Notes to the article "All-Russian Political Strike"[68]

All-Russian Political Strike "The barometer shows a storm" ("Frankfurter Zeitung"{166})

"Journal de Genève"{167} – revolution en plein[69].

Growth of the railroad strike

{ "Alle Räder stehen still, wenn dein starker Arm es will".

{ "All the wheels will stop, if your mighty arm so wills it".

Open revolutionary assemblies: Moscow, Kharkov.

Witte's Ministry.

[Negotiations with Cadets.]

Demand for a Constituent Assembly.

Wreck the Duma?

Wrecked the Duma!!

From "Temps" 26. X.: Witte received a delegation of railroad workers.

"Journal de Genève" 26. X.: 15,000-th rally at the university in Petersburg. Appeal for armed uprising.

Demands of railroad workers: nation-wide constituent assembly – universal suffrage.

Moscow engineers (congress of the engineers' union) joined the strike (began on Wednesday){168}

Petersburg – Verzhbolovo

Petersburg – Vilno

Petersburg – Riga "       – Revel

Mitava – Windau

In Moscow: famine. No water. Everywhere: in schools, at factories, in the streets revolutionary rallies. Police passive.

Written October 13 (26), 1905.

First published in 1926 in Lenin Collection V

Printed from the manuscript

Notes to the article "First Victory of the Revolution"[70]

New Revolution and New War

Indecisiveness of victories, protracted struggle, persistence of the combatants.

The victory of October 17 (30) is an incomplete victory, not Sedan, but Liaoyang{169}.

The general strike has achieved victory, this is undoubted, for the enemy has abandoned the battlefield. Telegram in "The Times": "the people have won. The Tsar capitulated. Autocracy no longer exists." There is gross falsehood here concerning capitulation.

There is no capitulation and never was. There is no rout of the enemy. Not Sedan, but Liaoyang. The enemy suffered a partial defeat and withdrew. "A retreat with rearguard action".

Has the Duma been wrecked? Not yet, but it has been strained to the breaking point.

The tactics of active boycott achieved victory.

The meaning of Witte's report{170} is clear: "moral union with the reasonable elements of society" against "actions that openly threaten society and the state". Read: with the liberal bourgeoisie against revolutionary workers and revolutionary peasants, against revolutionary peoples.

What follows from Witte's report:

1) Civil liberties are granted (? with restrictions).

2) The Duma remains(?)

3) State Council electoral…

4) The State Duma receives legislative rights? (ne pas réagir contre ses décisions[71]).

5) Introduction of reforms, "as in the civilized world".

____

M. Roland de Mares in "L'Indépendance Belge"{171} 30. X. article "La Russie rouge". "Le général Trépoff exprimait hier l'espoir que les grévistes n'auraient pas gain de cause, la suspension de toute vie publique devant tout naturellement leur aliéner les sympathies des foules passives. Cela serait vrai partout ailleurs où la grève générale désorganise la vie normale des peuples, mais cela n'est pas vrai en Russie où la vie depuis longtemps n'a plus de caractère normal et où les foules passives subiront avec patience cette suprême épreuve, dans l'espoir que la révolution va enfin aboutir et jeter bas le gouvernement qui est responsable de tous les maux endurés"[72].

___

Now:

Intensified use of new objectives, semi-freedoms…

Propaganda of the lessons of the "all-Russian political strike". And so forth.

Expanded field of struggle: thus far little touched, or rather not touched at all in the political offensive by the peasantry. Come spring it will rise too, if we act correctly.

Struggle for the true full rights of workers: universal suffrage.

The significance of the constitution from the standpoint of tsarism and liberals: to avoid a Constituent Assembly. They learned the lesson from 1789 (not the Zemsky Sobor, not a one-time assembly of people's representatives) and from 1789 (not a Constituent Assembly). They jumped directly from 1847 (3. II: State Duma) to 1849–1850 (constitution after the suppression of the 1849 uprising). The material, class basis for this leap: a deal with the liberal bourgeoisie. They haggled something out (Witte with Hessen).

Written between October 17 and 19 (October 30 and November 1), 1905.

First published in 1926 in Lenin Collection V

Printed from the manuscript

Plan of the article "Petty-Bourgeois and Proletarian Socialism"[73]

Petty-Bourgeois and Proletarian Socialism

In Europe there is complete predominance of Marxism in theory and the workers' movement in the practice of socialism.

This was not always the case. Both developed in a long process of evolution from "nebulous" spots.

The epoch of democratic revolution in Europe was distinguished by the dominance of petty-bourgeois socialism (Proudhonism, true socialism, Mühlberger, Dühring, etc.) in various forms.

Idem[74] in Russia. The history of the Russian revolutionary movement is at the same time the history of the struggle of the old, "Russian", petty-bourgeois socialism (Populism) with Marxism.

The central point of this struggle = failure to understand the true character of the revolution taking place, failure to understand the true content of the peasant movement.

The pearl of this failure to understand = No. 75 of "Revolutionary Russia" "Why Not At Once?".

This little quotation = an abyss of Populist stupidities.

The historical moment = the replacement of serfdom by capitalism. Assessment of landowner economy.

(Landowner harvests are higher.)

Assessment of the internal structure of peasant economy.

All landowner economies are higher than peasant ones.

Satisfaction of peasant demands would retard the proletarianization of the peasants.

Confiscation is the threshold of socialism.

Two social wars. "Why Not At Once".

An independent socialist party of the proletariat – its leadership in the democratic revolution.

Written in October, before October 25 (November 7), 1905.

First published in 1926 in Lenin Collection V

Printed from the manuscript

List of Lost Works by V. I. Lenin (October 1905 – April 1906)

1905

REPORT ON THE LATEST POLITICAL EVENTS IN RUSSIA

In an announcement by the Committee of the Foreign Organization of the RSDLP it is indicated that on November 2 (October 20), 1905, at a gathering of Russian social-democrats in Geneva, V. I. Lenin gave a report on the latest political events in Russia (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

SPEECH ON THE QUESTION OF THE PARTY'S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE SOVIETS OF WORKERS' DEPUTIES AT THE EXPANDED SESSION OF THE PETERSBURG COMMITTEE OF THE RSDLP

In his memoirs, N. Doroshenko, B. A. Breslav (see Lenin in Petersburg. L., 1957, pp. 70, 233, 316) and M. M. Essen (see Reminiscences of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, p. 299) speak of this address by V. I. Lenin, which took place on November 8 (21), 1905.

REPORT ON THE THEME "CRITIQUE OF THE AGRARIAN PROGRAM OF THE SOCIALIST-REVOLUTIONARY PARTY" AT A GATHERING OF PARTY WORKERS IN PETERSBURG

V. I. Lenin delivered a report on November 16 (29), 1905 in the premises of the Free Economic Society, but was unable to complete it due to police interference. The continuation of the report took place on November 23 (December 6) in the premises of the Vitmer gymnasium.

There are references to this report by V. I. Lenin in the memoirs of N. K. Krupskaya (see N. K. Krupskaya. Reminiscences of Lenin. M, 1957, p. 111), V. Stepanov (see "Krasnaya Letopis", 1924, No. 1, pp. 34–36), as well as in the newspapers "Novaya Zhizn" No. 15 of November 17, 1905, and "Rus" Nos. 23 and 30 of November 18 (December 1) and November 25 (December 8), 1905.

RECORDS OF REPORTS AND SPEECHES AT THE FIRST CONFERENCE OF THE RSDLP IN TAMPERFORS (FINLAND)

At the conference held December 12–17 (25–30), 1905, V. I. Lenin delivered reports on the current moment and on the agrarian question. Lenin speaks of the conference in the article "State Duma and Social-Democratic Tactics" (see present volume, p. 165). Minutes were compiled by secretaries elected at each session. The speaker was obliged also to compose a brief synopsis of his speech. Besides leaflets with resolutions published in 1905, other conference materials have not been found to date. In the police department's archives for 1905 are named the party organizations represented at the conference and the nicknames of delegates (see "Krasnyi Arkhiv", 1934, No. 1, pp. 185–186).

1906

REPORT ON ELECTIONS TO THE STATE DUMA AT A GATHERING OF SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS OF THE MOSCOW-ZASTAVA DISTRICT IN PETERSBURG

In the newspaper "Priziv" No. 21 of February 4 (17), 1906, the following brief account of this report by V. I. Lenin is published: "From the review and critique of the laws on elections to the State Duma of August 6 and December 11, Lenin pointed out that, in essence, the law of December 11 introduces nothing new into the law on the State Duma; that it consists entirely of a whole series of police tricks; that that point which gives workers the right to elect at the factory or plant where more than 50 people work is arranged with the goal: first, to suppress smaller factories and plants in favor of larger ones, capable of struggle by proletarians, and second, to deprive the Jewish mass of workers of electoral rights, etc. The report pointed out that according to the law of December 11 representatives of workers in no way could get into the Duma. A resolution of the Bolshevik conference was read. Lenin pointed to the insufficiency of the force of elected workers, being elected to some other institution of their own, such as the Soviet of workers' deputies. It was pointed out that we do not yet have a constitution; even if we did have a bourgeois constitution, the social-democrats would proceed following the example of their German social-democratic comrades, that is, on the basis of bourgeois law to crawl into the legislative assembly and there beat them with their own laws, etc."

REPORT ON THE TACTICS OF ACTIVE BOYCOTT OF THE STATE DUMA AT A GATHERING OF PARTY WORKERS—BOLSHEVIKS

In his memoirs, V. S. Voitinsky (see V. Voitinsky. Years of Victories and Defeats. 1924, p. 28) speaks of this report by V. I. Lenin, delivered in February 1906 in the premises of the Tenishev School in Petersburg.

REPORT ON ATTITUDE TOWARD THE STATE DUMA AT THE PETERSBURG ALL-CITY CONFERENCE OF THE RSDLP

In the secretary's notes of the conference from February 11 (24), 1906, held in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU, besides the words "Speech by Lenin," the text of the address is absent.

POLITICAL REPORT ON THE THEME "ARMED UPRISING AND THE PROLETARIAT"

On this address, delivered March 20 (April 2), 1906, V. I. Lenin says the following in the pamphlet "Victory of the Cadets and the Tasks of the Workers' Party": "I recently had to deliver a political report in the apartment of a very enlightened and extraordinarily kind Cadet" (present volume, p. 307). N. K. Krupskaya also mentions the report in her reminiscences (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU). For purposes of conspiracy, admission to the report was by invitation cards, on which was written: "Olga Naumovna Edelgauz invites you to call at her place at 2nd Rozhdestvensky St., Building 12, Apt. 20, March 20, 1906, at 8 1/2 o'clock in the evening for tea" (Lenin in Petersburg. L., 1957, pp. 104, 210, 243, 321).

REPORT "ON REVISION OF THE AGRARIAN PROGRAM" AT THE 5TH SESSION OF THE IV (UNIFYING) CONGRESS OF THE RSDLP

Regarding his appearance at the congress as rapporteur, V. I. Lenin wrote: "…I defended the project of the agrarian commission (printed in the pamphlet: 'Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party') and attacked Maslov's municipalization" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 10, p. 299). In the congress protocols it is recorded: "Lenin defends the point of view developed in his pamphlet: 'Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party'"; the text of the report is absent (see "Fourth (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP. April (April–May) 1906. Protocols". M., 1959, p. 55).

REPORT "ON THE PRESENT MOMENT AND CLASS TASKS OF THE PROLETARIAT" AT THE 13TH SESSION OF THE IV (UNIFYING) CONGRESS OF THE RSDLP

Regarding his appearance at the congress as rapporteur, V. I. Lenin says in the "Report on the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP" (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 10, p. 318). In the congress protocols there are only references to V. I. Lenin's address; the text of the report is absent (see "Fourth (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP. Protocols". M., 1959, p. 191).

SPEECH ON THE QUESTION OF ATTITUDE TOWARD THE STATE DUMA, DELIVERED IN A COMMISSION OF THE IV (UNIFYING) CONGRESS OF THE RSDLP

O. A. Ermansky (Rudenko), G. V. Plekhanov, and P. B. Axelrod speak of this speech by V. I. Lenin in their addresses at the congress (see "Fourth (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP. Protocols". M., 1959, pp. 286, 292–293, 323).

CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE QUESTION OF ATTITUDE TOWARD THE STATE DUMA, DELIVERED AT THE 19TH SESSION OF THE IV (UNIFYING) CONGRESS OF THE RSDLP

At the seventeenth session of the congress, V. I. Lenin delivered a supplementary report on the question of attitude toward the State Duma. In the congress protocols it is indicated that "the congress by majority of 39 votes decides to grant the rapporteurs 25 minutes each" for concluding remarks (see "Fourth (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP. Protocols". M., 1959, p. 320). The record of the concluding remarks delivered by Lenin is absent from the congress protocols.

List of Publications and Documents in the Editing of Which V. I. Lenin Took Part

NEWSPAPER "PROLETARII"

No. 23–31 October (18) 1905

No. 24 – November 7 (October 25) 1905

NEWSPAPER "NOVAYA ZHIZN"

No. 9 – November 10, 1905

No. 10–November 11, 1905

No. 11–November 12, 1905

No. 12–November 13, 1905

No. 13–November 15, 1905

No. 14–November 16, 1905

No. 15–November 17, 1905

No. 16–November 18, 1905

No. 17–November 19, 1905

No. 18–November 20, 1905

No. 19–November 23, 1905

No. 20–November 24, 1905

No. 21–November 25, 1905

No. 22–November 26, 1905

No. 23–November 26, 1905[75]

No. 24–November 29, 1905

No. 25–November 30, 1905

No. 26 – December 1, 1905

No. 27 – December 2, 1905

No. 28 – December 3, 1905

NEWSPAPER "PARTIINYE IZVESTIA"

No. 1–February 7, 1906

No. 2 – March 20, 1906

V. KALININ. "PEASANT CONGRESS"

The article by V. A. Karpinsky (Kalinin) was published in the newspaper "Proletarii" No. 25 of November 16 (3) 1905, after V. I. Lenin's departure from Geneva to Russia. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU is preserved a manuscript of the article with corrections by V. I. Lenin. Two insertions made in the article by Lenin are printed in the present volume, pp. 81–82.

RESOLUTION "CLASS TASKS OF THE PROLETARIAT AT THE PRESENT MOMENT OF DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION," PROPOSED TO THE IV (UNIFYING) CONGRESS OF THE RSDLP

This resolution was included in the "Tactical Platform" of the Bolsheviks to the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP, published March 20 (April 2), 1906 in No. 2 of "Partiinye Izvestia," as well as printed in separate leaflets in the publications of the United CC RSDLP and the Petersburg United Committee of the RSDLP. In the article "Russian Revolution and the Tasks of the Proletariat," V. I. Lenin wrote that the platform "…is the fruit of collective work" (present volume, p. 220). In content, the resolution "Class Tasks of the Proletariat at the Present Moment of Democratic Revolution" corresponds to the assessment of the situation in Russia in 1906 given by Lenin in other drafts of resolutions of the "Tactical Platform".

List of Works Translated by V. I. Lenin

TRANSLATION FROM THE ENGLISH OF AN APPEAL OF THE PETERSBURG SOVIET OF WORKERS' DEPUTIES

In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU is preserved a Lenin manuscript of a translation of the appeal of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, published in the newspaper "The Times" No. 37,853 of November 1, 1905 in a dispatch from Petersburg. The translation of the appeal was published in the newspaper "Proletarii" No. 24 of November 7 (October 25), 1905 in the section "From Public Life."

TRANSLATION FROM THE GERMAN OF THE ARTICLE "ON THE NEW CONSTITUTIONAL MANIFESTO OF NICHOLAS THE LAST"

In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU is preserved a Lenin manuscript (without the first page) of an abridged translation of the article "On the New Constitutional Manifesto of Nicholas the Last," published in the newspaper "Vorwärts" ("Forward") No. 256 of November 1, 1905. The translation was published in the newspaper "Proletarii" No. 24 of November 7 (October 25), 1905 in the section "From Public Life."

Index of Literary Works and Sources Cited and Mentioned by V. I. Lenin

A—ch, S. Defeat of the "Bloc". – "Molva", Spb., 1906, No. 18, March 22 (April 4), p. 3. – 286.

Agrarian Program, [adopted at the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In leaflet: Resolutions and Resolutions of the Unifying Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. [Spb.], typ. Central Committee, [1906], p. 1. (RSDLP). – 397.

Axelrod, P. B. Letter to Worker Comrades. (In Place of a Preface). – In: The Worker. Workers and Intellectuals in Our Organizations. With preface by P. Axelrod. Ed. RSDLP. Geneva, party typ., 1904, pp. 3–16. – 84.

"Without Title", Spb. – 323.

– 1906, No. 10, March 26, pp. 386–394, 405–413. – 324–325, 346.

Velsky, S. So What Then To Do? – "Slovo", Spb., 1906, No. 364, January 25 (February 7), p. 6, in section: From Life. – 179.

Berdyaev, P. Revolution and Culture. – "Polyarnaya Zvezda", Spb., 1905, No. 2, December 22, pp. 146–155. – 320.

Blank, R. On the Grievances of the Day of Russian Social-Democracy. – "Nasha Zhizn", Spb., 1906, No. 401, March 23 (April 5), p. 1. – 312–320, 322, 323, 324–325, 326, 327–333, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341–343, 346, 348, 352.

Borisov – see Suvorov, S. A.

British Workers' Movement and the Trade Union Congress. (Translated from German). London, September 10. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 23, October 31 (18), p. 7, in section: Foreign Review. – 26.

V. V. – see Vorontsov, V. P.

In Bureaucratic Circles. – "Nasha Zhizn", Spb., 1906, No. 399, March 21 (April 3), p. 2. Signed: L. L. – 299–300.

In Defense of the Persecuted. – "Bez Zaglaviya", Spb., 1906, No. 10, March 26, pp. 386–394. Signed: B – sov. – 324–325.

In Print and Society. – "Rus", Spb., 1905, No. 27, November 22 (December 5), p. 3. – 124.

In the League of Leagues. [Decision of the League of Leagues on attitude toward the financial manifesto]. – "Molva", Spb., 1905, No. 2, December 6 (19), p. 3, in section: In the Leagues. – 169.

"Vestnik Partii Narodnoy Svobody", Spb., 1906, No. 5, March 28, cols. 273–276. – 284.

[Witte, S. Yu.] Most Humble Report of State Secretary Count Witte. – "Pravitelstvennyi Vestnik", Spb., 1905, No. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 406.

Vodovozov, V. Defeat of the Government. – "Nasha Zhizn", Spb., 1906, No. 406, March 29 (April 11), pp. 1–2. – 382.

"Volna", Spb., 1906, No. 12, May 9, p. 3. – 379.

*[Vorontsov, V. P.] V. V. The Fate of Capitalism in Russia. Spb., typ. Stasyulevicha, 1882. 312 pp. – 46.

"Forward", Geneva. – 246.

– 1905, No. 11, March 23 (10), p. 1. – 246.

*Second Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Full Text of Protocols. Ed. CC. Geneva, party typ., [1904]. 397, II pp. (RSDLP). – 63, 85, 93, 119–120, 145, 146, 148–149, 218, 241, 243–244, 245–246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 255, 303, 371.

Electoral Campaign. (From Our Correspondents). Moscow. – "Rech", Spb., 1906, No. 30, March 24 (April 6), p. 5. – 280.

Elections. – "Russkie Vedomosti", M, 1906, No. 76, March 19, pp. 4–5. – 283.

Herwegh, G. Dwellings and Work. – 2, 403.

[Hessen, V.] St. Petersburg, December 20. – "Narodnaya Svoboda", Spb., 1905, No. 5 (9144), December 20 (January 2, 1906), p. 1. – 170–172, 296.

Chief Resolutions Adopted at the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. – In: Second Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Full Text of Protocols. Ed. CC. Geneva, party typ., [1904], pp. 12–18. (RSDLP). – 85.

Chief Resolutions, [adopted at the Third Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party]. — In: Third Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Full Text of Protocols. Ed. CC. Geneva, party typ., 1905, pp. XVI–XXVII. (RSDLP). – 85, 316.

Glinka, S. The Guilty Have Been Found. – "Slovo", Spb., 1906, No. 382, February 12 (25), pp. 1–2. – 252.

Gogol, N. V. Dead Souls. – 122, 320.

Goncharov, I. A. Oblomov. – 52, 102.

State Duma. [Course of Elections by Cities]. – "Nasha Zhizn", Spb., 1906, No. 405, March 28 (April 10), p. 3. – 280.

*State Duma and Social-Democracy. [Spb., "Proletarskoe Delo"], 1906. 32 pp. – 277, 279, 282.

