Date: 1896
Source: ru:LS/v33

"A Review of the Perm Region" represents a voluminous work, containing an outline of the handicraft industry of the province according to the data of the household handicraft census of 1894/95; the book has over 600 pages (together with tables and diagrams).

A detailed analysis of the materials of this handicraft census of Perm is given by Lenin in a special article in the collection "Economic Studies and Articles" (Works, vol. II, pp. 195-276).

In "The Development of Capitalism in Russia," Lenin repeatedly refers to the materials of the Perm handicraft census and cites from his article the factual data he processed about the Perm "handicraft workers."

Lenin's remarks on this book show two sides of the study of the handicraft census data: the study and processing of rich factual data and a sharp critique of the Narodnik views of the authors of "A Review of the Perm Region."

In the table of contents of the book, Lenin makes various notes against some of the listed trades (leather, mining, copperware, etc.); against the chest trade in the table of contents there is a question mark and NB. At the end of the table of contents, Lenin writes:

Total 43 trades.
S/s
REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION.
OUTLINE OF THE STATE OF THE HANDICRAFT INDUSTRY
IN THE PERM PROVINCE. - PERM 1896
INTRODUCTION
... it is naturally the duty of local public bodies to ensure that
the work of the entire Russian land is given as complete material as possible, not only by
exhibits of local trades, but also by their proper illumination, in the form of a special study for this purpose, which in relation to the handicraft industry of the Perm region was carried out
in 1894/5 at the expense of the Perm provincial zemstvo.

We contrast the handicraft form of production with the capitalist form, assuming the following fundamental difference between them: in the first, labor owns the instruments and materials of production and, at the same time, all the results of labor in the form of products

LIE
pp. 24, 26, 27
NB !!
ha-ha-ha dear Donist:
of production, which through exchange are converted into money or equivalent consumer goods, constituting the property of labor; in the second, the entrepreneur owns the instruments and materials of production, and production itself is carried out by wage labor ... the entrepreneur ... acquires as his property a certain part of the exchange value of the products, called profit ...
... the handicraft
form of production, compared with the capitalist form, existed in the following relatively unfavorable, and in part directly ruinous, conditions for it. Firstly, the handicraft worker, in comparison with the capitalist entrepreneur, did not enjoy... normal credit ... Secondly, the handicraft worker, working alone, did not enjoy the benefits of the concentration of labor power ...
The products of the handicraft worker, ... prepared from materials acquired mainly
on the spot ...
~ ч~^ГТГ^ГThe tendency to exploit the labor of others is undoubtedly inherent in all people in general, including the handicraft worker!
г
s
... The handicraft worker with wage laborers is sometimes put on the same level as the kulak... in the most absurd way... This definition does not fit the handicraft worker with wage laborers, but the possessor of money capital, ... being essentially alien to production itself... The forms of kulakism are very diverse:
we include usurers, buyers of products ..., assembly workshops, stores selling handicraft products, etc. in this category.
Kulakism, nevertheless ... is a necessary wheel in the mechanism of exchange of handicraft production. Without the mediation of money capital, the handicraft industry would cease to exist ... the point is not the kulak, but the lack of capital among the handicraft workers ... In general, kulakism
in relation to the successes of the handicraft industry should undoubtedly be recognized as a benefit...
It is precisely in eliminating these conditions that give rise to kulakism or, even worse, complete lack of money,
that the task of handicraft credit and cooperative organization of exchange between production and consumption lies.

REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION
Handicraft, alienated from agriculture, loses its most solid protection in competition with industry on capitalist principles ... non-agricultural handicraft...
... in the Perm region, non-agricultural handicraft workers, concentrated mainly in factory areas, are by no means proletarians, but householders, both owners of handicraft establishments and their wage laborers, — householders who have not only their own corner to live in, but also their own gardens, hayfields, and common pasture...
^~^ГТГ^1In addition to the two groups explained above, the division of the handicraft contingent was also accepted into
... : a) for free sale . . . , b) to customer-consumers
and c) to customer-buyers... In both subgroups of production to order, raw materials are implied to be mainly given by customers.
Understanding by handicraft work from finished raw materials ... in
the second of the indicated subgroups, we investigate, properly speaking, mainly the preparation of raw materials, the transitional stage from craft to handicraft industry in the strict sense of the word. As for the third subgroup, the very purpose of production, the preparation of products and goods
for free sale, shows a purely handicraft-industrial type of production, but, due to the lack of working capital among the handicraft workers of this subgroup, these handicraft workers are only in hopeless dependence on the so-called kulakism of various kinds, supplying the handicraft workers with raw materials ...
... If in such establishments * we find a disproportionately larger, compared with small ones, family income, then we must not lose sight of the fact that a significant part of this income is, mainly, the reproduction of the value, firstly, of a certain part of the fixed capital that has passed
into products, secondly, of labor and the costs of trade-
cf. definition of handicraft worker pp. 3 - 4 - 5 t
* "handicraft establishments with large turnovers, with a large number
of wage laborers." Ed.

LENIN'S COLLECTION
transit character, not involved in production, and, thirdly,
the cost of food for those wage laborers who are kept on the master's food. These facts limit the possibility of some illusions regarding an exaggerated idea of the benefits of wage labor in handicraft production, or, what is the same, the capitalist element.
families, and wage laborers?
craftsmen:
3.8 2 1 + 6 0 4 =
= 3.425:72 =
= 1.757 *
The method of research adopted on the ground was household ... The organization
of the statistical registry ... was entrusted to ... the district
chiefs ...
The household study of handicraft trades
of the Perm province, carried out in 1894/95, extends to all districts of the province ... in some
cases, a household study was required only in relation to typical
handicraft establishments...
in cases where it was required to show with possible ...
completeness the totals extending to the entire province, we supplemented the census data ... with derived
quantities, compiled on the basis of averages... Families in which there are handicraft
trades... are determined in the amount of 8,991; the number of families accepted by us in one way or another to fill the gaps in the census reaches 3,484. Thus, in the total number of handicraft-
industrial families (12,475), the number of those currently surveyed by household is 72 70... this accounting
of handicraft did not include peasant women who make canvases, broadcloths, etc. for sale ...
* Lenin here determines the total number of craftsmen in the province;
the numbers 2,821 and 604 are taken by Lenin from the table on pp. 45 and 46; they
express the number of handicraft workers working for customers; adding them together,
Lenin determined the number of craftsmen covered by the census (3,425);
on the basis of the source's indication that the census covered 72% of all handicraft
workers, Lenin calculates the total number of craftsmen — 4,757. ReO.

REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION
Number
Districts
Families in which there are handicraft trades
Persons of both sexes included in these families
Residents of both sexes in the districts, with cities, as of
January 1, 1895
Percentage of handicraft population to the total by district
Author's groups
Kungur
1.733
8.523
132.750 6-4% (p. 31)
Krasnoufimsk
1.587
9.074
248.598 3.Lo
Osinsky
1.708 10.169
293.167 3-4в%
Shadrinsky
1.479
7.988
332.189 2.,%
I
Yekaterinburg
1.910
9.267
408.698 2-20%
I
Solikamsk
4.357
220.615
1-otVo
Okhansky
5.226
268.958
1.04%
Irbit
2.211
152.658 US/o
Verkhotursky
3.255
242.143
1-34%
Cherdynsky
1.210
99.915
1-180/o
II
Kamyshlovsky
2.860
259.732
1.03 %
III
Perm
2.146
249.158 ®"8 0% п
Total for the province
12.475 66.286 2.908.571
2.908.581
2-27%
These data ... determine the central region of the handicraft industry of the Perm
province ... i.e. the entire south of the Trans-Urals ...
Districts by region
Number of handicraft workers
Total and "
Expressed in % % * for each district separately. number of handicraft
workers engaged in processing and "
3 2
° Е?
2 о
Is
о н cd cd с. а
Total
15.258
5.183
25.з°/о
20.441
X
в з м а
® Sи cd с н «
® 3
For the entire province
= ioo%
5.183 : 20.Ш :
= 25.,

