V. I.

Lenin

A private meeting was recently held of twenty-two members of the

R.S.D.L.P., [1] persons who are at one in sharing the views of the Second Party Congress majority. This conference discussed our
Party crisis and ways and means of overcoming it, and decided to
address the following appeal to all Social-Democrats of Russia:

Comrades, the grave crisis in our Party life is dragging on and on,
and no end is in sight. The strife keeps growing, breeding dispute
after dispute, and the Party’s positive work all along the line is
hampered by it to the utmost. The energies of the Party, still young
and not yet consolidated, are being grievously dissipated.

Yet the present historical juncture makes vast demands on the Party,
vaster than ever before. The revolutionary unrest among the working
class is growing, and so is the ferment among other sections of
society; the war and crisis, starvation and unemployment are with
elemental and inevitable force undermining the foundations of the
autocracy. A shameful end to the shameful war is not far off; and it
is bound to heighten the revolutionary unrest still more, it is bound
to bring the working class face to face with its enemies, and it will
require of the Social-Democrats tremendous effort, a colossal exertion
of energy to organise the last decisive fight against the autocracy.

Is our Party equal to these demands in its present condition? Every
honest man will unhesitatingly answer:
No!

The unity of the Party has been deeply undermined, its internal
struggle has gone beyond all party bounds. Organised discipline has
been shaken to its very foundations, and the Party’s capacity for harmonious and united action is fading into a
mere dream.

Nonetheless, we regard the Party’s sickness as a matter of growing
pains. We consider that the underlying cause of the crisis is the
transition from, the circle form to party forms of the life of
Social-Democracy; the essence of its internal struggle is a conflict
between the circle spirit and the party spirit. And, consequently,
only by shaking off this sickness can our Party become a real
party.

Under the name of the Party “minority” there have united a
variety of elements who are linked by a conscious or unconscious
desire to preserve circle relationships, pre-party forms of
organisation.

Certain prominent figures in the more influential of the former
circles, unaccustomed to the organisational self- limitations
which Party discipline demands, are inclined from force of habit
to confuse their own circle interests with the general Party
interests, with which in the period of the circles they may in
many cases indeed have coincided. A number of these people (part
of the former Iskra editorial board, part of the former
Organising Committee, the members of the former Yuzhny Rabochy group, and others) have been the leaders in a
struggle on behalf of the circle spirit as against the party
spirit.

Their allies proved to be all those elements who in theory or
practice had deviated from the principles of strict Social-
Democracy (the Economists, Rabocheye-Dyelo -ists, etc.),
for only the circle atmosphere could preserve the ideological
individuality and the influence of these elements, whereas the
Party atmosphere threatened to absorb them or deprive them of
all influence. Lastly, the opposition cadres have in general
been drawn chiefly from those elements in our Party which
consist primarily of intellectuals. The intelligentsia is always
more individualistic than the proletariat, owing to its very
conditions of life and work, which do not directly involve a
large-scale combination of efforts, do not directly educate it
through organised collective labour. The intellectual elements
therefore find it harder to adapt themselves to the discipline
of Party life, and those of them who are not equal to it
naturally raise the standard of revolt against the necessary
organisational limitations, and elevate their instinctive anarchism to a principle
of struggle, misnaming it a desire for “autonomy”, a demand for “tolerance”, etc.

The section of the Party abroad, where the circles are comparatively long-lived, where theoreticians of various shades
are gathered, and where the intelligentsia decidedly predominates, was bound to be most inclined to the views of the
“minority”, which there as a result soon proved to be the actual majority. Russia, on the other hand, where the
voice of the organised proletarians is louder, where the Party
intelligentsia too, being in closer nd more direct contact with
them, is trained in a more proletarian spirit, and where the
exigencies of the immediate struggle make the need for organised
unity more strongly felt, came out in vigorous opposition to the
circle spirit and the disruptive anarchistic tendencies. It gave
quite clear expression to this attitude in numerous statements
by committees and other Party organisations.

The struggle developed and grew increasingly acute. And to what
lengths has it not gone!

The Party organ, of which the “minority” managed to seize
control against the will of the Congress and thanks to personal
concessions by the editors elected at the Congress, has become an
organ of struggle against the Party!

