Date: 1901
Source: ru:LS/v19

Engels' error regarding America (S. 31)
Proprietary interests in agriculture (S. 2, 3).
Peasant — entrepreneur.
("Wortspiel") (S. 4) (S. 5) and S. 8 9.
Small-scale enterprise — and a farm with 2 hired laborers (S. 6, footnote 15)
No class antagonism between small-scale enterprise and hired laborers (S. 6).
About Nebenberwerb (S. 9)
No absolute advantage for large-scale enterprise (S. 40) (S. 60) (60 — 65)
Threshing machines: labor is cheap in winter: S.65
Yields in France S. 49.
Small-scale enterprise is not alien to machines S. 52 (sweeping figures about France). Cf. 81 (stark??)
About the sale of milk: S. 113.
M. Hecht: 68 and 79 and others ("vorzüglich")
Yields in East Elbian and Southern Germany (66).
Auhagen: 70— 1.
Increase in yields after the introduction of the steam plow (67)
У2 4 : benefit of the steam plow!
Among the latifundia in Austria there are model farms: S. 45 (against Bulgakov)
|| America: the absence of parcels allows the use of machines; there is no such low-standing
peasantry (S. 36) and 4 5 .4 4 .
Contra.
Small-scale enterprise applies comparatively more labor (74). The majority of peasants have primitive technology.
Peasant labor-rent: S. 8 9 — 9 0 (! !)
The small landholder resorts to Nebenberwerb:
9 4 cf. 9 2.
Growth in the number of proprietors in France 52 (??)
No rural industry in France 53 (??)
Exaggeration about parcel farming (at < (in number)) 53.
Refutation of Kautsky's assertion about the hired labor of small peasants 55.

Hertz about N. —on etc. (S. 12).
(Cf. Chernov)
Is monetary economy the best path? (S. 20).
Parcel rent — the goal of capitalism:
S. 2/.
Industrialization of production: unfounded
hopes of Kautsky (87 — 8).

Demands must be directly achievable — contra social ownership of land
 (S. 7).
S. 10: about the economic usefulness of capitalism is still debated.
S. 14. Socialism relates to capitalism perhaps in the same way as Russian capitalism relates to patriarchal economy.
I Only a large share! |
Echo of natural-law views: S. 72/3.
Elimination of the contradiction between town and country. S. 76.
In agriculture, the lever of egoism is irreplaceable: 95.
What will socialism do with employees. 93.
About the social revolution: 105.
123: Centralized management of agriculture is absolutely impossible (!!).

The main task of socialism — support for associations (S. 21) and S.8 9.
12t: Associations for small, and for large, socialization.
Associations 120
Associations: "enter" into socialism (111).
Number of members in associations (112)
Dairy associations (112)
Ad t Engels distorts about associations / 2 2 .
2.
"theory"
Р hypotheses

Engels about America
MATERIALS FOR A CRITIQUE OF THE AGRARIAN VIEWS OF V. CHERNOV
about the peasantry and versus the proletariat, large and small production
S Hecht, Auhagen etc.
& recognition of the superiority of large t recognition of Ueberarbeit in small-scale enterprise
х Hertz about French data
Hertz and Narodism
— attitude to socialism
— associations.
* MATERIALS FOR A CRITIQUE OF THE AGRARIAN VIEWS
OF V. CHERNOV.
V.
X
№
X
X
X
X
♦LIST OF ARTICLES BY V. CHERNOV.
Chernov. Types of Capitalist and Agrarian Evolution, Russian Wealth 1900.
4. Art. 1. Types of National Capitalism.
5. Art. II. Types of Agrarian Evolution,
6.
—
8.
—
10. —
19087
Russian Wealth 1900.
^2 And to the question of Capitalist and Agrarian Evolution.
"At the Glorious Post." V. Chernov.
"Peasant and Worker etc."
I — 111. p. 127 — 157

I.
29— 48

II — III
203 — 232

IV
153 — 169

V
201— 239

VI
212 — 258


232 — 248


157 — 197 !


— respectively. Ppô.

