Date: 1903-02
Source: ru:PSS/v46

"MARXIST VIEWS ON THE AGRARIAN QUESTION
IN EUROPE AND RUSSIA"
AND "THE AGRARIAN PROGRAM OF THE S.-R. AND S.-D."
FEBRUARY — MARCH 1903
rv. MATERIALS FOR LECTURES AND REPORTS

The documents below relate to four lectures and a report on the agrarian question, delivered by Lenin
in Paris in late February—early March 1903.
Of interest is Martov's communication, in his letter to Axelrod, regarding the impression made by the lectures and report in Paris,
dated March 30, 1903: "Yesterday Vladimir Ilyich returned from
Paris, where his lectures and report apparently caused a
sensation" (to Letters of P. B. Axelrod and Yu. O. Martov", vol. 4,
Berlin, 1925, p. 79).
L. Shapovalova writes about the same:
"... In early 1905, Vladimir Ilyich came to Paris to
deliver his famous lectures on the agrarian question and the agrarian
program of the R.S.D.L.P. The week during which his lectures continued
was a real holiday for us, the Russian
student youth, expelled from Russian higher educational
institutions and gathered in Paris, mainly at the "Russian
Higher School of Social Sciences" of Professor M. Kovalevsky."
("My First Meeting with Vladimir Ilyich. "Komsomolskaya
Pravda" No. 94 of April 22, 1927.)
There is a significant amount of information in the press about the organizational preparation for the lectures and report (when,
where, and for whom to read), about Lenin's own preparation for reading, and
about the impression made by the lectures and report. A list of these sources
is as follows: Len. sb. IV, pp. 483, 487, 489, 206, 225; VIII,
p. 550; M. Ingber, "Lectures of Vladimir Ilyich at the Parisian
"Higher Russian School of Social Sciences" (1902 [year indicated
incorrectly])"; "Proletarian Revolution" No. 5, 1926, pp. 462 —
467; V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, "Geneva Memoirs" ("October"
literary and artistic journal No. 4, 1928, p. 454);
I. Okulich, "Ilyich—Lecturer of Higher School in Paris" ("Communist" No. 4, monthly journal, N.-Novgorod, 1926, pp. 455 —
437); L. Trotsky, "Lenin and the Old "Iskra"" (collection "About Lenin",
Materials for a Biographer. Ed. 1926 and 1926); L. Kamenev
(authorized biography), "Encyclopedic Dictionary "Granat"", vol. 64, part 4, pp. 462—465.
Lenin himself, in a letter to I. Krupskaya (Len.
sb. VIII, p. 350), wrote about the report: "Nevzorov disgraced himself yesterday: both Charles
Rappoport and Krichevsky dealt with him." We cite this review of Lenin's
in connection with the fact that Yu. Nevzorov-Steklov in the article
"In Exile and in Emigration", published in the journal "Proletarian
Revolution" No. 5, 1925, p. 265, even in 1925 allows
the grossest distortions in the assessment of the Iskra agrarian program.
He writes: "The agrarian program of "Iskra" was water on the S.R.
mill. If the political indifferentism of the "Economists"
turned out to be the midwife of the S.R. party, gave it the opportunity
to appear in the world, then the agrarian program of "Iskra" served
the S.R.s no less a service, allowing them to quickly grow round
pink cheeks."
It is clear from the materials printed here that the argumentation
of Steklov, who idealized the commune, against the agrarian program
of "Iskra", written and developed by Lenin, largely
coincided with the argumentation of the S.R. leader V. Chernov. It was not the agrarian
program of "Iskra" that was water on the S.R. mill, but this
water was Steklov's point of view.
The series of documents relating to the lectures consists of lecture notes (two versions), a lecture program, and excerpts
from Lenin, which he used when giving lectures and the report.
In addition, a short record of the first lecture belonging to an unknown author is printed. The Institute's archive contains
the same records of all four lectures, but only
one record, corrected by Lenin, is printed. The remaining records, as not
having Lenin's corrections and being extremely unsatisfactorily
compiled, are not included in the collection.
The series of documents relating to the report consists of two versions of notes of this report, records of speeches
on the report by Nevzorov (Yu. Steklov), Vladimirov (V. Chernov),
Trotsky, Krichevsky, plans, summaries, and other materials.
As a preliminary plan for the report, Lenin, apparently, used the outline of the fourth lecture. The plan of the report
is so extensive and rich in content that it is possible that it should
also serve as a plan for a pamphlet against the
Socialist-Revolutionaries. (Lenin reported his desire to write such a pamphlet
to Plekhanov in a letter dated January 28, 1905. Len.
sb. IV, p. 208; see also note 4 to the report, p. 254.)