... we will draw parallels across the districts, showing the ratio of the number of handicraft workers engaged in:
a) processing animal products — with the resources of animal husbandry and agriculture, b) plant materials — with the resources of forestry, and c) metals — with the productivity of the mining and metallurgical industry ...
Expressed for each district separately in % % relative to the general
figures for the entire province of the number
Districts
Handicraft workers engaged in processing animal products
Heads
[
of livestock
Acres sown with main grains
Kungur
27., 1
0.4
Shadrinsky
•24.8
!> «s.» и.., \ 25-.
13., 29.
Yekaterinburg (7
» J
8*2 Ji
Osinsky '•i ]
10.711
I V
Okhansky
6.5
10., 13.0
Solikamsk
4.8
2 5 ., 8 ,; б .
51.; Krasnoufimsk
3-5
10., 8.7
Kamyshlovsky
2.9 ; O-з .
1V
Perm
•2., “ о
3-7
Irbit
1 .р “ з
7., Verkhotursky
1,
7., 3.0
Cherdynsky
0.1
2-s
Throughout the province
MO.„
100.0
100.0

REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION
From a detailed description of the trades, it will be seen that the relatively high degree of development
of production based on the processing of animal products is mainly ensured by imported raw materials, for example, in the Kungur and Yekaterinburg districts — raw hides, processed by local tanneries and handicraft tanneries, from which, in fact, the material for the boot production, the main
of the handicraft trades in these districts, is obtained; in the Shadrinsky district, the imported raw material is wool, which provides material for the main trade of the district
felt boot making...
NB
Expressed for each district separately in ° /o % relative to the general
figures for the entire province
Districts
Number of handicraft workers engaged in
Amount of acres
Processing plant products
Mixed, mainly forest, trades of forests
according to land taxation data
Osinsky
-2Г..3)
!
1б.3 w 1
Yekaterinburg
I
20.в !
<»., > 20.7
Okhansky ю.8
8-8 з.„
Krasnoufimsk
10.2
—
6.7Ji
Shadrinsky
0.8
2.8
1.3
Perm в..
—
9.1
Kungur
5.?
—
3.8
Solikamsk
5.2
15.0
Я-3
Irbit
4-9
1.3
2.2
Kamyshlovsky
4., 4.0
2.3
Verkhotursky
2-3 «•в
•25., Cherdynsky
0-1
—
26.4
Throughout the province юо.0 j
2 = 7 3 .з
ЮО.0

... Some restrictions on the construction of handicraft fire-operated workshops in mining
areas are the main obstacle to the development of metalware trades in mining
districts ... The population, through generations accustomed to mining, continues to develop its customary skill in the form of handicraft
industry, using, if necessary, imported raw materials ...
Number of handicraft workers, distributed according to the nature of the sale of products they mainly
Districts
For free sale
To buyers i
7ю regions
Families
!
Wage laborers
Total
Families
Wage laborers
-----------------
Total
!
A. Cis-Urals
Kungur
1.002
1.148
Krasnoufimsk
Osinsky
1.094
443 1.537
Okhansky
1.027
3 ; Solikamsk
—
—
—
Cherdynsky
—
—
!i
Perm
B. Trans-Urals
Shadrinsky
1.205
1.531
Yekaterinburg 1.357
600 1.957
1.2071
Irbit
IZ
6 !
Verkhotursky
230!
Kamyshlovsky
—
Total
5.936 2.665 8.601
4.245
1.555 5.800 zo.,%
20.8% 26.8% i

REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION
to the essential nature of the sale of products and goods made in different districts according to the nature of the sale of products
To customer-consumers 'i
!
Total to the nature of the sale of products and goods
vee eeV.
X3
£ and
©
!
в
I
ee
eeO,
X3
th and
©
S
h 58
O ee aokv
Bb
te
in© a
B F
in I tr g p C eeand
2 ®
•Q
I 9
I 9 (h
» h o
2 o.
I©
2 r ee o on
I
o
3 I I o o ee o, et ta p ee o
To o k ü
To o in
C5
a I
!
2.111
2.600
1.415
2.160
35.2
Z8.3
26.5
1.081
2.409
3.223
1.2*26
1.722
1.7
Z9.3
1.084
1.103
1.194
1.238
1.971
2.490
2.685 1.155
3.840
3*2
6*2
1.9
54.7
20., 1 32 g15.077
6.040
15.258 5.173*) 20.441
41.,**)
28^ “ a
15.e%
5,183
25 %
42., in groups of handicraft trades: "For free sale" and "To buyers"; see Works, vol. II,
p. 203). Ed.
I
J
I
II
III
II
I
I
II
II
III
*) error:
should be 5.183
**) See misprint? ?
1.220 — wage laborers = 29.3%
14.401 total*.
Wage laborers — 5.183 handicraft workers working for the buyer, —4.2 io =
= 9/128=46.,%

Districts
Expressed in o/o0^ of the number of handicraft workers working:
°/o wage laborers (p. 35)
To the market
To customer-consumers
Group I: Shadrinsky
Kungur
Yekaterinburg
Krasnoufimsk
82
73.5
26.3
Osinsky Group II: Verkhotursky '9.7
20.3
Perm
Irbit
Okhansky
60.7
Z9.3
Cherdynsky
Group III: Kamyshlovsky
Solikamsk
Districts
Number of persons of both sexes in families engaged in handicraft trades
Percentage of the number of persons of both sexes in families by district,
engaged in handicraft trades
! .
place in the development of handicraft trade (p. 37)
Having their own arable!
farming
Not having their own arable land
Total
Having their own arable farming
Not having their own arable land j
Verkhotursky
Krasnoufimsk
2.427
3.255
25.4
74.,
2.579
6.495
9.074
28.4
71.,
Kungur
Yekaterinburg
2.144
3.206
5.350
3.075
4.584
7.659
40.5
59.,
Perm
1.452
1.934
74.8
25.,
Okhansky
3.517
4.320
81.4
18.,

REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION
place in the development of handicraft trade (p. 37)
Districts
Number of handicraft workers. families and !
wage laborers personally participating in production
1 Percentage distribution of
[ handicraft-labor contingent by district
Yekaterinburg
4.440
17.0 \
Kungur
3.708
14.3 ! « . 7
Osinsky
3.615
13.4 )
■68.3
Shadrinsky
3.145
1*2.!
Krasnoufimsk
3.049
11.7 f
Okhansky
1.966
7.6
Verkhotursky
1.747
6*7
Solikamsk
1.315
5.1
Kamyshlovsky
96*2
3.7
Perm
3-5
Irbit z , Cherdynsky
Is
Total
26.084
Districts
Number of persons of both sexes in families engaged in handicraft trades
Percentage of the number of persons of both sexes in families by district,
engaged in handicraft trades
Having their own arable farming
Not having
{
their own arable land
Total j
Having their own arable farming
Not
having their own arable land
Kamyshlovsky
2.040
2.350
86., 13.2
Osinsky
7.690
1.034
8.724*
88.!
I l s
Shadrinsky
5.832
5.996
97.3
2.7
Irbit
1.338
1.366
98.„
Solikamsk
3.958
4.012
98., 1-3
Cherdynsky
—
—
Total
34.653 19.587 54.240
63., 36.!