670 and 19087
V. CHERNOV. TYPES OF CAPITALIST AND AGRARIAN
EVOLUTION.
№ 4/127: a"For the first time, you plow" in orthodox Marxism
the agrarian question broke through.
129. From Kautsky's book "hardly
devoted to the analysis of figures and facts of agrarian evolution."
130. "Vulgarization"
of Marxism by means of "commonplaces," "templates"
131 — "frozen dogma"
131. Russian non-Marxists "are in good K#"
with "critics" of Marxism.
(134) ".Russian sociological school"
131. The purpose of the article is "to talk about the book
of Hertz"
133. Definition of "capitalism" by Hertz.
135 — 6. Dogmatists think that everyone strives to develop
in the same way, critics — that there are different types of development (lies about dogmatists).
137. Mockery ("evil"?) of Hertz of K. Kautsky: then
England is a model, then — it ceased to be (?).
137 — 8. "Archaism" to assert that Russia will follow the path
of the "West."
— 139. No, they say, common type of "West." (Capitalism in Russia "has earned"). It is strange that people "proud" of the fact that they do not believe in the possibility of Russia bypassing
capitalism, — "are breaking down an open door" (!).
140. The "positive" side does not belong to capital-
ism, not to form, but to content, "combination of forces," cooperation.
141. "Diagnosis" of Ya. —on ...is correct... Distortion of words is a lack
of development of capitalism.
142 —156. "Types" of English, French and German
capitalism. According to Sombart and phrases \.
Further in the manuscript it is written: a(see special sheet)". On the "special
sheet" (arch. № 19087) the following paragraph is recorded below. Ed.
MATERIALS FOR A CRITIQUE OF THE AGRARIAN VIEWS OF V. CHERNOV
Retelling of Sombart in the following taste:
Here is everything: both the "proud, independent, energetic character of the Briton" (143 — 4) and the "solidity"
Chernov of the English bourgeoisie (145) and the "unsympathetic"
(146) of its foreign policy, — and the "passionate, enthusiastic temperament of the Romance race" (149) and the "narrow-
sectarian spirit of the French proletariat" (148)— and "German accuracy" (152).
157. "Guide" (!)— the book of Hertz.
Л? 5/30. The agrarian question was "outside the field of vision of the old
Marxism"...
31 — "for the old Marxism, the agrarian question did not exist at all"...
32. Words of Marx 1861.
33 — 35. The agrarian question at the congresses of the International;
35. Enrollment of Rittinghausen to the "dogmatic Marxists"
(and "solidarized communities").
36— 39. W. Liebknecht (Zur Grund und Bodenfragej) * —
"dogmatic Marxism."
39. "Utopian-negative attitude to the peasantry" ("sin" of "modern dogmatic Marxism ^
40. W. Liebknecht: "community", das Dorf = "natürliche Asso
ziation" *\
41. Agrarian program of Liebknecht in 76.
42. Engels in the article about the German peasant {"Restore the mark")
 "the same solidarized community" (! !)
45. Sieber about the "community" in the "depth of the soul" of the Irish
kingdom.
45. The community as a "means to shorten the path of economic development, to find" "more direct ways of transition to higher forms"...
46. "Progressive is everything that develops and strengthens
peasant farming"—conclusion from Liebknecht.
* — W. Liebknecht ("On the Land Question"). Ed.
** — village = "natural community". Ed.

