V. I.

Lenin

On Wednesday, February 13, Nicholas II received 307 deputies of the Third
Duma. The tsar’s amiable conversation with the Black-Hundred
reactionaries Bobrinsky and Chelyshev was a comic aspect of the new ceremonial
kiss of the autocracy and its gang of allies. Far more serious was the statement
by Nicholas that the Duma was shortly to pass new agrarian laws, and that all
thought of compulsory alienation must be dismissed, since he, Nicholas II,
would never sanction such a law. “The tsar’s speech,” reports the correspondent of Frankfurter Zeitung , “had a
depressing effect on the peasants.”

To be sure, the agitational value of this “agrarian statement” made by the tsar himself is very important, and we can but
congratulate the talented agitator. But, apart from its agitational
significance, this ominous thrust at compulsory alienation is highly
important as conclusive proof that the landlord monarchy has embarked on a
new agrarian policy.

The famous extra-Duma ukases under Article 87 of November 9, 1906, and
successive dates, ushered in the era of this new agrarian policy of the tsarist
government. Stolypin confirmed it in the Second Duma; the
Right and the Octobrist deputies approved it; the Cadets (frightened by rumours
picked up in lobbies of the camarilla that the Duma was going to be dissolved)
refrained from denouncing it openly. Now, in the Third Duma, the Land Committee
has recently accepted the basic thesis of the law of November 9, 1906, and has
gone a step further by recognising the proprietary rights of the peasants to their holdings in all village communes which had
not carried out any reallotment in the course of twenty-four years. At the
reception given on February 13, the head of feudal-landlord Russia gave his
public blessing to that policy with the added threat, obviously for the
benefit of the non-party peasants, that he would sanction no law for
compulsory alienation in favour of the peasantry.

The fact that the government of the tsar, of the landlords, and of the
big bourgeoisie (the Octobrists) bas definitely given its support to the
new agrarian policy is of tremendous historical importance. The destinies
of the bourgeois revolution in Russia—not only the present
revolution, but possible future democratic revolutions as well—depend
most of all an the success or failure of this policy.

Wherein lies the essence of this change? It lies in the fact that up to
now the sanctity of the old, medieval allotment landownership by the
peasants and their “primordial” village communes had its most
ardent supporters in the master classes of reactionary Russia. The
serf-owning landlords, being the ruling class in pre-Reform Russia, the
politically predominating class throughout the nineteenth century, pursued,
by and large, a policy of preserving the old communal system of
peasant landownership.

The development of capitalism, completely undermined this system by the
twentieth century. The old village commune with its social estate basis,
the attachment of the peasant to the soil, the routinism of the semi-feudal
countryside came into the sharpest conflict with the new economic
conditions. The dialectics of history were such that the peasantry, who in
other countries with a more or less well-ordered (from the point of view of
the requirements of capitalism) agrarian system are a pillar of the regime,
came forward in Russia during the revolution with the most destructive
demands, including the confiscation of the landlords’ estates and the
nationalisation of the land (the Trudoviks in the First and Second Dumas).

These radical demands, which were even tinctured with the ideas of
petty-bourgeois socialism, were by no means the result of muzhik
“socialism”, but were due to the economic necessity of cutting
the tangled knot of feudal landownership, of clearing the way for the free farmer (the agricultural entrepreneur) on
land freed from all, medieval partitions. [1]

Capitalism has already irrevocably sapped all the foundations of the
old agrarian system in Russia. It can make no further progress unless it
breaks up that system, and it certainly and inevitably will break it up; no
power on earth can prevent this. But this system can be broken up in the
landlord way or the peasant way, to clear the path for landlord or peasant
capitalism. The landlord way of breaking up the old order involves the
forcible destruction of the village commune and the accelerated ruination
and extermination of the mass of impoverished owners for the benefit of a
handful of kulaks. The peasant way involves the confiscation of the
landlords’ land, and the transfer of all the land to free proprietors from
among the peasantry (the Narodniks’ “equal right to the land”
means, in effect, the farmers ’ right to the land with the
destruction of all medieval partitions).

The government of the counter-revolution understood this
position. Stolypin had a correct grasp of the matter:

unless the old system of landownership was broken up Russia could not
develop economically. Stolypin and the landlords boldly took the
revolutionary path, ruthlessly breaking up the old order, handing over the
peasant masses as a whole to the mercy of the landlords and kulaks.

The liberals and petty-bourgeois democrats, beginning with the semi-Octobrist “Meons” [2] followed by the Russkiye Vedomosti
people, and ending with Mr. Peshekhonov of Russkoye Bogatstvo , are
now raising a big outcry about the destruction of the village communes by
the government, which they accuse of revolutionism! Never has the
betwixt and between position of the bourgeois liberals in the Russian
revolution stood out so sharply. No, gentlemen, whining over the
destruction of the ancient foundations will not mend matters. Three years
of revolution have shattered illusions of conciliation and compromise. The question is clear. Either a bold call
for a peasant revolution, even including a republic, and the thorough
ideological and organisational preparation of such a revolution in
alliance with the proletariat. Or useless whining, political and
ideological impotence in face of the Stolypin-landlord-Octobrist attack on
the village commune.

Make your choice—those who still have left in them a particle of civic
courage and sympathy for the peasant masses! The proletariat has already made
its choice, and the Social-Democratic Labour Party, now more firmly than ever
before, will explain, propagate, spread among the masses the slogan of a peasant
uprising in alliance with the proletariat as the only possible means
of thwarting the Stolypin method of “renovating” Russia.

We will not say that this method is impracticable—it has been
tested more than once in Europe on a smaller scale— but we shall make
it clear to the people that it can be realised only by endless acts of
violence of the minority over the majority in the course of decades and by
the mass ex termination of the progressive peasantry. We shall not de vote
ourselves to patching up Stolypin’s revolutionary projects, or
attempting to improve them, weaken their effect, and so on. We shall
respond by intensifying our agitation among the masses, especially among
those sections of the proletariat that have ties with the peasantry. The
peasant deputies—even though sifted through a number of police
sieves, even though elected by landlords, even though intimidated by the
Duma diehards—have quite recently shown what their true strivings
are. A group of non-party peasants, some of them from the Right wing , have declared, as we know from the newspapers, for compulsory
alienation of the land and for local land institutions elected by the whole population ! No wonder one Cadet stated in the Land Committee
that a Right-wing peasant was more Left than the Cadets. Yes, on the argarian question the stand of the “Right” peasants in all three Dumas
has been more Left than the Cadets’, therebry proving that the monarchism of the muzhik is naivete that is dying out, in
contrast to the monarchism of the liberal businessmen, who are monarchists
through class calculation.

The tsar of the feudal-minded gentry shouted at the non-party peasants
that he would not stand for compulsory alienation. Let the working class in
reply shout to the mil lions of “non-party” peasants that it
calls them to the mass struggle for the overthrow of tsarism and for the
confiscation of the landlords’ lands.

---
Notes:
[1]
The views here set forth are closely bound up with the criticism of our
Party programme. In issue No. 21 of Proletary this criticism was
touched on as a private opinion; in subsequent issues the question will be
dealt with in detail. [3] — Lenin

[3]
Lenin is referring to his article “Political Notes” published in the newspaper Proletary , No. 21, February 13 (26),1
908. The question of the Party programme was dealt with more fully in the
article “Pyotr Maslov Corrects Karl Marx’s Rough Notes”
( Proletary , No. 33, July 23 [August 51, 1908). (See present
volume, p. 300, Section 2 of Chapter III of The Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution, 1906-1907. )

[2]
Meons —Russian abbreviation for members of the Peaceful
Renovation Party.