[Gringmut, V. A.] "The Agrarian Question". – "Moskovskie Vedomosti", 1906, No. 42, February 15 (28), p. 1. Under general heading: Moscow, February 14. – 252.

Groman, V. G. On the Agrarian Program of Russian Social-Democracy. – "Pravda", M., 1905, December, pp. 243–260. – 249.

*Dan, F. State Duma and the Proletariat. – In: State Duma and Social-Democracy. [Spb., "Proletarskoe Delo"], 1906, pp. 9–32. – 277, 282.

[Danielson, N. F.] Nikolai – on. Essays on Our Post-Reform Public Economy. Spb., typ. Benke, 1893. XVI, 353 pp.; XVI sheets of tables. – 46.

John – see Maslov, P. P.

For the Characterization of Member of the State Duma Z. S. Mishin. – "Russkoe Gosudarstvo", Spb., 1906, No. 47, March 28 (April 10), p. 1, in section: On Elections. – 370–371.

"Dnevnik Sotsialist-Demokrata", Geneva, 1905, No. 3, November, pp. 1–23. – 176.

– 1905, No. 4, December, pp. 1–12. – 176–177, 178, 179, 213, 214, 215, 276, 342, 391.

– 1906, No. 5, March, pp. 1–20, 32–39. – 247, 248, 249, 253, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278–279, 304, 307, 375.

– 1906, No. 6, August. – 277.

Dobrolyubov, N. A. In a Prussian Car. – 15.

[Report of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP at the Petersburg All-City Conference of the RSDLP of February 11 (24), 1906]. Manuscript[77]. – 188.

Dolgorukov, P. Agrarian Wave. (From District Observations). – "Pravo", Spb., 1906, No. 2, January 15, cols. 90–99. – 179.

"Zarya", Stuttgart. – 243, 348.

– 1901, No. 2–3, December, pp. 60–100. – 348.

– 1902, No. 4, August, pp. 11–39, 152–183. – 245, 248, 251, 252, 257.

The Significance of the Capital Elections. – "Novoe Vremya", Spb., 1906, No. 10783, March 22 (April 4), p. 3. – 284.

"Izvestiya Soveta Rabochikh Deputatov", Spb. – 74, 99.

– 1905, No. 3, October 20, p. 1. – 74, 75.

Izgoev, A. S. "Dictatorship of the Proletariat". – "Polyarnaya Zvezda", Spb., 1906, No. 10, February 18, pp. 715–724. – 288.

Iks – see Maslov, P. P.

"Iskra" (old, Leninist), [Leipzig – Munich – London – Geneva]. – 36, 243, 348.

"Iskra" (new, Menshevik), [Geneva]. – 7, 13, 14, 16–17, 18, 274.

* "Iskra", [Munich], 1901, No. 3, April, pp. 1–2. – 243.

– [London], 1902, No. 21, June 1, pp. 1–2. – 243, 245.

– 1902, No. 24, September 1, p. 1. – 348.

*– 1902, No. 26, October 15, p. 1. – 348.

*– 1903, No. 37, April 1, pp. 2–3. – 348.

– [Geneva], 1905, No. 105, July 15, pp. 2–3. – 84, 91–92.

– 1905, No. 111, September 24, p. 6. – 8.

– 1905, No. 112, October 8, p. 4. – 16, 17.

Results. – "Molva", Spb., 1906, No. 18, March 22 (April 4), pp. 1–2. – 298–299, 300, 304–305.

[Results of Elections to Members of the State Duma of March 26 (April 8), 1906]. — "Nasha Zhizn", Spb., 1906, No. 405, March 28 (April 10), pp. 2–3, in section: From Moscow. – 280.

On Elections to the State Duma. – "Russkie Vedomosti", M., 1906, No. 40, February 23 (10), p. 3. – 288, 290, 303, 317, 318, 319, 320.

On the Declaration of Martial Law in Kiev. (From a Private Letter from Kiev). – "Rus", Spb., 1905, No. 27, November 22 (December 5), p. 2. – 123.

To the Party. [Leaflet]. [Spb.], typ. United Central Committee, [February 1906]. 4 pp. (RSDLP). Signed: United Central Committee RSDLP. – 223.

To the Party. [Leaflet]. [Spb.], typ. United Central Committee, [January 1906]. 1 p. (RSDLP). Signed: United Central Committee RSDLP. – 196.

On the Draft for the Convocation of a Constituent Assembly. (In the League of Leagues). – "Nasha Zhizn", Spb., 1905, No. 338, November 19 (December 2), p. 1. – 121–122.

To the Russian People! [Leaflet]. CC RSDLP. [Spb.], October 18 (31), 1905. 1 p. (RSDLP). – 32.

On the Convocation of the 4th Congress of the RSDLP. To All Party Organizations and to All Workers Social-Democrats. – "Novaya Zhizn", Spb., 1905, No. 9, November 10, p. 2. – 84, 87–88.

Kailensky. On Agrarian Reform. – "Slovo", Spb., 1906, No. 383, February 14 (27), pp. 1–2. – 252.

Candidates of the Cadet Party in Moscow. – "Nasha Zhizn", Spb., 1906, No. 401, March 23 (April 5), p. 4, in section: Elections and Parties. – 274.

[Karpinsky, V. A.] Kalinin, V. Peasant Congress. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 25, November 16 (3), pp. 2–3. – 81–82.

[Katkov, M. N]. Moscow, March 5. – "Moskovskie Vedomosti", 1881, No. 65, March 6, pp. 2–3. – 301–302.

Kautsky, K. The Agrarian Question in Russia[78]. – 213.

– No More Social-Democracy! A Reply to the Central Union of German Manufacturers. Published in Germany by decision of the central committee of the German social-democratic party. Translated from German by M. Lapin and D. Leshchenko under the editorship of D. Leshchenko. With preface by N. Lenin. Spb., "Utro", [1906]. 96 pp. – 353, 354.

– Perspectives of the Russian Liberation Movement. (Translated from German by Tsiporin). [Spb.], "Tribuna", [1906]. 7 pp. – 213, 391.

Kaufman, A. Where to Get the Land? – "Polyarnaya Zvezda", Spb., 1906, No. 10, February 18, pp. 687–705. – 289.

Class Tasks of the Proletariat at the Present Moment of Democratic Revolution. [Draft resolution of the Bolsheviks to the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Partiinye Izvestia", [Spb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 6. Under general heading: Draft Resolutions. To the Unifying Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. – 373.

To All Conscious Worker Comrades! (Letter to the Editor). – "Iskra", [Geneva], 1905, No. 105, July 15, pp. 2–3. Signed: "A Worker," one of many. – 84, 91–92.

Conference of Social-Democratic Organizations in Russia. Resolution on the State Duma. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 22, October 24 (11), p. 1. – 7–8, 16, 17.

Krylov, I. A. The Swan, the Spoon, and the Crab. – 293.

– The Curious One. – 244.

Who Gave Success to the Cadets. – "Molva", Spb., 1906, No. 19, March 23 (April 5), p. 2. – 284.

Kuskova, E. P. B. Struve and the Workers. – "Bez Zaglaviya", Spb., 1906, No. 10, March 26, pp. 405–413, in section: Press. – 346.

[Lenin, V. I.] Agrarian Program of Russian Social-Democracy. – "Zarya", Stuttgart, 1902, No. 4, August, pp. 152–183. Signed: N. Lenin. – 245, 257.

– Boycott of the Bulygin Duma and Uprising. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 12, August 16 (3), p. 1. – 7.

– Should the State Duma Be Boycotted? [Dan, F.] Why We Are Against a Boycott of Elections? [Leaflet]. Ed. United Central Committee. N.p., typ. United Central Committee, [January 1906]. 1 p. – 277.

– The Satisfied Bourgeoisie and the Hungry Bourgeoisie. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 20, October 10 (September 27), pp. 2–3. – 11.

– Armed Uprising. [Draft resolution to the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Partiinye Izvestia", [Spb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 6–7. Under general heading: Draft Resolutions. To the Unifying Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. – 390, 391.

– All-Russian Political Strike. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 23, October 31 (18), pp. 1–2. – 5, 28, 73.

– Statements During Discussion of Points 7 and 8 of the Draft Resolution [on Boycott Tactics. Petersburg All-City Conference of the RSDLP (II). Late February–Early March 1906]. Manuscript[79]. – 197, 199.

– G. Struve, Exposed by His Own Contributor. – "Iskra", [London], 1903, No. 37, April 1, pp. 2–3. – 348.

– Persecutors of Zemstvo and Hannibals of Liberalism. – "Zarya", Stuttgart, 1901, No. 2–3, December, pp. 60–100. Signed: T. P. – 348.

*– State Duma and Social-Democratic Tactics. – In: State Duma and Social-Democracy. [Spb., "Proletarskoe Delo"], 1906, pp. 1–8. Signed: N. Lenin. – 279.

– Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution. Ed. CC RSDLP. Geneva, party typ., 1905. VIII, 108 pp. (RSDLP). Author's name before title: N. Lenin. – 14.

– Report on the Agrarian Question at the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP[80]. – 366.

– Tasks of Russian Social-Democrats. With preface by P. Axelrod. Ed. RSDLP. Geneva, typ. "Union of Russian Social-Democrats", 1898. 32 pp. Author's name not indicated before title. – 243.

– To the Rural Poor. An Explanation for Peasants of What Social-Democrats Want. With appendix of the draft program of the RSDLP. Ed. Foreign League of Russian Revolutionary Social-Democrats. Geneva, typ. League, 1903. 92 pp. (RSDLP). Author before title: N. Lenin. – 245.

– Reply to the Critique of Our Draft Program. – In: [Maslov, P. P.] Iks. On the Agrarian Program. [Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, N. Reply to the Critique of Our Draft Program. Ed. League of Russian Revolutionary S.-D. Geneva, typ. League, 1903, pp. 26–42. (RSDLP). Signed: N. Lenin. – 244–245, 251, 254, 255, 267.

– Attitude Toward Bourgeois Parties. [Draft resolution to the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Partiinye Izvestia", [Spb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 7–8. Under general heading: Draft Resolutions. To the Unifying Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. – 383.

– The First Victory of the Revolution. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 24, November 7 (October 25), p. 1. – 57, 73.

– The First Outcomes of Political Groupings. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 23, October 31 (18), pp. 1–2. – 16.

– Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. No. 1. Spb., "Nasha Mysl", 1906. 31 pp. – 223–224, 363, 365, 367–368, 369, 370.

[Lenin, V. P.] Written Statement at the 21st Session of the Congress. [Unifying Congress of the RSDLP April 10 (23) – April 25 (May 8), 1906]. – In: Protocols of the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanov, 1907, p. 305. – 390.

– Plans of the Minister-Clown. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 23, October 31 (18), p. 3, in section: From Public Life. – 60.

– Political Struggle and Political Scheming. – "Iskra", [London], 1902, No. 26, October 15, p. 1. – 348.

– The Last Word of Iskra Tactics or Mock Elections as New Incentives for Uprising. – "Proletarii", Geneva, 1905, No. 21, October 17 (4), pp. 2–5. – 8.

– [Decree of the Executive Committee of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies of November 14 (27), 1905 on Measures to Combat Lockout]. — "Novaya Zhizn", Spb., 1905, No. 13, November 15, p. 2. Under general heading: Session of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies. November 14, 1905. – 108, 109.

– Draft of a New Law on Strikes. – "Iskra", [London], 1902, No. 24, September 1, p. 1. – 348.

– Draft Resolution on the State Duma Submitted to the Unifying Congress – see Lenin, V. I. Resolution of the Majority on the State Duma.

– Proletariat and Peasantry. – "Vpered", Geneva, 1905, No. 11, March 23 (10), p. 1. – 246.

– Workers' Party and Its Tasks in the Present Situation. – "Molodaya Rossiya", [Spb.], 1906, No. 1, January 4, pp. 3–4. Signed: N. Lenin. – 175–176.

*– Workers' Party and Peasantry. – "Iskra", [Munich], 1901, No. 3, April, pp. 1–2. – 243.

– Resolution of the Majority on the State Duma. – "Volna", Spb., 1906, No. 12, May 9, p. 3, in section: From the Life of Political Parties. – 379.

– Resolution on Armed Uprising, [adopted at the III Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Third Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Full Text of Protocols. Ed. CC. Geneva, party typ., 1905, pp. XVII–XVIII. (RSDLP). – 316.

– Resolution of the Petersburg Organization of the RSDLP on Boycott Tactics. [Leaflet]. Ed. United Petersburg Committee RSDLP. [Spb.], typ. United Central Committee, [March 1906]. 2 pp. (RSDLP). – 190, 194, 196, 198, 200.

– [Resolution on the Agrarian Question of the Conference of the "Majority" in Tamperfors]. — "Molva", Spb., 1905, No. 23, December 31 (January 13, 1906), p. 4, in article: The Agrarian Question and Social-Democracy, in section: Gatherings. – 246, 247.

– [Resolution on the Agrarian Question of the Conference of the "Majority" in Tamperfors]. — "Nasha Zhizn" ("Narodnoe Khozyaystvo"), Spb., 1906, No. 16, January 3 (16), pp. 3–4, in article: From the Life of Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, in section: Chronicle of Workers' and Professional Movements. – 246, 247.

– [Resolution on the Agrarian Question of the Conference of the "Majority" in Tamperfors]. — "Pravda", M., 1906, Book II, January, pp. 74–75, in article: [Volsky, N. V.] Valentinov, N. The Agrarian Question and the Workers' Party. – 246, 247.

– [Speech on the Question of Armed Uprising at the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Protocols of the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanov, 1907, pp. 325–326. – 324.

– [Speech on the Question of Relations Between Workers and Intellectuals in S.-D. Organizations April 20 (May 3), 1905 at the III Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Third Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Full Text of Protocols. Ed. CC. Geneva, party typ., 1905, pp. 234–235. (RSDLP). – 90.

– [Supplementary Report on the Question of Attitude Toward the State Duma at the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Protocols of the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanov, 1907, pp. 237–240. – 385.

– Socialist Party and Non-Party Revolutionariness. – "Novaya Zhizn", Spb., 1905, No. 22, November 26, p. 1; No. 27, December 2, pp. 1–2. Signed: N. Lenin. – 327, 336.

– [Tactical Platform to the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP. Draft of Resolutions to the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Partiinye Izvestia", [Spb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 5–9. – 220, 312, 366, 383, 390, 391.

– What Is to Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1902. VII, 144 pp. Author on cover and title page: N. Lenin. – 62.

Manifesto. – "Novaya Zhizn", Spb., 1905, No. 27, December 2, p. 1. – 169.

Manifesto. [and Fundamental Provisions Concerning the Drafting, Review, and Promulgation of Laws Issued for the Empire Including the Grand Duchy of Finland]. February 3 (15), 1899. – "Pravitelstvennyi Vestnik", Spb., 1899, No. 28, February 5 (17), p. 1. – 78.

Manifesto [on Changes to the Establishment of the State Duma and State Council]. February 20 (March 5), 1906. – "Pravitelstvennyi Vestnik", Spb., 1906, No. 41, February 21 (March 6), p. 1. – 205.

Manifesto [on the Establishment of the State Duma]. August 6 (19), 1905. – "Pravitelstvennyi Vestnik", Spb., 1905, No. 169, August 6 (19), p. 1. – 8–9, 166, 167, 204.

Manifesto. October 17 (30), 1905. – "Pravitelstvennyi Vestnik", Spb., 1905, No. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 27, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38, 54–55, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 111, 125, 127, 150, 171–172, 203, 363.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. Address of the Same Central Committee to the League. June 1850. Central Committee to the League. – In: Marx, K. The Cologne Communist Trial. With introduction by F. Engels and documents. Translated from German. Spb., "Molot", 1906, pp. 117–120, in section: IX. Appendix. – 210, 219.

– Address of the Central Committee to the League, March 1850. Central Committee – to the League. – In: Marx, K. The Cologne Communist Trial. With introduction by F. Engels and documents. Translated from German. Spb., "Molot", 1906, pp. 105–117, in section: IX. Appendix. – 210–211.

Marx, K. Bourgeoisie and Counter-Revolution. And – see Marx, K. Köln, December 11.

– The Cologne Communist Trial. With introduction by F. Engels and documents. Translated from German. Spb., "Molot", 1906. 125 pp. – 210–211, 219.

– Afterword [to the book "The Cologne Communist Trial"]. – In: Marx, K. The Cologne Communist Trial. With introduction by F. Engels and documents. Translated from German. Spb., "Molot", 1906, pp. 102–105. – 211.

[Martov, L.] [Resolution on Elections to the State Duma Submitted at the Petersburg All-City Conference of the RSDLP (II). Late February–Early March 1906][81]. – 193.

Maslov, P. P. Critique of Agrarian Programs and Draft of a Program. M., "Kolokol", 1905. 43 pp. (First Library No. 31). – 247–248, 249, 254–257, 258–263, 264, 266–267.

– On the Agrarian Program. – In: [Maslov, P. P.] Iks. On the Agrarian Program. [Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, N. Reply to the Critique of Our Draft Program. Ed. League of Russian Revolutionary S.-D. Geneva, typ. League, 1903, pp. 1–25. (RSDLP). Signed: Iks. – 244, 247, 249, 254, 267.

– On the Agrarian Program. [Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, N. Reply to the Critique of Our Draft Program. Ed. League of Russian Revolutionary S.-D. Geneva, typ. League, 1903. 42 pp. (RSDLP). – 244–245, 247, 249, 251, 254, 255, 267.

– [Draft Agrarian Program]. — "Partiinye Izvestia", [Spb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 12. Under general heading: Draft Agrarian Programs for the Forthcoming Congress. – 361–362, 367, 368.

Materials for the Development of Party Program. Vol. II. N. Ryazanov. Draft Program of "Iskra" and Tasks of Russian Social-Democrats. Ed. "Struggle" group. Geneva, 1903. 302 pp. (RSDLP). – 244.

Materials for the Development of Party Program. Vol. III. Our Program. Draft Program of the "Struggle" Group and Commentary to It. Ed. "Struggle" group. Geneva, 1903. 52 pp. (RSDLP). – 244.

[Milyukov, P.] St. Petersburg, March 29. – "Rech", Spb., 1906, No. 34, March 29 (April 11), p. 1. – 382.

– Elements of Conflict. – "Rech", Spb., 1906, No. 30, March 24 (April 6), pp. 1–2. – 297, 301, 338.

"Mir Bozhii", Spb., 1906, No. 1, January, pp. 63–81. – 247, 248, 249.

"Molva", Spb. – 304.

– 1905, No. 2, December 6 (19), p. 3. – 169.

– 1905, No. 23, December 31 (January 13), p. 4.– 246, 247.

"Molva", 1906, No. 18, March 22 (April 4), pp. 1–2, 3. – 284, 286, 297–299, 300, 304–305, 338.

– 1906, No. 19, March 23 (April 5), p. 2. – 284.

"Molodaya Rossiya", Spb., 1906, No. 1, January 4, pp. 3–4. – 175–176.

[Morozov, M. V.] Muratov and [Lapin, A. F.] Trofimov. [Amendment on Parliamentary Social-Democratic Faction Submitted at the 21st Session of the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Protocols of the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanov, 1907, p. 299. – 386.

"Moskovskie Vedomosti". – 11, 252, 306, 324.

– 1881, No. 65, March 6, pp. 2–3. – 301–302.

– 1906, No. 18, January 21 (February 3), p. 2. – 252.

– 1906, No. 19, January 22 (February 4), p. 2. – 252.

– 1906, No. 41, February 14 (27), p. 4. – 252.

– 1906, No. 42, February 15 (28), p. 1. – 252.

Muratov – see Morozov, M. V.

Nabokov, V. Petersburg Victory. – "Vestnik Partii Narodnoy Svobody", Spb., 1906, No. 5, March 28, cols. 273–276. – 284.

[Nakoryakov, P. P.] Stodolin. [Amendment on the Composition of the Parliamentary Faction of the RSDLP Submitted at the 21st Session of the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Protocols of the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanov, 1907, p. 301. – 387, 388, 398.

"Narodnaya Svoboda", Spb. – 296.

– 1905, No. 5 (9144), December 20 (January 2, 1906), p. 1. – 170–172, 296.

"Narodnoe Khozyaystvo", Spb., 1905, No. 10, December 25 (January 7, 1906), p. 3. – 159.

"Nachalo", Spb. – 326–327, 333.

"Nasha Zhizn", Spb. – 138, 285, 297, 312, 328.

– 1905, No. 336, November 17 (30), p. 2. – 117.

– 1905, No. 338, November 19 (December 2), p. 1. – 121–122.

– 1906, No. 16, January 3 (16), pp. 3–4. – 246, 247.

– 1906, No. 399, March 21 (April 3), pp. 1–2. – 299–300, 346.

