WARSAW*.
[We possess somewhat more detailed information regarding developments in Poland, for, in addition to dispatches from foreign newspapers—which formed the primary source for the brief accounts of strikes in Russia that have been reproduced—we are now receiving certain reports from the German press. We draw our information from the Berliner Vossische Zeitung.]
[Warsaw. January 7th] On Wednesday and Thursday, a large number of proclamations issued by the Social-Democratic Party of Russian Poland and Lithuania were distributed here in connection with the events in St. Petersburg. The proclamation called for a general strike and for Polish workers to join in solidarity, demanding the immediate convocation of a constituent assembly. On Friday and Saturday, yet another special appeal was issued—this one calling for a general strike, accompanied by the following demands: an eight-hour working day; the establishment of public works programs for the unemployed; the convocation of a constituent assembly to bring the war to an end and proclaim a republic; and, moreover, a special appeal to the intelligentsia, inviting them to support the workers.
On Tuesday, a proclamation was also circulated by the Central Committee of the Polish Socialist Party, which stated, among other things: “Comrades! What we had long awaited has finally arrived. To the attacks launched against the decaying autocracy has been added the most crucial attack of all—the uprising of the Russian proletariat.”
Here is a detailed account of the strike, as reported by one correspondent:
Warsaw, January 21 (14), 10:00 a.m. The workers at Poland’s largest iron foundry—Melno, Rau, and Lsvenstein in Prague (Warsaw)—have just gone on strike.
For the time being, order remains intact. Patrols are stationed around the factories. The gasworks and water supply have been taken over by troops. The population is stockpiling kerosene, coal, and food supplies.
At noon, as expected, the strike became general. All factories, printing houses, and the like came to a halt. Around midday, bakeries were literally besieged by crowds of people. Now, not a single loaf of bread can be found anywhere in the city. The Mitler steam bakery in the suburb of Wola was stormed by the workers. Newspapers,
From the headline, Lenin struck out the words “and Łódź, Poland.” Ed.
** Prague is a suburb of Warsaw. Ed.

They will probably not come out today. I headed out to the suburb of Wola.
On Chłodna Street, I encountered a cab driver carrying two corpses of workers. Just fifteen minutes earlier, a bloody clash had broken out at the corner of Chłodna and Wronia Streets [(Chlodna–Wronia)]. Cossacks charged at the assembled workers with their nagaykas. The workers seized stones from a newly constructed building on Chłodna Street and pelted the soldiers with rocks. Then came an assault with cold weapons, followed by a volley of gunfire. Many were wounded and killed. On my way back, I saw workers gathering once again. From Wronia Street, another detachment of cavalry and infantry passed through.
Street lamps were lit, but the workers on Chłodna Street extinguished them and began smashing them. Strong units of troops were patrolling the city. In every police station, infantry and Cossacks stood ready.
The mood is extremely serious. — 6:20 a.m. I heard that bloody clashes had resumed on Chłodna Street.
The Warsaw–Łódź telephone line has been cut. The strike in Prague is complete. [[Kucherov}
The crowd was forcing cab drivers to remove their uniforms (?).]
[Warsaw, January 28 (15)] January 15th, 5:00 p.m. The night passed relatively calmly. This morning, most shops reopened—but then closed again. At this very moment, all stores, confectioneries, and the like remain shuttered. Even the pharmacies had to close. Trams are not running. There were several skirmishes, though, they say, without bloodshed. At 12:00 p.m., approximately 2,000 students from the university and polytechnic marched silently through the streets of Nowy Świat and Krakowskie Przedmieście; they were dispersed in Theater Square. A meeting was scheduled for 6:30 p.m. in the Prosectorium to express solidarity with the workers. The streets were unusually deserted. Street lamps burned dimly. The gas works management urged people to use gas sparingly, since the soldiers replacing the workers were performing poorly. Bread was in short supply. In some places, soldiers were selling their rations on the streets. For a loaf that once cost 16 kopeks, people were paying 50–60 kopeks. The monopoly wine shop on Leszno Street was robbed and set ablaze—and it is still burning.
— 7:50 a.m. The theaters are open. The squares around them are empty. There are no cab drivers. Coffeehouses are closed. The newspapers have not been published. Letters have not been delivered.
January 29 (16). 10:00 a.m. I was only able to send yesterday’s letter together with this one, for the street lamps on Marszałkowska Street had been smashed, and the road to the train station was unsafe. During the night, troops had bivouacked in Theater Square. In the morning, several gun shops were looted. Many wine shops were destroyed.

