The "Sanitary Survey of Factories and Works of Smolensk Gubernia" (two issues), compiled by D. Zhbankov, gives a detailed description of all large enterprises of the gubernia, as well as their list according to data for 1890. Zhbankov's survey was carefully studied by Lenin, as evidenced by his numerous notes on the pages of both issues of this book.

Lenin studies in detail all the factories and works of the gubernia, compares the author's data with figures from other sources, primarily with the "Index of Factories and Works" for 1890. The list — a list of factories and works of the gubernia — occupies a full 45 pages in the first issue of Zhbankov's survey; the list mentions about 500 enterprises. For each of them, Lenin writes in the margins information on the volume of production (thousand rubles) or data on output in kind (poods, thousands of bricks, thousands of buckets, etc.) and data on the number of workers at these enterprises. In addition, Lenin supplements the list with new factories and works omitted by the author.

On the basis of his own calculation, Lenin found that in Smolensk Gubernia in 1890 there were 264 factories and works; the volume of production amounted to 9,575 thousand rubles; the number of workers — 7,794. The distribution of these enterprises by individual industries is given on page 28. The result of the calculation and the reference to page 28 were written by Lenin at the beginning of the book:

According to the "Index" of 1890, in all of Smolensk Gubernia: 264 — 9,575 thousand — 7,791. See their distribution on p. 28.
452/k and 652/k

SANITARY SURVEY
OF FACTORIES AND WORKS OF SMOLENSK
GUBERNIA
D. N. ZHBANKOV — ISSUES I AND II. — SMOLENSK 1894
AND 1896

Division of factories and works by individual branches of industry:

1. There are 4 cotton-spinning and weaving factories in the gubernia, but the number of workers at one of them, the Yartsevo factory, is so great that it constitutes more than a third of all workers employed in factory-works industry in Smolensk Gubernia. Two weaving factories with 20 workers are located in Gzhatsk Uyezd and two in Dukhovshchina Uyezd, at one of them 25 and at the other, the Yartsevo factory, 3,106 workers...

[ 464 ] "Index" 1890

Text from page: [List of factories, works and industrial establishments of factory-works type of Smolensk Gubernia]
[Column headers: Type of production, Owner, Location, then columns with numbers for quantity, workers, production in rubles, etc.]

[Table entries:]
1. Alabaster kiln. City slaughterhouse. ... 1 ... 3
2. Bag and case binding. Georg and Red. 3 ch. on the bank of the Dnieper. 3 ... 6
3. Pounded cement. Not, Ad. Manulyand. Staro-Peterburgskaya St. ... 1
4. Wax bleaching. ... 1
5. Worshipping. ... 1
6. Wine... ... 1
7. Vodka warehouse. ... 3
8. Vodka warehouse of the monastery. 1 ch. Blagoveshchenskaya St. ... 2
9. Vodka warehouse. ... 1
10. Felted footwear. Kok. Rom. Postukhov. Podyachiy Lane. ... 3
11. Felted footwear. ... 7
12. Tar distillery. ... 2
13. Tar distillery. ... 1
14. Tar distillery. ... 2
15. Tar distillery. ... 4
16. Lime kiln. Ad. Pet. Vakvagina. Tver St. ... 1
17. Lime kiln. Nik. Sem. Semyonova. Same place. ... 1
18. Tile. Pet. And. Budnikov. Prison Lane. ... 1
19. Tile. Al. Dan. Krivtsev. Rachevskaya Sloboda. ... 1
20. Tile. Nik. Vas. Kartsev. Same place. ... 1
21. Brick. ... 2
22. Brick. ... 1
23. Brick. ... 1
24. Brick. ... 2
25. Brick. ... 1
26. Brick. ... 1
27. Brick. ... 1
28. Brick. ... 2
29. Brick. ... 1
30. Brick ... 1
31. Brick ... 2
32. Brick ... 1
33. Brick ... 1
34. Brick ... 1
35. Brick ... 2
36. Brick ... 3
37. Brick ... 1
38. Brick ... 2
39. Brick ... 1
40. Brick ... 5
41. Leather. ... 2
42. Leather. ... 1
43. Leather. ... 1
44. Leather. ... 3
45. Leather. ... 1
46. Leather. ... 3
47. Leather. ... 2
48. Leather. ... 2
49. Leather. ... 3
50. Leather. ... 3
51. Leather. ... 5
52. Leather ... 3
53. Leather ... 1
54. Leather ... 3
55. Leather. ... 4
56. Leather. ... 2
57. Leather. ... 4
58. Leather. ... 2
59. Leather. ... 4
60. Leather. ... 1
61. Leather. ... 6
62. Leather. ... 3
63. Leather. ... 1
64. Leather. ... 2
65. Leather. ... 2
66. Leather. ... 4

