## 1. Sketch of Individual Points of the Practical Part of the Program Draft

13.1.02.

**Agrarian.** In the interests of the elimination of all remnants of our old serf order, the Social-Democratic Workers' Party demands:

Printed for the first time, from the manuscript

## 2. Summary of the First Draft of Plekhanov's Program with Some Corrections to It

Paragraphs:

**I.** Dominance of capitalist relations: means of production in the hands of capitalists and propertyless proletarians = wage-earners – 2[172].

**II.** Expansion of the sphere of capital's dominance: increase in the economic significance of large enterprises and decrease of small ones – 1.

**III.** Capitalist relations press ever more strongly on the working class: relatively decreasing demand while increasing supply – 4.

Lowering of the price of labor power. Growth of social inequality – 3.

+ in this way (capitalism causes??) growth of social inequality, increase in the distance between the propertied and the propertyless (? +?)

**V.** Crises – 5.

**VI.** Growth of discontent among the working class, intensification of struggle + growth of consciousness that social revolution is necessary, i.e.

(its explanation) – 6.

**VII.** Social revolution – in the interests of all oppressed humanity – 7.

**VIII.** In order to replace commodity production with socialist production – it is necessary that the proletariat possess political power – dictatorship of the proletariat – 8.

**IX.** The workers' movement has become international – 10.

**X.** Russian Social-Democracy – is part of international Social-Democracy – 11.

**XI.** Russian Social-Democracy has the same ultimate goal. The task of Russian Social-Democracy

**XII.** The immediate goal is modified by the remnants of the serf order (oppression of all the toiling population + the chief obstacle to the workers' movement).

**XIII.** It is necessary to strive for juridical institutions constituting the complement of capitalism.

**XIV.** Autocracy – a remnant of the serf order, the most bitter enemy – therefore the immediate task – the overthrow of monarchy.

### Corrections to Plekhanov's Program Draft

Proposed 21.1.02

* In the manuscript the beginning of the paragraph is crossed out: "To an even greater intensification of these contradictions." – Ed.

** This variant is crossed out in the manuscript. – Ed.

Written no later than 8 (21) January 1902.

First printed in 1924 in Lenin Miscellany II.

Printed from the manuscript.

## 3. Record of the I and II Paragraphs of the First Draft of Plekhanov's Program and a Sketch of the First Paragraph of the Theoretical Part of the Program

**I.** The economic foundation of modern bourgeois society is constituted by the capitalist mode of production, under which the most important part of the means of production and circulation of products, which are produced in the form of commodities, constitutes the private property of a comparatively small class of persons, while the majority of the population is unable to maintain its existence except by the sale of its labor power. Owing to this, it finds itself in a dependent position as wage workers (proletarians), who by their labor create the income of the owners of the means of production and circulation of commodities (capitalists and large landowners).

**II.** The sphere of dominance of the capitalist mode of production expands as the continuous improvement of technique increases the economic significance of large enterprises and thereby narrows the role of small independent producers in the economic life of society, lowering their living standards, driving some into the ranks of the proletariat, transforming others directly or indirectly into servants and tributaries of capital.

**I** (?). The economic development of Russia leads to ever greater spread and to ever greater dominance within it of capitalist production relations. ||?||

Written no earlier than 8 (21) January 1902.

Printed for the first time, from the manuscript.

## 4. Plan for a Report on the Progress of Working Out the Program Draft

1. Account of the state of the question concerning the working out of the program and its preparation by commission.

2. The initial draft by G. V.

3. Draft of changes (with some motives for the changes).

Written no earlier than 8 (21) January 1902.

First printed in 1924 in Lenin Miscellany II.

Printed from the manuscript.

## Initial Variant of the Theoretical Part of the Program Draft

* In the manuscript a transposition of paragraphs is indicated: with a blue pencil "II" is crossed out and "III" is placed – and vice versa. – Ed.

**III.** The most important part of the means of production and circulation of commodities becomes increasingly concentrated in the hands of a comparatively small class of persons, while an ever-increasing majority of the population is unable to maintain its existence except by the sale of its labor power. Owing to this, it finds itself in a dependent position as wage workers (proletarians), who by their labor create the income of the owners of the means of production and circulation of commodities (capitalists and large landowners).

**IV.** Technical progress, by increasing the productivity of labor, enables capitalists to raise the level of exploitation of workers, causing a relative decrease in demand for labor power (i.e., an increase in demand not proportional [lagging behind] the increase in capital) simultaneously with a relative and absolute increase in its supply. This, as well as the aforementioned fundamental tendencies of capitalism, lead to the growth of unemployment, destitution, exploitation, oppression, and degradation.

