The DEVELOPMENT of CAPITALISM in RUSSIA

Chapter VII. The Development of Large-Scale Machine Industry

X. The Appendage to the Factory

By the appendage to the factory we mean those forms of wage-labour and
small industry whose existence is directly connected with the
factory. These include, first of all (in part), the lumber and building
workers, of whom we have spoken and who in some cases directly form part
of the industrial population of factory centres, and in others belong to
the population of surrounding villages. [1]

Further, they include workers employed on peat bogs—which are sometimes
worked by factory owners themselves [2] ; carters, loaders, packers, and so-called labourers generally, who always
constitute a fairly considerable part of the population of industrial
centres. In St. Petersburg, for instance, the census of December 15, 1890,
registered 44,814 persons (of both sexes) in the group of “day
labourers and labourers”; then 51,000 persons (of both sexes) in the
carting industry, of whom 9,500 are specially engaged in carting heavy and
miscellaneous loads. Further, certain auxiliary work is done for factories
by small “independent” industrialists; in factory centres or
their environs such industries spring up as barrel-making for oil-mills
and

distilleries, [3] basket-making for packing glassware, [4] packing-case making for hardware, the making of wooden handles for joiners’ and fitters’ tools, [5] the making
of brads for footwear factories, and of “tanning” for leather
works,

etc., [6] the weaving of bast-matting for the packing of factory wares (in the Kostroma and
other gubernias), the making of “sticks” for matches (in the
Ryazan, Kaluga and other gubernias), cardboard-box making for tobacco
factories (in the environs of

St. Petersburg), [7] the making of wood-dust for vinegar factories, [8] the
spinning of waste yarn in small spinning sheds (in Lodz), which has
developed owing to the demand created by the big mills, [9] etc.,
etc. All these small industrialists, like the wage-workers referred to
above, belong either to the industrial population of factory centres, or
to the semi-agricultural population of the surrounding villages. Furthermore, when a factory’s work is limited to the
production of a semi-manufactured article, small industries are sometimes
called into existence which engage in treating it further; for example,
machine spinning has given an impetus to handicraft weaving, and
“handicraft” producers of metal goods cluster around ironworks, etc. Finally, capitalist domestic industry is often an
appendage to the factory. [10]

The epoch of large-scale machine industry is marked in all countries by the
extensive development of capitalist domestic industry in such branches as,
for

example, ready-made clothing. We have spoken above of the wide extent of
such industry in Russia, of the conditions peculiar to it and of the
reason for considering it more correct to describe it in the chapter on
manufacture.

In order to give anything like a full description of the appendage to the
factory one needs complete statistics on the occupations of the
population, or monographic descriptions of the entire economic life of
factory centres and their environs. But even the fragmentary data with
which we have had to content ourselves show the incorrectness of the
opinion widespread here that factory industry is isolated from other forms
of industry, that the factory population is isolated from the population
not employed in factories. The development of forms of industry, like that
of all social relationships in general, cannot but proceed very gradually,
among a mass of interlocking, transitional forms and seeming reversions to
the past. Thus, the growth of small industries may express (as we have
seen) the progress of capitalist manufacture; now we see that the factory,
too, may sometimes develop small industries. Work for the
“buyer-up,” is also an appendage to both the manufactory and
the factory. To give a proper assessment of the significance of such
phenomena, we must consider them in conjunction with the whole structure
of industry at the given stage of its development and with the main trends
of this development.

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Notes:
[1]
For instance, in Ryazan Gubernia “at the Khludov factory
alone” (1894-95—4,849 workers, output 6 million rubles),
“as many as 7,000 horses are engaged in the winter in wood-carting,
most of them belonging to peasants of the Yegoryevsk

Uyezd” [11] ( Transactions of the Handicraft Commission , VII, pp. 1109-1110).— Lenin

[2]
Chaos also reigns in the statistics for the peat industry. As a rule this
industry is not classified among the “factory” trades (cf. Kobelyatsky, Handbook , p. 15), although at times it is. For
instance, the List gives 12 peat fields employing 2,201 workers
in Vladimir Gubernia and in that gubernia alone, although peat is
extracted in other gubernias as well. According to Svirsky ( Factories and Works of Vladimir Gubernia ), in 1890 there were 6,038 persons
employed in extracting peat in Vladimir Gubernia. The total number of
workers in Russia employed in the extraction of peat must be many times
greater.— Lenin

[3]
Transactions of the Handicraft Commission , Vol. VI.— Lenin

[4]
Ibid ., Vol. VIII, in Novgorod Gubernia.— Lenin

[5]
Ibid ., Vol. IX, in the suburban volosts of Tula Uyezd.— Lenin

[6]
In Perm Gubernia, near the town of Kungur, in Tver Gubernia in the village
of Kimry, etc.— Lenin

[7]
See Report of the Zemstvo Board of the St. Petersburg Uyezd for 1889 . Mr. Voinov’s report on Medical District V.— Lenin

[8]
Reports and Investigations , I, p. 360.— Lenin

[9]
Reports of Inquiry into Factory Industry in the Kingdom of Poland , St. Petersburg, 1888, p. 24.— Lenin

[10]
In the List we counted 16 factories, each employing 1,000 and
more workers on their premises, which had additionally a total of 7,857
outside workers. Fourteen factories, each with from 50.0 to 999 workers,
employed 1,352 outside workers. The registration of outside work by the
List is quite haphazard and full of gaps. The Collection of Factory Inspectors’ Reports estimates for 1903 a total of 632
work-distributing offices, giving work to 65,115 workers. These data are
very incomplete, of course; nevertheless, it is characteristic that the
overwhelming majority of these offices, and the workers they employ,
relate to centres of factory industry (Moscow area: 503 offices 49,345
workers; Saratov Gubernia—Sarpinka fabrics—33 offices, 10,000
workers). ( Note to 2nd edition .)— Lenin

[11]
The “Khludov Factory,” the property of the brothers A. and
G. Khludov was situated in the town of Yegoryovsk Ryazan Gubernia. The
firm’s full title was: “Yegoryevsk Cotton-Spinning Factory
Co., A. and G. Khludov.” The bracketed data (showing the number of
workers and the value of output) given in Lenin’s footnote were
taken from the List of Factories , St. Petersburg, 1897, Issue
No. 763. [p. 534]