[Further entries include: Glue, Dye, Meat, Poultry, Beer, Sausage, Paper, Distillery, Candle, Honey, Mill, Mill, Copper, Soap, Soap, Soap, Soap, Soap, Candle, Tailoring, Sausage, Soap, Match, Match, Mill, Mill, Sawmill, Sawmill, Sawmill, etc., with many entries missing or abbreviated.]

[Later entries:]
234. Tobacco f. ... 4
235. Tobacco f. ... 20
236. Printing shop. ... 6
237. Printing shop. ... 6
238. Printing shop. ... 43
239. Printing shop. ... 7

[End of table fragment]

[Reduced reproduction of page from D.N. Zhbankov's book with Lenin's notes]

When reviewing the detailed descriptions of factories and works by individual industries, Lenin notes particularly striking and typical examples characterising the position of workers in production, the material conditions of their life, etc.

## A. GLASS AND CRYSTAL WORKS

### 1. Voroshilovsky or Yekaterininsky Crystal Works of I.L. Sokolov

... Children are hired at the works only from the age of 12, and not by the works but by the masters themselves, all of whom need assistants and who pay the children wages from their own earnings...

... All huts, with the exception of 4–6, were built a very long time ago, partly by the owners themselves, partly by the workers while still under serfdom. For the construction of huts the workers took money in debt from the landowner and now...

another two or three families pay for their fathers and grandfathers and owe the factory from 60 to 150 rubles. The workers' huts were later (when?) taken away, and no more than 25 rubles were paid for each, whereas their construction cost more than 100 rubles... The huts have 2-4 windows. In all huts it is very cold in winter, and one can only warm oneself near the stove... ... workers are obliged to take all necessary provisions from the shop, since very little cash is given to them, and therefore they are forced to take provisions from the factory shop on credit. Provisions are issued from the shop only twice a month, at the beginning and middle of the month; if a worker needs something at another time, he must earnestly request a special note from the office, on the basis of which the necessary provisions will be issued... All provisions from the shop are sold more expensively, supposedly to cover transport costs, than local prices, for example: pork fat at 23 kopecks per pound, sugar at 19 kopecks, tea at 1 ruble 60 kopecks for 1 ruble 65 kopecks and retail at 1 ruble 68 kopecks, whereas in the shop in the village of Rudnya, one verst from the factory, the price for fat is 20 kopecks, sugar 16-17, etc. Vodka from the tavern is also sold more expensively and of poorer quality: a bottle there costs 40 kopecks, while in the tavern of Rudnya village it is 35 kopecks. The factory gives workers very little money and rarely, no more than 4-6 times a year; only in urgent cases

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I Вязенгкли

ЛКШШСКПИ СКОРНПК
a worker who deserves special trust manages to beg 1-2 rubles at another time. But due to lack of money, in addition to the losses described above, workers suffer a loss of a special kind: shoemakers, peasants who cultivate their meadows, etc., workers pay not with money, but with products taken from the factory shop; these products are accepted from them in payment at a cheaper price, for example: 1 lb of sugar for 14 kopecks instead of 19 kopecks paid by the workers themselves, a pood of rye flour instead of 75 kopecks for 50 kopecks, etc.