**V.** Industrial crises, which are inevitably caused by the aforementioned contradictions of capitalism, its inherent (and eliminable by no combination of entrepreneurs whatsoever) lack of planfulness in production, the growth of mutual rivalry among capitalist countries on the world market, lead to an even further worsening of the situation of the working class and small producers. The destitution and misery of the masses is supplemented by the squandering of social wealth owing to the impossibility of finding a market for the produced commodities.

in that all the principal advantages of this development are monopolized by an infinitesimal minority of the population, and the growth of social wealth goes hand in hand with the growth of social inequality, with an increase in the distance between the propertied and the propertyless, with the deepening and widening of the chasm between the class of owners (the bourgeoisie) and the class of proletarians.

**VII.** But at the very same time as all these inevitable contradictions of capitalism grow and develop, the struggle of the working class against the class of capitalists grows, there grows the striving to free themselves from the unbearable yoke of capitalism.

the elimination of private property in the means of production, the transition of these means into social property, and the replacement of capitalist commodity production by the socialist organization of production of goods for the benefit of the whole of society, to ensure complete well-being and free all-around development of all its members.

**IX.** In order to accomplish this social revolution, the proletariat must conquer political power, which will make it master of the situation and enable it to remove all obstacles standing in the way of its great goal. In this sense, the dictatorship of the proletariat constitutes a necessary political condition of social revolution.

**X.** The revolution of the proletariat will be the liberation of all the oppressed and suffering humanity of our time, for it will put an end to all forms of oppression and the exploitation of man by man.

**XI.** Russian Social-Democracy sets itself the task of – exposing to the workers the irreconcilable opposition of their interests to those of the capitalists – elucidating to the proletariat the historical significance, character, and conditions of that social revolution which it is destined to accomplish – organizing a revolutionary class party capable of directing all manifestations of the struggle of the proletariat against the entire present social and political order.

**XII.** But the development of international exchange and production for the world market has established (created) such a close connection between all the peoples of the civilized (?) world, that the great goal of the emancipatory struggle of the proletariat can be achieved only by means of the united efforts of the proletarians of all countries. Therefore[173] the contemporary workers' movement had to become and long ago became international, and Russian Social-Democracy regards itself as one of the detachments of the worldwide army of the proletariat, as part of international Social-Democracy.

**V.**

**I.** The immediate goals of Russian Social-Democracy are, however, significantly modified by the fact that there are numerous among us remnants of the pre-capitalist, serf, social order which hold back in the strongest degree the development of productive forces, lower the living standards of the toiling population, condition the Asiatic-barbaric forms of the dying out of the many-million-strong peasantry, keep the entire people in darkness, lack of rights, and oppression. Russian Social-Democracy finds itself still only having to strive for those free civil and political institutions which already exist in the advanced capitalist countries and which are unconditionally necessary for the full and all-around development of the class struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie[174].

Therefore, Russian Social-Democracy sets as its immediate political task the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy and its replacement by a republic on the basis of a democratic constitution, ensuring:

1) the self-rule of the people, i.e...

Written between 8 and 25 January (21 January and 7 February) 1902.

First printed in 1924 in Lenin Miscellany II.

Printed from the manuscript.

## 6. Sketches of the Plan of the Program Draft

**I–VI.** A) Economic development of Russia and the fundamental characteristics of capitalism.

**VII–XII.** B) Class struggle of the proletariat and the tasks of Social-Democracy.

C) The immediate goals of Russian Social-Democrats and their political demands.

D) Social (factory) reforms.

E) Financial reform and demands for the purpose of eliminating the remnants of serf society.

F) Conclusion ("tail").

A) Economic development of Russia and the general tasks of Social-Democracy.

B) Special political tasks and political demands of Social-Democracy.

C) Social reforms.

D) Financial and peasant transformations (reforms).

Written between 8 and 25 January (21 January and 7 February) 1902.

First printed in 1924 in Lenin Miscellany II.

Printed from the manuscript.

## Initial Variant of the Agrarian Part and Conclusion of the Program Draft

Furthermore, the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party demands:

a) in the interests of the democratic organization of state economy – the abolition of all indirect taxes and the establishment of a progressive income tax;

b) in the interests of eliminating all remnants of our old serf order:

1) the abolition of redemption and quit-rent payments, as well as all obligations presently falling upon the peasantry as a taxed estate;

2) the abolition of collective responsibility and all laws restricting the peasant in the disposition of his land;

3) the return to the people of the monetary sums taken from them in the form of redemption and quit-rent payments. Confiscation for this purpose of monastic properties and appanage estates, as well as the imposition of a special tax on the lands of large noble landowners who have benefited from redemption loans. The devoting of the sums obtained in this manner to a special national fund for the cultural and charitable needs of rural communities;

4) the establishment of peasant committees

(a) for the return to rural communities (through expropriation or – in the case where lands have passed from hand to hand – purchase, etc.) of those lands which were cut off from the peasants upon the abolition of serfdom and serve in the hands of landowners as an instrument for their enserfment; (b) for the elimination of remnants of the serf system that have survived in the Urals, on the Altai, in the Western region, and in other areas of the state;

5) the conferring upon courts of the right to reduce excessively high rental payments and to declare transactions of a bondage character null and void. The Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party considers that the complete, consistent, and stable realization of the indicated political and social transformations is achievable only by means of the overthrow of autocracy and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly freely elected by the entire people.