Districts
Number of families in which l-ä year n© (I o** n©•h съ
»
years
N©
«
H
,
Qj
Х>
Krasnoufimsk
Okhansky
168 !
Perm
Osinsky
Verkhotursky
25 j
Kamyshlovsky
70, Shadrinsky
253 !
Cherdynsky
—
—
8,'
Yekaterinburg
• 86
Kungur
Irbit
!
36 i
Solikamsk
;
109 j
Total
!
î
i
!
1.48:) f i
Г
р
у
Number of wage laborers per handicraft family:
I
Subgroups
Total
Total
0.73
0.23 o.57
0-48

REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION
II
II
II
III
И
II
III
Number of establishments founded
Before 1845
1845—55
55—65
65—75 1.339
75—85 2.652
85—95 3.469
8.884 p p s
0.,:
Subgroups
0.4.
O-в:
Total
0...
Total for both groups o.a

Subgroups
1) for
free sale
2)
to the consumer
3) to the buyer
Number of families personally
Groups
!
Subgroups
Male
Working age
Adolescents
!
Children
Old age
Total i
I
3.072
3.739
3.498
4.015 i
1.351
1.634
Total
7.921
9.388
H
Î
1.174
1,487
1.479
1.705
Total
3.293 i
3.972 j
Total for two
I
groups
11.214
1.078
13.360
!
Percentage of boys personally participating in handicraft production:
In the 1st group: subgroup 1st
3.0% o 2nd
1.«%
)) 3rd • • . . . 3.g®/o
In the 2nd group:
»
1st............ o.5%
» 2nd
3.7 %
» 3rd
1,°/в

REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION
labor participation in handicraft production
Female
I *
H
!
with
1 1 o rt o
;
r £ r t f
*< SS p
ZT ^ rt p o
H .1
with ^
CZ aq
-
S o
4 7
2 3 i
!
u
4 .2 0 1
1 1913 1
4 .1 1 6
3 5
•2
i
!
1 .9 5 7
II____________
1 “
8 3
3 5
2 5
1 0 .3 0 1
2 0
1 .6 1 8
9 0
—
3 7
1 7
2 .2 3 3 (
1 2
3 2
4 .7 6 2
1 .4 5 8
4 8
5 7
1 .7 0 6 i
1 5 .9 6 6
G R
Number of wage laborers:
Annual
Fixed-term
Piecework
Daily
I
Subgroups
1 2 I 3 y
U
p
m
!.
I
Total
I
4*23 1 6 1
2 8 4 '
2 6 2 1.1231
Total
1 .7 5 3
6 8 1 5 9 4 3 .0 2 8
Subgroups
4 2
6 5
Total
9 5
7 5 0 2 8 2 8 4 4 1 .8 7 6 '
1 .4 9 6
1 .8 1 2
1 .2 1 7
4 .9 0 4 o — 6.158 -
-f- 2.311 wage laborers
1 - 3 = 3.881-!-
-f- 1.591 wage laborers
?? Iran see my table *
* Works, vol. II, p. 213. l^eô.
Lentsinsky collection xxxiii

Number of families personally participating in trades
!
Number engaged in handicraft
Group I i
Subgroups
Ntoto
5 or more families i
!
63)
1.856
1.108
1.729
3.270
None
Total
2.285
2.821
1.013
6.119
;
Number engaged in handicraft
Group I
Total o
I
Without wage laborers |
With 1-M
D
»
» 2-M g> g>
» 3-M
»
»
g> 4-M g> g> g> 5-th g)
»
» 6-th
»
»
g> 7-th
»
g>
g) 8-th
»
»
1.585
2.331
4.678
» 9-th
» 10-th
»
»
and more
Total
2.285
2.821
1.013
6.119
G
Number of families with wage laborers t
1.441
Number of wage laborers
1.753
3.028
* The number of family and wage laborers by individual groups of industrial establishments (or families) is calculated by Lenin independently;
the source gives only the total number of workers 15,006 (table on p. 48)
and 4,904 (p. 50); from this sum Lenin subtracted the number of workers in establishments

REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION
trades of families, by groups and subgroups
G roup A II
Subgroups
;{
Total
1.333
1.517
2.872
2.770
4.787
8.991 trades of families, by groups and subgroups
Group II
Total o
I '
*
®o © o o .ga « IAOQ
1.889
6.567
1.537
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.333
2.872
8.991
2.424
1.876
4.904
Number of family workers *
929: 160 = 5.«
1.116
2.69 ï
5.5/10
4.787
2 = 14.137
+ ?
15.066
15.066
Number of wage laborers *
1.537
4.904
2 = 3.952
> 1.242 wage laborers in 85 establishments
[per 1 establishment on average
14.6 wage laborers]
*) 4.904—3.952=952
:44=21.6 with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 workers (14.137 and 3.952). Thus, he singled out the number of workers in establishments
with 5 or more families and 10 or more wage laborers
workers (929 and 952). Lenin then determined the average number of workers in these
groups of industrial establishments (929 : 160 = 5.8 and 952: 44 = 21.в). Ed.

