V. I. Lenin

The Chief Task of Our Day [1]

Thou art wretched, thou art abundant, Thou art mighty, thou art impotent
— Mother Russia! [2]

Human history these days is making a momentous and most difficult turn, a turn, one might say without the least
exaggeration, of immense significance for the emancipation of the
world. A turn from war to peace; a turn from a war between
plunderers who are sending to the shambles millions of the working
and exploited people for the sake of establishing a new system of
dividing the spoils looted by the strongest of them, to a war of
the oppressed against the oppressors for liberation from the yoke
of capital; a turn from an abyss of suffering, anguish, starvation
and degradation to the bright future of communist society,
universal prosperity and enduring peace. No wonder that at the
sharpest points of this sharp turn, when all around the old order
is breaking down and collapsing with a terrible grinding crash,
and the new order is being born amid indescribable suffering,
there are some whose heads grow dizzy, some who are seized by
despair, some who seek salvation from the at times too bitter
reality in fine-sounding and alluring phrases.

It has been Russia’s lot to see most clearly, and experience most keenly and painfully the sharpest of sharp
turning-points in history as it swings round from imperialism
towards the communist revolution. In the space of a few days we
destroyed one of the oldest, most powerful, barbarous and brutal
of monarchies. In the space of a few months we passed through a
number of stages of collaboration with the bourgeoisie and of
shaking off petty-bourgeois illusions, for which other countries
have required decades. In the course of a few weeks, having
overthrown the bourgeoisie, we crushed its open resistance in
civil war. We passed in a victorious triumphal march of
Bolshevism from one end of a vast country to the other. We
raised the lowest strata of the working people oppressed by
tsarism and the bourgeoisie to liberty and independent life. We
established and consolidated a Soviet Republic, a new type of
state, which is infinitely superior to, and more democratic
than, the best of the bourgeois-parliamentary republics. We
established the dictatorship of the proletariat supported by the
poor peasantry, and began a broadly conceived system of
socialist reforms. We awakened the faith of the millions upon
millions of workers of all countries in their own strength and
kindled the fires of enthusiasm in them. Everywhere we issued
the call for a world workers’ revolution. We flung a challenge to the imperialist plunderers of all countries.

Then in a few days we were thrown to the ground by an imperialist plunderer, who fell upon the unarmed. He compelled
us to sign an incredibly burdensome and humiliating peace—as tribute for having dared to tear ourselves, even
for the shortest space of time, from the iron clutches of an
imperialist war. The more ominously the shadow of a workers’ revolution in his own country rises before the
plunderer, the greater his ferocity in crushing and stifling
Russia and tearing her to pieces.

We were compelled to sign a “Tilsit”peace. We need no self-deception. We must courageously look the bitter,
unadorned truth straight in the face. We must measure fully, to
the very bottom, that abyss of defeat, dismemberment, enslavement, and humiliation into which we have now been
pushed. The more clearly we understand this, the firmer, the
more steeled and tempered will be our will to liberation, our
aspiration to rise again from enslavement to independence, and
our unbending determination to ensure that at any price Russia
ceases to be wretched and impotent and becomes mighty and
abundant in the full meaning of these words.

And mighty and abundant she can become, for, after all, we still
have sufficient territory and natural wealth left to us to
supply each and all, if not with abundant, at least with
adequate means, of life. Our natural wealth, our manpower and
the splendid impetus which the great revolution has given to the
creative powers of the people are ample material to build a
truly mighty and abundant Russia.

Russia will become mighty and abundant if she abandons all
dejection and all phrase-making, if, with clenched teeth, she
musters all her forces and strains every nerve and muscle, if
she realises that salvation lies only along that road of world socialist revolution upon which we have set out. March
forward along that road, undismayed by defeats, lay the firm
foundation of socialist society stone by stone, work with might
and main to establish discipline and self-discipline, consolidate everywhere organisation, order, efficiency, and the
harmonious co-operation of all the forces of the people,
introduce comprehensive accounting of and control over production and distribution—such is the way to build up
military might and socialist might.

