## Sketch of a Preface to the Second Edition of the Pamphlet "The Tasks of Russian Social-Democrats" {137}

Further growth of social-democracy. The break with legal Marxism and with Economism – (the distinction between both breaks).

The irrevocable character of one, the temporary character of the other. Primary attention is directed to the internal relations of social-democracy: war with the "critics" and "demarcation" from the "Economists."

This moment appears to be approaching its end. (Demarcation from legal Marxism, from Economism as well.)

* See Works, 4th ed., vol. 5, pp. 319–494. Ed.

** The not-distant future. Ed.

*** – Millerand. Ed.

**** See present vol., pp. 450–451. Ed.

* Pure-blooded. Ed.

## Unfinished Variant of the Preface to the Second Edition of the Pamphlet "The Tasks of Russian Social-Democrats"

Nearly five years have passed since the time the present pamphlet was written. Gigantically, with almost incredible rapidity, our revolutionary movement has grown, spread, and become strengthened over this time, and our social-democratic workers' movement in particular; the internal and external position of Russian social-democracy has changed very substantially, and these years have provided the author personally with much in the way of party experience (both theoretical and practical). It may therefore seem strange that the second edition of this small pamphlet on the tasks appears with no changes whatsoever compared to the first edition. Is it possible that the "tasks" have not advanced one iota forward from that time—neither from the standpoint of the objective "data" of party life, nor subjectively from the author's point of view?

The answer to this naturally arising question is contained in my pamphlet "What Is to Be Done?" (Stuttgart, Verlag Dietz, 1902 [292]), where the author's present views on the party's present "tasks" are set forth [293]. This latter pamphlet, on the one hand, explains why additions and changes to the present pamphlet proved unnecessary (indeed, perhaps even impossible). On the other hand, it also explains why there could arise a need for the republication of the old (and in many respects, of course, outdated) pamphlet—apart from practical agitational purposes. It is precisely in the pamphlet "What Is to Be Done?" that I attempted to cast a retrospective glance at the history of Russian social-democracy and to establish three periods in its development. At present, according to this view, we are living through the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 4th period, with the 3rd period constituting an epoch of confusion and wavering, caused by the extraordinarily rapid growth of the movement in breadth, with insufficient growth in depth. The correctness of such an assessment obviously depends on whether there was in the second period something more or less stable—something that "wavered" in the following moment [294].

Written in 1902, no later than August

Published for the first time, from the manuscript

## List of Undiscovered Works of V. I. Lenin

List of works by V. I. Lenin relating to 1895–1897 that have not yet been found to this time

## 1894–1895

QUESTIONNAIRE

A questionnaire for the study of the conditions of labor and life of workers was distributed in the winter of 1894–1895 among members of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class," as well as among propagandists of other circles. M. A. Silvin indicates the questionnaire's attribution to Lenin (see Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, p. 126). Mention of leaflets with worked-out questions, which the circle's listeners—V. I. Lenin—received from their lecturer, is also found in the memoirs of I. V. Babushkin, relating to the winter of 1894–1895 (see Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, pp. 113–114).

It is possible that V. N. Katin-Yartsev also had this same questionnaire in mind when he wrote that he used in his propaganda work handwritten notes by V. I. Lenin "On Wages" (see journal "Katorga i Ssylka," 1924, No. 25, p. 111).

## 1895

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE NEWSPAPER "RABOCHEE DELO"

Reference to a manuscript by Lenin containing an account of the contents of the first issue of the newspaper "Rabochee Delo" and an announcement of the newspaper's forthcoming publication on an indefinite schedule as material accumulated is made in the "Report on the Matter of Criminal Circles Arising in St. Petersburg in 1894 and 1895, Calling Themselves 'Social-Democrats'" (see Collection of Materials and Articles. Ed. journal "Istoricheskii Arkhiv." Issue I. [M.], 1921, p. 125) and in the interrogation protocol of V. I. Lenin from March 30 (April 11), 1896 (see Notes of the Lenin Institute. I. M., 1927, pp. 129–130).

## ARTICLES FOR THE NEWSPAPER "RABOCHEE DELO"

TO THE RUSSIAN WORKERS (LEADING ARTICLE)

The article, as V. I. Lenin wrote in the work "What Is to Be Done?," "outlined the historical tasks of the working class in Russia and placed at the head of these tasks the conquest of political freedom* (Works, 4th ed., vol. 5, p. 348).

It ended, as was reported in the "Report on the Matter of Criminal Circles Arising in St. Petersburg in 1894 and 1895, Calling Themselves 'Social-Democrats,'" with the following words: "Thus, the struggle with the factory owner for human conditions of life, the struggle against the arbitrariness and all-powerfulness of the government; workers, unite and struggle firmly and steadily for a great cause." L. Martov (Yu. O. Tsederbaum) and M. A. Silvin indicate the article's attribution to Lenin (see Collection of Materials and Articles. Ed. journal "Istoricheskii Arkhiv." Issue I. [M.], 1921, pp. 125, 247–248; Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part I. M., 1956, p. 128).

## FRIEDRICH ENGELS

Information about the obituary article "Friedrich Engels" is contained in the "Report on the Matter of Criminal Circles Arising in St. Petersburg in 1894 and 1895, Calling Themselves 'Social-Democrats.'" L. Martov (Yu. O. Tsederbaum) and M. A. Silvin indicate its attribution to V. I. Lenin (see Collection of Materials and Articles. Ed. journal "Istoricheskii Arkhiv." Issue I. [M.], 1921, pp. 125, 247–248; Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, p. 128). It is possible that this was a brief summary of the article published in "Rabotnik" Nos. 1–2 for 1896 (see present vol., pp. 1–14).

