. 2).

May, 28 (June, 10).

In a note to M. Tskhakaya, Lenin expresses a desire to meet him personally and have a conversation.

End of May.

Lenin speaks in Bern with a lecture for the émigré and student colony on the topic of two paths of economic and political development of Russia.

May.

Lenin works in the British Museum in London on the book "Materialism and Empiriocriticism."

Lenin writes "Ten Questions to the Speaker," which he sends from London as theses for the speech of I. F. Dubrovinsky (Innokenty) at A. A. Bogdanov's lecture in Geneva, held on May 15 (28), 1908.

No later than May.

Lenin makes statistical calculations, numerical counts, underlinings, and notes in the brochure by S. N. Prokopovich and A. P. Mërtvago "How Much Land There Is in Russia and How We Use It" (Moscow, 1907). Lenin refers to the materials of this brochure in his works "The Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution, 1905–1907" and "The Agrarian Question in Russia Towards the End of the Nineteenth Century."

No earlier than May.

Lenin makes notes on G. V. Plekhanov's book "Fundamental Questions of Marxism" (SPB., 1908).

Spring.

Lenin gives a lecture in Lausanne on the topic "The Russian Revolution and Its Prospects" before a group of Russian Social Democrats. About 120 people were present at the lecture.

June, 7 (20).

In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin reports on his return from London; in connection with the refusal of the "Moscow philosopher-publisher" – P. G. Dauge – to publish the book "Materialism and Empiriocriticism," he asks his sister, A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, to help find another publisher and to send him, even in unbound form, 2–3 copies of the not-yet-published book "The Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution, 1905–1907."

Between June 10 and 14 (23 and 27).

Lenin, together with I. F. Dubrovinsky, N. K. Krupskaya, and others, signs a statement by the editors of "Proletary," addressed to V. K. Taratuta (Victor), a member of the Bolshevik Center, on the need to resolve the conflict between the editors of "Proletary" and A. A. Bogdanov, provided that he fulfills the relevant requirements.

June, 17 (30).

In a letter to K. Huysmans at the International Socialist Bureau, Lenin reports on the arrest in Russia of a number of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP; on the fact that he is sending the first part of the Central Committee report of the RSDLP to the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International (1907) in connection with the preparation for the publication of the congress reports.

June, 18 (July, 1).

Lenin finished the work "The Agrarian Question in Russia Towards the End of the Nineteenth Century" for the Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary. The work was not published at that time due to censorship conditions and was only published as a separate brochure in 1918.

In a letter to V. V. Vorovsky in Odessa, Lenin writes about the aggravation of disagreements with A. A. Bogdanov and G. A. Alexinsky and about the inevitability of a break with them; invites Vorovsky to come to Paris in August in connection with the upcoming party conference, gives instructions that mandates for the conference be granted "only to local and only to actual workers"; asks for articles to be sent to "Proletary"; asks about the possibility of publishing his book "Materialism and Empiriocriticism."

June, 25 (July, 8).

In a letter to F. A. Rothstein, Lenin reports his decision to postpone until the upcoming plenum of the Central Committee the sending of a letter to the English manufacturer Joseph Fels regarding the loan he received from him in 1907 to pay for expenses related to the holding of the V Congress of the RSDLP.

Lenin, in a letter to the ISB, reports on the forwarding to Russia of a letter from K. Huysmans dated July 3, 1908, which contained a request to expedite the sending to the ISB of the completion of the Central Committee report of the RSDLP for the report on the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International, which was being prepared for publication.

June, 30 (July, 13).

In a letter to M. I. Ulyanova, Lenin asks to send one copy of the 2nd part of the second volume of the collection of his Works "For 12 Years," typeset at the "Zerno" publishing house, which included the work "The Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution, 1905–1907." (The book was confiscated by the police while still at the printing house and was published only in 1917.)

June.

At Lenin's suggestion, a discussion on the question of otzovism is opened in the newspaper "Proletary."

July, 2 (15).

Lenin's article "On Certain Features of the Present Disintegration" is published as an editorial in No. 32 of the newspaper "Proletary."

July, 5 (18).

Lenin finished the abstract "The Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the Russian Revolution." The abstract was published in August in the Polish journal "Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny" No. 6.

July, 23 (August, 5).