It is now least of all the ideological leader of the Party in
its struggle against the autocracy and the bourgeoisie, and most
of all the leader of circle opposition to the party spirit. On
the one hand, conscious that its fundamental position is
indefensible from the standpoint of the Party’s interests, it is
busy searching out real and imaginary differences to provide an
ideological screen for that position; and in this search,
seizing on one slogan one day and on another the next, it is
turning more and more for its material to the Right wing of the
Party—the former opponents of Iskra— and drawing ever closer to them ideologically, trying to
rehabilitate their theories, which the Party has rejected, and
to
turn the Party’s ideological life back to what had already
seemed the bygone period of vagueness of principle and ideological wavering and vacillation. On the other hand, in an
endeavour to undermine the moral influence of the Party
majority, the new Iskra is even busier searching out and denouncing mistakes on the part of their adherents,
magnifying every real slip to monstrous proportions and trying
to lay the blame for it on the Party majority as a whole, and
seizing on every insinuation and piece of circle gossip that
could prove damaging to its opponents, often enough not even
troubling about their verisimilitude, let alone verifying their
truth. In this course the men of the new Iskra have gone so far as to impute to members of the majority absolutely
non-existent and in fact impossible crimes—and not only of
a political nature (as when they accuse the Central Committee of
forcibly ejecting individuals and breaking up organisations),
but even crimes against common ethics (as when prominent figures
in the Party are accused of forgery or moral complicity in
forgery). Never before has the Party been immersed in such a sea
of mud as the bmigr6 minority have stirred up in the present
controversy.

How could all this have happened?

The mode of action of each of the sides corresponded to its
fundamental trend. The Party majority, anxious at all costs to’
preserve the Party’s unity and organisational cohesion, fought
only by loyal Party means, and more than once made concessions
for the sake of reaching a reconciliation. The minority,
following an anarchistic trend, showed no concern for peace and
unity in the Party. They turned every concession into a weapon
with which to continue the fight. Of all the minority’s demands,
only one has not now been met—that discord should be brought into the Party’s Central Committee by the co-optation of
minority men forcibly foisted upon it; yet the attacks of the
minority are more vicious than ever. Having gained control of
the Central Organ and the Party Council, the minority do not
scruple to exploit in their circle interests the very discipline
that they are in fact fighting.

The position has become intolerable, impossible; to allow it to drag
on any longer would be a positive crime.

The first means of ending it, in our opinion, is complete clarity and
frankness in Party relations. Amidst all this mud and fog there is no
finding the true path. Every Party trend, every group must openly and
definitely state what it thinks of the present position in the Party
and what solution it desires. And that is what we are proposing to all comrades, to the representatives of all shades in the Party. The
practical way out of the crisis, we consider, is the immediate
summoning of the Third Party Congress. It alone can clarify the
situation, settle the disputes, and confine the struggle within proper
bounds. Without a congress all we can expect is the progressive
disintegration of the Party.

All the arguments brought against a congress are, we maintain,
totally invalid.

We are told that a congress would lead to a split. But why? If
the minority are irreconcilable in their anarchistic leanings,
if they are prepared to have a split rather than submit to the
Party, then they have already virtually seceded from it, and to
defer the inevitable formal split would be more than irrational:
chained together, both sides would more and more senselessly
dissipate their strength in wrangling and squabbling, exhausting themselves morally and growing ever pettier and
shallower. But we do not grant the possibility of a split. In
face of the real strength of the organised Party, the anarchistically minded elements are bound to, and we think will,
bow in submission, fo  by their very nature they are incapable
of constituting an independent force. It is argued that a
reconciliation is possible without a congress. But what sort of
reconciliation? Total surrender to the circle spirit, co-optation of the minority to the Central Committee, which
would complete the disorganisation of the central institutions. That would make the Party nothing but a name, and
the Party majority would be compelled to start the struggle
anew. And the minority? They have used every concession hitherto
won only as a buttress for their disruptive activities; even
from their point of view, the struggle has far outgrown the
bounds of a squabble over co-optation; how then can they
discontinue it? And still less will they do so if they have not
gained all their demands. We are told that a congress will not achieve
its purpose because the differences have not yet been clarified. But are they being clarified now, is not the
confusion growing worse confounded? Differences are not being
clarified, but deliberately searched out and manufactured, and
only a congress can put an end to this. It alone, by bringing
the contending parties face to face and making them frankly and
definitely state their objects, can thoroughly clarify the mutual relations between the
different trends and forces in the Party. But, the minority
declare, the congress may be manipulated by the breaking up of
organisations. That is a lying insinuation, we reply, an
insinuation unsupported by a single fact. If there were any such
facts, we may be sure that the minority, being in possession of
the Party organ, would have given them wide publicity, and,
controlling the Party Council as they do, would have had ample
opportunity to correct them. Lastly, the recent Council
resolution, which points to no such facts in the past, completely rules out their possibility in the future. Who is now
going to believe this far-fetched insinuation? Fears are
expressed that a congress would divert too much of our forces
and funds from positive work. What a bitter mockery! Can any
greater diversion of forces and funds be imagined than that
which the strife is producing? A congress is imperative! It
would be imperative even if Party life had proceeded normally,
in view of the exceptional historical juncture and the new tasks
with which the world events may confront the Party. It is doubly
imperative in the present Party crisis, in order to find an
honest and reasonable way out of it, to preserve the forces of
the Party and uphold its honour and dignity.