– 1906, No. 401, March 23 (April 5), pp. 1, 3, 4. – 274, 285, 312–320, 322, 323, 324–325, 326, 327–333, 335, 338, 337, 339, 340, 341–343, 346, 348, 352.

– 1906, No. 405, March 28 (April 10), pp. 2–3. – 280, 346.

– 1906, No. 406, March 29 (April 11), pp. 1–2. – 382.

– 1906, No. 408, March 31 (April 13), p. 1. – 297.

Our Position on the Question of Armed Uprising. Letter to the Editor of "Osvobozhdenie". – "Osvobozhdenie", Paris, 1905, No. 74, July 26 (13), pp. 398–402. Signed: Osvobozhdenets. – 342.

Nekrasov, N. A. Scenes from the Lyrical Comedy "Bear Hunting". – 301.

Inviolability of Property. – "Moskovskie Vedomosti", 1906, No. 19, January 22 (February 4), p. 2. Under general heading: Moscow, January 21. – 252.

Nikolai – on – see Danielson, N. F.

"Novaya Zhizn", Spb. – 55, 85, 327, 333, 336.

– 1905, No. 1, October 27 – No. 5, November 1. – 61.

– 1905, No. 1, October 27. Appendix to No. 1 of "Novaya Zhizn", p. 1. – 55.

– 1905, No. 4, October 30, p. 3. – 65.

– 1905, No. 5, November 1, p. 1. – 61.

– 1905, No. 9, November 10, p. 2. – 84, 87–88.

"Novaya Zhizn", 1905, No. 13, November 15, pp. 2, 3. – 108, 109, 112–113.

– 1905, No. 21, November 25, p. 2. – 129, 130, 131.

– 1905, No. 22, November 26, p. 1. – 327, 336.

– 1905, No. 27, December 2, pp. 1–2. – 169.

"Novoe Vremya", Spb. – 11, 50, 58, 152, 332.

– 1905, No. 10608, September 13 (26), p. 3. – 11.

– 1905, No. 10639, October 23 (November 5), pp. 5–6. – 78.

– 1906, No. 10783, March 22 (April 4), p. 3. – 284.

– 1906, No. 10784, March 23 (April 5), p. 3. – 284.

On Armed Uprising. [Draft resolution of the Mensheviks to the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Partiinye Izvestia", [Spb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 10. Under general heading: Draft Resolutions to the Forthcoming Congress Worked Out by the "Menshevik" Group with Participation of the Editors of "Iskra". – 366.

On Armed Uprising. [Draft resolution of the Mensheviks Appearing at the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP][82]. – 390–392.

On Armed Uprising. [Resolution Adopted at the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: Protocols of the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanov, 1907, pp. 416–417, in section: Appendix II. Decrees and Resolutions of the Congress. – 399.

On the Seizure of Power and Participation in a Provisional Government. [Resolution of the First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers]. – In: First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate Appendix to No. 100 of "Iskra". Geneva, party typ., 1905, pp. 23–24. (RSDLP). – 13–14.

On Partisan Operations. On Partisan Actions. [Resolution Adopted at the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: Protocols of the Unifying Congress of the RSDLP Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanov, 1907, pp. 417–418, in section: Appendix II. Decrees and Resolutions of the Congress. – 399.

On Work Among Peasants. [Resolution of the First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers]. – In: First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate Appendix to No. 100 of "Iskra". Geneva, party typ., 1905, pp. 21–23. (RSDLP). – 95, 177, 179, 246.

On the Present Moment of the Revolution and the Tasks of the Proletariat. [Draft resolution of the Mensheviks to the IV (Unifying) Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Partiinye Izvestia", [Spb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 9. Under general heading: Draft Resolutions to the Forthcoming Congress Worked Out by the "Menshevik" Group with Participation of the Editors of "Iskra". – 312, 346.

On the Tactics of the Peasant Union. – In: Decisions of the Congresses of the Peasant Union (Constituent Congress July 31 – August 1 and November 6–10, 1905). Ed. Northern Regional Bureau of Assistance to the Peasant Union (in St. Petersburg). Spb., typ. Klobukov, 1905, pp. 4–5. (All-Russian Peasant Union). – 82.

On the Attitude toward the State Duma. [Initial Draft Resolution Submitted by the Mensheviks at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP][83]. – 381–382.

On the Attitude toward the State Duma. [Draft Resolution Submitted by the Mensheviks at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Which Took Place in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Printing House, 1907, pp. 204–205. – 379, 381–382, 383.

On the Attitude toward the State Duma. [Resolution Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP].

– Ibid., pp. 414–416, in section: Appendix II. Resolutions and Decrees of the Congress. – 398.

On the Relations between the Two Parts of the Party. [Resolution of the First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers]. – In: First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate Supplement to No. 100 of *Iskra*. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905, p. 27. (RSDLP). – 91.

Council of Workers' Deputies. – *Rus'*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 26, November 21 (December 4), pp. 1–2. – 124, 125, 126, 127, 128.

Orthodox Marxists and the Peasant Question. – *Revolutionary Russia*, [Geneva], 1905, No. 75, September 15, pp. 1–3. – 42, 44–46, 409, 410.

*Osvobozhdenie* [*Liberation*], Stuttgart–Paris. – 13, 17, 18, 52, 138, 314–315, 340, 342, 348.

*Osvobozhdenie* [*Liberation*], Paris, 1905, No. 74, July 26 (July 13), pp. 398–402. – 342.

*Partiynye Izvestiya* [*Party News*], [St. Petersburg]. – 353.

– 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 5–9, 9–11, 12. – 220, 312, 346, 350, 351, 361–362, 366, 367, 368, 373, 374, 383, 390–391, 392.

First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate Supplement to No. 100 of *Iskra*. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905. 31 pp. (RSDLP). – 13–14, 18, 91, 95, 177, 179, 246.

Petersburg News. [Speech of Nicholas II to a Delegation of Nobility of Vladimir Province]. – *Moskovskie Vedomosti*, 1906, No. 41, February 14 (27), p. 4. – 252.

[Letter from Delegates of the Council of Workers' Deputies, Members of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. October 27, 1905].

– *Novaya Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 4, October 30, p. 3, in section: Letters to the Editor. – 65.

Letter from "A Worker, One of Many" – see To All Conscious Comrade Workers.

Plekhanov, G. V. The Ruin of All Russia. (Separate Offprint from No. 4 of *Sotsial-Demokrat*). Geneva, *Sotsial-Demokrat* Printing House, 1892. 37 pp. – 242.

– The Ruin of All Russia. – *Sotsial-Demokrat*, Geneva, 1892, Book 4, pp. 65–101. – 242.

– Further on Our Situation. (Letter to Comrade X.). – *Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata*, Geneva, 1905, No. 4, December, pp. 1–12. – 176–177, 178, 179, 213, 214, 215, 276, 342, 391.

– On the Agrarian Question in Russia. – *Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata*, Geneva, 1906, No. 5, March, pp. 1–20. – 247, 248, 253.

– Our Situation. – *Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata*, Geneva, 1905, No. 3, November, pp. 1–23. – 176.

– Our Differences. Geneva, Printing House of the *Osvobozhdenie Truda* [*Emancipation of Labor*] Group, 1884. XXIV, 322 pp. (Library of Contemporary Socialism. Issue III). – 42.

– On Elections to the Duma. (Reply to Comrade S). – *Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata*, Geneva, 1906, No. 5, March, pp. 32–39. – 274, 275, 276, 277, 278–279, 304, 307, 375.

– On the Tasks of Socialists in the Struggle against Famine in Russia. (Letters to Young Comrades). Geneva, *Sotsial-Demokrat* Printing House, 1892. 89 pp. (Library of Contemporary Socialism. Issue 10). – 242.

– Program of the Social-Democratic Group *Osvobozhdenie Truda*. Geneva, Printing House of the *Osvobozhdenie Truda* Group, 1884. 10 pp. – 94, 241–242.

– Draft Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Party. – *Zarya*, Stuttgart, 1902, No. 4, August, pp. 11–39, in section: A. – 248, 249, 251, 252.

Fruits of Cliquism. – *Iskra*, [Geneva], 1905, No. 112, October 8, p. 4. – 16, 17.

Under the First Impression. – *Nasha Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 401, March 23 (April 5), p. 3. Signed: Y. L. – 285.

Political Parties. – *Tovarishch*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 1, March 15 (28), p. 2. Signed: A. R. – 347.

*Polyarnaya Zvezda* [*Polar Star*], St. Petersburg. – 320, 328, 340.

– 1905, No. 1, December 15, pp. 15–17, 86–89. – 332, 348.

– 1905, No. 2, December 22, pp. 146–155. – 320.

– 1905, No. 3, December 30, pp. 223–228. – 288, 332, 348.

– 1906, No. 6, January 19, pp. 379–382. – 332, 348.

– 1906, No. 10, February 18, pp. 687–705, 715–724, 733–737. – 288, 289, 292.

[Portugalov, V.] Outside the "Majority" and "Minority." – *Nasha Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 405, March 28 (April 10), p. 2. Signed: V. P. – 346.

– Delegates from Workers and the Workers' Party. – *Nasha Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 399, March 21 (April 3), p. 1. Signed: V. P. – 346.

Order of the Day [of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Which Took Place in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Printing House, 1907, p. 3. – 360.

Resolutions of the II Congress [of the Constitutional-Democratic Party] January 5–11, 1906 and Program. St. Petersburg, 1906. 32 pp. – 289–290.

Resolutions and Decrees of the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. [Leaflet]. [St. Petersburg], Central Committee Printing House, [1906]. 4 pp. (RSDLP). – 397.

Resolutions and Decrees [of the IV (Unification) Congress] [of the RSDLP]. — In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Which Took Place in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Printing House, 1907, pp. 413–420, in section: Appendix II. – 397, 399, 400.

Resolutions of the Congresses of the Peasant Union (Constituent Congress of July 31 – August 1 and November 6–10, 1905). Published by the Northern Regional Bureau for Aid to the Peasant Union (in St. Petersburg). St. Petersburg, Klobukov Printing House, 1905. 16 pp. (All-Russian Peasant Union). – 82, 97, 253.

*Pravda*, Moscow, 1905, December, pp. 243–260. – 249.

– 1906, Book II, January, pp. 74–75. – 246, 247.

Government Statement. [Speech of Nicholas II to a Delegation of Peasants from Shchigrovsk District, Kursk Province]. – *Moskovskie Vedomosti*, 1906, No. 18, January 21 (February 3), p. 2, in section: Government Acts and Orders. – 252.

*Pravitelstvenny Vestnik* [*Government Herald*], St. Petersburg, 1899, No. 28, February 5 (17), p. 1. – 78.

– 1905, No. 169, August 6 (19), p. 1. – 8–9, 166, 167, 204.

– 1905, No. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 27, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38, 54–55, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 111, 125, 127, 150, 171–172, 203, 363, 406.

– 1905, No. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1. – 165–166, 167, 168, 204, 377.

– 1906, No. 41, February 21 (March 6), pp. 1–2. – 205.

– 1906, No. 57, March 11 (24), p. 1. – 278.

*Pravo* [*Right*], St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 2, January 15, col. 90–99. – 179.

Program and Organizational Charter of the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, Approved at the First Party Congress. Published by the Central Committee of the SR Party. Place unknown, Socialist-Revolutionary Party Printing House, 1906. 32 pp. – 118.

Program of the Constitutional-Democratic Party, Drawn Up by the Party's Constituent Congress October 12–18, 1905. Place unknown, [1905]. 1 p. – 287, 288.

Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, Adopted at the Second Congress of the Party. – In: Second Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Published by the CC. Geneva, Party Printing House, [1904], pp. 1–6. (RSDLP). – 63, 85, 93, 119–120, 145, 146, 148–149, 218, 241, 243–244, 245–246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 255, 303, 371.

Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, Adopted at the Second Congress of the Party. – *Novaya Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 1, October 27. Supplement to No. 1 of *Novaya Zhizn'*, p. 1. – 55.

Draft Program Drawn Up by the "Borba" [*Struggle*] Group. – In: Materials for Elaborating the Party Program. Issue III. Our Program, Draft Program of the "Borba" Group and Commentary on It. Published by the "Borba" Group. Geneva, 1903, pp. 3–9. (RSDLP). – 244.

Draft Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. (Drawn Up by the Editorial Board of *Iskra* and *Zarya*). – *Iskra*, [London], 1902, No. 21, June 1, pp. 1–2. – 243, 245.

Draft Resolutions for the Forthcoming Congress, Drawn Up by the Group of "Mensheviks" with the Participation of the Editors of *Iskra*. – *Partiynye Izvestiya*, [St. Petersburg], 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 9–11. – 312, 346, 350, 351, 366, 374, 392.

[Draft Conditions for the Unification of the Latvian SDLP with the RSDLP, Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Which Took Place in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Printing House, 1907, pp. 353–354. – 395.

[Draft Conditions for the Unification of the Bund with the RSDLP, Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. — Ibid., pp. 362–363. – 394, 395.

*Proletarii* [*The Proletarian*], Geneva. – 14, 16–17, 27, 100, 220, 223.

– 1905, No. 12, August 16 (August 3) – No. 23, October 31 (October 18). – 7.

– 1905, No. 12, August 16 (August 3), p. 1. – 7.

– 1905, No. 20, October 10 (September 27), pp. 2–3. – 11.

*Proletarii* [*The Proletarian*], 1905, No. 21, October 17 (October 4), pp. 2–5. – 8.

– 1905, No. 22, October 24 (October 11), p. 1. – 7–8, 16, 17.

– 1905, No. 23, October 31 (October 18), pp. 1–2, 3, 7. – 5, 16, 26, 28, 50, 73.

– 1905, No. 24, November 7 (October 25), p. 1. – 57, 73.

– 1905, No. 25, November 16 (November 3), pp. 2–3. – 81–82.

Protocol of the Constituent Congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union. St. Petersburg, Fridberg Printing House, 1905. 48 pp. – 253.

Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Which Took Place in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Printing House, 1907. VI, 420 pp. – 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363–364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 372, 374–375, 376, 379, 380, 381–382, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391–392, 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400.

Protocols of the Petersburg All-City Conference of the RSDLP. February 11 (24), 1906. Manuscript[84]. – 185, 186, 187, 188, 189.

Protocols of the Petersburg All-City Conference of the RSDLP (II). End of February – Beginning of March 1906. Manuscript[85]. – 193, 194, 196, 197, 199.

Pushkin, A. S. The Tale of Tsar Saltan, of His Son the Glorious and Mighty Warrior Prince Guidon Saltanovich, and of the Beautiful Swan-Princess. – 75, 334.

R. B. Class Struggle and Class Organization. – *Nasha Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 336, November 17 (30), p. 2. – 117.

*Rabochaya Mysl'* [*Workers' Thought*] [St. Petersburg – Berlin – Warsaw – Geneva]. – 14.

Workers on the Party Split. Published by the CC of the RSDLP. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905. VIII, 9, IV pp. (RSDLP). – 84, 91–92.

Worker. Workers and Intellectuals in Our Organizations. With a Preface by P. Axelrod. Published by the RSDLP. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1904. 56 pp. (RSDLP). – 84.

Radin, V. On Organization. II. Council of Workers' Deputies or Party? – *Novaya Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 5, November 1, p. 1. – 61.

*Revolutsionnaya Rossiya* [*Revolutionary Russia*], [Geneva], 1905, No. 75, September 15, pp. 1–3. – 42, 44–46, 409, 410.

Revolution in Finland. – *Novoye Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 10639, October 23 (November 5), pp. 5–6. – 78.

Resolutions Adopted [by the First All-Russian Conference] [of Party Workers]. — In: First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate Supplement to No. 100 of *Iskra*. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905, pp. 15–28. (RSDLP). – 18.

Resolution [of the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' Deputies]. — *Novaya Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, No. 21, November 25, p. 2, in section: Chronicle. – 129, 130, 131.

Resolution of the Conference of the Majority. [Leaflet]. Place unknown, CC RSDLP Printing House, [December 1905]. 2 pp. – 158, 165–166, 170.

Resolution on Armed Uprising. [Principal Resolutions Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP] – see Lenin, V. I. Resolution on Armed Uprising.

Resolution on the Breakaway Part of the Party. [Principal Resolutions Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: Third Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Published by the CC. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905, pp. XXI–XXII. (RSDLP). – 91.

Resolution on the Attitude toward the Peasant Movement. [Principal Resolutions Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP]. – Ibid., pp. XX–XXI. (RSDLP). – 95, 177, 179, 246.

[Resolution of the Okhtinsky District on Elections to the State Duma, Submitted at the Petersburg All-City Conference of the RSDLP (II). End of February – Beginning of March 1906.] Manuscript[86]. – 193.

Resolution of the Constituent Conference of Southern Organizations on the Subject of the State Duma. – *Iskra*, [Geneva], 1905, No. 111, September 24, p. 6. – 8.

*Rech'* [*Speech*], St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 30, March 24 (April 6), pp. 1–2, 5. – 280, 297, 301, 338.

*Rech'* [*Speech*], 1906, No. 34, March 29 (April 11), p. 1. – 382.

Rozkov, P. A. Draft Social-Democratic Agrarian Program. – In: [The Present Moment]. Miscellany. Moscow, Poplavsky Printing House, 1906, pp. 1–6. – 247, 248, 249.

*Russkie Vedomosti* [*Russian Gazette*], Moscow. – 52.

– 1906, No. 1, January 1, pp. 3–5. – 324, 325.

– 1906, No. 40, February 10, p. 3. – 288, 290, 303, 317, 318, 319, 320.

– 1906, No. 76, March 19, pp. 4–5. – 283.

*Russkoe Gosudarstvo* [*Russian State*], St. Petersburg. – 382.

– 1906, No. 47, April 10 (March 28), p. 1. – 370–371.

*Rus'* (*Molva*), St. Petersburg. – 126, 284, 297, 298, 338.

– 1905, No. 21, November 16 (29), p. 1. – 111.

– 1905, No. 26, November 21 (December 4), pp. 1–2. – 124, 125, 126, 127, 128.

– 1905, No. 27, November 22 (December 5), pp. 2, 3. – 123–124.

With the People or Against Them? – *Molva*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 18, March 22 (April 4), p. 2. – 284, 297–298, 300, 304, 338.

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E. Well-Intentioned Speeches. – 312.

– The Golovlyov Family. – 287.

– Abroad. – 261.

– Toymakers. – 291.

– Round the Year. – 9, 100.

– Varied Letters. – 102, 276.

– Letters to an Aunt. – 263, 329.

– Funerals. – 9, 100.

– Ancient Poshekonie. – 263.

– Signs of the Times. – 52, 312.

– The Monrepos Refuge. – 50.

St. Petersburg, March 31. – *Nasha Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 408, March 31 (April 13), p. 1. – 297.

*Svoboda i Kultura* [*Freedom and Culture*], St. Petersburg. – 320.

Sevastopol, November 15. – *Rus'*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 21, November 16 (29), p. 1, in section: Telegrams. Under the general heading: The Situation in Sevastopol. – 111.

*Severny Golos* [*Northern Voice*], St. Petersburg. – 326.

Sibirsky, P. The Duma and the Social-Democrats. – *Slovo*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 429, April 1 (14), p. 6. – 273.

Skvortsov-Stepanov, I. I. From Afar. – In: [The Present Moment]. Miscellany. Moscow, Poplavsky Printing House, 1906, pp. 1–23. Signed: I. Stepanov. – 273.

Skitalets, S. "It Became Quiet All Around." – 291–292, 294.

*Slovo* [*Word*], St. Petersburg. – 124, 179, 252, 273.

– 1906, No. 364, January 25 (February 7), p. 6. – 179.

– 1906, No. 382, February 12 (25), pp. 1–2. – 252.

– 1906, No. 383, February 14 (27), pp. 1–2. – 252.

– 1906, No. 429, April 1 (14), p. 6. – 273.

*Sotsial-Demokrat* [*Social-Democrat*], Geneva, 1892, Book 4, pp. 65–101. – 242.

Among Newspapers and Journals. – *Novoye Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 10608, September 13 (26), p. 3. – 11.

Stepanov – see Skvortsov-Stepanov, I. I.

Stodolin – see Nakoryakov, N. N.

[Stolypin, A. A.] St–n, A. Notes. – *Novoye Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 10784, March 23 (April 5), p. 3. – 284.

Struve, P. B. At the Last Moment. – *Polyarnaya Zvezda*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 1, December 15, pp. 86–89. – 332, 348.

– Two Strike Committees. – *Polyarnaya Zvezda*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 3, December 30, pp. 223–228. – 288, 332, 348.

Struve, P. B. Two Russias. – *Polyarnaya Zvezda*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 6, January 19, pp. 379–382. – 332, 348.