In No. 33 of the newspaper "Proletary," Lenin's articles "Inflammable Material in World Politics" (editorial), "Militant Militarism and the Anti-Militarist Tactics of Social-Democracy," and "How Peter Maslov Corrects Karl Marx's Rough Drafts" (from the work "The Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution, 1905–1907") are published.

July, 27 (August, 9).

In a letter to his sister M. I. Ulyanova, Lenin invites her and his mother, M. A. Ulyanova, to come to Geneva to visit him for a vacation.

August, 6 (18).

Lenin writes a letter to M. N. Pokrovsky, in which he asks his opinion regarding the proposal he received from the secretary of the publication "History of Russia" to write an article devoted to the history of factory industry.

August, 6 (19).

In a letter to K. Huysmans at the ISB, Lenin reports on the arrest of three Russian comrades in Munich and asks to certify on behalf of the ISB their affiliation with the Social Democratic party.

August, 11–13 (24–26).

Lenin in Geneva participates in the work of the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP: he denounces the Mensheviks' attempt to liquidate the Central Committee of the party, replacing it with an "information bureau," submits a "Statement Regarding the Convocation of the Plenum of the Central Committee" and drafts of resolutions "On the Organization of the Central Foreign Bureau" and "On the Incident Regarding the Convocation of the Plenum" (both drafts were adopted by the plenum); makes amendments to the draft resolution on the convocation of an all-Russian party conference and other documents of the plenum.

Lenin is elected from the Bolsheviks to the editorial board of the Central Organ of the party.

Between August 13 (26) and December 21 (January 3, 1909).

Lenin directs the preparation of the V All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP.

August, 26 (September, 8).

In a letter to K. Huysmans at the ISB, Lenin reports on the progress of work on the second part of the Central Committee report of the RSDLP to the Stuttgart Congress, on receiving a postcard from K. Huysmans dated August 31 (n. st.) 1908.

August.

Lenin, on behalf of the editors of the newspaper "Proletary," demands that A. Bogdanov publicly state his philosophical and political views in the press.

Summer.

In a postscript to a missing letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin expresses his opinion on Lowell's book "Mars and Its Canals" and on A. Bogdanov's novel "Red Star"; reports on the release of A. M. Gorky's new play "The Last Ones."

Between September 8 (21) and October 2 (15).

Lenin writes the article "Peaceful Demonstration of English and German Workers" for No. 36 of the newspaper "Proletary." The article was not published at that time (printed in 1933).

No later than September 10 (23).

Lenin makes editorial corrections to the article "On the Question of the Activity of Our Duma Faction." The article was published in the newspaper "Proletary" No. 35 of September 11 (24), 1908.

September, 11 (24).

Lenin's article "Leo Tolstoy as a Mirror of the Russian Revolution" is published as an editorial in No. 35 of the newspaper "Proletary."

September, 12 (25).

Lenin writes a letter to K. Huysmans at the International Socialist Bureau, in which he reports the sending of 600 francs in payment of the next installment from the RSDLP for 1908.

September, 17 (30).

In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova at Mikhnevo station, Lenin reports on his upcoming trip to Brussels for the ISB meeting opening on October 11, on his intention to go to Italy for one week after finishing work on the book "Materialism and Empiriocriticism."

Between September 25 and October 2 (October 8 and 15).

Lenin's article "Marxism and Revisionism" is published in the collection "Karl Marx (1818–1883)," published in St. Petersburg.

September, 27 (October, 10). 3 p.m.

Lenin takes part in the work of the conference of socialist journalists in Brussels.

Evening.

Lenin attends an international rally in the "People's House" dedicated to the struggle of the proletariat of all countries for the preservation of peace.

September, 28 (October, 11).

Lenin takes part in the meeting of the International Socialist Bureau in Brussels; criticizes K. Kautsky's resolution on the admission of the English Labour Party (Labourites) to the International and speaks out against the acceptance of Zionist-Socialists into the Russian subsection of the International.

September, 29 (October, 12).

Lenin in Brussels attends a meeting of the international conference of socialists – members of parliamentary factions.

Between September 30 and October 15 (October 13 and 28).

Lenin writes the article "Meeting of the International Socialist Bureau." The article was published on October 16 (29), 1908, in the newspaper "Proletary" No. 37.

September.

October, 3 (16).