It would be unworthy of a genuine socialist who has suffered
grave defeat either to bluster or to give way to despair. It is
not true that our position is hopeless and that all that remains
for us is to choose between an “inglorious”death (inglorious from the point of view of the szlaczcic ),
such as this harsh peace represents, and a “gallant”death in a hopeless fight. It is not true
that by signing a “Tilsit”peace we have betrayed our ideals or our friends. We have betrayed nothing and nobody, we
have not sanctified or covered up any lie, we have not refused
to help a single friend or comrade in misfortune in every way we
could and with everything at our disposal. A general who
withdraws the remnants of his army into the heart of the country
when it has been beaten or is in panic-stricken flight, or who,
in extremity, shields this retreat by a harsh and humiliating
peace, is not guilty of treachery towards that part of his army
which he is powerless to help and which has been cut off by the
enemy. Such a general performs his duty by choosing the only way
of saving what can still be saved, by refusing to gamble
recklessly, by not embellishing the bitter truth for the people,
by “surrendering space in order to gain time”, by taking advantage of any and every respite, even the
briefest, in which to muster his forces and to allow his army to
rest or recover, if it is affected by disintegration and
demoralisation.

We have signed a “Tilsit”peace. When Napoleon I, in
1807, compelled Prussia to sign the Peace of Tilsit, the
conqueror smashed the Germans’ entire army, occupied their
capital and all their big cities, brought in his own police,
compelled the vanquished to supply him, the conqueror, with
auxiliary corps for fresh predatory wars, and partitioned
Germany, concluding alliances with some German states against
others. Nevertheless, the German people survived even such a peace, proved able to muster their forces, to
rise and to win the right to liberty and independence.

To all those who are able and willing to think, the example of
the Peace of Tilsit (which was only one of many harsh and
humiliating treaties forced upon the Germans at that period)
clearly shows how childishly naïve is the idea that under
all conditions a harsh peace means the bottomless pit of ruin,
while war is the path of valour and salvation. Periods of war
teach us that peace has not infrequently in history served as a
respite and a means of mustering forces for new battles. The
Peace of Tilsit was a supreme humiliation for Germany, but at
the same time it marked a turn towards a supreme national
resurgence. At that time historical conditions were such that
this resurgence could be channelled only in the direction of a
bourgeois state. At that time, more than a hundred years ago, history was made by handfuls of nobles and a
sprinkling of bourgeois intellectuals, while the worker and
peasant masses were somnolent and dormant. As a result history
at that time could only crawl along at a terribly slow pace.

But now capitalism has raised culture in general, and the
culture of the masses in particular, to a much higher level. War
has shaken up the masses, its untold horrors and suffering have
awakened them. War has given history momentum and it is now
flying with locomotive speed. History is now being independently
made by millions and tens of millions of people. Capitalism has
now matured for socialism.

Consequently, if Russia is now passing—as she undeniably
is—from a “Tilsit”peace to a national resurgence, to a great patriotic war, the outlet for it is not
in the direction of a bourgeois state, but in the direction of a
world socialist revolution. Since October 25, 1917, we have been
defencists.

We are for “defence of the fatherland”; but that patriotic war towards which we are moving is a war for a
socialist fatherland, for socialism as a fatherland, for the
Soviet Republic as a contingent of the world army of socialism.

“Hate the Germans, kill the Germans”— such was, and is, the slogan of common, i. e., bourgeois,
patriotism. But we will say “Hate the imperialist plunderers, hate capitalism, death to capitalism”and at
the same time “Learn from the Germans! Remain true to the
brotherly alliance with the German workers. They are late in
coming to our aid. We shall gain time, we shall live to see them
coming, and they will come, to our aid.”

Yes, learn from the Germans! History is moving in zig-zags and
by roundabout ways. It so happens that it is the Germans who now
personify, besides a brutal imperialism, the principle of
discipline, organisation, harmonious co-operation on the basis
of modern machine industry, and strict accounting and control.

And that is just what we are lacking. That is just what we must
learn. That is just what our great revolution needs in order to
pass from a triumphant beginning, through a succession of severe
trials, to its triumphant goal. That is just what the Russian
Soviet Socialist Republic requires in order to cease being
wretched and impotent and become mighty and abundant for all
time.

N. Lenin

March 11, 1918

Endnotes

1.
The article “The Chief Task of Our Day”together with
Lenin’s work “’Left-Wing’ Childishness and the Petty-Bourgeois Mentality”(see this volume,
pp. 323-54) were published in May 1918 as a separate pamphlet
under the title The Chief Task of Our Day , to which
Lenin wrote a short introduction.

2.
The epigraph is taken from Nikolai Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Russia”.