– Notes of a Publicist. Congress of the Union of October 17 and the Convocation of the State Duma. – *Polyarnaya Zvezda*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 10, February 18, pp. 733–737. – 292.

– Critical Notes on the Question of Economic Development in Russia. Issue I. St. Petersburg, Skorokhod Printing House, 1894. X, 293 pp. – 340.

– Revolution. – *Polyarnaya Zvezda*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 1, December 15, pp. 5–17. – 332.

[Suvorov, S. A.] Borisov. [Draft Agrarian Program]. — In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Which Took Place in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Printing House, 1907, pp. 55–56. – 369.

[The Present Moment]. Miscellany. Moscow, Poplavsky Printing House, 1906. [291] pp. – 247, 248, 249, 273.

*Tovarishch* [*Comrade*], St. Petersburg. – 347.

– 1906, No. 1, March 15 (28), p. 2. – 347.

[Demands of Soldiers of Military Units in St. Petersburg]. — *Novaya Zhizn'*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 13, November 15, p. 3. Under the general heading: Among Soldiers. – 112–113.

Third Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Published by the CC. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905. XXIX, 400 pp. (RSDLP). – 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 91, 95, 177, 179, 246, 316.

[Trotsky, L. D.] Before January Ninth. With a Preface by Parvus. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905. XIV, 64 pp. (RSDLP). Author before title: N. Trotsky. – 219, 336, 351.

– Petersburg, October 20. – *Izvestiya Soveta Rabochikh Deputatov*, [St. Petersburg], 1905, No. 3, October 20, p. 1. – 74, 75.

Year 1905. Internal Administration. Law and the Courts. National Economy and Finance. – *Russkie Vedomosti*, Moscow, 1900, No. 1, January 1, pp. 3–5. – 324, 325.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on Temporary Rules for the Protection of Freedom and Propriety of Elections to the State Council and State Duma]. — *Pravitelstvenny Vestnik*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 57, March 11 (24), p. 1, in section: Actions of the Government. – 278.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on the Revision of the Institution of the State Duma]. — *Pravitelstvenny Vestnik*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 41, February 21 (March 6), p. 2. – 205.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on the Reorganization of the State Council]. — *Pravitelstvenny Vestnik*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 41, February 21 (March 6), pp. 1–2. – 205.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on Changes and Amendments to the Statute on Elections to the State Duma]. — *Pravitelstvenny Vestnik*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1, in section: Actions of the Government. – 165–166, 167, 168, 204, 377.

[Conditions for the Merger of the SDPiL with the RSDLP, Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Which Took Place in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Printing House, 1907, pp. 345–348. – 395.

Charter of the Party [Adopted at the III Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Third Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Published by the CC. Geneva, Party Printing House, 1905, pp. XXVIII–XXIX. (RSDLP). – 83, 84.

To the Participants in the Zemstvo-City Congress. – *Rus'*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 27, November 22 (December 5), p. 2. – 123–124.

Finn-Enotaevsky, A. Yu. On the "Socialization" and Municipalization of Land. – *Mir Bozhiy*, St. Petersburg, 1906, No. 1, January, pp. 63–81, in section: 2. – 247, 248, 249.

Khodsky, L. How to Approach Elections to the State Duma. – *Narodnoye Khozyaystvo*, St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 10, December 25 (January 7, 1906), p. 3. – 159.

Engels, F. On the History of the "League of Communists." – In: Marx, K. The Cologne Trial of the Communists. With an Introduction by F. Engels and Documents. Trans. from German. St. Petersburg, "Molot," 1906, pp. 3–24. – 211.

*Berliner Reform*, 1865, No. 53, March 3, p. 2. – 337. — No. 67, March 19. Supplement, p. 2. – 337.

Formation of National Guards. – *Neue Freie Presse*, Morning Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14801, November 5, p. 5. – 78.

Bürger, H. Social Facts and Social-Democratic Doctrines. A Booklet for Thinking People, Especially for Thinking Workers. Charlottenburg, Münch, 1902. 32 pp. – 353.

A Constitution Granted. Count Witte Prime-Minister. (From a Correspondent). – *The Times*, London, 1905, No. 37,852, October 31, p. 5. Under the general title: Colonial and Foreign Intelligence. The Crisis in Russia. – 27, 31, 406.

*The Daily Telegraph*, London–Manchester. – 5.

*Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher*, Paris, 1844, Issues 1–2, pp. 71–85. – 143.

Convocation of the Finnish Diet. – *Neue Freie Presse*, Morning Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14801, November 5, p. 5. – 78.

Railway Atrocity by the Expelled Gendarmes. – *Neue Freie Presse*, Morning Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14801, November 5, p. 5. – 78.

**[87] Engels, F. Introduction [to the Work by K. Marx "The Class Struggles in France 1848 to 1850"]. – In: Marx, K. The Class Struggles in France 1848 to 1850. Reprint from the *Neue Rheinische Zeitung*. With Introduction by F. Engels. Berlin, "Vorwärts," 1895, pp. 3–19. – 215.

**– Internationalia from the *Volksstaat* (1871–75). Berlin, Expedition of "Vorwärts," Berliner Volksblatt, 1894. 72 pp. – 145.

**– Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of Classical German Philosophy. Revised Special Reprint from *Die Neue Zeit*. With Appendix: Karl Marx on Feuerbach from 1845. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1888. VII, 72 pp. – 369.

**– Marx and the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung" 1848–49. — *Der Sozialdemokrat*, Zurich, 1884, No. 11, March 13, pp. 1–3. – 337.

**– Note on the Appearance of the Prussian Military Question and the German Workers' Party. – *Berliner Reform*, 1865, No. 53, March 3, p. 2. – 337.

**– The Prussian Military Question and the German Workers' Party. Hamburg, Meißner, 1865. 56 pp. – 337.

**– Program of the Blanquist Commune – Refugees. (*Volksstaat*, 1874, No. 73). – In: Engels, F. Internationalia from the *Volksstaat* (1871–75). Berlin, Expedition of "Vorwärts," Berliner Volksblatt, 1894, pp. 40–46. – 145.

*Frankfurter Zeitung*, Frankfurt am Main, 1905, October 26. – 403.

*Hermann*, London, 1865, March 18. – 337.

[In Kazan]. (Telegram from *Neue Freie Presse*). Petersburg. – *Neue Freie Presse*, Evening Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14800, November 4, p. 2. – 77.

[In Tver]. (Telegram from *Neue Freie Presse*). Petersburg. – *Neue Freie Presse*, Evening Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14800, November 4, p. 2. – 77.

*L'Indépendance Belge*, Brussels, 1905, October 30. – 407.

*Journal de Genève*, 1905, October 26. – 403, 404.

*Kautsky, K. The Agrarian Question. A Survey of the Tendencies of Modern Agriculture and the Agrarian Policy of Social Democracy. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1899. VIII, 451 pp. – 261.

– The Agrarian Question in Russia. – *Die Neue Zeit*, Stuttgart, 1905–1906, Vol. 24, Book 1, No. 13, pp. 412–423. – 213, 247, 248.

– The Prospects of the Russian Revolution. – *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1906, No. 23, January 28, p. 1. Signed: K. K. – 213, 214–217.

– Finis Poloniae? – *Die Neue Zeit*, Stuttgart, 1895–1896, Vol. XIV, Book II, No. 42, pp. 484–491; No. 43, pp. 513–525. – 257–258.

Lassalle, F. What Now? Second Lecture on Constitutional Government. Zurich, Meher and Zeller, 1863. 41 pp. – 306.

Luxemburg, R. New Currents in the Polish Socialist Movement in Germany and Austria. – *Die Neue Zeit*, Stuttgart, 1895–1896, Vol. XIV, Book II, No. 32, pp. 176–181; No. 33, pp. 206–216. – 257–258.

– Social-Patriotism in Poland. – *Die Neue Zeit*, Stuttgart, 1895–1896, Vol. XIV, Book II, No. 41, pp. 484–491. – 257–258.

The Manifesto of Nicholas II. – *Le Temps*, Paris, 1905, No. 16205, November 1. Under the general title: Foreign Bulletin. – 31–32.

Mares, R. de. Red Russia. – *L'Indépendance Belge*, Brussels, 1905, October 30. – 407.

**Marx, K. and Engels, F. Declaration on the Termination of Collaboration on the *Sozial-Demokrat*. – *Sozial-Demokrat*, Berlin, 1865, No. 29, March 3, p. 4. – 337.

**– Collected Writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 1841 to 1850. Vol. 3. From May 1848 to October 1850. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1902. VI, 491 pp. (In: From the Literary Legacy of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Ferdinand Lassalle. Ed. by F. Mehring. Vol. 3). – 337.

**– Manifest of the Communist Party. London, "Bildungs-Gesellschaft für Arbeiter" [Educational Society for Workers], 1848. 30 pp. – 117.

**– Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany in 1848. By K. Marx. Ed. by E. Marx Aveling. London, Sonnenschein, 1896. XI, 148 pp. – 215.

**– Review. May to October. – *Neue Rheinische Zeitung*, London–Hamburg–New York, 1850, Issues 5–6, May–October, pp. 129–180. – 211–212, 217.

**Marx, K. Declaration. London, March 15, 1865. – *Berliner Reform*, 1865, No. 67, March 19. Supplement, p. 2. – 337.

**– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vols. I–III. Hamburg, Meißner, 1867–1894. – 332.

*– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. III. Part 2. Book III: The Total Process of Capitalist Production. Chapters XXIX to LII. Ed. by F. Engels. Hamburg, Meißner, 1894. IV, 422 pp. – 46.

**– The Class Struggles in France 1848 to 1850. Reprint from the *Neue Rheinische Zeitung*. With Introduction by F. Engels. Berlin, "Vorwärts," 1895. 112 pp. – 215, 352, 375.

**– Cologne, December 11. – *Neue Rheinische Zeitung*, Cologne, 1848, No. 169, December 15, pp. 1–2. In the section: Germany. – 363.

**– Marx on Feuerbach (Written in Brussels in Spring 1845). – In: Engels, F. Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of Classical German Philosophy. Revised Special Reprint from *Die Neue Zeit*. With Appendix: Karl Marx on Feuerbach from 1845. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1888, pp. 69–72. – 369.

**– The Review of the Book: The Prussian Military Question and the German Workers' Party. By Friedrich Engels (Hamburg, Otto Meißner). – *Hermann*, London, 1865, March 18, in section: Art and Literature. – 337.

**– Second Address of the General Council of the International Working-Men's Association on the War. To the Members of the International Working-Men's Association in Europe and the United States. London, September 9, 1870. 4 pp. – 176.

**– Towards a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Introduction. – *Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher*, Paris, 1844, Issues 1–2, pp. 71–85. – 143.

Mass Arrests of Sailors. (Telegram from *Neue Freie Presse*). – *Neue Freie Presse*, Morning Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14801, November 5, p. 5. – 78.

*Neue Freie Presse*, Evening Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14800, November 4, p. 2. – 77.

– Morning Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14801, November 5, pp. 4, 5. – 78, 79.

*Neue Rheinische Zeitung*, Cologne, 1848, No. 165, December 15, pp. 1–2. – 363.

*Neue Rheinische Zeitung*, London–Hamburg–New York, 1850, Issues 5–6, May–October, pp. 129–180. – 211–212, 217.

*Die Neue Zeit*, Stuttgart, 1895–1896, Vol. XIV, Book II, No. 32, pp. 176–181; No. 33, pp. 206–216; No. 41, pp. 459–470. – 257–258.

*Die Neue Zeit*, 1895–1896, Vol. XIV, Book II, No. 42, pp. 484–491; No. 43, pp. 513–525. – 257–258.

– 1905–1906, Vol. 24, Book 1, No. 13, pp. 412–423. – 213, 247, 248.

Radical Currents in Petersburg. – *Neue Freie Presse*, Morning Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14801, November 5, p. 4. – 78, 79.

Reform in Russia. (From a Correspondent). St. Petersburg, October 23. – *The Times*, London, 1905, No. 37,846, October 24, p. 5. – 21.

*Sozial-Demokrat*, Berlin, 1865, No. 29, March 3, p. 4. – 337.

*Der Sozialdemokrat*, Zurich, 1884, No. 11, March 13, pp. 1–3. – 337.

*Le Temps*, Paris. – 31, 50.

– 1905, October 26. – 403.

– 1905, No. 16205, November 1. – 31–32.

*The Times*, London. – 5.

– 1905, No. 37,842, October 19, p. 9. – 11.

– 1905, No. 37,846, October 24, p. 5. – 21.

– 1905, No. 37,852, October 31, p. 5. – 27, 31, 406.

The Tsar and the Reformers. (From a Correspondent). – *The Times*, London, 1905, No. 37,842, October 19, p. 9. Under the general title: Colonial and Foreign Intelligence. – 11.

The Popular Uprising in Finland. Russian Warships and Troops for Finland. – *Neue Freie Presse*, Morning Edition, Vienna, 1905, No. 14801, November 5, p. 5. – 78.

*Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1906, No. 23, January 28, p. 1. – 213, 214–217.

*Vossische Zeitung*, Berlin, 1905, No. 493, October 20, p. 2. – 20.

– 1905, No. 494, October 20, p. 1. – 23–24.

Sharpening of the Situation. – *Vossische Zeitung*, Berlin, 1905, No. 494, October 20, p. 1. Under the general title: The Turmoil in Russia. – 23–24.

Conditions at the Baltic Universities. – *Vossische Zeitung*, Berlin, 1905, No. 493, October 20, p. 2. Under the general title: The Turmoil in Russia. – 20.

**INDEX OF NAMES**

A

Abelevich, S. D. (A–ch, S.) – Contributor to the liberal-bourgeois newspaper *Rus'*. – 286.

Aeramov, P. F. (ca. 1875–1906) – Cossack officer; displayed great brutality in suppressing the peasant movement by tsarist forces in Tambov Province in 1905; killed by a flying combat detachment of Socialist-Revolutionaries. – 319, 320, 321–322, 334.

Akim – see Goldman, L. I.

Akimov (Makhnovets[88]), V. P. (1872–1921) – Social-democrat, prominent representative of "Economism," one of the most extreme opportunists. In the mid-1890s joined the Petersburg "Group of Narodnaya Volya Supporters"; arrested in 1897 and exiled to Yenisei Province in April 1898. Escaped abroad in September 1898, where he became one of the leaders of the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," spoke against the "Emancipation of Labor" group and later against *Iskra*. At the II Congress of the RSDLP – a delegate from the "Union," anti-*Iskra* man; after the congress – representative of the far right wing of Menshevism. During the 1905–1907 revolution, he defended the liquidationist idea of creating an "All-Russian Organization of the Working Class," within which social-democracy would be merely one of the ideological currents. Participated with advisory vote in the work of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP, delivered a report on the question of armed uprising, defended the opportunistic tactics of the Mensheviks, called for a union with the Kadets. During the years of reaction withdrew from social-democracy. – 392.

Alexander III (Romanov) (1845–1894) – Russian Emperor (1881–1894). – 260–261, 331.

Argutinsky-Dolgorukov, A. M. (1860–1918) – Prince, one of the prominent participants in the zemstvo movement, left Cadet, later an SR. In 1906 in Tiflis he headed the local organization of the Radical Party, from whose list he ran but failed to be elected to the I and II State Dumas. After the February Revolution of 1917, he was elected as a glas in the Tiflis City Duma by the SR list but was not included in the board members. Later moved to Petrograd, headed the food division of the Petrograd City Administration. – 383, 385.

B

Bauman, N. E. (Sarafsky, Sorokin) (1873–1905) – Professional revolutionary, outstanding figure of the Bolshevik party. Began his revolutionary activity in the first half of the 1890s in Kazan; in 1896 actively participated in the work of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class," conducted propaganda among workers in the Narvsky District. Arrested in 1897 and, after 22 months imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress, exiled to Vyatka Province; emigrated to Switzerland in October 1899, joined the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," took active part in the struggle against "Economism." In 1900 was one of the founders of the *Iskra* organization; worked as its agent in Moscow in 1901–1902; arrested in February 1902; together with a group of social-democrats escaped from Lukyanovsk Prison in Kiev on August 18 (31). At the II Congress of the RSDLP – a delegate from the Moscow Committee, an *Iskra* man of the majority. Returned to Moscow in December 1903, headed the Moscow Committee of the party and simultaneously directed the Northern Bureau of the Party's CC, organized an illegal printing house in his apartment. Arrested in June 1904; released in October 1905; killed by a Black Hundred thug on October 18 (31) during a demonstration organized by the Moscow Committee. Bauman's funeral became a grandiose popular demonstration. The newspaper *Proletarii*, No. 24, carried an obituary in memory of N. E. Bauman, written by V. I. Lenin. – 36–37, 78.

Bebel (Bebel), August (1840–1913) – One of the most prominent figures of German social-democracy and the II International. By profession a skilled metalworker. Began his political activity in the first half of the 1860s; was a member of the I International. In 1869, together with W. Liebknecht, founded the Social-Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (the "Eisenachers"); repeatedly elected to the Reichstag, fought for the democratic unification of Germany, exposed the reactionary domestic and foreign policy of the Kaiser government. During the Franco-Prussian War took an internationalist position, supported the Paris Commune. In the 1890s and early 1900s spoke against reformism and revisionism in the ranks of German social-democracy. V. I. Lenin considered his speeches against the Bernsteinists to be "models of defending Marxist views and struggling for the truly socialist character of the workers' party" (Collected Works, 4th ed., Vol. 19, p. 268). A talented publicist and excellent orator, Bebel exerted significant influence on the development of German and European workers' movements.

In the final period of his activity, Bebel made a number of centrist errors (insufficient struggle against opportunists, overestimation of the significance of parliamentary forms of struggle, etc.). – 11.

Berdyaev, N. A. (1874–1948) – Reactionary idealist philosopher and mystic. Even in his first literary works stood on the positions of "legal Marxism," came forward with a neo-Kantian revision of Marx's doctrine, later became an open enemy of Marxism. Joined the Cadet party in 1905; during the years of reaction was one of the representatives of the anti-Marxist religious-philosophical current of "god-seeking," participated in the counter-revolutionary collection "Landmarks." After the October Socialist Revolution came out as an apologist for feudalism and medieval scholasticism, seeing in them the only salvation from growing communism. In 1922 was exiled abroad for counter-revolutionary activity, continued to preach philosophical mysticism, was one of the ideologists of counter-revolution. – 303, 320.

Bernstein (Bernstein), Eduard (1850–1932) – Leader of the most extreme opportunistic wing of German social-democracy and the II International, theorist of revisionism and reformism. Participated in the social-democratic movement from the mid-1870s, was under the influence of Dühring. From 1881 to 1889 – editor of the illegal central organ of the German Social-Democratic Party *Der Sozialdemokrat* (*The Social-Democrat*). In 1896–1898 published in the journal *Die Neue Zeit* (*New Times*) a series of articles titled "Problems of Socialism," later published as a book "The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social-Democracy" (1899), where he openly came forward with a revision of the philosophical, economic, and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism. Bernstein denied the Marxist theory of class struggle, the doctrine of the inevitable collapse of capitalism, of socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat. "The opportunist has unlearned how to think even of the proletarian revolution," wrote V. I. Lenin, referring to Bernstein (Collected Works, 4th ed., Vol. 25, p. 400). Bernstein declared the sole task of the workers' movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at improving the economic position of workers under capitalism, put forward the opportunistic formula: "movement is everything, the final goal is nothing." The theoretical views and practical opportunistic activity of Bernstein and his followers led to the direct betrayal of the interests of the working class, culminating in the collapse of the II International. In subsequent years, Bernstein continued his struggle against Marxism, called for support of the imperialist bourgeoisie's policies. – 273, 335, 364, 376.

Blank, R. M. (born 1866) – Publicist, chemist by training. Living abroad until 1905, Blank contributed to the journal *Osvobozhdenie* – an organ of Russian liberal bourgeoisie. Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, joined the editorial board of the newspaper *Nasha Zhizn'*, and later became its de facto editor; contributed to the left-Cadet newspaper *Tovarishch*. In 1909–1912 took closest part in the publication of the journal of Kadets, Popular Socialists, and Menshevik-liquidators – *Zaprosы Zhizni* [*Questions of Life*]; in his works distorted the Marxist doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat. V. I. Lenin, characterizing Blank as the most typical exponent of Cadet politics, in a number of articles exposed the counter-revolutionary essence of his views. – 312–314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329–330, 331, 335, 336, 340, 341–342, 346, 348, 352.

Borisov – see Suvorov, S. A.

