Date: 1897
Source: ru:LS/v28

Date: 1897
Source: Lenin Miscellany, Volume 28
Pages: 187-199

---

"BREAD IN WORLD CIRCULATION" "Bread in World Circulation," of the Imperial-Royal Ministry of Agriculture, etc. Vienna. U 1900.
This most monumental work (860 + 188 pp. 8° format) presents such a most thorough compendium of the richest data ((a multitude of basic figures)) on the production, consumption, and trade of bread for 1878-1897 (and often more) that nothing similar is known to me. Apparently, the best in this area [NB: Very much from Neumann-Spallart:
"Overview of the World Economy"] (and Juraschek).
I select the most important *)
*) Measures used here — metric centner = 1 double centner. Metric quintal = double centner = 100 kilograms (double centner).
Ton = 1000 kilograms.
So, here a metric quintal is taken = 1 double centner = metric centner.
Acres = 40.467 ares.
Quarter = 2.09 hectoliters.
Pood = 16.379 kilograms.
Cf. p. 8, note 2: 3.674 bushels = 1 quintal ( = 1 double centner).
p. 6, note 2: 1 hectoliter of wheat = 78 kilograms approx. (oats 1 hectoliter = 45 kilograms), etc.
[E.g., p. 271: 49,348 poods = 8,083 quintals].
G 183 ]

* Weltproduktion
[World production in millions
Jahresdurchschnitte
Weizen
Roggen
Gerste
Hafer
Mais
[Annual averages]
[wheat]
[rye]
[barley]
[oats]
[corn]
Total
1878—82
554.5
303.7
176.4
319.7
492.0
1.846.3
83—87
579.7
330.2
182.0
356.9
543.0
1.993.0
88-92
592.0
310.2
191.6
366.6
603.1
2.063.4
93-97
642.7
370.0
214.4
408.7
608.4
2.244.3
Westeuropa [Western Europe]
1878—82
233.4
130.4
102.8
159.3
70.1
1893-97
250.1
145.2
100.5
171.9
74.2 see next page.*
Osteuropa [Eastern Europe]
1878—82
87.6
162.2
43.2
90.6
29.7
1893—97
147.2
209.3
71.0
118.3
37.0 next] page, note] 1*
Westeuropa [Western Europe]
1876-85
10.80
10.17
13.0
11.73
11.23
1886-95
11.16
10.80
13.18
12.01
10.00
Hektarerträge [Yields per hectare]3)
Osteuropa
1876—85
6.99
6.20
6.02
5.08
10.00
1886-95
7.30
6.64
7.78
6.48
10.00
Hektarerträge [Yields per hectare]3)
Vereinigte Staaten [United States]
1876—85
8.35
8.18
12.46
10.00
15.59
1886-95
8.58
7.05
12.66
8.36
14.79
*) Mais in the U.S.[tates]: 379.2; 426.9; 471.4; 465.8 ((i.e. > 75 %))
5) These figures, S. 21, the authors take from the work of Sundbärg, who
Bukovina; the data for 76-85 and for 86-95 mean the amount of
3) These figures, S. 26, also according to Sundbärg, mean Ertrag pro ha
* See p. 188 of the Miscellany. Ed.

((BREAD IN WORLD CIRCULATION»

in Millionen Meterzentner
[in millions of metric centners]
In %
Weizen
Roggen
Gerste
Hafer
Mais
[wheat]
[rye]
[barley]
[oats]
[corn] (S. 37)
Total (S. 39)
Population of Europe, America and Australia
%
440 le. = 100


i 9/!)
17v '


kg per inhabitant


“ о
47 '


in the U.S.[tates])).
who] to Eastern] Eur[ope] includes Hungary, Galicia and
produced] bread 6 kg. per 4 inhabitants .
in Meterzentnern [yield per hectare in metric centners].

Consumption per inhabitant (kg)

Russland
[Russia]
18.6
37.0
Russia o o
1 ISSÜ
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Grossbritannien
[Great Britain]
188.!
164..
171., 167.0
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1878-82 rye
1893—97
1913 *)
Gerste
[barley]
1913 *)
Hafer
[oats]
1913 *)
Mais
[corn]
*) Statistisches] J[ahrbuch] 1915.
These penciled-in figures for 1913 are clearly incomparable, because even for 1893/7 they are much higher.