The documents relating to the report are also interesting as an indicator of Lenin's method of work, which he applied in this case. Here we have an example of an exceptionally complete arming
of the speaker: a summary of the report in two versions, excerpts and
quotes used by the speaker, a detailed record
of speeches on the report, plans and summaries of the concluding
remarks, and other materials.
MARXIST VIEWS ON THE AGRARIAN QUESTION

MARXIST VIEWS ON THE AGRARIAN QUESTION
IN EUROPE AND RUSSIA
S 3 — 2 « FEBRUARY 1903 I'. U A PII3U
* LECTURE NOTES II P.
No. 3 «
* NERVES ft VARIANT.
Marxist] views on the agr[arian] q[uestion]
IN EUROPE! AND RUSSIA.
A. Gen[eral] t[heory] of the agrarian] q[uestion].
1. Growth of c[ommer]c[ial] a[gricul]t[ure].—Ph[ase]s of the process].—
Form[ation] of the m[arke]t: cities \ — P[easan]t-i[ndustri]al[ist]
L[aborer] (K[apital] III, 2?)1. — Rem[nants] of subsistence
economy].—Deg[ree] of subord[ination] of the p[easan]t to the m[arke]t.—
Free c[ompeti]t[io]n in a[gricul]t[ure].
Quoad**?
Fall[ing] of dom[estic] natur[al] p[easant] indus[tries]
(K[autsky]2 and E[ngels]3.
/
Need for money (Usurers. Taxes.)
2. Law of diminishing returns of the soil. Ricardo,
-
M[ar]x (Bulgakov] and M[aslo]v in recent t[ime])4.
T[heory] of rent. Ric[ard]o — M[ar]x: differential] and
abs[olute] r[ent]5. (Error of M[aslo]v.)
5 a. *** Sep[aratio]n of the city from the countryside (cf. Bulgakov]
and Gerd. Z[arya] No. 2/3. Nossig
\. Contemp[orary] a[gricul]t[ural] cris[is]7. (Parvus)7.
Inflation and consolidation of rent. Oppression of rent.
5. "Mission" of c[apita]l in a[gricul]t[ure]
I
1) separation] of l[and]o[wnership] from production
|
}
2)
socialization; ^ (
3)
rationalization; /
B. Small and p[roductio]n in a[gricul]t[ure]
|(-/ — f one reading;
5 — in another}!.
* The phrase "formation of the market: cities" is written in the manuscript
later and stands above and between the phrases "Phases of the process" and "peasant*
industrialist". Ed.
" —Until when? How long? Ed.
'** "3 a" is written later, against ö point. Ed.

1.
T[echnical] s[upe]r[iori]ty of l[arge]. Stat[istics].
Machines. (Large f[armin]g and l[arge] l[and]o[wn]-
ing].)
2. Ex[pulsion], prol[etari]z[ation] of the p[easan]try. E[scape]
to c[ities]. — Handicr[aft] indus[tries].— Nebenarb[eii] \
3.[5] Deterioration] of working livestock. Ger[man] stat[istics].
Kuhanspannung
,suppr[ession].
Bodrillard, (Lunion, Khlapovsky*[6]. Cooperations]. Ger[man] stat[istics] 9. (Hertz, David etc.).
o[3]. Comp[ariso]n of profitability] of l[arge] and s[mall].(man\
Klawki, Stumpfe- Cf. Hecht, Bäuerliche] Zust[än-]- de]10.
(l[an]d j
6|4]. South-Ger[man] questionnaires. Bad[en], Bavarian], Wür-
ttemberg] and 11.
B. ***
And p[rogram]matic] STATEMENTS j of Marxists in the West.
lj
Agr[arian] p[rogram] of the w[estern]-E[uropean]
,, PRUSSIAN S. D.
I
1.
M[ar]x and E[ngels] in the 40s. C[ommunist] M[anifesto]
—
N[ew] R[hineland] G[azette] 18 — M[arx] both [American] a[gricul]-
ture in the 40s.14
!'2. Decisions] of the Int[ernational] 15, E[ngels] in 74, his p[rogram] 1в.
3. Agr[arian] d[ebate]s 95 17. E[ngels] in
N[eue] Z[eit] about the Fr[ench] p[rogram] of the Ger[man]18.
N B
So]ziajld[emo]kratie, auf dem]
Lande
— (Bötlg[er]
Nitzo) 10/
4.
A. K[autsky] in S[oziale] R[e]v[o]l[ution]*°
Also § 9 from G.? Principles of the r[ussian agrarian] p[rogram].|
G.