Lenin's article "The Student Movement and the Current Political Situation" is published as an editorial in No. 36 of the newspaper "Proletary."

Between October 5 and 15 (18 and 28).

Lenin writes the article "Events in the Balkans and in Persia." The article was published on October 16 (29), 1908, in the newspaper "Proletary" No. 37.

October, 13 (26).

Lenin sends K. Huysmans the text of his amendment to K. Kautsky's resolution on the admission of the British Labour Party to the International and asks him to publish it in the official report of the meeting of the International Socialist Bureau, held on October 11, 1908.

October, 14 (27).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin reports on the completion of work on the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism," asks for a reliable address for sending the manuscript, and to conclude an agreement for the publication of this book at the slightest opportunity.

October, 14 or 15 (27 or 28).

Lenin sends A. A. Bogdanov, along with his note, a letter from Yu. M. Steklov, in which Steklov proposed that Lenin participate in a collection dedicated to the life and work of N. G. Chernyshevsky. In the accompanying note, Lenin reported his agreement to write an article for the collection if he were given a philosophical topic. The publication of the collection did not take place.

October, 16 (29).

In No. 37 of the newspaper "Proletary," Lenin's articles "Events in the Balkans and in Persia," "Meeting of the International Socialist Bureau," and "P. Maslov in Hysterics" are published.

October, 28 (November, 10).

In a letter to the Menshevik-Machist P. S. Yushkevich in St. Petersburg, Lenin rejects the proposal to collaborate on the literary and philosophical collections that were planned for publication.

October-November.

Lenin's article "A Few Remarks on P. Maslov's 'Reply'" is published in the Polish journal "Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny" No. 8–9.

November, 1 (14).

Lenin's article "On the Assessment of the Current Moment" is published in No. 38 of the newspaper "Proletary."

November, 4 (17).

In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin reports on the final decision to move to Paris; he asks her to tell his sister, Anna Ilyinichna, that the manuscript of the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" has been sent to Podolsk (to V. A. Levitsky).

November, 13 (26).

Lenin's articles "How Plekhanov and Co. Defend Revisionism" and "Regarding Two Letters" are published in No. 39 of the newspaper "Proletary."

November, 18 (December, 1).

In a letter to the ISB [International Socialist Bureau], K. Huysmans, Lenin answers his questions about the illegal organization of the RSDLP [Russian Social Democratic Labour Party] in Russia, about the existence of the Bureau of the Central Committee [ЦК] of the RSDLP abroad, etc.; he asks the ISB to provide information necessary to the secretary of the Social Democratic faction of the Duma on the following issues: on the restriction of working hours, on trade unions, on unemployment benefits, on the inspection of factories, on the work of women and children, on insurance for miners, on the wages of manual workers, etc.

Lenin, in a letter to V. K. Taratuta, answers his inquiry and Tyszka's telegram about representatives of the Central Committee [ЦК] of the RSDLP to the congress of the Social Democrats of Poland and Lithuania; he protests against Tyszka's proposal to appoint B. I. Gorev (Igor) as a representative of the Central Committee [ЦК].

November, 27 (December, 10).

In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin reports on the day of departure from Geneva to Paris; writes about a telegram sent to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova regarding the immediate acceptance of the terms of the agreement to print the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" at the Zveno publishing house in Moscow; advises that the contract be concluded in his name, and not in the name of Anna Ilyinichna, in order to avoid her being held liable under the laws of the press.

November, 30 (December, 13).

In a letter to K. Huysmans, Lenin reports that everything possible has been done to ensure that the deputies of the Third Duma pay the arrears in contributions to the ISB; promises to answer in a few days the question of the deadline for sending the report of the Central Committee [ЦК] of the RSDLP for the ISB report being prepared on the Stuttgart Congress.

December, 1 (14).

Lenin's article "The Agrarian Debates in the Third Duma" is published in No. 40 of the newspaper "Proletary."

Lenin writes a letter (in French) to the chairman of the Committee of the Geneva Society of Reading Enthusiasts, in which he informs them of his withdrawal from the society due to his move to Paris and expresses his gratitude for the assistance provided in using the books.