Written no later than 25 January (7 February) 1902.

Printed for the first time, from the manuscript.

## 8. Sketches of the Program Draft

First page of the manuscript of V. I. Lenin. "Sketches of the Program Draft." Variant 2. – 1902.

### Variant 1

Commodity production is developing ever more rapidly in Russia, its participation in international commercial exchange is intensifying[175], and the capitalist mode of production is acquiring ever more complete dominance within it.

An ever-increasing majority of the population is unable to maintain its existence except by the sale of its labor power. It thus finds itself in a dependent position as wage workers (proletarians) under a comparatively small class of capitalists and large landowners, who concentrate in their hands the most important part of the means of production and circulation of commodities[176].

The most important part of the means of production is concentrated in the hands of an infinitesimal number of capitalists and large landowners as their private property. An ever greater and greater number of workers, losing the means of production, is forced to resort to the sale of its labor power. It thus finds itself in a dependent position as wage workers (proletarians), who by their labor create the income of the owners.

The development of capitalism ever more increases the number, size, and economic significance of large enterprises, lowers the living standards of small independent producers (peasants, artisans, craftsmen), transforms some of them into servants and tributaries of capital, drives others into the ranks of the proletariat.

The further technical progress goes, the greater the possibilities capitalists have to raise the level of exploitation of workers, the more the increase in demand for labor power lags behind the increase in its supply.

Industrial crises intensify this process even further, crises which are inevitably caused by the aforementioned contradictions of capitalism. The destitution and misery of the masses coincide with the squandering of social wealth owing to the impossibility of finding a market for produced commodities.

Thus, the gigantic development of the productive forces of society and ever more socialized labor is accompanied by the fact that all the principal advantages of this development are monopolized by an infinitesimal minority of the population. Alongside the growth of social wealth grows social inequality, the chasm between the class of owners (the bourgeoisie) and the class of proletarians deepens and widens.

(A) § III. Small production is ever more displaced by large production. Small independent producers (peasants, artisans, craftsmen) are transformed either into proletarians or into servants and tributaries of capital.

The continuous improvement of technique leads to the fact that small production is ever more displaced by large production. The most important part of the means of production (lands and factories, tools and machines, railways and other means of communication) is concentrated in the hands of a comparatively small number of capitalists and large landowners as their private property. Small independent producers (peasants, artisans, craftsmen) are ever more ruined, losing the means of production and thus transforming themselves into proletarians or becoming servants and tributaries of capital. An ever-increasing majority of workers is forced to resort to the sale of its labor power.

### Variant 2

Commodity production is developing ever more rapidly in Russia, the capitalist mode of production is acquiring ever more complete dominance within it.

The most important part of the means of production (lands and factories, tools and machines, railways and other means of communication) is concentrated in the hands of a comparatively small number of capitalists and large landowners as their private property.

The development of capitalism ever more increases the number, size, and economic significance of large enterprises, worsens the situation of small independent producers (peasants, artisans, craftsmen), transforms some of them into servants and tributaries of capital, drives others into the ranks of the proletariat.

The further technical progress goes, the greater are the possibilities capitalists have to raise the level of exploitation of workers, the more the increase in demand for labor power lags behind the increase in its supply. Lack of secure existence and unemployment, the oppression of exploitation and all manner of degradation become the lot of ever wider strata of the toiling population.

Industrial crises, which are inevitably caused by the fundamental contradictions of capitalism, intensify this process even further. The destitution and misery of the masses coincides with the squandering of social wealth owing to the impossibility of finding a market for produced commodities.

Thus, the gigantic development of the productive forces of society and ever more socialized labor is accompanied by the fact that all the principal advantages of this development are monopolized by an infinitesimal minority of the population. Alongside the growth of social wealth grows social inequality, the chasm between the class of owners (the bourgeoisie) and the class of the proletariat[177] deepens and widens.

Written between 25 January and 18 February (7 February and 3 March) 1902.

First printed in 1924 in Lenin Miscellany II.

Printed from the manuscript.

## 9. Additions to the Agrarian and Factory Sections of the Program Draft

"In order to eliminate the remnants of the old serf order, it will strive for."

Should we not insert "and in the interests of the free development of class struggle in the countryside"?

This is supported by the fact that we must here as well decisively separate ourselves from bourgeois democracy, which in all its shades would readily sign on, of course, under only the first motivation.

NB: Add to the factory section:

The establishment by law of a weekly term for payment under all and any contracts concerning the hiring of workers.

Written between 25 January and 18 February (7 February and 3 March) 1902.

Printed for the first time, from the manuscript.