Agrarian] q[uestio]n in R[ussia].
Ad. 1\ A[gricul]t[ural] decline of Russia. Stagnation. Go
lodovki. Decline or transition to Capitalism?
* — Side work. Ed.
— Harness the cow. Ed.
*** Before crossing out the entire section B and replacing it with an addition
to section G — "ad G" (see below), Lenin made two notes, enclosing them
in large square brackets (see the second, third, and last paragraph of the
crossed out, typeset in small print). Ed.
"** — Social Democracy in the countryside. Ed.
MARXIST VIEWS ON THE AGRARIAN QUESTION

Flight from "folk] p[ro-; ductio]n" from
Central] , regions] to the sto- !
l[itsa] and to the outskirts].
4. Historical] signif[icance] of n[a]r[o]d[nik] theories.
5. Dec[omposition] of the p[easan]try. General data. Results. Signif-
icance (=s[mall] b[ourgeoi]s[ie])
6. S[trugg]l[e] of cl[asses] in the co[untryside]. Form[ation] of a[gricul]-
t[ural] prol[etariat]. T[rans]f[er] from c[orvee
economy] to capitalist].
7. Growth of commercial] and capit[alist] a[gricul]t[ure].
<S. ß'opbJSa c ocmjamkaMuj strong[ostnichest]va. Sv[obo]da iere-
dvizheniya] (Maslov) 23. Ex[it | from the com[mune]. Free[dom] of
alien[ation] of land.
9.
Agr[arian] p[rogram] of s. d. "Cut-offs".
n[a]r[o]d-
[nick-
skie] t[heo-
riiI
1. Commune. Ignoring] Fis[cal]
n[th] character]. Ignoring] isolation].
> 2. Nar[od]n[oe] p[roizvodstvo]. Chernyshevsky] —......... (V. V., II.—he)21.
3. There is no basis for c[apitali]sm[a]. No
internal] m[arke]t. Decline.
(Och/epkj II {agrarian* st[atistics]) * 23
1. Hecht
-f" Bav[arian/
2. (Augagen) Klawki.
Württemberg[g
3. Bäuerliche] Zustande]
-J- Stumpfe **
4. Baden] questionnaire.
* On the page of the manuscript where Lenin made the entry "Essay I!
(agr[arian| st[atistics])", he made the following calculations on rent:
Rent.
A.
1 des[yatina]—80pud. 40r. spent] k[apitala]-1-8 p. ir[profit] = 48
p. : 80 = 60 k. 51.2 p.
64 k.) 3.2 p.
G.
1 de[syatina]—75 pud.40 p. spent] k[apitala] -f-8 p. pri[by.Sh] . . . = 4 8 : 75 = 64 k. 48 p. (64 k.)
A)
— 64 p.
16 p.
B)
— 60 p.
1*2
C)
1 des[yatina] — 60 and. 40 p. spent] k a capital] + 8 p.
pri [was] = 48 : 60
= 80 k. 48 p.
Ed.
** Lenin's excerpts from the Bavarian and Württemberg questionnaires and from the book
Stumpfe will be placed in the next Len. sb. on the agrarian question. Ed»
±28
L1LSHNSK1SH COLLECTION
G>. Ger[man] agr[arian] st[atistics s[mall] f[armin]g
datiFundin] av[erage] p[easan]try. Deterioration] of livestock.
G. Livestock. TechnicalI productio]n.
7. Mol[ochnoe]
f[armin]g (T[a]b[a]k[o'-vodstko], VINOGr^adarSTVoT/.
8. Cooperation!
9. S[elskoe]'1 population; but by position.
1 Gm. K. Marx "Capital", vol. P1, part 2, Giz, 1930, p. 281, as well as
Vladimir Ilyin. "The Development of Capitalism in Russia", St. Petersburg, 1899, p. 100,
or Lenin, Works, vol. III, pp. 110 — 111.
- See K. Kautsky "The Agrarian Question", ed. 1923, pp. 3 —8.
8 See F. Engels "The Peasant Question in France and Germany"
(there are several editions of the pre-revolutionary and revolutionary period)
and pp. 287 — 300 of this Collection, where excerpts and Lenin's unfinished
translation of this brochure.
4 Sources for this section are indicated by Lenin in the second version
of this work, see pp. 233 — 234 of the Collection.
5 This point in developed form see on pp. 231 —232 of the Collection and in Works,
vol. IV, pp. 189 — 197 and vol. XI, pp. 394 — 402.
6 Nossig Die moderne Agrarfrage, «Revision des Sozialismus»,
Hand II, 1902 (The Modern Agrarian Question, "Revision of Socialism", vol. 1 L
1902). Excerpts from this work see pp. 300 — 301 of the Collection.