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10TH PAGE OF NOTEBOOK JX (mi)
[REDUCED]

Europe
Consumption per inhabitant (kg.)
Weizen
Roggen
Gerste
Hafer
Mais
[wheat]
[rye]
[barley]
[oats]
[corn]
1878—82
111.9
89.8
44.0
76.7
36.7
» 83—87
112.4
92.3
42.5
74.5
33.3
» 88-92
108.!
81.9
41.4
70.6
35.3
» 93-97
116.!
91.6
45.2
75.6
34.9
U.S.[tates]


#
The following countries are included *):
Statistisches] J[ahrbuch] für das Deutsche Reich. 1915
Avg.[erage] prod[uction-
Production:
tion of wheat rye
Mill. ztr.
Mill. t.
Millions (dz
[millions of centners] (looo kg)
[double centners])
1878-82
1893—7

1878—82
1893—7
1. Belgium
4-, »•о
Ocho
4-2
5.3
2. Bulgaria
7-4
9.»
1 65
1.9
1.»
3. Denmark
1-2
1*0
0 .2
4.4
4.»
4. Germ[an]y
23.J
29.5
3.97
58.5
70.в o. F[i]nl[and] o .01
6-04
6*004
2.4
3*1
6. Fr[ance]
75.а
84.0
8.7
17.в
16.7
7. Greece
1-4
1.3
?


8. Gr[eat] Br[it][ain]
22., 15.0
1.4
0.4
0.5
Ireland
0 .03
9. Italy
40., 33.2
5*83
1-, 1.1
10. Holl[and]
1-4
1.0
O-!
2-, 3.,
11. A[ustro]-Hung[ary]
37., 52.4
1-в
29.5
31.3
[Hungary]
4.5
*) Underlined countries = a Osteuropa» [aEastern Europe].

"BREAD IN WORLD CIRCULATION"

Europe -f- U.S.[tates]
Weizen
[wheat]
118-2
Roggen
[rye]
79., Gerste
[barley]
41., Hafer
[oats]
82.6
Mais
[corn]
127.5
118.2
80.7
40., 86.!
132.,
ULX
71-s
39.4
83.1
136., 116.!
79.0
41.3
85.7
125.2 (Europe]- f U.S.[tates] (S. 93))
4 first
Europe
U.S.[tates] of bread (4 first breads)
322.2
323.!
314., 325.2
321., 346., 307.8
302., 341.,
322. i
328., 284.5
Statistisches] J[ahrbuch] für das Deutsche Reich. 1915 wheat
C)
rye
Mill. t.

1876/85
1886/95

1878/85
1886/93

0-57
16., 18.5
25., 14., 16.9
22.0
0-27
Om, 22.0
25„
16.0
33., 15., 16.0
14., 17-,
Yu.43
12.7
13.7
20., 9., yu.v
P.,
0*24
10., 11., yu., 9-, yu.v
9., 1.27
11ч
11., 13.,
IO.»
yu.v
10., ?
—
—
—
—
—
—

18.J
20., 21.0
—
—
—
0-OO5
0.,4
S.,
7-4
25., 12.2
_
_
11.4
0-48
16., 18., 24.2
12., 14., 18., 2-70 yu., 10., 13.4
9., 9., 13., 1*34
9., 12ч
12., 8-, 10.2
P.,
(*) For 1913 from «St atistischesj J Lahrbuch] fLür] d[as] D[eutsche] R[eichj 1915». The rest S. 781.

wheat rye
Mill. ztr.
[millions of centners]
Mill. t (= 10«» kg.)
[millions of tons (=1900 kg.)!]
Millions (dz.
[millions of double centners])
1878—82
1893—7

1878—82
1893—7
12. P[o]rt[u]g[al]
1*7
1.»
?
1*3
1*3
43. Rum[ania]
13.4
15-4
2., 1*2
2.!
14. Russia (European] +
Dol[ya])
55.!
112., fcQ

152.0
198.3
15. Sweden — Norway
0.»
1-2
0.2
4.0
5-7
[Norway]
0-08
16. Sw[itzer]l[and]
and
o..
0.!
0.5
0.4 i 7. Serbia
2-4
2-2 .
0.4
O.z
0.3
18. Spain
23.!
24.7
3.0
5.!
4.4
49. Turkey (European])
” •7
5 ., ?
3.3
3 ., Europe
320.o
397.3
2 = 57.0
292.в
354.4
20. Algeria
5.6
6.!
1*о


21. Egypt
4-8
Z.3
?
—
—
22. Argent[ina]
3.8
16.0
5.4
—
—
23. Austr[al]asia
8.5
8.7
2.4
—
—
24. Canada
8.0
11.1
6.3
0.5
0.5
25. «Cape u[nd] Natal» [^Cape
Colony and Natal»]
1.0
0.8
0.!
—
—
26. Chile
4.!
3.0
O.o
--
--
27. India
69.4
62.3
9.0
--
--
28. Jap[an]
3.7
5., 0.7
4.2
8.4
29. Tunis
1*0
1-8
0.!
—
—
30. Uruguay
O.«
1.8
0.!
—
—
31. U.S.[tates]
122.7
124.2
20-8
6.3
6-7
Non-European] countr[ies]
233.0
245.4
2 = 47.4
11.1
15.7
Wel t [World] =
554.5
642.7
104.4 zoz.:
370.4
Lux[em]b[ourg]
0*02
Mexico
0.3
New Zeal[and]
0.!
NB See general conclusions on the next] page * NB
* See p. 192 of the Miscellany. Ed.