47. 2 types of agrarian evolution: 1) capitalist;
2)
non-capitalist, with the development of agricultural cooperation.
47. ... "support for the community"....
48. "Theory of non-capitalist evolution of agriculture."
Jtë 6/203. A. Beb[el]: "Unsere Ziele]*, "weaknesses" of his work.
205. Agrarian program of Bebel. (Against the transformation of communal lands into
private.
205. "Erfurt Program" — "analogical
method."
206. Kampfmeier's project 1891 (("alien to straightforwardness".)
207. Voltag in Frankfurt'e 1894.
208. "Work of one's own
family", "cheap rural life" etc.
209. Is it indifferent "in the higher economic sense"
direct and indirect domination of capital?
Form and content of capitalism. Their "contradiction."
Form—anti-social, parasitic principle.
Content—social principle, association.
2/0. Unprecedented explanation of how form "suppresses" content and vice versa.
211. Marx about usury.
Note against K. Kautsky ("all wit")
212. Marx about usury.
212— 3. Marx about Irish tenants.
— Our goals". Ed.
** — on the contrary. Ed.
(
separation
\ / large, ob- labor from own- ( social
[ownership] J \production,
213. Russian labor services — the predominance of the form of capitalism (?) over content.
213. Gumplovich about greenhouse culture in England
(note by N. Karishev).
215. — Marx on the agrarian question.
216. Among the features
of capitalism Chernov indicates "rationalization", but omits the displacement
of serf relations.
218. Marx did not know the true extent of the importance of bio-
logical sciences for agriculture.
218 — 220. Labor period and production time.
220—222. Profit equalization in agriculture is hindered by many things (in particular, non-capitalist producers).
230. Against Fischer, who distinguishes pauperization from
proletarianization: Marx says that the rural worker is always for "pauper".
231. ... "The moral of history"...
231. "From Marx's analysis follows the very same (!! NB\
formulation" ... "in agriculture, the content of capitalism is suppressed by the form", "and therefore there is an especially strong development of the negative aspects of capitalism over (??) positive ones".
i
JE 7/153. 2 "directions" in Marxism and their "eclectic"
combination — an inevitable crisis of "dogma"__
.. .the agricultural crisis hits primarily the most advanced farms__
154. In 48, Marx thought that peasants, since they are fighting capitalism for their economic /
existence, are an element that is absolutely reactionary.

"Daily destruction" of the peasantry.......
Communist Manifesto? S. 13... "destroyed and destroys daily" —
155. In 98, this is "dogmatism and superstition of inertia"...
156. Engels in 94.
157. Engels: Denmark is an example. Conclusion "from Engels":
MATERIALS FOR A CRITIQUE OF THE AGRARIAN VIEWS OF V. CHERNOV

158. a The transitional form (to socialism) is cooperation, based on the community, and not only
capitalism ".
//
159.................. "Another path"... "New theory of agrarian evolution".
159. "Agrarian program" (German])— "its weak sides" "rather doubtful".
160. draft program. Tendency: support for the peasant
community and cooperation.
162. "A number of practical, positive measures that ensure a new path for the working peasantry" — the main tendency of the agrarian program.
163 — 4. Orthodox = Catholic. Capitalism = purgatory ".and the petty-bourgeois (!) peasant, freeing him from the "fanaticism of property" (!). (Smart mockery!)
1G4. Cooperation is the path to capitalism... Likewise, "municipal collectivism"
165. Kautsky allows municipal socialism.
(False!)
166. Kautsky refers to Russian comrades. Who? (hypocrite).
167. K. Kautsky himself found that the peasantry is a
wonderful object for influence (?) "Zickzack kurs" (!!)
169. ... "have not even mastered what Marx has"...
Js? 8/201. "Dogmatists retreated" "from their old position"
"reservation"... 20'f: "The Great Inquisitor of Dogmatism".
202. "Ardent adherents" see in Kautsky's book
(Agrarfrage) "epochemach; endes" *
202. K. Kautsky's book is a capitulation on many
points: a concession to the critical direction.
203. K. Kautsky "yields to Chernov under the pressure of criticism"
(203 — 4):
(1) In England there is no expected disappearance of small production — Communist Manifesto (??)
(2) In America there is no... — Engels in 82 (Manifesto) ?
(little by little] is defeated". Russian translation, p. 9 "everything ])> and ]> perishes" in Chernov]) ("erliegt mehr u[nd]
mehr" Engels in the exemplary translation S. 5 of the Manifesto).
(3) In agriculture, the process is more complex 1 (??? cf. Capital], III, 2, ? )2.
201. a Dogmatic Marxism in the field of agrarian
questions is knocked out of position (!) This is not something to prove.
205 — 6. Speaking of modern large-scale farming
K. Kautsky means "set up most rationally" (206). Incorrect. (False, cf. the places of Kautsky cited by him).
206. (1) Kautsky compares routine peasant
farms with advanced large ones.
206 — 209. M. Hecht: Turn the arguments against Kautsky.
[...the backward small farm is falling, not the modern one. ]
210. (2) Kautsky emphasizes state assistance to small farms, forgets about assistance to large ones (Chernov distorts Kautsky's argument).
211. (3) Ueberarbeit and Unterkonsumption
212. --------- "one-sidedness":
Large-scale farming degrades the farm laborer.
213. Chernov also did not understand Kautsky's argument about the overpopulation of small production.
2/1 — o. The number of small independent farms in agriculture is growing, and the number of proletarians is decreasing
is decreasing.
215. Kautsky does not fundamentally despise that small
farming in agriculture is more profitable than large farming.
216 — 7. Kautsky does not distinguish capitalist large
farming from peasant farming in general "mixing"...
* — Excessive labor and insufficient consumption. Ed.