7 Parvus. "The World Market and the Agricultural Crisis" ed.
O. I. Popova. St. Petersburg, 1898. Lenin's review of this book s m . Works,
vol. II, pp. 377 — 378.
* Lenin's remarks on the books of Bodrilliara, Sushona and Khlaponkoju
will be placed in the next "agrarian" Collection.
9 See the excerpt "On the Question of Cooperations", p. 302 of the Collection and Works,
vol. IV, pp. 268 — 273.
10 Lenin has in mind the following works: K. Klawky «Ueber Kon-
kurrenzfähigkeit des landwirtschaftlichen Kleinbetriebes» («Landwirtschaft-
liche Jahrbücher», 18 Band, Berlin, 1899, SS. 363 —484) (K. Klawki. "On the co-
competitiveness of small-scale agricultural production", "Agricultural
agricultural yearbooks", vol. 18, Berlin, 1899, pp. 363 — 484);
M. Hecht «Drei Dörfer des badischen Hard», Leipzig, 1895 (M. Hecht
"Three Villages of the Baden Gard", Leipzig, 1895); "Bäuerliche Zustände
in Deutschland», Bd. I, «Die Grenzboten», Leipzig, 1883 ("The Situation of the Peasants
in Germany", in the journal "Die Grenzboten", Leipzig, 1883). Excerpts
from this work see pp. 166 — 181 of the Collection; E. Stumpfe «Der Landwirt
schaftliche Gross-, Mittel- und Kleinbetrieb» ("Large-scale agricultural.
MARXIST VIEWS IIA AGRARIAN QUESTION
22D average and small production"). Lenin's excerpts from this work will be
printed in the second Len. sb. on the agrarian question.
11 «Erhebungen über die Lage der Landwirtschaft im Crossherzogsthum
Bad eu», 1883, I — IV ("Studies of the situation of agriculture in the
great duchy of Baden", 1883) see pp. 180 —190 of the Collection, as well as
Lenin, Works, vol. IV, pp. 240— 245.
12 K. Marx il F. Engels "Manifesto of the Communist Party",
Works, vol. V, pp. 483 — 513.
,s The following articles by K. Marx and F. Engels from
"New Rhineland Gazette": "Draft Law on Feudal Dues" and "Pre
debates on the Polish question in Frankfurt". See Marx and Engels, Works
vol. VI, pp. 338, 383 and 397. Lenin's excerpts from these articles see p. 303
of this Collection.
m Lenin has in mind the article by Marx-Engels, "Manifesto against
Kriege", chapter two, "The economy of the "people's tribune" and his position
in relation to young America", Works, vol. V, pp. 99 — 102.
About this work see Lenin's articles: "On Our Agrarian Program",
Works, vol. VII, pp. 173 — 174; "Marx on the American "Black Repartition"",
ibid., pp. 219 — 224; "The Agrarian Program of Social Democracy in the First
Russian Revolution of 1905 — 7", Works, vol. XI, pp. 377—378, note
"Marx against Krige", Len. sb. V, pp. 125 —126.
15 See excerpts from the decisions of the congresses of the International p. 303 Collection
nika.
,v See F. Engels "The Peasant War in Germany", Giz, 1926,
pp. 13 — 28.
17 Speech is about the debates at the Breslau Parteitag of German Social
democracy. See «Protokolle über die Verhandlungen des Parteitages zu Breslau
vom 6. bis 12. Oktober 1895», Berlin, 1895 ("Minutes of the meetings of the Breslau
party congress from October 6 to 12, 1895", Berlin).
18 See note 3.
19 H. Bötlger «Die Sozialdemokratie auf dem Lande», Leipzig, 1900
;G. Bettger "Social Democracy in the Countryside", Lenitzing, 1900). Excerpts
Lenin from this book see p. 304 of the Collection.
20 See K. Kautsky «Die soziale Revolution». Berlin, 1902. Russian
translation K. Kautsky "Social Revolution", M. 1918.
21 Chernyshevsky's statements about the commune see Sobr. soch. vol. 11, IV
and X, part 1, ed. 1906, St. Petersburg, about V. V. and N.—one see Lenin, Works, vol. I, I,
especially III, in the appendices to which all the literature is indicated.
22 I. Maslov "The Agrarian Question in Russia" vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1903. You
Lenin's excerpts from this work see on p. 307 of the Collection. Assessment of the data given
in the excerpts see in Lenin's letter to Plekhanov, Len. sb. IV,
with, 223.