Brentano (Brentano), Lujo (1844–1931) – German bourgeois economist, professor of political economy at the University of Munich from 1896; supporter of "cathedra socialism," which preached renunciation of class struggle and the possibility through organizing reformist unions and factory legislation of resolving social contradictions in capitalist society and reconciling the interests of workers and capitalists. On the agrarian question, defended the reactionary "theory" of the durability of small-scale agriculture and the pseudo-scientific bourgeois "law of diminishing soil fertility." Defended the interests of capitalist monopolies. V. I. Lenin exposed the indissoluble connection between "Brentanoism," "legal Marxism" in Russia, and international revisionism. – 335.

Bülow (Bülow), Bernhard (1849–1929) – Diplomat and statesman of Kaiser Germany. In 1897–1900 was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs; from 1900 to 1909 – Reich Chancellor. Put forward a broad program of colonial conquests, reflecting the aspirations of German imperialism to struggle for world domination. Conducted reactionary domestic policy, resorting to harsh repression against the intensifying strike movement; fought against anti-militarism. In the beginning of the First World War was extraordinary ambassador to Italy. Later withdrew from political activity. – 329.

Bürger (Bürger), H. F. – Author of an anti-Marxist pamphlet "Soziale Tatsachen und sozialdemokratische Lehren" ("Social Facts and Social-Democratic Doctrines") (1900). The pamphlet met with great sympathy from the "Central Association of German Industrialists" and was used by them in the interests of struggling against revolutionary social-democracy. – 353.

V

V. V. – see Vorontsov, V. P.

Van Ganzhou (Wan Anshi) (1021–1086) – Chinese statesman-reformer and utopian scholar. Proposed and partially implemented reforms aimed at, through a verification of the land census, making the tax burden on the people more uniform, introducing state credit for peasants, creating state trading enterprises to regulate the market, replacing a mercenary army with a regular army. The reforms encountered resistance from feudalists and usurers and were thwarted by them. – 253.

Warski (Warski), Adolf (Varshavsky, A. S.) (1868–1937) – One of the oldest and prominent figures of the Polish revolutionary movement. In the late 1880s was one of the organizers of the "Union of Polish Workers," took active part in creating the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland, and later the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. Emigrated abroad in 1893, where together with R. Luxemburg and others began to publish the newspaper *Sprawa Robotnicza* (*Workers' Cause*) – the first organ of Polish social-democrats, and then the journal *Przeglad Socjaldemokratyczny* (*Social-Democratic Review*). Delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the party with advisory vote from the Social-Democracy of Poland and Lithuania. After the congress entered the CC of the RSDLP. Elected to the CC at the V Congress. In 1909–1910 – one of the editors of the RSDLP's Central Organ – the newspaper *Sotsial-Demokrat*. During this period V. I. Lenin characterized Warski as an "experienced writer, intelligent Marxist and excellent comrade" (Collected Works, 4th ed., Vol. 36, p. 133). During the First World War – an internationalist, participant in the Zimmerwald and Kinthal Conferences. Returned to Poland in 1916 but was arrested by the Germans for anti-war agitation; after liberation in 1917 was in the leadership of the SDPiL. In 1918 – one of the founders and a member of the CC of the Communist Workers' Party of Poland, participant in its congresses and conferences. Elected deputy to the Polish Sejm, was chairman of its Communist faction. Emigrated to the USSR in 1929; worked in the Institute of Marx–Engels–Lenin on the history of the Polish workers' movement; in the last years of his life – a personal pensioner. – 376.

Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern) (1859–1941) – German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888–1918). – 34, 131.

Vinaver, M. M. (1863–1926) – Lawyer, one of the founders of the Cadet party, for a number of years a member of its CC. At the second congress of the Cadet party in January 1906 delivered a report on the question of party tactics, which was accepted by the congress "as a declaration of the party." Together with V. D. Nabokov edited the bourgeois journal *Vestnik Prava* [*Law Herald*]; took active part in organizing the union of lawyers. Elected to the I State Duma in 1906.

After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power, was part of the Crimean Regional Government as minister of foreign affairs. Before the evacuation of Crimea in 1919, together with other government members, handed over valuables from the regional bank and Sevastopol treasury to the French. Emigrated to Paris, where he headed the Paris committee of Kadets, contributed to the emigrant newspaper *Poslednie Novosti* [*Latest News*]. – 290.

Winter – see Krasin, L. B.

Witte, S. Yu. (1849–1915) – Russian statesman, expressing the interests of "military-feudal imperialism" of tsarist Russia, convinced supporter of autocracy, who sought to preserve the monarchy through minor concessions and promises to the liberal bourgeoisie and harsh repression against the people; one of the organizers of the suppression of the 1905–1907 revolution. As Minister of Communications (February–August 1892), Minister of Finance (1892–1903), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (October 1905–April 1906), Witte through his measures in the sphere of finance, tariff policy, railway construction, factory legislation, and constant encouragement of foreign capital investments contributed to the development of capitalism in Russia and the strengthening of its dependence on imperialist powers. "Minister-broker," "stock exchange agent" – this is how V. I. Lenin characterized him. – 2–3, 10–11, 21–22, 30, 49, 50–51, 52–53, 55, 57–58, 75, 76, 80, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 252, 298, 329, 347, 382, 403, 404, 406–407, 408.

Vladimir – see Romanov, Vladimir Alexandrovich.

Vodovozov, V. V. (1864–1933) – Economist and publicist of liberal-Populist orientation. From 1904 – member of the editorial board of the newspaper *Nasha Zhizn'*; in 1906 contributed to the left-Cadet newspaper *Tovarishch*; during the election campaign to the II State Duma becomes a Trudovik. In 1912, in the journal of Kadets, Popular Socialists, and Menshevik-liquidators – *Zaprosы Zhizni* [*Questions of Life*] – spoke on the question of mutual relations between workers' and bourgeois democracy and their parties. V. I. Lenin devoted considerable attention in his works to critiquing Vodovozov's liberal-bourgeois views.

In 1917 Vodovozov was on the editorial board of the journal *Byloye* [*The Past*], contributed to the liberal-bourgeois newspaper *Den'* [*The Day*]. Took a hostile attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution. From 1924 – in emigration, participated in White Guard publications. – 382.

Vorontsov, V. P. (V. V.) (1847–1918) – Economist and publicist, one of the ideologists of liberal Populism of the 1880s–1890s, author of books "The Fates of Capitalism in Russia" (1882), "Our Trends" (1893), "Essays on Theoretical Economics" (1895) and others, in which he denied the development of capitalism in Russia, extolled small-scale commodity production, idealized the peasant commune. Preached reconciliation with the tsarist government and decisively spoke against Marxism. Vorontsov's views were subjected to sharp criticism in many works of V. I. Lenin. – 46.

G

# [BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRIES / HISTORICAL REFERENCE SECTION]

Hegel (Hegel), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) – the greatest German philosopher – an objective idealist, ideologue of the German bourgeoisie. Hegel's philosophy represented the pinnacle of German idealism of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Hegel's historical merit lies in his profound and comprehensive elaboration of idealistic dialectics, which served as one of the theoretical sources of dialectical materialism. According to Hegel, the entire natural, historical, and spiritual world exists in continuous motion, change, transformation, and development; however, the objective world, reality, is conceived by him as a product of "absolute spirit," "absolute idea." V. I. Lenin called Hegel's "absolute idea" a theological invention of the idealist Hegel. Characteristic of Hegel's philosophy is a profound contradiction between the dialectical method and the conservative, metaphysical system, which in essence demanded the cessation of development. In his socio-political views, Hegel was a reactionary.

K. Marx, F. Engels, and V. I. Lenin, having critically reworked Hegel's dialectical method, created materialist dialectics, which reflects the most general laws of development of the objective world and human thought.

Hegel's principal works: *Phenomenology of Spirit* (1806), *Science of Logic* (1812–1816), *Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences* (1817), *Philosophy of Right* (1821). Posthumous editions: *Lectures on the History of Philosophy* (1833–1836) and *Lectures on Aesthetics, or Philosophy of Art* (1836–1838). – 374.

Gelfand, A. L. – see Parvus.

Hessen, I. V. (1866–1943) – Russian bourgeois publicist. One of the founders and leaders of the Kadet party, permanent member of its Central Committee. Together with Milyukov, he edited the newspaper *Narodnaya Svoboda* (*People's Freedom*) (December 1905), and subsequently *Rech'* (*Speech*) – organs of the Kadet party. Member of the Second State Duma, chairman of its legal commission. Following the October Socialist Revolution – an enemy of Soviet power; during foreign military intervention and civil war, actively aided Yudenich; later became a White émigrée. In his publicist work distinguished himself by vicious slanders against the Bolsheviks. – 11, 296, 408.

Goldman, L. I. (Akim) (1877–1939) – participated in the revolutionary movement from 1893, conducted propaganda in workers' circles in Vilna and Minsk; in September 1897 participated in the founding congress of the Bund. In 1899 he was arrested, escaped, and worked in Odessa; in 1900 he left for abroad, where he joined the *Iskra* organization. In early 1901 he met with V. I. Lenin in Munich, discussing with him the plan for establishing an *Iskra* printing press in Russia. In May 1901 he organized an illegal printing press in Kishinyov, which printed *Iskra* and other social-democratic publications. In March 1902 he was arrested and subsequently exiled to Siberia. In 1905 he escaped from exile to Geneva, joined the Mensheviks; was secretary of the editorial office of the Menshevik *Iskra*. In 1905 he participated from the Mensheviks in the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP; at the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP was elected to the Central Committee. In 1907 he worked in the Urals, was arrested and in 1911 was exiled to Siberia. After the February Revolution of 1917 – chairman of the Irkutsk Soviet and member of the Menshevik Central Committee. From 1921 he withdrew from political activity, working on economic and editorial-publishing work. – 185, 188.

Gringmut, V. A. (1851–1907) – Russian reactionary publicist; from 1897 to 1907 – editor of the monarchist newspaper *Moskovskie Vedomosti* (*Moscow News*). Spoke out against the slightest manifestations of liberation and revolutionary movement, defended tsarist autocracy and the privileged position of the Orthodox Church, stood on the positions of Great Russian chauvinism. During the revolution of 1905–1907 – one of the organizers and leaders of the Black Hundreds' *Union of the Russian People*. – 252.

Groman, V. G. (born 1874) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Author of one of the projects of an agrarian program presented to the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP; participated in editing the Menshevik journal *Nashe Delo* (*Our Cause*). During the years of reaction – a liquidator. From the beginning of the February Revolution of 1917 headed food supply matters in Petrograd. After the October Socialist Revolution spent several years in administrative-economic work. In 1931 he was sentenced for counter-revolutionary activity. – 249.

Gurvich, F. I. – see Dan, F. I.

Guchkov, A. I. (1862–1936) – prominent Russian capitalist, organizer and leader of the bourgeois-landlord party of Octobrists. During the revolution of 1905–1907 sharply opposed the revolutionary movement, solidarizing with the government's policy of merciless repression against the working class and peasantry. During the years of reaction – chairman of the Commission of State Defense and chairman of the Third State Duma. During the First World War was chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee and member of the Special Defense Conference. After the February Revolution of 1917 – War and Marine Minister in the first cabinet of the Provisional Government, advocated continuation of the war to a victorious conclusion. In August 1917 personally participated in organizing the Kornilov mutiny, was arrested at the front but released by the Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power; became a White émigrée. – 100, 294, 305, 381.

D

Dan (Gurvich), F. I. (1871–1947) – one of the Menshevik leaders, a physician by profession. Participated in the social-democratic movement from the 1890s; was a member of the Petersburg *Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class*. Repeatedly subjected to arrests and exile; in September 1903 escaped abroad, where he joined the Mensheviks. Dan was a participant in the Fourth (Unification) and Fifth Congresses of the RSDLP and a number of conferences. During the years of reaction headed abroad a group of liquidators, edited the newspaper *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata* (*Voice of the Social-Democrat*). During the First World War – an ardent defensist; after the February Revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution – opponent of Soviet power. In early 1922 was expelled abroad as an irreconcilable enemy of the Soviet state. – 185, 193, 194, 196, 197, 199, 277, 282, 359, 375.

Danielson, N. F. (Nikolay-on) (1844–1918) – Russian writer-economist, one of the ideologues of liberal Populism in the 1880s–1890s. In the 1860s–1870s was connected with circles of revolutionary radical-democratic youth. Completed the first translation of K. Marx's *Capital* into Russian, begun by G. A. Lopatin, and in connection with this maintained correspondence with K. Marx and F. Engels, in which he raised questions concerning the economic development of Russia. However, Danielson did not understand the essence of Marxism and subsequently opposed it. In 1893 published the book *Essays on Our Post-Reform Social Economy*, which together with the works of V. P. Vorontsov served as theoretical justification for liberal Populism. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Danielson's views in a number of his works. – 46.

John – see Maslov, P. P.

Dolgorukov, Pyotr Dm. (1866 – c. 1945) – prince, prominent landowner, zemstvo activist, Kadet. Was chairman of the Sudzhanskaya District zemstvo administration. Participant in zemstvo congresses of 1904–1905. One of the organizers of the Kadet party, member of its Central Committee. Was a deputy and vice-chairman of the First State Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White émigrée. – 179.

Dubasov, F. V. (1845–1912) – adjutant general, admiral, one of the chief leaders of tsarist reaction, bloody executioner of the Russian revolution of 1905–1907. In 1905 directed the suppression of agrarian movement in Chernigov, Poltava, and Kursk gubernii. From November 1905 – Moscow general-governor, directed the crushing of the armed uprising in Moscow in December. From 1906 – member of the State Council; from 1907 – member of the Council of State Defense. – 160, 168, 288, 322, 324–325, 327, 329, 332, 348, 350.

Durnovo, P. N. (1844–1915) – one of the most reactionary statesmen of tsarist Russia. In 1884–1893 was director of the Department of Police; in 1900–1905 – deputy minister of internal affairs. Appointed in October 1905 as minister of internal affairs, took decisive measures to crush the first Russian revolution, inspired Black Hundreds organizations to pogroms. From 1906 – member of the State Council. – 168, 284, 296, 298, 309, 322, 329, 337, 338, 339, 348, 350.

Dühring, Eugen (1833–1921) – German philosopher and economist. Dühring's philosophical views represented an eclectic mixture of positivism, metaphysical materialism, and idealism. His reactionary-utopian system of "solidarism" idealized Prussian semi-feudal forms of economy. Dühring's views, which found support among part of German social-democracy, were subjected to criticism by Engels in the book *Anti-Dühring: A Revolution in Science Effected by Mr. Eugen Dühring* (1877–1878). Lenin in his book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* (1909) and in a number of other works repeatedly criticized Dühring's eclectic views.

Dühring's principal works: *Critical History of National Economy and Socialism* (1871), *Course of National and Social Economy* (1873), *Course of Philosophy* (1875). – 326, 409.

E

Ermansky, O. A. (Kogan, O. A., Rudenko) (1866–1941) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In the revolutionary movement from the late 1880s. In 1905 worked in the Petersburg organization of Mensheviks, then in the Odessa Committee of the RSDLP. At the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the party – a delegate from the Odessa organization. During the years of reaction – a liquidator; took active part in the Menshevik press and also in the work of the social-democratic faction of the Third State Duma. During the First World War – a centrist. In 1917 – a Menshevik-internationalist. In 1918 – member of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks, one of the editors of their central organ – the journal *Rabochiy International* (*Workers' International*). In 1921 left the Menshevik party; worked in public and scientific activities. – 385.

Zh

Zhdanov (c. 1874–1906) – police chief, participant in the cruel repression by tsarism against peasants of Tambov guberniya in 1905. Killed by members of a combat group of Socialist-Revolutionaries. – 334.

Z

Sombart, Werner (1863–1941) – German vulgar bourgeois economist, prominent ideologue of German imperialism. Professor of the Universities of Breslau and subsequently Berlin. At the beginning of his work, Sombart was one of the typical ideologues of "social-liberalism slightly tinted with Marxism" (V. I. Lenin. *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 18, p. 51). Subsequently he became an open enemy of Marxism, portraying capitalism as a harmonious economic system. In his final years he moved to the positions of fascism and eulogized the Hitlerite regime. Sombart's principal works: *Socialism and the Social Movement in the Nineteenth Century* (1896), *Modern Capitalism* (1902), and others. – 335.

I

Izgoev (Lande), A. S. (born 1872) – bourgeois publicist, one of the ideologues of the Kadet party. In the 1890s – a representative of "legal Marxism," was the closest collaborator of P. B. Struve; later – a social-democrat. During the revolution of 1905–1907 – one of the active advocates of the bourgeoisie's open turn toward counter-revolutionary liberalism, enemy of Bolshevism. Regular contributor to the Kadet central organ – the newspaper *Rech'*, and also participated in the Kadet *Southern Notes*, *Russian Thought*, in the counter-revolutionary miscellany *Vehi* (*Landmarks*). After the October Socialist Revolution contributed to the journal *Vestnik Literatury* (*Herald of Literature*) of a decadent group of intellectuals. For counter-revolutionary publicist activity was expelled abroad in 1922. – 288, 309, 336, 337, 341.

Iks – see Maslov, P. P.

K

Karpinsky, V. A. (Kalinin, V.) (born 1880) – one of the oldest figures of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, prominent party publicist and propagandist. In 1898 joined the RSDLP, was one of the organizers and leaders of the Kharkov *Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class*; repeatedly subjected to arrests. In 1902 was exiled to Vologda guberniya, from which he escaped and until autumn 1904 was in underground status. In the same year emigrated abroad to Geneva, where he became acquainted with V. I. Lenin. From that time continuously worked in the party's organizations abroad, participated in the Bolshevik newspapers *Vpered* (*Forward*) and *Proletarii* (*The Proletarian*), managed the library and archives of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Geneva. In 1914–1917 collaborated in the Party's Central Organ – the newspaper *Social-Demokrat* (*The Social-Democrat*) and conducted work on the publication and distribution of Bolshevik literature. In December 1917 returned to Russia; worked in responsible Soviet and party positions; member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of several convocations. In 1918 managed the agitation-instruction department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Was included in the editorial board of the Eighth Congress of the RCP(b). In 1918–1927 – member of the editorial board of the newspaper *Pravda* (*Truth*), editor of the newspaper *Bednota* (*The Poor*), member of editorial boards of a number of other newspapers and journals. In 1936–1937 worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party(b). From 1937 conducts scientific and propaganda work. Doctor of economic sciences. Author of a number of books on V. I. Lenin, Leninism, and other questions. – 81–82.

Kartvelov – see Chichinidze, N. G.

Katkov, M. N. (1818–1887) – reactionary publicist. Began his political activities as a supporter of moderate noble liberalism; in 1851–1855 edited the newspaper *Moskovskie Vedomosti*, was subsequently one of the publishers of the journal *Russkiy Vestnik* (*Russian Herald*). "During the first democratic upsurge in Russia (early 1860s of the nineteenth century) turned to nationalism, chauvinism, and rabid Black Hundredism" (V. I. Lenin. *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 18, p. 250). In 1863–1887 – editor-publisher of *Moskovskie Vedomosti*, which became the mouthpiece of monarchist reaction. Katkov himself called himself "the faithful watchdog of autocracy." Katkov's name became a symbol of the most frenzied monarchist reaction. – 301.

Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938) – one of the leaders of German social-democracy and the Second International, initially a Marxist, later a renegade from Marxism, ideologue of one of the opportunist currents in the workers' movement – centrism (Kautskyism), editor of the theoretical journal of German social-democracy *Die Neue Zeit* (*New Times*).

Began participating in the socialist movement in 1874. His views at that time represented a mixture of Lassalleanism, neo-Malthusianism, and anarchism. In 1881 he became acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels, and under their influence moved toward Marxism; however, even at that time he displayed wavering toward opportunism, for which K. Marx and F. Engels sharply criticized him. In the 1880s–1890s he wrote a number of works on questions of Marxist theory: *The Economic Doctrine of Karl Marx*, *The Agrarian Question*, and others, which despite errors in them played a positive role in the propagation of Marxism. Later, during the period of widely developed revolutionary movement, moved to the positions of opportunism; on the eve of the First World War becomes a centrist; during the war transitions to the camp of open enemies of revolutionary Marxism, covering his social-chauvinism with phrases about internationalism. Author of the theory of ultra-imperialism, the reactionary essence of which Lenin exposed in the works *The Collapse of the Second International* (1915), *Imperialism, as the Highest Stage of Capitalism* (1916), and others. After the October Socialist Revolution openly spoke out against the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin in his works *The State and Revolution* (1917), *The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky* (1918), and a number of others subjected Kautskyism to devastating criticism. Exposing the danger of Kautskyism, V. I. Lenin wrote: "The working class cannot accomplish its world-revolutionary role without waging a merciless war with this renegadism, spinelessness, servility to opportunism, and unprecedented theoretical vulgarization of Marxism" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 283). – 213–214, 215–216, 247, 248, 251, 257–258, 261, 342, 353–354, 364, 391.