What must the Third Congress do to put an end to the strife and
restore Party life to normal? Most essential for this, in our view,
are the following reforms, which we shall advocate and work for by
every available loyal means:

I. The editorship of the Central Organ to be handed over to the
adherents of the Party majority. The need for this, in view of the
manifest inability of the present editorial board to conduct the
Central Organ as required by the general Party interests, has been
sufficiently demonstrated. The organ of a circle cannot and must not
be the organ of the Party.

II. The relationship of the local organisation abroad (the League) to
the all-Russia central body, the Central Commit tee, to be clearly
defined. The present position of the League, which has converted
itself into a second Party leader ship and manages its associated
groups without any control, completely ignoring the Central Committee,
is obviously abnormal and must be ended.

III. The Rules to provide guarantees that Party struggles are
conducted by Party methods. That this reform is essential is
shown by the entire experience of the post-Congress struggle. It
is necessary to include in the Party Rules guarantees of the
rights of any minority, so that the disagreements, dissatisfactions, and irritations that will constantly and
unavoidably arise may be diverted from the old, philistine,
circle channels of rows and squabbling into the still unaccustomed channels of a constitutional and dignified struggle
for one’s convictions. Among the conditions needed for such a
change we class the following. The minority should be allowed
one or more writers’ groups, with the right to be represented at
congresses; the widest formal guarantees should be given as
regards publication of Party literature criticising the
activities of the central Party institutions. The right of the
committees to receive (through the general Party transport
system) the particular Party publications they desire should be
formally recognised. The limits of the Central Committee’s right
to influence the personal composition of the committees should
be precisely defined. We consider it highly important that the
arrangements for publication of minority literature which the
Central Committee proposed to the minority of the Second
Congress should be incorporated in the Rules, in order that the
fantasy of a “state of siege” invented by the minority them selves may be dispelled, and that the inevitable
internal struggles in the Party may be conducted in seemly forms
and not allowed to interfere with positive work.

We do not here elaborate our proposals in detail, for we are not
putting forward draft Rules, but only a general programme of
struggle for Party unity. We shall therefore only briefly
indicate certain specific amendments to the Rules which are in
our opinion desirable, without in any way binding ourselves as
regards subsequent elaboration of the Rules, in the light of
further experience. For example, it is necessary to reform the
Party Council, as an institution which, in its present form,
has proved in practice to be unfit for its function of co-ordinating and exercising supreme supervision over the
activities of the central bodies. It should be made a body
entirely elected by the Congress, instead of being a court where
the Congress-elected fifth member sits as arbiter over the central bodies, which defend
themselves through their delegates. Further, Paragraph I of
the Rules should be revised, in line with the criticisms voiced in the
Party, to define the Party’s boundaries more precisely, etc.

In putting forward this programme of struggle for Party unity,
we invite the representatives of all other shades and all Party
organisations to make a clear statement of their own programmes,
so as to permit of serious and systematic, conscious and
methodical preparation for a congress. An issue involving the
very life, the honour and dignity of the Party is at stake: is
it an ideological and material force capable of sufficient
rational self-organisation to act as the real leader of our
country’s revolutionary working- class movement? By all their
actions, the 6migr6 minority answer: No! And they continue to
act in this way with confident assurance, banking on the
remoteness of Russia, the frequent changes of workers there, and
the indispensability of their own leaders and literary forces. Our Party is coming into being! —we answer, seeing
the growing political understanding of the advanced workers,
the vigorous activity of the committees in general Party
life. Our Party is coming into being, we have ever more numerous
young forces capable of replacing or reinvigorating old literary
bodies which forfeit the Party’s confidence; we have ever more
revolutionaries who prize the consistent Party trend above any
circle of former leaders. Our Party is coming into being, and no
subterfuges or delays can hold back its decided and final
verdict.

From these forces in our Party we derive our certainty of victory.

Comrades, reprint and distribute this appeal!

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Notes:
[1]
This conference of twenty-two Bolsheviks, under Lenin’s leadership, was held
in Switzerland in August (New Style) 1904. Nineteen persons actually
attended, and three others subscribed to its decisions. The present appeal
“To the Party”, adopted by the conference, became the
Bolsheviks’ programme of struggle for the convening of the Third Party Congress.