±28
DGNINSKY COLLECTION
Total 2.424 establishments with wage laborers, in them 4.90\ wage laborers, including in 129 establishments — L 4 6 2 wage laborers, and in MO establishments — 2.153 wage laborers, and in 1.99\
establishments — 2.151 wage laborer.
5 5
V î
The first subgroups in both groups of handicraft workers, as working for free sale, represent
the class of them that is most secure and prosperous in economic terms. If the personal labor participation in the production of families did not constitute the basis and strength of
handicraft, if the handicraft worker gravitated only towards profit, the sole impulse of kulakism, and not
towards strengthening and developing his production, using all the forces of his family, then we would have the right
to expect in this V subgroup of establishments the smallest percentage determining the number of se57
E = 10.309
Number of handicraft workers, families and
Group a
I
Subgroups i
!
Total
January
2.795
3.269
2.338
8.402
February
4/186
2.106
1.030
1.530 î3)
8.122
March
2.134
3.525
2.245
7.904
April
2.136
3.027
1.497
6.660
May
3.111
1.359
1.743
6.213
June
1.960
1.937
2.184
6.081
July
1.770
1.777
1.407
4.954
August
UI72
4.987
4.611
September
1.696
2.815
1.987 (2)
1J34
5.645 ( October
2.649
3.196
1.604
7.449
November
13.444
4.356
1 2.5091
9.309
3.356 t1)1
December
2.552
3.858
2.911 i
9.321

REVIEW OF THE PERM REGION
families who have given their labor to production. The given- direct falsehood*)
data and calculations give a firm basis for eliminating
this identification of the interests of handicraft and kulakism, since it is precisely in the 1st
subgroup of both groups that the percentages of handicraft establishments with the largest number of families
personally participating in handicraft production prevail.
the author means the highest percentage of establishments with 3 —5
family workers
*) It is precisely in the 1st subgroup of both groups
1) the highest percentage of establishments with wage laborers,
2) the highest percentage of establishments only with wage laborers,
3) the largest number of wage laborers per 1 establishment (p. 51),
\) the highest °/o of wage laborers, o the largest number of family workers per 1 establishment.
wage laborers employed arbitrary by months go ni
G ruipa
II
Total for both groups
------ m a x im u m
But ruipy
Total m in im u m (*2)r>
!
with o 2 pam
2.350
2.445
1.014
5.859
14.211
1.520
2.477
1.882 i
5.888
14.010
? misprint
1.081
2.598
1.110
5.689 i
13.593
1.078
2.300
!
1.000
4.378
11.038
1.080
2.414
4.263 j
10.476
1.044
2.621
1.203
4.868
;
10.949
2.539
1.181
!
4.677
9.631
1.731
1.188
:III 4 i
[
^ '/Ch/'
8.455
? misprint
1.993
1.085
3.902
9.547
3.004
2.875 i
1.693
1.819
5.452
5.686
12.901
14.995 misprint
14.995=5.686
1.274
3.221
1.243 i
5.738 i
15.059
+ 9.309

(M The basis for attributing the misprint precisely to column 2 is that,
that for the remaining columns, subtracting 1,000 would give a decrease
in the number of workers compared to October, which is unlikely (although it exists
in II 2!!).
(2)
The basis is that the maximum 4,987 would be much higher than the actual number of workers (2,551).
... we will give data and calculations that determine the land trade
Trup
!
Subgroups
B In 1894, there were acres under crops:
winter spring 6.677.5
9.705.75
6.9*22.!