218. "limitation of the soil"... "Concession" (!!) to the Breslau
polemic.
219. Large production is not always more profitable.
"Concession" to David...
220— /. "It is clear whether there can be any talk of intensification" (during a crisis!)
221. Kautsky ignores that large production is only
higher in grain farming. (Incorrect: S. // 5 Agrarfrage
222—224. Gumplovich: in agriculture there is a tendency towards
individual production.
225 — 6. Chernov is for large-scale farming of associated
producers, does not want to defend the "positive mission of capitalism", but does not have a weakness "for fragmented farming".
227. Mortgage and latifundia (K. Kautsky).
22S. Chernov: "Form" eats up content. There is no unifying action here at all (Regarding latifundia — and
mortgages are incorrect) ("incorrigible dogmatist" K. Kautsky).
229. All the development of agronomy after Liebig for K. Kautsky "passed without a trace*, "(Rudely repeats Marx" (?? K. Kautsky, 51 — 2. Cf.* 211)4.
"Rudimentary view of Kautsky"...
233. "Concession" (against the Erfurt program])— that
small farming is sometimes conditioned (mutually)
by large farming.
23i. "Where has the dogma about the positive mission gone?"
Insufficient viability is shown by capitalism, and not by the peasantry, when capitalism
creates small land ownership.
235. "Will" the village want to be passive? to submit to
the city?
236. K. Kautsky — "eclectic"... (Engels foresaw
war with the peasantry!)
236. "Industriocentrism" of Kautsky.
238. N[ikolai]—on — "remarkable skill and scientific
— compare. Ed.
accuracy", "assessed the importance of the purchasing power of the rural population for industry" (!!!)
238. "Industriomorphism"...
"faded, discolored dogma" of Kautsky, "diluted".......
239. Gatti: Kautsky — "old dogma", "superficiality of view" etc.
Л? 10/212. K. Kautsky — "an attempt at a disguised retreat
of orthodoxy from a number of positions".
— "Dogmatism, bias, stretching, lack of straightforwardness and the search for truth".
213. "Hertz resolutely takes the side of N and
Nikolai j —on".
214 — 5. In the Austrian Alps, the peasants are ruined. They are replaced by hunting grounds of the rich. And this is
"progress"? — asks Hertz (!)
216. 1) areas of mortgages — decentralization. (Hertz).
216 — 7. "Amusing contradiction" of Kautsky: "the proletarian expropriates the owner" (mortgage)
217. Kautsky does not answer a word to either Hertz or May.
219. K. Kautsky
"capitulated" on the question of
America ("but on
219—220. Hertz "with exemplary clarity" refuted "empty
attempts to save the remnants of dogma"..
221— 2. Errors of Liebknecht about France.
223. Hertz about French agriculture: compares by
regions. Hertz is for studying the peculiarities.
224. Einodi: three different zones in Piedmont.
226. Gatti. "Peculiarities of agriculture": 1)
complex means of production. 2) cost of production.
227. 3) "resistance of the natural environment" (!)
229. Marxists have one goal and "a uniform method" (!!!)
2 ways: capitalist cooperative.
252 — 5. And Vandervelde recognizes 2 paths: capitalist
+ cooperative.
233 — 4. Project of the Belgians to socialize dairy production: "without capitalism"!!
234. Collapse of
predictions
of Engels about
Belgium.
[distortion|
MATERIALS FOR A CRITIQUE OF THE AGRARIAN VIEWS OF V. CHERNOV

234—235. Fliegen: (where?) in Holland the development of small
production (terribly exploited by capital).
236. Arnhem (Holland) agrarian program (for
the community).
236. Western European
thought — the same thing that a well-known part of our literature has been saying for a long time.
{Kablukov\
237. "Wonderful", "excellent" works of Kablukov.
237. Agrarian capitalism has not fulfilled its "historical mission" ...
238 — 9. Hertz (and Chernov). Peasant = "just a working
man living from corresponding labor" (of course, not