Lenin and Krupskaya move from Geneva to Paris, where the publication of the newspaper "Proletary" is transferred. Upon arriving in Paris, V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya stay at the "Hôtel des Gobelins" on Boulevard Saint-Marcel, 27. Later, they move to house No. 24 on Rue Beaunier, on the outskirts of the city, and then to Rue Marie-Rose, house No. 4.

December, 21 (January 3, 1909).

Lenin participates in a meeting of the plenum of the Central Committee [ЦК] of the RSDLP in Paris, at which the report on the work on convening the conference was discussed.

December, 21–27 (January 3–9, 1909).

Lenin participates in the work of the Fifth All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in Paris: he presents a report "On the Current Moment and the Tasks of the Party," introduces a draft resolution on this issue (the draft is adopted by the conference with minor amendments); speaks on the organizational issue, writes directives for the commission on the organizational issue (these directives are included in the decisions of the conference); introduces a proposal on the procedure for voting on resolutions and a draft resolution on the publication of the conference decisions, makes a factual statement regarding the Menshevik project to liquidate the Central Committee [ЦК] and several other factual statements exposing the liquidationist essence of the Menshevik policy; speaks during the discussion of the issue of the Duma Social Democratic faction; writes practical instructions on the issue of budgetary votes of the Social Democratic Duma faction and introduces a number of amendments to draft resolutions on other issues.

December, 27–29 (January 9–11, 1909).

Lenin participates in the work of the plenum of the Central Committee [ЦК] of the RSDLP, at which the resolutions of the Fifth All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP are approved.

December, 30 (January 12, 1909).

Lenin, in a letter (in French) to the chief administrator of the National Library, requests a card for the right to use the library.

December.

Lenin in Paris delivers a report on the current situation in Russia.

1908.

Lenin makes notes in the book: Ludwig Feuerbach. «Sämmtliche Werke». Zweiter Band, Leipzig, 1846 (Ludwig Feuerbach. Collected Works. Volume Two, Leipzig, 1846).

Lenin uses this book in his work "Materialism and Empirio-criticism."

No earlier than 1908.

Lenin writes remarks on V. Shulyatikov's book "Justification of Capitalism in Western European Philosophy. From Descartes to E. Mach" (M., 1908).

Later than 1908.

Lenin writes remarks on the book: A. Rey. «La Philosophie Moderne». Paris, 1908 (A. Rey. "Modern Philosophy." Paris, 1908).

Lenin makes excerpts from E. N. Tarnovsky's article "Statistical Information on Persons Accused of State Crimes."

1909

Beginning of the year.

Lenin gives lectures on philosophy in a Bolshevik circle in Paris.

January, 6 (19).

Lenin, in a letter (in French) to K. Huysmans, reports on the transfer of 300 francs to the International Socialist Bureau as payment of the RSDLP's contributions for 1908 and promises to prepare Part II of the Central Committee's [ЦК] report for the report on the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International.

Earlier than January 7 (20).

Lenin makes notes on the articles "First," "Regarding a Misunderstanding," "More on the Current Moment and the Tactics of the Party," printed in November 1908 in the central organ of the Socialist Revolutionary Party – the newspaper "Znamya Truda" No. 13.

January, 7 (20).

Lenin's article "How the Socialist-Revolutionaries Sum Up the Revolution and How the Revolution Summed Up the Socialist-Revolutionaries" is published in No. 41 of the newspaper "Proletary."

January, 22 (February, 4).

Lenin delivers a report in Paris "On the Political Situation in Russia and Two Paths of Capitalist Development of Agrarian Relations."

January, 24 (February, 6).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin reports on receiving the first proofs of the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" and sends a list of misprints; in a postscript to the letter, he reports that he is going with his sister Maria Ilyinichna to see L. Andreev's play "The Days of Our Life."

January, earlier than 28 (February 10).

Lenin writes a plan for the report "The Current Situation in Russia." The plan was printed in an announcement of the report issued by the Second Paris Group for Assistance to the RSDLP.

January, 28 (February, 10).

Lenin's article "On the Road" is published as an editorial in No. 2 of the newspaper "Social-Democrat." Lenin speaks in Paris with a report "The Current Situation in Russia."

January.

Lenin writes a letter to K. Huysmans asking for assistance to the striking tanners of Vilna.

Lenin talks at his apartment with I. Ehrenburg, who came from Russia, asks about the mood of the youth, which writers are read more, whether the "Znanie" collections are popular, and what plays are running in Moscow at the Art Theater and at Korsh's.