Kaufman, A. A. (1864–1919) – Russian bourgeois economist and statistician, professor, publicist; one of the organizers and leaders of the Kadet party. From 1887 to 1906 served in the Ministry of Agriculture and State Properties. In his book *Resettlement and Colonization* (1905) gave a sketch of the history of tsarist resettlement policy. "As a true 'liberal,' the author is excessively respectful toward the bureaucracy of the serf-owners" (V. I. Lenin. *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 13, p. 389). Participated in drafting the Kadet project of agrarian reform, actively contributed to *Russkiye Vedomosti* (*Russian News*); preached class peace between peasants and landowners. V. I. Lenin, counting Kaufman among "cautious" statisticians, criticized him for his bourgeois-bureaucratic approach to solving the agrarian question. After the October Socialist Revolution Kaufman participated in the work of central statistical institutions. – 289, 305.

Kizevetter, A. A. (1866–1933) – Russian liberal-bourgeois historian and publicist. Member of the *Union of Liberation* from its inception, one of the leaders of the Kadet party. In 1900–1911 – privatdocent of Moscow University. Took active part in the pre-electoral struggle of the Kadets in the First and Second State Duma, deputy of the Second State Duma; contributed to *Russkiye Vedomosti*, was a member of the editorial board and one of the editors of the journal *Russkaya Mysl'* (*Russian Thought*). In his historical-publicist works distorted the significance of the Russian revolution of 1905–1907. V. I. Lenin, criticizing Kizevetter's counter-revolutionary views in a number of his works, counted him among the Kadet professors trafficking in scholarship in service to reaction.

After the October Socialist Revolution Kizevetter conducted active struggle against Soviet power, for which he was expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922. Abroad he took active part in the White émigré press. – 288, 303, 309, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321.

Knunyants, B. M. (Radin, B.) (1878–1911) – professional revolutionary, Bolshevik; began revolutionary activity in 1897 in the Petersburg *Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class*. In 1901 was exiled to Baku, where became one of the leaders of the Baku and subsequently Caucasian union committees of the RSDLP. Participated in creating the Union of Armenian Social-Democrats and its illegal organ – the newspaper *Proletariat*. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP – a delegate from the Baku Committee, an Iskraite of the majority. After the Congress worked as a Central Committee agent in the Caucasus and Moscow. In September 1905 was coopted into the Petersburg Committee of the party, participated from the Bolsheviks in the composition of the Executive Committee of the first Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies. In December 1905 was arrested, sentenced to life exile in Siberia. From exile in 1907 escaped abroad, participated in the work of the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International and the Fourth (Third All-Russian) Conference of the RSDLP in Helsingfors. From late 1907 worked in Baku; displayed some wavering on questions of Bolshevik tactics during the period of reaction. In September 1910 was arrested, died in the Baku prison. – 61.

Kogan, O. A. – see Ermansky, O. A.

Koni, A. F. (1844–1927) – prominent Russian jurist and public figure, academician. Became known after the trial in the case of V. I. Zasulich, who in 1878 made an attempt on the life of Petersburg city governor Trepov. For issuing an acquittal verdict, Koni was removed for several years from work in criminal court. From 1885 to the end of the 1890s served as chairman of the criminal cassation department. From 1907 – member of the State Council. After the October Socialist Revolution – professor of the Petrograd University; took active part in public life. Koni was well acquainted with Russian literature; at one time maintained friendly relations with N. A. Nekrasov, I. A. Goncharov, F. M. Dostoyevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, and other writers. Koni's literary heritage is collected in five volumes of essays and memoirs *On Life's Path*. – 30.

Konovalov, I. A. (Nikolai) (1883–1911) – participated in the revolutionary movement from 1900. In the final years of his life became a provocateur, which was only discovered after the February Revolution of 1917. – 187.

Kosich, A. I. (born 1833) – Saratov governor in 1887–1891. – 30.

Krasin, L. B. (Vinter) (1870–1926) – social-democrat, Iskraite, after the Second Congress of the RSDLP – Bolshevik, prominent Soviet statesman and diplomat. In 1890 – member of the social-democratic circle of Brusnev in Petersburg. In 1891 Krasin was exiled by police from Petersburg to Nizhny Novgorod for participation in a demonstration at the funeral of Shelgunov. In 1894 again subjected to arrest and then exile for 3 years to Irkutsk. Upon completion of exile (1897) entered the Kharkov Technological Institute, which he graduated from in 1900. In 1900–1904 worked as an engineer in Baku, where together with V. Z. Keckhöveli organized an illegal *Iskra* printing press. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP joined the Bolsheviks, was coopted into the Central Committee of the party, where he took a conciliationist position toward the Mensheviks and facilitated the cooption of three of their representatives to the Central Committee; soon, however, broke with the Mensheviks. Krasin – a participant in the Third Congress of the RSDLP; at the Congress was elected a member of the Central Committee. In 1905 – one of the organizers of the first legal Bolshevik newspaper *Novaya Zhizn'* (*New Life*); as a representative of the Central Committee participated in the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies. At the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP delivered a report from the Bolsheviks on the question of armed uprising; at the Congress was again elected a member of the Central Committee. In 1908 emigrated abroad. During the years of reaction for some time was part of the recallist group *Vpered*; later withdrew from political activity, worked as an engineer abroad and in Russia. After the October Socialist Revolution Krasin – one of the organizers of supplying the Red Army, then member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, People's Commissar of Transport. From 1919 Krasin engaged in diplomatic work. In 1921–1923 worked as envoy in London, participated in the Genoa and The Hague Conferences. From 1924 – People's Commissar of Foreign Trade, plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in France. From 1925 – envoy in England. At the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses of the party was elected a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party(b). – 390.

Kuzmin-Karavaev, V. D. (1859–1927) – one of the leaders of the right wing of the Kadet party, military jurist, general. Member of the State Duma of the first and second convocations; played a prominent political role in tsarism's suppression of the revolution of 1905–1907. In the First World War – one of the figures of the zemstvo and member of the military-industrial committee. After the October Socialist Revolution – enemy of Soviet power. During foreign military intervention and civil war – an active White Guard, member of the political conference with Yudenich. From 1920 – a White émigrée. – 30.

Kuropatkin, A. K. (1848–1925) – general; from 1898 to 1904 – War Minister. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 was commander-in-chief of the land forces and subsequently all Russian armed forces in the Far East; showed himself to be a spineless and incompetent military commander. In the First World War (in 1916) commanded the Northern Front, was general-governor and commander of troops in Turkestan. After the October Socialist Revolution lived in Pskov guberniya. – 215.

Kuskova, E. D. (1869–1958) – Russian bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the mid-1890s, while abroad, became acquainted with Marxism, came close to the group *Liberation of Labor*, but soon under the influence of Bernsteinism took the path of revising Marxism. The document written by Kuskova in the spirit of Bernsteinism, known as the "*Credo*," most vividly expressed the opportunist essence of "Economism" and provoked sharp protest from a group of Russian Marxists headed by V. I. Lenin. On the eve of the revolution of 1905–1907 Kuskova joined the liberal *Union of Liberation*. In 1906 together with S. N. Prokopovich published the semi-Kadet journal *Bez Zaglaviya* (*Without a Title*), was an active contributor to the newspaper of the left Kadets *Tovarishch* (*Comrade*). Kuskova called on workers to abandon revolutionary struggle, sought to subordinate the workers' movement to the political leadership of the liberal bourgeoisie. After the October Socialist Revolution spoke out against the Bolsheviks; in 1921 was a member of the *Public Committee for Aid to the Hungry*, together with other leaders of this organization sought to use it for struggle against Soviet power. In 1922 was expelled abroad, where became an active figure of the White émigration. – 323.

Kutler, N. N. (1859–1924) – prominent figure of the Kadet party; worked in the Ministry of Finance, was director of the Department of Levies; later – Minister of Agriculture and Land Settlement. One of the authors of the project of an agrarian program designed to create a support for autocracy among the peasants. A detailed criticism of this project was given by V. I. Lenin in his works *Draft of a Speech on the Agrarian Question in the Second State Duma* and *The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907* (see *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 12, pp. 233–263; vol. 13, pp. 195–394). After the October Socialist Revolution Kutler worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance. From 1922 was a member of the board of the State Bank of the USSR. – 252.

L

Lande, A. S. – see Izgoev, A. S.

Larin, Yu. (Lurie, M. A.) (1882–1932) – social-democrat, Menshevik, one of the leaders of liquidationism. In the revolutionary movement from 1901; worked in Odessa and Simferopol. In 1905 – member of the Petersburg Menshevik Committee of the RSDLP. In 1906 was part of the Petersburg united committee of the party; delegate to the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP with a decisive vote. At the Congress and in print upheld the Menshevik program of municipalization of land. Was a delegate to the Fifth Congress of the party. After the defeat of the revolution of 1905–1907 – one of the frank and active preachers of liquidationism. Contributed to a number of central Menshevik-liquidationist publications. Detailed criticism of Larin's liquidationist views was given by V. I. Lenin in the article *The Crisis of Menshevism* (see *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 11, pp. 307–328). Larin took active part in the anti-party August Bloc; was a member of its organizational committee. After the February Revolution headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists who published the journal *International*. In August 1917 was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution worked on Soviet and economic matters. – 358.

Levitsky, V. (Tsederbaum, V. O., Leonov) (born 1883) – prominent Menshevik, publicist. Entered the revolutionary movement at the end of the 1890s; worked in the Dvina organization of the Bund. In early 1906 was a member of the Petersburg united committee of the RSDLP; delegate to the Fourth (Unification) Congress from the Petersburg organization. During the pre-electoral campaign for the Second State Duma was among the group that had broken away from the social-democrats, standing for a bloc with the Kadets. During the period of reaction – one of the leaders of liquidationism; was a member of the editorial board of the journal *Nasha Zarya* (*Our Dawn*), contributed to *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, *Vozrozhdeniye* (*Renaissance*), and other Menshevik-liquidationist periodicals. Was part of the Menshevik center, was among those who signed the *Open Letter* on the liquidation of the party, author of the "famous" formula: "not hegemony but a class party," which substituted social-liberalism for Marxism. During the years of the First World War – a chauvinist, supported the extreme right group of defensists. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility, actively fought against Soviet power; in 1919 was prosecuted in the case of the counter-revolutionary "tactical center." Later engaged in literary work. V. I. Lenin, characterizing Levitsky as one of the most prominent opportunists and ringleader of Russian reformism, subjected his views to devastating criticism in a number of his works. – 374–375.

Lenin, V. I. (Ulyanov, V. I., N. Lenin, Lenin) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 14, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 70, 84, 88, 90, 92–93, 135, 175, 186, 188, 189, 190, 196, 197, 198, 199, 244–245, 251, 254, 255, 267, 278, 279, 280, 304, 306, 307, 345, 354, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 375, 379, 382, 383, 385, 386, 390, 393, 394.

Leonov – see Levitsky, V.

Lomtatidze, V. B. (Vorobiev) (1879–1915) – social-democrat, Menshevik; during the period of reaction – a liquidator. Participated in the work of the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP as a delegate from the Gurian party organization. In 1907 – deputy to the Second State Duma from Kutaisi guberniya. In the case concerning the social-democratic faction of the Second Duma was sentenced to hard labor, commuted to a seven-year prison sentence. – 390, 394.

Luzhenovsky, G. N. (1870–1906) – provincial counselor; an active figure in the Tambov Black Hundreds monarchist organization called the *Union of Russian People*. In 1905–1906 – one of the leaders of Black Hundreds pogroms, the merciless suppression by tsarism of the revolutionary movement of peasants in Tambov guberniya. Killed by M. A. Spiridonova, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary party. – 334, 339.

Lurie, M. A. – see Larin, Yu.

Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) – outstanding figure of the international workers' movement, one of the leaders of the left wing of the Second International. Began revolutionary activity in the second half of the 1880s, was among the founders of the Polish social-democratic movement, spoke out against nationalism in its ranks. From 1897 took active part in the German social-democratic movement, fought against Bernsteinism and Millerandism. Luxemburg was a participant in the first Russian revolution (in Warsaw); in 1907 participated in the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where she supported the Bolsheviks. From the very beginning of the imperialist war took an internationalist position. Was one of the initiators of the creation of the group *International*, subsequently renamed the group *Spartacus*, and then the *Spartacus Union*; wrote (in prison) under the pseudonym Junius the pamphlet *The Crisis of Social-Democracy* (see the article by V. I. Lenin *On the Pamphlet of Junius* – *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 22, pp. 291–305). After the November Revolution in Germany took a leading part in the Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of Germany. In January 1919 was arrested and killed by order of the Scheidemann government. Lenin, who highly valued R. Luxemburg, repeatedly spoke out with criticism of her errors (on questions of the role of the party, imperialism, the national-colonial, peasant question, permanent revolution, and others), thereby helping her to take a correct position. – 257–268.

M

Marx, Karl (1818–1883) – founder of scientific communism, brilliant thinker, leader and teacher of the international proletariat (see the article by V. I. Lenin *Karl Marx (A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism)* – *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 21, pp. 27–74). – 40, 45, 46, 117, 176, 210–212, 215, 219, 332, 335, 337, 340, 352, 363, 369, 375.

Martov, L. (Tsederbaum, Yu. O.) (1873–1923) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. Entered the social-democratic movement in the first half of the 1890s. In 1895 participated in organizing the Petersburg *Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class*; in connection with this case was arrested in 1896 and exiled for 3 years to Turukhansk. After exile in 1900 participated in preparing the publication of *Iskra*, was a member of its editorial board. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP – a delegate from the *Iskra* organization, led the opportunist minority at the Congress and from then on – one of the leaders of the central institutions of the Mensheviks and editor of Menshevik publications. During the years of reaction – a liquidator, edited *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, participated in the anti-party August conference (1912). During the years of the First World War took a centrist position; participated in the Zimmerwald and Kienthal Conferences; after the February Revolution of 1917 headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists. After the October Socialist Revolution went into the camp of open enemies of Soviet power. In 1920 emigrated to Germany, published the counter-revolutionary Menshevik *Socialistic Herald* in Berlin. – 52, 185, 186, 187, 188, 193, 277.

Marès, Roland – author of the article "Red Russia," published in the newspaper *L'Indépendance Belge* (*Belgian Independence*) on October 30, 1905. – 407.

Maslov, P. P. (John, Iks) (1867–1946) – economist, social-democrat, author of a number of works on the agrarian question in which he attempted to revise Marxism; contributed to the journals *Zhizn'* (*Life*), *Nachalo* (*Beginning*), and *Nauchnoye Obozreniye* (*Scientific Review*). After the Second Congress of the RSDLP joined the Mensheviks, put forward the Menshevik program of municipalization of land. At the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP spoke from the Mensheviks with a report on the agrarian question, was elected by the Congress to the editorial board of the Central Organ. During the years of reaction – a liquidator; during the period of the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from political activity, worked on pedagogical and scientific matters. From 1929 – an active member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – 244, 247–248, 249, 251, 254, 255–256, 257–263, 264, 266, 267, 361, 367, 368.

Makhnovec, B. P. – see Akimov, V. P.

Medvedeva, K. P. (born c. 1868) – wife of N. E. Bauman; before 1905 took active part in the revolutionary movement; later withdrew from revolutionary activity, lived in the Caucasus and subsequently on the Urals. – 36.

Milyukov, P. N. (1859–1943) – leader of the liberal-monarchist Kadet party, prominent ideologue of Russian imperialist bourgeoisie, historian and publicist. From 1886 – privatdocent of Moscow University; in his historical research – a subjective idealist and eclecticist, denied the lawfulness of the historical process. Began his political activity in the first half of the 1890s; from 1902 actively contributed to the journal *Osvobozheniye* (*Liberation*) published abroad by bourgeois liberals. In October 1905 – one of the founders of the Kadet party, subsequently chairman of its Central Committee and editor of its central organ – the newspaper *Rech'*. Member of the Third and Fourth State Duma. After the February Revolution of 1917 – minister of foreign affairs in the first cabinet of the bourgeois Provisional Government, pursued an imperialist policy of war "to a victorious conclusion"; in August 1917 took active part in preparing the counter-revolutionary Kornilov mutiny. After the October Socialist Revolution became one of the organizers of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia and an active figure of the White émigration. From 1921 published the newspaper *Poslednie Novosti* (*Latest News*) in Paris. – 50, 296, 301, 309, 338.

Min, G. A. (1855–1906) – colonel, commander of the Imperial Guard Semyonovsky Regiment. One of the leaders of suppressing the armed uprising in Moscow in December 1905. Author of the instruction "do not keep the arrested and act mercilessly," which was given to the punitive expedition operating on the Moscow-Kazan railway. By his order on December 17 (30), 1905 the Prokhorovskaya Manufactory, where the main forces of the armed workers were concentrated, was shelled with artillery. For the bloody repression of the rebels was promoted by Nicholas II to major-general. Killed by a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary party. – 322.

Mishin, Z. S. (born 1866) – peasant of Stavropol guberniya, volost elder. Was a deputy to the First State Duma, adhered to the Progressists. Author of the *Petition* to the State Duma from peasant electors, demanding the transfer of all land to the state treasury. – 370, 371.

Morozov, M. V. (Muratov) (1868–1938) – social-democrat, Bolshevik, man of letters. Entered the revolutionary movement at the end of the 1880s. In 1903–1904 conducted underground work in Baku, subsequently was one of the leaders of the revolutionary movement in Turkestan; edited the newspapers *Samarkand* and *Russkiy Turkestan* (*Russian Turkestan*). Delegate to the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP with consultative vote from the Samarkand organization; at the Congress presented an amendment, supported by V. I. Lenin, to the point on parliamentary social-democratic faction in the Menshevik resolution on the State Duma. In 1908 lived underground in Petersburg; repeatedly subjected to arrests. From 1910 was in emigration in Paris, where he participated in the Bolshevik section led by V. I. Lenin. In 1917, having returned to Petrograd, took active part in the October Socialist Revolution; subsequently worked on economic matters. In 1930–1932 – vice-president of the Academy of Artistic Sciences; from 1936 – director of the publishing house *Vsekokhudozhnik* (*All-Artist*). – 386.

Muravyev, K. V. (1850–1908) – jurist; as prosecutor of the Petersburg judicial chamber acted as prosecutor in the case of the People's Will members who committed the assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881. In 1894–1905 – minister of justice. In 1905 was appointed ambassador to Rome. – 347.

Muratov – see Morozov, M. V.

Mülberger, Arthur (1847–1907) – German petty-bourgeois publicist, follower of Proudhon, a physician by profession. In 1872 published in the central organ of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party, the newspaper *Der Volksstaat* (*The People's State*), a series of articles on the housing question that provoked sharp criticism from F. Engels. Contributed to the opportunist journal published by Hochberg *Die Zukunft* (*The Future*), wrote several works on the history of social thought in France and Germany, spoke out with criticism of Marxism. – 326, 409.

N

Nabokov, V. D. (1869–1922) – one of the organizers and leaders of the Kadet party, member of its Central Committee. From 1901 edited the legal newspaper of bourgeois-liberal direction *Pravo* (*Law*) and the journal *Vestnik Prava* (*Herald of Law*). Participant in zemstvo congresses of 1904–1905. Editor-publisher of the weekly organ *Vestnik Partii Narodnoy Svobody* (*Herald of the Party of People's Freedom*), and also the newspaper *Rech'*; member of the First State Duma. After the February Revolution of 1917 – manager of affairs of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power, was a member of the Crimean regional government as minister of justice, subsequently emigrated to Berlin; participated in the publication of the émigré, right-Kadet newspaper *Rul'* (*The Rudder*). – 284.

Napoleon III (Bonaparte, Louis) (1808–1873) – Emperor of France from 1852 to 1870, nephew of Napoleon I. After the defeat of the 1848 revolution was elected president of the French Republic; on the night of December 2, 1851 carried out a coup d'état, to which K. Marx devoted his work *The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte* (see K. Marx and F. Engels. *Works*, 2nd ed., vol. 8, pp. 115–217). – 57.

Nikolai – see Konovalov, I. A.

Nicholas II (Romanov, Nicholas the Bloody) (1868–1918) – last Russian emperor, reigned from 1894 until the February Revolution of 1917. On July 17, 1918 was shot in Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) by order of the Ural Regional Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. – 11, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 54, 55, 57, 67, 75, 76, 78, 80, 252.

Nikolay-on – see Danielson, N. F.