"BREAD IN WORLD CIRCULATION"

wheat rye
Mill. t.


1876/85
1886/95

1876/85
1886/95

I
O.O0
—
10., 14-1
—
—
10.5
24.eo
S.,
5., 9., 6., 6-4
8-5
0.5v
13.1
14., 24.3
13.4
14.4
14.!
o.02
17..
16., ^•05
—
—
22., — — 19.s
0*04
—
—
10-7
—
—
8.7 o.,1
—
—
7*8
--
---
9.1 ( West- _
10., 11.0
10.2 yu., t o s t -
E u r ° pa
6-7
7-, 6.2
6-e
8.»
9.2
7-3
7., 0.Q0
7.2
13-7
O-OZ
7 -, 9.0
—
(7-10-16)
8., 0-oe
14.!
12.1
0*oo
—
—
0-04
14.4
13.0
—
6-, 8.3
—
—
—
yu.»
14.4
11., 15.2
?

о
4 .6
8.4
1*06
8., 8., 10.2
8.J
7., Yu.a
0»o2
©
о
Ö
оо
О

General conclusions of the authors:
"As has been stated, grain production in recent decades, in connection with the unequal conditions of population and communications, has developed very differently in individual countries and states. In the center of Western Europe, developing, if one may say so, urbanistically, in England, Belgium, the Netherlands, etc., as a result of the simultaneous reduction of sown area and the relative increase in yield, the production of wheat, rye, barley and corn has decreased, while the production of oats, used mainly for livestock, has increased.
In the remaining areas of Western Europe, except for the border regions, a certain fluctuation is noticeable, the expansion of the sown area has stalled, but the yields have increased significantly, and thus the production of almost all grains continues to increase. In the border areas between Western and Eastern Europe, in Sweden, Poland, Galicia, Hungary, etc., total production increases very significantly due to the expansion of the sown area, and even more so due to the large increase in yield. In Eastern Europe, mainly due to the expansion of sown areas, an extraordinary increase in grain production has been achieved, but only for the main, and not for the secondary grain crops.
NB
NB
Among the overseas regions, too, one should distinguish, on the one hand, those countries which, like the United States, Canada, Argentina and Uruguay, as a result of geographical location or as a result of the development of exchange and their railway network, have become more closely connected with the population centers of Western Europe, and, on the other hand, other countries. The former developed their grain production mainly through the expansion, and sometimes rapid, of the sown area; of the latter, only a few have increased production. As a result of this limited production, Egypt and Japan import grain, Algeria and Tunisia, due to French economic policy, mainly supply France, while India, South Africa and Australia, due to settlement conditions and due to the poorly developed network of communication routes, did not produce constant large surpluses that would exceed domestic needs" (p. 96).

"BREAD IN WORLD CIRCULATION"

General conclusions of the authors:
"As has already been pointed out, grain production in recent decades, in connection with unequal conditions of population density and communications, has developed very differently in individual countries and states. In the center of Western Europe, developing, if one may say so, urbanistically, in England, Belgium, Holland, etc., as a result of the simultaneous reduction of sown area and the relative increase in yield, the production of wheat, rye, barley and corn has decreased, while the production of oats, used mainly for livestock, has increased.
In the remaining areas of Western Europe, except for the border regions, a certain fluctuation is noticeable, the expansion of the sown area has stalled, but the yields have increased significantly, and, thus, the production of almost all grains continues to increase. In the border areas between Western and Eastern Europe, in Sweden, Poland, Galicia, Hungary, etc., total production increases very significantly due to the expansion of the sown area, and to an even greater extent due to the strong increase in yield. In Eastern Europe, thanks mainly to the expansion of sown areas, an extraordinary increase in grain production has been achieved, but only for the main, and not for the secondary grain crops.
NB
NB
Among the overseas regions, too, one should distinguish, on the one hand, those countries which, like the United States, Canada, Argentina and Uruguay, as a result of geographical location or as a result of the development of exchange and their railway network, have become more closely connected with the population centers of Western Europe, and, on the other hand, other countries. The former developed their grain production mainly through the expansion, and sometimes rapid, of the sown area; of the latter, only a few have increased production. As a result of this limited production, Egypt and Japan import grain, Algeria and Tunisia, by virtue of French economic policy, mainly supply France, while India, South Africa and Australia, due to settlement conditions and due to the poorly developed network of communication routes, did not produce constant large surpluses that would exceed domestic needs" (p. 96).