End of January - April.

Lenin works on the proofs of the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism," sent to him from Moscow, informs A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova about noticed misprints, and makes some corrections and additions to the text of the book.

January – June.

Lenin works in the National Library in Paris.

February, 1 (14).

At a meeting of the editorial board of the newspaper "Proletary," Lenin insists on an open statement by the editorial board against god-building preached by A. V. Lunacharsky. The editorial article against god-building under the title "Not on the Road" was printed on February 12 (25), 1909, in "Proletary" No. 42.

February, earlier than 12 (25).

Lenin talks with the Social-Democrat from Lithuania, P. V. Eidukevičius (Marceli) – authorized to collect money for the striking tanners of Vilna.

February, 12 (25).

Lenin writes a letter (in German) to the Secretary of the International Socialist Bureau K. Huysmans, in which he confirms Marceli's authority to collect money for the striking tanners of Vilna.

February, 17–23 (March, 2–8).

Lenin rests in Nice.

February, 24 (March, 9).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin informs about his arrival in Paris from Nice; asks to speed up the publication of the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" and to convey "a thousand thanks" to I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov for his help in its publication.

In a letter to the ISB, Lenin reports on the completion of work on the report of the Central Committee of the RSDLP to the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International.

February, 27 (March, 12).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin reports on receiving part of the printed sheets of the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism"; asks to "speed up, speed up at all costs" the publication of the book; sends a list of uncorrected misprints; earnestly asks not to soften anything from the places against Bogdanov and Lunacharsky.

No later than March 2 (15).

At a meeting of the editorial board of the newspaper "Social-Democrat," Lenin speaks against the publication of L. Martov's article "What to Fight For," which preaches Menshevik-liquidationist views. The editorial board instructs Lenin to come up with a response article against Martov in the same issue of the newspaper. Lenin's article "The Goal of the Proletariat's Struggle in Our Revolution," published on March 9 and 21 (March 22 and April 3), 1909, in "Social-Democrat" Nos. 3 and 4, was such a response.

March, 5 (18).

Lenin in Paris at a meeting of émigrés speaks with a speech about the Paris Commune.

March, 10 or 11 (23 or 24).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin reports on sending "Addition to § 1st of Chapter IV. 'From what side did N. G. Chernyshevsky approach the criticism of Kantianism?'" of the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism."

March, earlier than 13 (26).

Lenin speaks in Paris with a report on the V All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP

No earlier than March 23 (April 5).

Lenin, on behalf of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, writes a protest to the Board of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party against the distortion of the essence of the disagreements among Russian Social Democrats in the article "The Organizational Question in Russian Social Democracy," published in No. 79 of the newspaper "Vorwärts" on April 3, 1909.

March, 26 (April, 8).

Lenin in a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova asks to take all necessary measures so that the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" is published in the first half of April. "I have, – wrote Lenin, – not only literary, but also serious political obligations connected with its publication."

March.

Lenin speaks in Paris with a speech at a discussion about the party's attitude towards the Duma Social-Democratic faction, criticizes the positions of the recallists and comprehensively illuminates the tactics of using the rostrum of the State Duma for revolutionary propaganda and agitation. Lenin writes a letter to K. Huysmans asking for assistance to the striking tanners of Vilna.

April, 4 (17).

Lenin's article "A Caricature of Bolshevism" is published in the Appendix to No. 44 of the newspaper "Proletary."

Earlier than April 8 (21).

Lenin makes some editorial corrections to the text of R. Luxemburg's article directed against the recallists and ultimatumists and gives instructions to coordinate the amendments with the author. R. Luxemburg's article was published in No. 44 of "Proletary" on April 8 (21), 1909, under the title "Revolutionary Hangover."

April, 8 (21).

Lenin's article "The 'Leftward' Trend of the Bourgeoisie and the Tasks of the Proletariat" is published in No. 44 of the newspaper "Proletary."

April, 10 (23).

Lenin writes a letter to I. F. Dubrovinsky in connection with the preparation of an extended meeting of the editorial board of "Proletary."

April, 16 (29).

In a letter to I. F. Dubrovinsky, Lenin reports on the failure of the leading organizations in the Urals; writes about the difficult situation created on the eve of the meeting of the extended editorial board of "Proletary" by the behavior of a group of recallists led by A. Bogdanov.