7/. New Kherebuzhsky Crystal Factory
P. A. Sokolov
... in many huts the ceilings leak, many windows are broken and boarded up, the floors have completely subsided, the boards wobble, and from the cellar, into which liquid flows from the yards, a stench comes into the huts ...
NB

III. Mariinsky Kamenetsky Crystal Factory
P. L. Sokolov
i.e., and for firewood and for the apartment?
Probably only for the apartment. See p. 72
... All machines are powered by water, for which belt drives go to the wheels; these drives go at the top and in those parts where they descend to the wheels, they are quite low and at the slightest carelessness can hit the head of even a medium-height person passing by. The polishing room is a small compartment where three grinding machines stand, also driven by belts; under these machines it is very dirty. There are up to 150 workers in this department...
... There are no factory baths, only the workers themselves, as in Derebuzh, have built 10-12 baths, which are used by all workers, washing several families at a time. All huts are factory-owned, with firewood provided, and for this the factory deducts 1 ruble per month per family if there are two families in one hut, or 2 rubles when one family occupies the entire hut. The huts have small vegetable gardens for the workers; a little farther from the huts there are more extensive gardens for potatoes...

UNIFIED STUDY OF FACTORIES AND PLANTS OF SMOLENSK PROVINCE 471
Internal rules ...
5. Use of vegetable gardens, pasture, and meadows is free; for apartments, 2% of wages is charged, and for firewood, 5 rubles per cubic fathom.
6. For faulty work, violation of order, the guilty are subject to a fine of 1 to 3 rubles at the discretion of the administration, depending on the seriousness of the offense.
11. The factory has a store from which workers, if they wish, can take necessary food items at local prices.
U. Priselsky Glass Factory at the village of Leshchiki
J. .7. Gurevich
... Wages are paid twice a month, but most receive not money but provisions; only the Vilna dish masters receive money weekly and buy supplies in Roslavl, for which they hire a cart, and yet, despite this expense, all food supplies cost them cheaper than from the factory shop...
There is no school at the factory, and therefore illiteracy among boys is much higher than at other factories. Workers stated that they themselves would not mind making a certain contribution for the maintenance of a school.
G. Norzhansky Glass Factory
A. K. Mukhin
Internal rules...
6. On holidays and Sundays, workers living in factory premises may leave in summer and winter whenever they wish. On working days and hours, they may leave work only with the permission of the manager.
* very brief! Ed.
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LENIN MISCELANNY
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U11. Novoselsky Glass Factory
S. Nechaeva-Maltseva
Internal rules...
11. Workers who, by striking among themselves, cease work with the aim of forcing the owner to increase their wages or change other conditions are subject to legal liability; especially strictly pursued are the instigators and inciters.
G. CHEESE-MAKING ESTABLISHMENTS
/. Cheese-making establishment of M. A. Meshcherskaya at the village of Dugino
Information about workers. All workers, except the head cheesemaker, 20 on the first and 9 on the second farm... The number of working hours for cheesemakers is difficult to determine, as the work is irregular and continues around the clock, but usually in snatches and they take turns resting and spend about 7-8 hours on dinner, breakfast, and sleep, therefore, working hours will be 17-16 per day. Holidays are not observed; cheese making and care for it in the cellars must be carried out daily...
Cheese-making establishment of Mrs. Jukler
... For churning butter, there are two machines, one hand-operated and the other driven by a treadwheel; the treadwheel is a large wheel set in motion by two women who, standing on the wheel itself, make stepping movements and, without moving from the spot, tread and turn the wheel...

Lenin everywhere calculates how many working days per year there are in one or another enterprise. On the basis of the internal rules of the oil mill of the Khokhlov brothers (issue II, p. 192), Lenin calculates the holidays listed in paragraph 0 and determines the number of non-working days (holidays and Sundays): 33 — 52 (? obviously) = 85