23 The second essay refers to chapters V — IX of Lenin's work
"The Agrarian Question and the "Critics of Marx"", the content of which, with the addition
of what is marked with a plus sign, is outlined here schematically, see
Works, vol. IV, pp. 222 — 273 and note 91, pp. 584 — 585.

* SECOND VARIANT .
W and 1117
MARXIST VIEWS ON THE AGRARIAN QUESTION IN EUROPE AND
IN RUSSIA \
L. Ooscha yateoriya agr[ arkoju, 6 [o pro ; ca.
\One reading on A)
1. Tsor[iya] assumes]
ka
rt Gi [mjalist] ista ueckoe] z[e- mle]d[el]ie
= tov[arnoe] ir[oiZvodstvo] 4 " n[aemny] tru*
Growth of commercial] a[gricul]t[ure]:
form[ation] of the market of the city (in Eur[ope | n in R[os- oii])
industrial] dev[itne] (Parvus)
m[e]zhd[u]n[a]r[odnaya] tor gowlya] bread.
Forms of commercial] a[gricul]t[ure]:
areas of its specialization------------- — technical] pr[oizvodexample
k[on]centra[tion of mol[ochnogo] f[ozyayist]va f[ozyayist]vakh up to 2 ha:
\ 1 0 3 page.
gt]va
David,
S.
152, note**:
j «Im allgemeinen prosperiert NB
•i n!
d[er]
Gärtnerei, wie X j nerei
Xi î n j d[er] L[and]w[irtsch]aft, der KI[ein]b[etrie]b.
Nach d[er] B[etrie]bszählung v[on]
[18]95 entfielen von 32.540
Kunst- u[nd] H[andels]gärt- nereien.
40% Up to 20 ar
25 »
» 20 — 50 anur» 6% > 2 ha» *** articles
David (and K. Kautsky I) about
Kunst- U; nd ]
Handels£iirt[yukovye notes on the right in the manuscript are written by Lenin in simple
pencil. Ed.
**—note. Ed.
*** — "In general, in gardening and horticulture, just as in
agriculture, small-scale production thrives. According to proMARXIST TO VIEWS ON THE AGRARIAN QUESTION

need in day
The degree of subordination] of the peasant to the m[yn]ku
°/§ monetary] budget.
Usurious j taxes, hax j
I Fall[enis] domestic natri-
I arch[aic] pr[omys]lo» (K. K[autsky] n E[ngels]s)
P[easant]n = nrom[ysh]- lepn|nk and merchant on
% (Kfapital] 111, 2, 3Ï6, Development ] capitalism a i, 1002)
Formation] of the c[las]sa of farmers and tij aemnyhJ s [el ь sco /-.g, o-
zyayshtvennmx] r/nboyoh1 * the beginning of pr[o]c[essa ' K. Ka- ulsky]. S. 27
Kan ntal]
III,
2,
332 K Development] of capitalism 1183)
raznoo6r[ aznye ; F;or]my
/ cf.
st^agyu] s.
6 8 — 70 p'elsko] - agricultural]/ o "sam[ostoyatelnosti
hired] r[aboty| (T [az-\ and "non-independence" devitie] of capitalism j 1206)
\melk[ih] z["eml1e]d[e-zh]]tsev7- (not)1styanie
F[or my
3Le- ^ fragmentation, izmelnanpie mle]vl[a]d[ennya].(R[ aznitne] “
kr eatya]i skih ; uchastkov, capitalism] 212)*
2. Rent theory .
\\'[eg!]-theory** MLrapKVa. R[opta] can] b[yt: only chminmennoi statistics of 1895 from 32,540 gardening and horticulture 10%
up to 29 acres; 25a/0 up to 20 — 50 acres; and "only" in% more than 2 ha."--
David. "Socialism and Agriculture", St. Petersburg, 1908, p. 109. You
Lenin's excerpt is written later at the top of the manuscript, protez
header. Ed.
■ In the manuscript, the entry pn. s.-h. r." and the sources for this section pe
recherknuty slightly with a simple pencil. Rey.
’* — Cost theory. ReO.

Mlehr]w[erlj 9 i.e. from Sur plusprofi G*
Profit*** ( = Mjehr]w[ert]:
Kapjital]).
Average] profit.
K. K[aul-
sky], 6 7 9)
Surplus !pr[o]f[it] from the difference in fertility /.
Differentiale] R[ente] T.
The price of bread is determined] by the f[ud- shim] pr[oizvodst]vom
\ ogr[anichennost! z'em lpi j
I growth of r[yn]ka (
Differentiale] RTente] II: dob[avochnoe] vloz[henie] (cost]) k[apita]la
into the land.
Differentiale] R[ente] grows in mass (b|o]l[