April, no earlier than 21 (May, 4).

Lenin gives his sister – Maria Ilyinichna – the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" with the inscription: "To Dear Manyasha from the author."

April, 21 (May, 4).

Lenin speaks in Paris with a speech in the debate at N. A. Semashko's (Alexandrov's) report on the agrarian question.

Lenin writes a letter to I. F. Dubrovinsky on issues related to the preparation of a meeting of the extended editorial board of "Proletary."

April, 22 (May, 5).

Lenin in a letter to I. F. Dubrovinsky reports on the arrival of two members of the Bolshevik Center at a meeting of the extended editorial board of "Proletary" and about the meeting of the Paris Group for Assistance to the RSDLP that took place on the same day; strongly advises Dubrovinsky to continue treatment at the sanatorium.

Between April 29 and May 4 (May 12 and 17).

Lenin's book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism. Critical Notes on a Reactionary Philosophy" is published in Moscow by the "Zveno" publishing house.

End of April – first half of June.

Lenin carries out preparatory work for convening a meeting of the extended editorial board of "Proletary."

May, 5 (18).

Lenin in a letter to R. Luxemburg reports that he sent her a registered parcel with a copy of his book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" as a souvenir of the conversation "about Mach"; asks to include it in the "List of Printed Works Received by the Editorial Office" published in "Neue Zeit"; positively assesses R. Luxemburg's article "Revolutionary Hangover."

May, 8 (21).

Lenin gives a report at the club of the editorial board of the newspaper "Proletary" (Paris) on the topic "Religion and the Workers' Party." In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin reports on receiving the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism"; speaks positively about the publication of the book; notes that "everyone complains only about the price (2 rubles 60 kopecks), but this is already, apparently, the fault of the publisher!".

May, 13 (26).

Lenin's article "On the Attitude of the Workers' Party to Religion" is published as an editorial in No. 45 of the newspaper "Proletary." In a letter (in French) to the Executive Committee of the International Socialist Bureau, Lenin reports on the proposed visits of Tsar Nicholas II to Sweden, Italy, England and France and proposes to call on socialist parties and parliamentary groups to declare a protest against the arrival of the Tsar, as the Swedish socialists did. Lenin attached to his letter a translation of the request of the Duma Social-Democratic faction of the Third State Duma in connection with the Tsar's trip to Europe. Later, the ISB issued an appeal, which was published in the central press of the socialist parties of several European countries. A broad wave of protest against the arrival of Nicholas II led to the fact that the Tsar's trip was very short, and the Tsar did not dare to appear in London, Paris, or Rome.

May, 15 (28).

Lenin in Paris takes part in a free discussion on the topic "Counter-revolution and the Bourgeoisie in Russia."

No later than May.

Lenin reads the Cadet collection "Vekhi" and makes notes and remarks in it. Lenin gives a critique of this collection in the articles "On 'Vekhi'," "Vekhovtsy and Nationalism," and a number of other works.

June, 4 (17).

Lenin's article "Classes and Parties in Their Attitude to Religion and the Church" is published in No. 6 of the newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrat."

Beginning of summer.

Lenin sends I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov the book "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" as a token of gratitude for his help in its publication.

First half of 1909.

Lenin makes notes on books on natural science and philosophy available in the Sorbonne Library; compiles a detailed abstract of the book: L. Feuerbach. "Vorlesungen über das Wesen der Religion" (Sämtliche Werke, Bd. 8, Hrsg. Wigand, 1851) (L. Feuerbach. Lectures on the Essence of Religion (Collected Works, Vol. 8, ed. Wigand, 1851)); reviews the book: L. Feuerbacn. "Théogonie nach den Quellen des klassischen, hebräischen und christlichen Altertums (Sämtliche Werke, Bd. 9, Hrsg. Wigand, 1857) (L. Feuerbach. "Theogony according to the sources of classical, Hebrew and Christian antiquity" (Collected Works, Vol. 9, ed. Wigand, 1857)); records remarks about this book at the end of the notebook containing the abstract of "Lectures on the Essence of Religion."

Not earlier than 1909.

Lenin writes remarks on A. Deborin's article "Dialectical Materialism," printed in 1909 in the collection "On the Borderline."