P

Parvus (Gelfand, A. L.) (1869–1924) – Menshevik; in the late 1890s–early 1900s worked in the ranks of the German social-democratic party, adhering to its left wing; was editor of *Sächsische Arbeiter-Zeitung* (*Saxon Workers' Gazette*); wrote a number of works on questions of world economy. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP joined the Mensheviks. During the first Russian revolution was in Russia, contributed to the Menshevik newspaper *Nachalo*, called for participation in the Bulygin Duma, upheld the tactic of small agreements with the Kadets, etc. Parvus put forward the anti-Marxist "theory of permanent revolution," which Trotsky subsequently transformed into a tool of struggle against Leninism. During the years of reaction withdrew from social-democracy; during the First World War – a social-chauvinist, agent of German imperialism, engaged in large-scale speculation, profiting from military contracts. From 1915 published the journal *Die Glocke* (*The Bell*), which Lenin characterized as "the organ of renegadism and filthy lackey-ism in Germany" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 385). – 52, 196.

Petrov, S. G. – see Skitalets.

Petrunkevich, I. I. (1844–1928) – landowner, zemstvo activist, Kadet. In 1904 was chairman of the *Union of Liberation*. Participant in zemstvo congresses of 1904–1905. One of the founders and prominent leaders of the Kadet party, chairman of its Central Committee. Petrunkevich's public activity was the most typical reflection of the political servility of the liberal bourgeoisie before autocracy, acting against it, as V. I. Lenin wrote, "mildly, in a reformist manner, – yielding, without offending the aristocracy, nobility, the court, – cautiously, without any breaking, – amiably and politely, in a lordly manner, donning white gloves" (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 11, p. 47). Was a member of the First State Duma, publisher of the Central Organ of the Kadet party – the newspaper *Rech'*. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White émigrée. – 370.

Plekhanov, G. V. (1856–1918) – outstanding figure of Russian and international workers' movement, first propagandist of Marxism in Russia. In 1875, as a student, Plekhanov established contact with Populists, with Petersburg workers, and engaged in revolutionary activity; in 1877 joined the Populist organization *Land and Freedom*, and in 1879, after its split, became the head of the newly created organization of Populists *Black Repartition*. In 1880 emigrated to Switzerland, broke with Populism, and in 1883 in Geneva created the first Russian Marxist organization – the group *Liberation of Labor*. In the early 1900s together with V. I. Lenin edited the newspaper *Iskra* and the journal *Zarya*, participated in working out the draft party program, in preparing the Second Congress of the RSDLP. At the Congress – a delegate from the group *Liberation of Labor*, Iskraite of the majority, was a member of the bureau (Presidium) of the Congress.

Plekhanov wrote many works on philosophy, the history of socio-political doctrines, and on questions of the theory of art and literature, which played a major role in defending the materialist world-outlook and represent a valuable contribution to the treasury of scientific socialism. The most important of Plekhanov's works are: "Socialism and Political Struggle" (1883), "Our Disagreements" (1885), "On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History" (1895), "Essays on the History of Materialism" (1896), "The Justification of Populism in the Works of Mr. Vorontsov (V. V.)" (1896), "On the Materialist Understanding of History" (1897), "On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History" (1898), and others. "Over 20 years, 1883–1903," wrote V. I. Lenin, "he produced a mass of excellent works, especially against opportunists, machists, and populists" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 20, p. 333). Lenin called Plekhanov's philosophical works the best in international Marxist literature.

However, even at that time he had serious errors, which became the germ of his future Menshevik views. He underestimated the revolutionary role of the peasantry, regarded the liberal bourgeoisie as an ally of the working class; while acknowledging in words the idea of the hegemony of the proletariat, in practice he acted against the essence of this idea.

After the II Congress of the RSDLP, Plekhanov took a position of conciliation with opportunism, and then joined the Mensheviks. During the 1905–1907 revolution, he had major disagreements with the Bolsheviks on fundamental questions of tactics. At the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP, he delivered a report on the agrarian question, defending the Menshevik Maslov project; on the question of the State Duma, he upheld an extremely right-wing position, calling for support of the Cadet Duma. According to V. I. Lenin's characterization, Plekhanov "was the true ideological leader of the Mensheviks at the congress" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 10, p. 330).

In the years of reaction, he came out against the machist revision of Marxism and against liquidationism, and headed the group of "party Mensheviks." During the First World War, he stood on the positions of social-chauvinism. After the February Revolution of 1917, Plekhanov returned to Russia, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government; he took a negative stance toward the October Socialist Revolution. – 42, 176–177, 178, 179, 196, 214, 242, 247, 248, 249, 252, 253, 273, 274–276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 304, 307, 323, 340, 341, 342, 346, 361, 362, 363–364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 374, 375, 376, 390, 391, 392.

Pobedonostsev, K. P. (1827–1907) – a reactionary statesman of tsarist Russia, Procurator of the Holy Synod, effective head of the government and chief instigator of the unbridled feudal reaction during the reign of Alexander III, who continued to play a prominent role under Nicholas II; conducted a persistent struggle against the revolutionary movement. He was a determined opponent of the bourgeois reforms of the 1860s, an advocate of unlimited autocracy, and an enemy of science and enlightenment. During the rise of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in October 1905, he was forced to submit his resignation and withdrew from political activity. – 50.

Prokopovich, S. N. (1871–1955) – a bourgeois economist and publicist, a prominent representative of "economism," one of the first preachers of Bernsteinism in Russia. An active member of the liberal-monarchist organization "Union of Liberation." In 1906 – a member of the CC of the Cadet party. Editor-publisher of the semi-Cadet, semi-Menshevik journal "Without a Title," an active contributor to the newspaper "Comrade," author of books on the workers' question, written from Bernsteinist-liberal positions. In 1917 – minister of provisions in the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution, he was expelled from the USSR for anti-Soviet activity. – 323.

Ptitsyn – see Soloveitchik, B. I.

R

Radin, B. – see Knunyants, B. M.

Riman, N. K. (1864–1917) – colonel of the tsarist army. During the suppression of the armed uprising in Moscow in December 1905, he commanded a punitive expedition on the Moscow-Kazan Railway. With the instruction "to take no prisoners and act ruthlessly," he carried out a bloody reckoning with the participants in the revolution and local residents at the stations of Sortirovochnaya, Perovo, Lyubertsy, and others. – 334, 339.

Rodichev, F. I. (born in 1856) – a Tver landowner and zemstvo figure, jurist, one of the leaders of the Cadet party, member of its CC. Participant in the zemstvo congresses of 1904–1905. Deputy to the State Duma of all convocations. After the February Revolution of 1917, he was a commissar of the bourgeois Provisional Government for Finnish affairs. After the October Socialist Revolution – a White émigré. – 138, 370.

Rozhkov, N. A. (1868–1927) – historian and publicist. In the 1890s, he was close to the "legal Marxists." In early 1905, he joined the RSDLP, and for some time was aligned with the Bolsheviks. After the defeat of the 1905–1907 revolution, he became one of the ideological leaders of liquidationism; he contributed to the journal "Our Dawn," and edited the newspaper "New Siberia" of a Menshevik-liquidationist direction. V. I. Lenin gave a critique of Rozhkov's views in the articles: "Manifesto of the Liberal Workers' Party" and "From the Camp of Stolypin's 'Workers' Party'" (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 17, pp. 278–288, 315–319). After the February Revolution of 1917, Rozhkov was a member of the Menshevik CC, and for several months was deputy minister of posts and telegraphs in the bourgeois Provisional Government. He took a hostile stance toward the October Socialist Revolution. During the period of foreign military intervention and civil war, he fought against Soviet power. In 1922, he broke with the Mensheviks. In subsequent years, he worked in scientific-pedagogical and administrative positions in various institutions. Author of a number of works on the history of Russia. – 248, 249.

Romanov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich (1847–1909) – Grand Duke, uncle of Tsar Nicholas II. In 1884–1905 – commander-in-chief of the Guard troops and the Petersburg military district; at the tsar's behest, he directed the overall operations in the shooting of workers in Petersburg on January 9, 1905. – 50.

Rudenko – see Yermanskii, O. A.

Rumyantsev, P. P. (Schmidt) (1870–1925) – participated in the social-democratic movement from 1891; conducted party work in Petersburg and other cities of Russia. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – a Bolshevik, was a member of the Bureau of the Committees of the Majority. Delegate to the III Congress of the party from the Voronezh Committee of the RSDLP. In June 1905 – co-opted into the CC of the RSDLP. In 1905 – one of the editors and contributors to the first legal Bolshevik newspaper "New Life"; in 1906–1907 – to the journal "Herald of Life." In the years of reaction, he withdrew from the party and engaged in statistical work. Died abroad. – 358.

S

Sarafskii – see Bauman, N. E.

Skvortsov-Stepanov, I. I. (1870–1928) – one of the oldest participants in the Russian revolutionary movement, a prominent party and Soviet state figure, Marxist writer, author of many economic, historical, and anti-religious works, translator and editor of three volumes of "Capital" and a number of other works by K. Marx and F. Engels.

In the revolutionary movement since 1892, in the RSDLP since 1896, from the end of 1904 – a Bolshevik. During the period of the first Russian revolution, he conducted active work in the Bolshevik literary-lecture group of the Moscow Committee of the party; in 1906 – a delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP, at which he took a Leninist position. In 1907 and 1911, Skvortsov-Stepanov was nominated by the Bolsheviks as a candidate for deputy to the State Duma. During the period of reaction, he upheld incorrect views on the agrarian question and took a conciliatory attitude toward the factional group "Forward," but under the influence of Lenin overcame his errors. For revolutionary activity, he was repeatedly subjected to arrests and exile. I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov was an active participant in the October Socialist Revolution, a member of the Military-Revolutionary Committee in Moscow, the first People's Commissar of Finance of the Soviet republic; he was repeatedly elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, was a member of the Central Revision Commission of the RCP(b) (X–XIII Congresses), a member of the CC of the All-Union CP(b) (from the XIV Congress), editor of a number of Soviet and party organs, director of the Lenin Institute at the CC of the All-Union CP(b), a member of the Presidium of the Communist Academy. – 273.

Skitalets (Petrov, S. G.) (1868–1941) – Russian writer, of peasant origin. In the late 1890s – contributor to the "Samara Gazette." In 1898–1906, he was in close, friendly relations with A. M. Gorky, under the influence and direct guidance of whom he developed as a revolutionary writer. His first and best works, imbued with protest against autocracy and love for the working people, date from this period. Skitalets' poem "It Became Quiet All Around" was published in 1906 in the ninth anthology of the publishing partnership "Knowledge." In the years of reaction, Skitalets withdrew from the ideological line of A. M. Gorky. From 1921 to 1934, he lived in Manchuria.

In 1936, the works of Skitalets and "Selected Verses and Songs" were published by the State Publishing House for Political Literature. – 291.

Soloveitchik, V. I. (Ptitsyn) (born in 1884) – a Menshevik, joined the social-democratic movement in 1903; worked in the southern cities of Russia, then in Moscow. Delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP from the Moscow regional organization. From 1909, he withdrew from political activity. In the 1930s, he worked in the Commissariat of Light Industry. – 374.

Sorokin – see Bauman, N. E.

Spiridonova, M. A. (1884–1941) – one of the leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary party. For an assassination attempt in 1906 on the ringleader of the Black Hundreds pogroms in Tambov province, Luzhnovskii, she was sentenced and exiled to hard labor. After the February Revolution of 1917, she joined the left wing of the Socialist Revolutionaries. After the October Socialist Revolution, she conducted hostile activity against Soviet power; she spoke against the ratification of the Brest Peace. Later, she withdrew from political activity. – 319–320, 321, 322.

Stepanov – see Skvortsov-Stepanov, I. I.

Stodolin – see Nakoryakov, N. N.

Struve, P. B. (1870–1944) – a bourgeois economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the liberal-monarchist Cadet party. In the 1890s – the most prominent representative of "legal Marxism," contributor and editor of the journals "New Word" (1897), "Beginning" (1899), and "Life" (1900). Already in his first work, "Critical Notes on the Question of Economic Development in Russia" (1894), Struve, criticizing populism, came forward with "additions" and "criticism" of the economic and philosophical teachings of K. Marx, sided with representatives of vulgar bourgeois political economy, preached Malthusianism. "A great master of renegacy," – thus V. I. Lenin called him (Works, 4th ed., vol. 13, p. 453). Struve was one of the theorists and organizers of the bourgeois-liberal "Union of Liberation" (1904–1905) and editor of its illegal organ – the journal "Liberation" (1902–1905). With the formation in 1905 of the Cadet party – a member of its CC. After the defeat of the 1905–1907 revolution – a leader of the right wing of the liberals; from the beginning of the First World War – one of the ideologists of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – a fierce enemy of Soviet power, a member of Wrangel's counter-revolutionary government, a White émigré. – 50, 75, 274, 275, 288, 292, 309, 314–315, 316, 328, 332, 340, 342.

Suvorov, S. A. (Borisov) (1869–1918) – social-democrat, writer, and statistician. He began revolutionary activity in the 1890s in the ranks of the Narodnaia Volia. From 1900 – a social-democrat; in 1905–1907, he worked in Bolshevik organizations in various cities of Russia. He was a delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP. At the congress, he spoke as one of the rapporteurs on the agrarian question, defending the demand for the partition of landowners' land and its transfer into private ownership of peasants. After the defeat of the 1905–1907 revolution, he joined the group of party intellectuals-machists who undertook a campaign against the philosophy of Marxism; he participated in their collection "Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism" (1908). V. I. Lenin subjected Suvorov's anti-Marxist philosophical views to devastating criticism in his work "Materialism and Empirio-criticism" (1909).

After 1910, Suvorov withdrew from the party and worked as a statistician. In 1917, he joined the Menshevik-internationalists, and both before and after the October Socialist Revolution, he held a number of elective positions in Moscow and Yaroslavl; he died during the counter-revolutionary uprising in Yaroslavl in July 1918. – 369.

T

Tolstoy, L. N. (1828–1910) – a brilliant Russian writer, one of the greatest writers in the world, who exerted enormous influence on the development of Russian and world literature. In his works, Tolstoy illuminated the life of pre-revolutionary Russia, reflected the complex contradictory conditions of that time, which determined the psychology of various classes and various strata of Russian society in the post-reform epoch and their behavior during the 1905–1907 revolution.

By birth and upbringing, Tolstoy belonged to the highest landowning nobility – the ruling class of Russia. But he broke with the views of this milieu and came forward as a passionate denouncer of the state and socio-economic order, based on the enslavement and exploitation of the laboring masses; he angrily lashed out at the ruling classes, exposed the injustice of the tsarist courts, the hypocrisy of bourgeois morality, etc. Tolstoy subjected the church to sharp criticism, which sanctified the autocratic order, supported and justified oppression and exploitation; for this, he was excommunicated. V. I. Lenin called Tolstoy "a mirror of the Russian revolution." Noting the greatness of the writer, his brilliant mastery, his outstanding significance for Russian and world literature, Lenin showed that Tolstoy's world-outlook strikingly expressed the features of the historical peculiarity of the first Russian revolution as a peasant bourgeois revolution, reflected the contradictions of this revolution, its strengths and weaknesses.

While denouncing the arbitrariness of autocracy, Tolstoy, instead of fighting feudalism and the autocratic-police state, preached "non-resistance to evil by violence," withdrawal from politics, renunciation of revolution, self-perfection; instead of fighting against religion, he preached the necessity of replacing the old religion with a new one. Tolstoy could not understand either the workers' movement or the causes of the revolution and its inevitability. His teaching – "Tolstoyism" – was utopian and reactionary in character and caused deep harm to the revolutionary movement. To the characterization of Tolstoy's world-outlook and the assessment of all his activity, V. I. Lenin devoted a series of works: "Leo Tolstoy, as a Mirror of the Russian Revolution," "L. N. Tolstoy," "L. N. Tolstoy and the Contemporary Workers' Movement," "Tolstoy and Proletarian Struggle" (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 15, pp. 179–186; vol. 16, pp. 293–297, 300–302, 323–324), and others. – 320.

Trepov, D. F. (1855–1906) – in 1896–1905, Moscow Chief of Police. According to V. I. Lenin's definition, "one of the most hated servants of tsarism in all Russia, famous in Moscow for his ferocity, rudeness, and participation in Zubatov's attempts to corrupt workers" (Works, 5th ed., vol. 9, p. 238). From January 11, 1905 – Petersburg Governor-General, then – Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. Author of the "famous" order in October 1905 to "give no blank volleys and spare no ammunition." An instigator of Black Hundreds pogroms. – 28, 38, 50, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79–80, 370.

U

Ulyanov, V. I. – see Lenin, V. I.

F

Falborк, G. A. (1864–1942) – a prominent figure in public education and the zemstvo movement. "A liberal, hardly a 'democrat' (!?) and a Cadet," – thus V. I. Lenin characterized him (Works, 4th ed., vol. 18, p. 324). He was a member of the central bureau of the "Union of Unions." Together with V. I. Charnoluski, he drafted a project for elections to the Constituent Assembly, which they expounded in detail in their book "National Assembly." Author of a number of works on public education. In 1912, Falborg participated in the preparation and voting of a resolution of the Petersburg City Duma on the war in the Balkans. V. I. Lenin called this resolution "a model of bourgeois chauvinism." – 122.

Filonov, F. V. (died in 1906) – provincial counselor. In 1905–1906, he was one of the leaders of the punitive expeditions of tsarism in Poltava province. In December 1905, he carried out a bloody reckoning with the peasants of the town Bolshie Sorochintsy and the village Ustivtsy. Killed by a member of the Socialist Revolutionary party. – 334.

Finn-Enotaevskii, A. Yu. (1872–1943) – social-democrat, economist, and writer. In 1903–1914, he was aligned with the Bolsheviks; in 1906, he participated in the commission for working out the agrarian program for the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP; he rejected nationalization and demanded the confiscation of landowners' land and its partition with transfer into private ownership of peasants. A detailed critique of the "partitionists'" program was given by V. I. Lenin in his work "The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907" (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 13, pp. 260–266).

During the First World War, Finn-Enotaevskii was a defensist and a chauvinist. Author of a number of works on questions of economics, in which he distorted the essence of Marxism. After the October Socialist Revolution, he contributed to the newspaper "New Life" of a Menshevik direction. In 1931, he was sentenced in the case of the counter-revolutionary organization of Mensheviks. – 247, 248, 249.

K

Khodskii, L. V. (1854–1919) – economist and publicist of a liberal-bourgeois direction. From 1895 – professor of the Petersburg University in the chair of financial law; for a long time he taught political economy and statistics at the Petersburg Forest Institute. He was editor-publisher of the journal "National Economy" (1900–1905) and the newspaper "Our Life." Author of a number of works on questions of economics and statistics, including the book "Land and the Farmer" (1891). After the October Socialist Revolution, he emigrated abroad. – 159.

Ts

Tsederbaum, V. O. – see Levitskii, V.

Tsederbaum, Yu. O. – see Martov, L.

Ch

Charnoluski, V. I. (1865–1941) – a prominent figure in public education, a populist socialist. He took an active part in the liberal-bourgeois movement of 1905–1907. He was a member of the central bureau of the "Union of Unions." Together with G. A. Falborg, he drafted a project for elections to the Constituent Assembly, which they expounded in detail in their book "National Assembly." In 1917, under the bourgeois Provisional Government, Charnoluski was chairman of the State Committee for Public Education. After the October Socialist Revolution, from 1921, he worked in the People's Commissariat of Enlightenment of the RSFSR; he engaged in scientific-pedagogical activity. Author of a number of works on the history of pedagogy and public education. – 122.

Cherevanin, N. (Lipkin, F. A.) (1868–1938) – publicist, one of the "critics of Marx," later a Menshevik leader, an extreme liquidationist. At the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP – rapporteur from the Mensheviks on the question of armed uprising; participant in the V Congress of the RSDLP; contributor to liquidationist publications, one of the authors of the "Open Letter" of 16 Mensheviks on the liquidation of the party (1910); after the August Conference of 1912 – a member of the Menshevik leading center (OK). During the First World War – a social-chauvinist, one of the editors of the Menshevik "Workers' Gazette" published in 1917 in Petrograd, and later the CC organ of the Mensheviks – the journal "Workers' International." He took a hostile stance toward Soviet power. – 62, 391.

Chichinradze, N. G. (Kartvelov) (1875–1921) – social-democrat, Menshevik, publicist, contributor to a number of Georgian social-democratic newspapers. In 1905, he worked in Kutaisi, and then in Tiflis. Delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP with a decisive vote from the Kutaisi organization. In 1918, he was deputy minister of internal affairs of the Georgian bourgeois-nationalist Menshevik government, later, until the victory of Soviet power in Georgia, – military minister. – 368.

Sh

Shidlovskii, N. V. (1843–1907) – a landowner of Voronezh province, a senator, a member of the State Council. On January 29, 1905, he was appointed chairman of a special government commission "for the immediate clarification of the causes of discontent among workers in the city of St. Petersburg and its suburbs and the search for measures to eliminate them in the future." The commission was dissolved by the tsarist government on February 20, 1905. – 278.

