## 1. Plans for the Pamphlet

### 1

1. The workers' struggle in the cities, which many have already heard about.

2. What do the workers want? (Social-Democratic Party. Socialism.)

3. The same[76] for peasants. The oppression of taxes, landlessness, capital, etc.

4. The union of village poor with workers.

5. The agrarian system.

{illusions about "communal principles"}

6. 6½ million union with workers in the cities (and winning over 2 million to their side){142}

7. The deceptiveness of expectations from personal diligence, cleverness, etc., industriousness, thriftiness, etc.

8. Obstacles to the union of these 6½ million:

9. Political disenfranchisement. Struggle with workers for political freedom.

10. – Civil disenfranchisement of the peasant in particular. Joint liability, absence of freedom of movement, attachment to the commune, attachment to the landlord's economy by means of labor rent, debt bondage, land cuts, etc. Σ[77] = remnants of serfdom.

11. The necessity of liberating all the peasantry (both the middle and bourgeois) for the liberation of the poor for their struggle for socialism.

12. Analysis of the demands of our agrarian program.

13. Mistrust of the well-to-do peasantry: whether it will go further or not.

14. Experience with the peasantry in other countries: the betrayal of the well-to-do and middle peasantry after political and agrarian reform.

15. The utilization of this experience for Russia, i.e., the union of 6½ million in advance with the urban worker, with the social-democratic party.

16. This union is beginning now in Europe too.

We in Russia must at once consolidate this bond and thereby ease our entire struggle for socialism.

### 2

1. The workers' struggle in the cities. Struggle against the government.

Its spread and intensification.

2. What do the workers want? They are struggling

* Against. —Ed.

{148 This refers to Lenin's graphic representation of Russia's agrarian system in the form of four horizontal bands: the first—0.1 million landlord economies, the second—1½ million rich peasant economies, the third—2 million middle, and the fourth—6½ million poor peasant economies (see present volume, p. 380).}

8. What remnants of serfdom? Analysis of the demands of the agrarian program.

Land cuts at the end.

in this order:

* Items 1–5 are crossed out by Lenin. —Ed.

The liberation of both the well-to-do peasant and the middle peasant and the proletarian from the yoke of serfdom, liberation for free struggle for socialism.

### 3

(1)       1. The workers' struggle in the cities.

(2)       2. What do the social-democrats want?

(3–6)   3. Wealth and poverty in the village.

(7)      4. The participation of village poor in the workers' struggle.

The union of village workers with urban ones.

(8)      5. The elimination of remnants of serfdom.

(9)      6. Class struggle in the village.

Appendix I (draft program)

Appendix II.

### 4

I. The struggle of urban workers.

II. What do the social-democrats want?

III. Wealth and poverty, owners and workers in the village.

IV. Where should the middle peasant go?

V. The union of village workers with urban ones.

VI. The elimination of remnants of serfdom.

VII. Class struggle in the village.

## 2. Plans and Sketches of Individual Chapters of the Pamphlet

Neither fish nor fowl improved tools, selling the plow and one's soul cooperatives "high profitability" deception = lottery

4 questions

4 questions:

landlords rich peasants

{149 143}

3½ + 3 million poor struggle for money.

Cooperatives "higher profitability" for small production diligence and zeal deception = lottery, attraction upward

4 questions cooperatives {credit and dairy} (German data)

1 "higher profitability"

2 "zeal," diligence, industriousness – pull upward on the ladder

3 one will be lifted up, 10 will be deceived. Lottery...

* Section IV is crossed out by Lenin. —Ed.

V. What improvements in the life of the peasantry do the social-democrats fight for?

(α)        1. The social-democrats are against all the bourgeoisie, all those who live by others' labor.

2. For all improvements in the peasant's life that can possibly be won, for every liberation from the oppression of landlords, the state, officials, police, priests.

(β)        3. Political freedom.

** Items 4–10 are crossed out by Lenin. —Ed.

(γ) Factory laws in the village.

*** The text from the words "working day" to the words "from the workers" is crossed out by Lenin. —Ed.

Moreover, not only for rural workers, but for peasants too: § VI.

Answers of the Populists, social-revolutionaries, social-democrats.

§ VI at the end[78]:

α. 3 demands – β. the union of the interests of the rich and the poor – γ. further land cuts? depends on the rich – δ. socialist revolution – ε: it is important not to demand much, but to take a step toward the union of peasants

1) Agreement will reveal the interests of the rich and the poor.

2) First step: together with the rich, for the most modest demands.

3) The union of village poor by means of committees.

4) Further: the struggle for socialism.

5) Some say: not land cuts, but all the landlords' land.

The poor – socialism.

The rich peasants??

6) One cannot rely on the rich peasants[79].

VII. Class Struggle in the Village.

1. What is class struggle? The struggle of the oppressed part of the population against the oppressors. Struggle against serfdom. – The struggle of the poor against the rich.

2. The peasant movement of 1902. The heroism of the fighters: their great beginning. We must continue. But we must analyze why they were defeated?

3. From lack of consciousness, from lack of preparation. The peasants did not know what to demand. The peasants did not know who their enemy was. The peasants did not see the connection between landlords and the government. The peasants wanted life to be just, according to God's will, without knowing how to accomplish this.

[mistrust]

4. Our answer. Once more: The union of the village and the city against

3 demands together.

5. Practical methods of union and struggle.

Agitation. Circles. Support for urban workers.

§ VII.

1) The peasant movement of 1902.

2) Heroism. Reprisal.

3) How to achieve victory?

4) One must understand clearly. Not God's, – but human.

3 demands.

5) One must prepare a union with urban workers

social-democratic circles.

agitation (leaflets, books).

Class struggle in the village (mistrust of rich peasants).

6) Support for the workers when they begin in the cities.

## 3. Excerpts from the "Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary" and Calculations on Land Ownership in Russia

Vol. 12 "Land Ownership"

Land Ownership in Russia (Encyclopedic Dictionary)

In 49 provinces of European Russia (without the Don Cossack Region)

The state owns of its lands 69.3% forest (100 million desyatinas in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, and Perm provinces). 28.1% uncultivable land and 2.6% cultivable {less than 4 million desyatinas}

Three northern provinces (Arkhangelsk, Olonets, Vologda) belong almost entirely to the state (97, 93, and 83% of the provinces' territory). Two eastern (Perm and Vyatka) – about half (51 and 48%). In these five provinces there are 1,337 million desyatinas of state land (= 88½% of state lands).

Ergo[80]:

estates:

76 thousand large landowners – 85.2 million desyatinas of land + 7.4 million desyatinas – appanages 93 million.

## 4. Distribution of Horses Among Peasants in Rural Communes

1888 and 1891. 49 provinces of European Russia{144}

1893/94 38 provinces: 8,288,987 peasant households – 11,560,358 horses.

1900

Lokhtin, p. 280:

Horses in 50 provinces:

1846 – 16,056,000

1861 – 15,300,000

1870 – 15,611,400

1882 – 20,015,000

1888 – 19,663,000

1898 – 17,004,300

## 5. Calculations and Graphic Illustrations for the Analysis of Class Groups in the Village

### 1

The agrarian system of the "peasantry"

10 million peasant households 14 million horses households

### 2

Approximately 21 million horses total in Russia

### 3

Ownership of land (total approximately 250 million desyatinas)

Written in March–April 1903

First printed in 1932 in Lenin Miscellany XIX

Printed from the manuscript