WARSAW
Hl
Notably, the crowd was pouring out vodka; there was no drunkenness. The entire garrison had been mobilized. The situation is grave.

In the afternoon, it is said that several bloody clashes occurred overnight. At this very moment, I hear cannon fire and artillery volleys coming from the suburb of Wola. Reports speak of [thousands] of victims. The strike is spreading. The city has been placed under [enhanced security measures] and declared under martial law. January 30 (17). The number of victims from yesterday remains unknown. Reports indicate 160 wounded and killed.
All industrial and commercial establishments are closed.
No further reports have been received so far. Foreign newspapers note that postal communications with Warsaw are nearly severed. While this is partly due to the strike, it is primarily attributable to government measures—now increasing tenfold the workload of the “black offices,” which scrutinize letters both to and from Russia.
A police report appeared in the Warsaw Daily, which, of course, distorted the facts and sought to incite panic by portraying the looting of shops (by police provocateurs?).
[Warsaw, January 28 (15)] On the 15th of January, on the street [people were injured] when British consuls in Warsaw and vice-consuls came under attack by troops. The British ambassador intervened, and the Russian government ordered an investigation.
[Additions Regarding the Warsaw Strike]
[When the Workers] When the workers went around the factories on Friday, the factory owners asked: “What grievances do you have?” The workers replied: “We are striking not because we harbor any grievances against you, but for political reasons. We want to show that we are dissatisfied with the existing order.” Factory owners who refused to shut down their factories were warned that doing so would lead to the worst possible consequences. The threat worked, and the factories were all closed within a very short time.
Russian students held a meeting to express their solidarity with the fighters in St. Petersburg. Polish comrades did not take part in the gathering. The meeting was surrounded by troops, and the students were given a choice: disperse or be arrested. Many chose the latter. Students who were distributing food supplies to the strikers were also arrested.
From Warsaw, a German social-democratic newspaper reported: There was no general battle anywhere, but the executioners were hunting down workers—and the general public—during the day, shooting at passersby at random,

14 2

without any warning. This continued throughout Saturday evening and all day Sunday. Thus, on Bracka, Belka, and Chmielna Streets, between 10 and 12 o’clock in the morning on Sunday, several people were shot dead. Two women were shot dead on Młyńska Street. On Karmelicka Street, soldiers fired into a peaceful crowd of workers. Six were killed. On the streets, pedestrians were stopped and searched. Those found in possession of proclamations or revolvers were beaten nearly to death. The workers refused to allow themselves to be driven into a general slaughter and, instead, demonstrated in separate groups of 500–1,000 people, marching through various parts of the city while singing songs and carrying banners. The number of those killed and wounded is estimated at [700]–1,800*
•20703
THE GENERAL STRIKE IN ŁÓDŹ.
Łódź, January 29 (16). Yesterday, a general strike was proclaimed. Work has been suspended in all factories, workshops, and printing houses. Electric trains are not running. There are no newspapers. The strikers are preventing Warsaw newspapers from being sold on the streets. They have ordered the closure of cafés, restaurants, and hotels. Windows and shopfronts are boarded up. The streets are unusually lively—masses of strikers, troops, Cossacks, artillery, and passersby streaming behind them. Yesterday, two regiments arrived from Sosnowiec; today, three hundred Cossacks and dragoons came from Łódź. Governor Arcimowicz, known as a liberal, instructed that the strikers should not be interfered with—as long as order was not disrupted. Yet in his announcements, he threatened military force. Banks, gas works, and police stations are guarded by troops. Troops have been deployed along the main streets. Three hundred students from the local commercial school joined the strikers yesterday and distributed proclamations on the streets by the hundreds. Large meetings were held in various parts of the city.
This afternoon, on Magistratska Square, a crowd numbering in the thousands gathered. Cheers of “Long live the revolution!” rang out. Speakers took to the podium, passionately urging the strikers to fight against autocracy. The police, present at the gathering, did not interfere. This passive stance on the part of the police is a bad omen. Yesterday, the police had already tried to incite the crowd against the Jews, spreading rumors that Jews had murdered a priest—but the strikers beat these policemen.
One of the workers’ leaders addressed the crowd of thousands:

HELSINKI
m
“Do not let yourselves be lured into the trap of deceivers [(Büttel?)*]. The Jews are your brothers—they are our comrades in suffering and in conviction; let us reach out to them in a common struggle against autocracy!” Shouts erupted: “Down with autocracy! Long live the revolution!” In the evening, minor skirmishes with troops broke out on streets far from the city center—but these ended without any bloodshed.
As early as January 17th, reports indicated that out of 150,000 local workers, 100,000 had gone on strike. By the 18th: [Łódź. Schlesische Zeitung in Prešov reports, as of January 31 (18):] the city is unrecognizable. All establishments are closed. Shopfronts are boarded up. The city resembles a besieged fortress. Patrols roam the streets. The electric train is not running. Hundreds of people wait outside bakeries for bread. Everyone is awaiting a general strike across the entire Polish industrial region.
2076 ί
HELSINKI.
[Berliner Vossische Zeitung. (January 29, 1905). Helsinki, January 25th. (Supplementary Report)]
[Lbidem, January 28, 1905. An article (original text) about Riga. Little new. It is said that the Stockholm organizers had arranged everything—street meetings on January 25th or 24th, then visits to factories e l c. Now, on January 25th, none of the [400] many hundreds of factories are operating.]
Finnish workers also responded to the events in St. Petersburg. As reported in foreign newspapers on January 25 (12), “Approximately 10,000 people took part in yesterday’s (January 24th) workers’ demonstration. Meetings and gatherings began at 8:00 p.m. on Senate Square, where patriotic songs were sung and speeches were delivered in favor of universal suffrage and the Finnish constitution. Then the crowd moved through the city, demonstrating in front of the homes of unpopular senators, in front of the governor-general’s residence, and in front of the editorial office of the Old Finnish newspaper ‘Uusi Suometar.’ Shouts rang out: ‘Down with autocracy! Long live the revolution!’ Around 11:00 a.m., Cossack patrols appeared. Twenty-three people were arrested.”
[Voss. Ztg. Original text, January 30th. Helsinki, January 26th (13). Last night]
On January 25 (12), demonstrations were repeated. When the crowd gathered on Henrickesplanade, numbering in the thousands, Police Commissioner Carlsgedt addressed them, urging them to disperse peacefully while threatening severe measures. This admonition initially had some effect—but soon the crowd gathered around the Runeberg Monument. National songs were sung. Then a red flag was unfurled, and, accompanied by workers’ songs, the crowd marched along Runeberg Esplanade toward Senate Square, where songs alternated with shouts of “Long live!” The police—both mounted and foot—dispersed the crowd, numbering perhaps five thousand people. Some were wounded by sabers and revolver bullets.
Le Temps. January 31, 1905.
In Russia (from our special correspondent (NB)). SPB. January 27th. Around the tragedy.
“Order reigns in St. Petersburg… The bitterness is profound… Have you ever seen a dog beaten that did not understand its fault? Have you noticed the expression in its eyes? Something of that is present here. As for the why and how of the shooting, we grasp them only very vaguely. A cab driver saw a gentleman, on his way to visit friends in Yasili-Ostrov, lose his daughter—shot dead beside him on the sleigh; as he recounted the story to me, he merely nodded his head, shouting ‘Bereguiss!’ (Watch out!)…”
Next comes a description of the authorities’ confusion: no one interfered with the strike or the procession. Gapon was wounded and saved by the body that shielded him. The number of those killed ranges from 300 to 700. According to reports, on Saturday (the 8th), literary figures—including Annensky, Arseniev, Gorky, Kedr[pn], Hess[en], Kareev, Myakot[in], Pesh[ekh]onov, and Semevsky—traveled to Sv[iatopolk]-M[irskiy] (who had accepted Rydzevsky) and to Witte.
(In full confirmation of the Daily Telegraph) **\ ..
*
In “Vpered,” the article ends with a paragraph: “Similar demonstrations took place in other cities of Finland: Abo, Björneborg, Lahti, Kotka, Viipuri, Tammervors, Loviisa, and others.” No manuscript of this paragraph exists in email form. Ed.
“Le Temps.” January 31, 1905.
In Russia (from our special correspondent (NB)). SPB.
January 27th. Around the tragedy.
“Order prevails in St. Petersburg… The bitterness runs deep… Have you ever seen a dog beaten that did not understand its fault? Have you noticed the expression in its eyes? There is something of that here too. As for why and how the shooting occurred, we comprehend these matters only very vaguely. A cab driver saw that, as a man traveled to his friends on Vasilyevsky Island, his daughter—seated beside him in the sleigh—was shot dead; as he told me this story, he merely shook his head, shouting ‘Beware!’…”
*** The page of the manuscript beginning with the words “Le Temps.” January 31st—and ending with: “Daily Telegraph,” crossed out. Ed.

AMONG THE LIBERALS