Shipov, D. N. (1851–1920) – a major landowner, a prominent figure of the zemstvo movement, a moderate liberal. From 1893 to 1904, he was chairman of the Moscow provincial zemstvo board. In November 1904 – chairman of the "Private Conference of Zemstvo Figures." In November 1905 – one of the organizers of the "Union of October 17" and chairman of its CC. In 1906, he withdrew from the "Union" and joined the "Party of Peaceful Renewal," and in the same year was elected a member of the State Council. In 1911, he withdrew from political activity. He met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility and was one of the leaders of the counter-revolutionary White Guard organization "National Center." – 294, 300, 301, 304, 305, 310, 337, 339.

Schmidt – see Rumyantsev, P. P.

Schmidt, P. P. (1867–1906) – a lieutenant of the Black Sea Fleet, a democratic revolutionary, one of the leaders of the Sevastopol uprising of 1905. Through his statements against autocracy at meetings and demonstrations in October 1905, he won great popularity among sailors and workers; he was elected by workers as a lifetime deputy of the Sevastopol Soviet of Workers' Deputies. Soon he was arrested. After a brief period of detention, he was released at the demand of the masses, but was discharged from the fleet. During the Sevastopol uprising in November 1905, he took command of the cruiser "Ochakov," and then declared himself commander of the fleet. After the defeat of the uprising, he was shot by order of the tsarist court. – 777.

E

Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of the international proletariat, friend and comrade-in-arms of K. Marx (see V. I. Lenin's article "Friedrich Engels." Works, 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1–14). – 117, 145, 211, 215, 337, 391.

M

Marès, Roland – see Maré, Roland.

Dates of the Life and Activity of V. I. Lenin (October 1905 – April 1906)

1905

October 1905 – April 1906.

Lenin lives in Geneva. From November 8 (21) – in Petersburg.

October 13 (26).

Lenin writes the article "All-Russian Political Strike"; preliminarily makes extracts from foreign newspapers, composes a draft outline of the article, and writes notes on it. The article is published as the lead in the newspaper "Proletarian" No. 23 from October 31 (18).

Lenin in a letter to M. M. Essen in Petersburg writes about party matters and about the revolution in Russia. He expresses hope for the possibility of soon returning from emigration, publishing the Central Organ and propaganda literature in Russia, emphasizes the role of printed propaganda during the revolution, and advises strengthening preparations for armed uprising.

October 14 (27).

Lenin in a letter to the International Socialist Bureau in Brussels informs of the agreement of the CC of the RSDLP to accept A. Bebel's proposal of June 15 (28), 1905 regarding the convening of a conference in connection with disagreements between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and reports the appointment of V. I. Lenin, F. V. Lengnik, and P. P. Rumyantsev as representatives from the CC of the RSDLP to the conference; he asks for information on the date of the conference. Lenin in a letter to the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Russia asks for permission to invite G. V. Plekhanov to the editorial committee and to the editorial board of the newspaper "New Life."

October, not before 16 (29).

Lenin makes extracts from newspapers: "The Times," "Le Temps," "Vossische Zeitung" about the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia.

October 17 (30).

Lenin writes a draft outline of the article "Balance of Forces."

Lenin writes a draft outline of the contents of No. 24 of the newspaper "Proletarian."

The newspaper appeared with somewhat different contents.

Between October 17 and 19 (October 30 and November 1).

Lenin, working on the article "First Victory of the Revolution," writes notes under the heading "New Revolution and New War," composes theses and a draft outline of the article, makes extracts from the newspapers "L'Indépendance Belge" and "Le Temps."

October, before 18 (31).

Lenin composes a draft outline of the article "First Results of Political Groupings."

Lenin edits No. 23 of the newspaper "Proletarian."

October 18 (31).

October 19 (November 1).

Lenin writes the article "First Victory of the Revolution" in connection with the manifesto of October 17 (30). The article is published as the lead in the newspaper "Proletarian" No. 24 from November 7 (October 25).

Between October 19 and 25 (November 1 and 7).

Lenin makes extracts (in Russian) from the newspaper "The Times" about demonstrations in Petersburg after the publication of the tsarist manifesto of October 17 (30), about responses to the manifesto, and translates an appeal of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

October, not before 19 (November 1).

Lenin writes the note "On Responses in Austria to the Victory of the All-Russian Political Strike in Russia and on Calls for the Struggle for Universal Suffrage in Austria."

October 20 (November 2).

Lenin reads a report at a meeting of Russian social-democrats in Geneva about the latest political events in Russia.

October 21 (November 3).

Lenin writes an obituary of N. E. Bauman.

The obituary is published in No. 24 of the newspaper "Proletarian," November 7 (October 25).

October 22 (November 4).

Lenin writes the note "Latest News."

October, not before 24 (November 6).

Lenin makes extracts from the newspaper "Berliner Tageblatt" about responses to the All-Russian political strike.

October, before 25 (November 7).

Lenin makes extracts from the leading article of the newspaper "Revolutionary Russia" No. 75 for his article "Petty-Bourgeois and Proletarian Socialism" and composes a draft outline of that article.

Lenin makes a condensed translation from German of the article "On the New Constitutional Manifesto of Nicholas the Last," published in the newspaper "Vorwärts" No. 256 from November 1, 1905.

Lenin edits No. 24 of the newspaper "Proletarian."

October 25 (November 7).

In No. 24 of the newspaper "Proletarian," Lenin's article "Petty-Bourgeois and Proletarian Socialism" is published.

Between October 28 (November 10) and November 2 (15).

Lenin makes extracts from the newspaper "Le Temps" about Witte's maneuvers after the manifesto of October 17 (30), 1905 for the article "Between Two Battles."

October, not before 29 (November 11).

Lenin writes the note "Valuable Admissions" (unfinished). Working on the note, he makes extracts from the newspaper "Le Temps."

October, not before 31 (November 13).

Lenin makes extracts from the newspaper "Le Temps" about the assistance given to Nicholas II by Wilhelm II, directed against the revolution.

End of October.

Lenin in a letter to G. V. Plekhanov writes about the necessity of uniting social-democracy, invites him to join the editorial college of the newspaper "New Life," and proposes a personal meeting with him.

Lenin in a letter to G. D. Leutheuser in Paris proposes writing an article or note on interviews with Guesde, Lafargue, and Bracke about the temporary revolutionary government and the participation of Russian social-democrats in it for the newspapers "Proletarian" or "New Life."

End of October, beginning of November.

Lenin in a letter to "Members of the 'majority' of the Odessa organization Mote and Koste" reports receiving the "Letter to Comrades" sent by the addressees to the editorial office of the newspaper "Proletarian," accuses the addressees of disorganization and unfounded proposal of the slogan of a "constituent congress" as the only path to party unity, defends the idea of convening two congresses of the majority and minority for the purpose of party unity.

November 2 (15).

Lenin writes the article "Between Two Battles," which is then published as the lead in No. 26 of the newspaper "Proletarian," November 25 (12).

Beginning of November.

Lenin leaves Geneva for Russia through Stockholm.

Lenin waits in Stockholm for the receipt of documents necessary for his return to Russia.

November 2–4 (15–17).

Lenin writes the article "Our Tasks and the Soviet of Workers' Deputies (Letter to the Editorial Office)."

November 3 (16).

In No. 25 of the newspaper "Proletarian," Lenin's article "Approach of the Denouement" is published as the lead, and two insertions in the article by V. A. Karpinski (V. Kalinin) "Peasant Congress" are published.

November 5 (18).

Lenin arrives from Stockholm in Helsingfors (now Helsinki).

November 8 (21).

Lenin arrives in Petersburg.

Lenin meets at a Bolshevik party meeting place with M. N. Lyadov, L. B. Krasin, and other party workers.

Lenin visits the graves of victims of "Bloody Sunday" at the Preobrazhenskoe Cemetery in Petersburg.

Lenin delivers a speech at an enlarged session of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP on the question of the party's attitude toward the Soviets of Workers' Deputies.

November 9 (22).

Lenin directs a session of the Bolshevik section of the editorial board of the newspaper "New Life" jointly with party activists, at which the composition of the editorial board is determined and the immediate program of the newspaper is worked out.

Lenin participates at a session of the Central Committee, at which a unanimous decision is made on the appeal "To All Party Organizations and to All Workers Social-Democrats" about the convening of the IV Congress of the RSDLP.

November 9 (22) – December 3 (16).

Lenin edits the newspaper "New Life" Nos. 9–28.

November 10 (23).

In No. 9 of the newspaper "New Life," the beginning of Lenin's article "On the Reorganization of the Party" is published, the first article he wrote after his return from emigration to Russia.

November 12 (25).

Lenin in the leading article "Proletariat and Peasantry" in No. 11 of the newspaper "New Life" delivers a greeting to the congress of the All-Russian Peasants' Union.

November 13 (26).

Lenin's article "Party Organization and Party Literature" is published in No. 12 of the newspaper "New Life."

Lenin speaks at a session of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies on the question of measures to combat the lockout declared by capitalists in response to the introduction by workers, through direct action, of an eight-hour workday. The resolution proposed by Lenin is adopted the next day at a session of the Executive Committee of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

November 15 (28).

In No. 13 of the newspaper "New Life," Lenin's leading article "A Failed Provocation" is published. In this same issue, the continuation of the article "On the Reorganization of the Party" is printed. Lenin writes the article "The Army and Revolution." The article is published in the newspaper "New Life" No. 14 from November 16.

November 16 (29).

In No. 14 of the newspaper "New Life," the conclusion of Lenin's article "On the Reorganization of the Party" is published.

Lenin speaks at the premises of the Free Economic Society at a meeting of party workers of Petersburg with the report "Critique of the Agrarian Program of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party." The meeting was interrupted by police interference.

November 18 (December 1).

Lenin's articles "The Scales of the Balance Oscillate" and "Learn from Your Enemies" are published in No. 16 of the newspaper "New Life."

November 20 (December 3).

Lenin's article "Revolutionary Officialism and Revolutionary Work," devoted to the question of the Constituent Assembly, is published in No. 18 of the newspaper "New Life."

November 23 (December 6).

Lenin's article "Dying Autocracy and New Organs of Popular Power" is published as the lead in No. 19 of the newspaper "New Life."

Lenin speaks at the premises of the Wittmer gymnasium at a meeting of party workers of Petersburg with a continuation of the report "Critique of the Agrarian Program of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party," interrupted by the police on November 16 (29).

November 24 (December 7).

Lenin writes the article "Socialism and Anarchism."

The article is published in the newspaper "New Life" No. 21 from November 25.

November 26 and December 2 (December 9 and 15).

In Nos. 22 and 27 of the newspaper "New Life," Lenin's article "The Socialist Party and Non-Party Revolutionary Spirit" is published.

November 27 (December 10).

Lenin participates at a session of the CC of the RSDLP, at which questions are discussed about the preparation of armed uprising, about a change in the composition of the editorial board of the newspaper "New Life," and about the publication in Moscow of the Bolshevik newspaper "Struggle." It is here that Lenin met A. M. Gorky.

December 3 (16).

Lenin's article "Socialism and Religion" is published in No. 28 of the newspaper "New Life."

V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya settle legally in Petersburg on Greek Prospect, House No. 15/8. Intensive surveillance by the secret police forces Lenin, after a few days, to leave this apartment, move to an illegal status.

Lenin participates in a joint session of the CC of the RSDLP, the Petersburg Committee of the party, and the Executive Committee of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, urgently convened concerning the closure of the newspaper "New Life." The session also discusses the question of armed uprising.

December 12–17 (25–30).

Lenin directs the First Conference of the RSDLP in Tammerfors (Finland), delivers reports on the current moment and the agrarian question. The conference adopts the resolution on the agrarian question proposed by Lenin.

Lenin participates in the commission for working out the resolution on the attitude toward the State Duma; the resolution is approved by the conference.

Mid-December.

Lenin participates at a session of the CC of the RSDLP, where a report is heard from M. N. Lyadov, a member of the Moscow Committee of Bolsheviks, on the progress of the armed uprising in Moscow; at Lenin's proposal, the CC gives instructions to the Moscow Committee of the party about the organized cessation of further armed struggle.

December 22 (January 4, 1906).

Lenin participates at a meeting of members of the CC of the RSDLP and delegates of the Tammerfors conference of Bolsheviks in Petersburg; delivers a report on the tactical platform of the Bolsheviks regarding the State Duma.

December 1905 – January 1906.

Lenin writes the contents and extent (number of pages of the manuscript) of the second part (Chapters V–IX) of the work "The Agrarian Question and 'Critics of Marx.'"

End of 1905 or beginning of 1906.

Lenin writes a draft outline of the article "Stages, Direction, and Perspectives of the Revolution."

1906

Beginning of the year, until mid-March.

Lenin participates in the work of the agrarian commission created by the United CC of the RSDLP for preparing the agrarian program for the IV (Unification) Congress of the party.

January 4 (17).

In No. 1 of the newspaper "Young Russia," Lenin's leading article "The Workers' Party and Its Tasks at the Present Moment" is published.

January.

Lenin writes an article in defense of Bolshevik tactics of active boycott of the first Duma – "Should the State Duma Be Boycotted? Platform of the 'Majority.'" The article appears in January as separate leaflets in the publications of the CC and the United CC of the RSDLP.

Lenin comes from Petersburg to Moscow.

Lenin participates at a session of the lecture group at the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, at which the results of the Moscow December armed uprising are discussed.

Lenin writes the article "The State Duma and Social-Democratic Tactics." In February, the article is printed in the brochure "The State Duma and Social-Democracy."

Mid-January.

Lenin returns from Moscow to Petersburg.

Late January.

Lenin makes marks and underlines in the collection "On the Agrarian Question" (Supplement to the journal "Truth") in the articles by P. Maslov "Instead of a Preface" and "Reply to Comrade Nazarov," as well as in the article by Valentinov "More on the Agrarian Program."

February, before 4 (17).

Lenin speaks at a meeting of social-democratic organizations of the Moscow-Zastava district in Petersburg with the report "On Elections to the State Duma."

February 7 (20).

Lenin's article "The Present Situation in Russia and the Tactics of the Workers' Party" is published in No. 1 of the newspaper "Party News."

February, not later than 7 (20) – 20 March (2 April).

Lenin participates in the newspaper "Party News" Nos. 1, 2.

February, before 11 (24).

Lenin speaks at a meeting of Bolshevik party workers in Petersburg with a report on the tactics of active boycott of the State Duma.

February 11 (24).

Lenin directs the work of the Petersburg All-City Conference of the RSDLP, delivers a report on the attitude toward the State Duma and submits a draft resolution written by him on the tactics of boycotting the Duma. The conference, by majority vote, comes out in favor of boycott.

February, after 11 (24).

Lenin writes the appeal "To All Workers and Working Women of the City of Petersburg and Its Surroundings," in which he sets forth the results of the All-City Conference of the RSDLP and calls for active boycott of the State Duma. The appeal is printed as a leaflet in the publication of the United Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP.

End of February, beginning of March.

Lenin directs the work of the second Petersburg All-City Conference of the RSDLP, speaks in defense of his resolution "On Boycott Tactics." The conference adopts Lenin's resolution.

Lenin in Kuokkala (Finland) at the dacha "Vaza" works on the preparation of the tactical platform of the Bolsheviks – the draft of resolutions for the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP.

First half of March.

Lenin comes to Moscow to organize discussion of the tactical platform he had compiled – the draft of resolutions for the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP; participates in a meeting of the leadership group of Moscow Bolsheviks.

Lenin participates at a session of the Zamoskvoretsk District Committee of the RSDLP in Moscow, speaks during the discussion of the resolution on the attitude toward the Soviets of Workers' Deputies.

Lenin is present at a session of the Moscow Regional Committee of the RSDLP during the discussion of the question of Moscow organization's participation in the election campaign for elections to the Duma.

Mid-March.

Lenin directs meetings of a group of Bolsheviks in Petersburg, devoted to discussion of the tactical platform. Lenin is elected to the composition of the commission, which is entrusted with the final editing of the platform.

March 20 (April 2).

In No. 2 of the newspaper "Party News," Lenin's article "Russian Revolution and the Tasks of the Proletariat" (the lead) and "Tactical Platform for the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Draft Resolutions for the Unification Congress of the RSDLP" are published.

Lenin speaks in Petersburg with a political report on the theme "Armed Uprising and the Proletariat."

Second half of March.

Lenin writes the brochure "Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party." The brochure comes out in print in early April in Petersburg.

March 24–28 (April 6–10).

Lenin writes the brochure "The Victory of the Cadets and the Tasks of the Workers' Party." The brochure comes out in print in April in Petersburg.

March 26 (April 8).

Lenin is elected a delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP from the Petersburg organization.

March, after 28 (April 10).

Lenin makes extracts from his work "The Victory of the Cadets and the Tasks of the Workers' Party" on the question of the Soviets.

March.

End of March.

Lenin directs a meeting of a group of Bolsheviks in Petersburg – delegates to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP.

April, before 10 (23).

Lenin comes to Stockholm to participate in the work of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP; speaks at a private meeting of Bolsheviks against the proposal to disrupt the congress in connection with the revealed predominance of Mensheviks at it.

April 10–25 (April 23 – May 8).

Lenin takes an active part in the work of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP; is elected to the congress presidency, participates in the commission for working out the draft charter of the RSDLP.

At the first session, Lenin submits a resolution during the discussion of the regulations for the mandates commission. The resolution is adopted by the congress.

At the second session, Lenin speaks regarding the discussion of the statements received by the congress bureau on the cessation of factional meetings, with support for the proposal of P. P. Rumyantsev (Schmidt) to conduct a roll-call vote on the question of changing the regulations, against the resolution of M. A. Lurie (Larina) on a roll-call vote.

At the third session, Lenin presides; announces the order of the day of the congress, speaks in the debate on the order of the day, proposes to supplement it with questions on the assessment of the current moment and on the national organizations of the RSDLP. (Lenin's proposal is adopted by the congress.)

At the fourth session, Lenin presides; submits the proposal to instruct the agrarian commission to prepare reports and outline rapporteurs.

At the fifth session, Lenin delivers a report on the agrarian question.

At the seventh session, Lenin presides; is elected to the commission on the question of the State Duma.

At the eighth session, Lenin presides during the continuation of the debate on the agrarian question.

At the ninth session, Lenin presides; delivers the concluding word on the agrarian question.

At the tenth session, Lenin presides; speaks with a proposal on the adoption by the congress of all protocols from the work of the mandates commission, with a proposal to remove from discussion the question of the work of the mandates commission.

At the eleventh session, Lenin presides; speaks regarding the voting of the tactical resolution on the agrarian question.

At the twelfth session, Lenin presides.

At the thirteenth session, Lenin delivers a report "On the Current Moment and the Class Tasks of the Proletariat."

At the fourteenth session, Lenin speaks twice during the discussion of the protocol of the sixth session.

At the fifteenth session, Lenin presides; submits two written statements.

At the sixteenth session, Lenin delivers the concluding word on the question of the current moment and the class tasks of the proletariat.

At the seventeenth session, Lenin delivers a co-report on the question of the attitude toward the State Duma and announces the draft resolution; submits two written statements.

At the eighteenth session, Lenin presides; speaks in favor of giving the floor in the debate to representatives of national social-democratic organizations on the question of the attitude toward the State Duma.

At the nineteenth session, Lenin pronounces the concluding word on the question of the attitude toward the State Duma.

At the twenty-first session, Lenin presides; speaks in defense of the proposal to postpone the question of organizing a parliamentary social-democratic faction until clarification of the composition of social-democrats elected to the Duma; announces the submission of a dissenting opinion on the question of the composition of the parliamentary faction of the RSDLP; submits a written statement on a procedural question.

At the twenty-second session, Lenin speaks in support of the protest of L. B. Krasin (Winter) against the amendments introduced into the Menshevik resolution on armed uprising, delivers a speech on armed uprising.

At the twenty-fourth session, Lenin presides; greets, on behalf of the congress, the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, which has joined the composition of the RSDLP.

At the twenty-sixth session, Lenin presides; submits a dissenting opinion on the question of the composition of the parliamentary social-democratic faction, two written statements, and a resolution on the transition to current business.

At the twenty-seventh session, paragraph one of the charter on party membership is adopted by the congress in Lenin's formulation. Lenin speaks against the amendment of K. G. Gogua (Davidov) to § 4 of the party charter.

April 25–26 (May 8–9).

# Address to the Party Delegates of the Unity Congress Belonging to the Former "Bolshevik" Faction

The Address is signed by Bolshevik delegates from 26 party organizations.