## THE YAROSLAVL STRIKE OF 1895

A report of this article as belonging to V. I. Lenin is contained in the "Report on the Matter of Criminal Circles Arising in St. Petersburg in 1894 and 1895, Calling Themselves 'Social-Democrats'" and in the memoirs of M. A. Silvin (see Collection of Materials and Articles. Ed. journal "Istoricheskii Arkhiv." Issue I. [M.], 1921, p. 127; Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, p. 128). Reference to the article is also found in the interrogation protocol of V. I. Lenin from December 21, 1895 (January 2, 1896) (see Notes of the Lenin Institute. I. M., 1927, p. 128).

## THE STRIKE OF WEAVERS IN IVANOVO-VOZNESENSK AND THE STRIKE OF WORKERS IN ONE OF THE WORKSHOPS OF THE FACTORY OF THE PETERSBURG ASSOCIATION FOR MECHANICAL SHOE PRODUCTION

Information about these articles as being by Lenin is contained in the "Report on the Matter of Criminal Circles Arising in St. Petersburg in 1894 and 1895, Calling Themselves 'Social-Democrats'" (see Collection of Materials and Articles. Ed. journal "Istoricheskii Arkhiv." Issue I. [M.], 1921, pp. 126, 127). At the interrogation of March 30 (April 11), 1896, V. I. Lenin confirmed that these manuscripts were written in his hand (see Notes of the Lenin Institute. I. M., 1927, pp. 129–130).

## 1896

MAY LEAFLET

M. A. Silvin reports on the attribution to V. I. Lenin of one of three variants of the May leaflet (see journal "Katorga i Ssylka," 1934, No. 1, pp. 110, 113). The leaflet was sent by V. I. Lenin from prison in 1896 and was read by N. K. Krupskaya at a discussion by members of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." It was not published.

## PAMPHLET "ON STRIKES"

The pamphlet was sent by V. I. Lenin from prison in early 1896. Written for reasons of secrecy in milk, it was developed and recopied by N. K. Krupskaya. In early May 1896, the pamphlet was transferred to the illegal Lakhta printing press of the "Group of Populists" and was being prepared for typesetting. However, it was not possible to publish it due to the raid on the printing press on June 24 (July 6), 1896 by the tsarist government.

The pamphlet is mentioned in the memoirs of N. K. Krupskaya, A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, P. F. Kudelli and others (see journal "Tvorchestvo," 1920, Nos. 7–10, p. 6; Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, p. 39; P. Kudelli. Populists at a Crossroads. L., 1925, p. 27).

## ESSAYS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY

Reference to this manuscript is contained in V. I. Lenin's petition of December 2 (14), 1896 to the prosecutor of the Petersburg Circuit Court, preserved in the Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the Central Committee of the CPSU.

## 1897

## PROGRAM OF STUDIES FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF MARXISM

Information about the program is contained in an excerpt from V. I. Lenin's letter to M. I. Ulyanova of July 3 (15), 1897, found in the files of the Moscow Gendarmerie Administration, which states that "the letter contains a program of studies for the investigation of Marxism, with such organs of social-democracy as 'Vorwärts' and 'Neue Zeit' mentioned among the sources" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 37, p. 463).

## 1895–1897

## CORRESPONDENCE WITH RELATIVES

Information about numerous letters to relatives that did not reach us is contained in V. I. Lenin's surviving correspondence with relatives and in the memoirs of A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova and N. K. Krupskaya (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 37, pp. 12, 14, 16, 27, 31, 32, 36, 44, 53, 54, 57, 60, 69, 463; Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, pp. 35–38, 80–81).

## CORRESPONDENCE WITH P. B. AKSELROD, G. M. KRZHIZHANOVSKY, I. KH. LALAYANTS, P. P. MASLOV, L. MARTOV, A. P. SKLARENKO, P. B. STRUVE AND OTHER PERSONS

Information about this correspondence is contained in V. I. Lenin's surviving letters to relatives, in the memoirs of A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, N. K. Krupskaya, P. B. Akselrod, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, L. Martov (Yu. O. Tsederbaum) and others (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 37, pp. 57, 59, 65, 69; Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Part 1. M., 1956, pp. 35–38, 80–81, 112, 154–155, 156–157, 227; Correspondence of G. V. Plekhanov and P. B. Akselrod. Vol. I. M., 1925, p. 275; Yu. Martov. Notes of a Social-Democrat. M., 1924, pp. 325, 328–330, 331–332).

## LIST OF WORKS IN THE EDITING OF WHICH V. I. LENIN PARTICIPATED

## 1895

Articles for No. 1 of the newspaper "Rabochee Delo" (see N. K. Krupskaya. Memoirs of Lenin. M., 1957, p. 19).

Correspondences for the non-periodic collection "Rabotnik" (see V. I. Lenin. Works, 4th ed., vol. 34, pp. 1–2, 3; Old Bolshevik. Collection 2 (5). March–April. M., 1933, p. 134; journal "Katorga i Ssylka," 1934, No. 1, pp. 101–102).

## LIST OF WORKS TRANSLATED BY V. I. LENIN

## 1895

Translation of the article "Friedrich Engels" from the Vienna newspaper "Neue Revue" No. 33 of August 14, 1895.

A report of this translation is contained in the interrogation protocol of V. I. Lenin from March 30 (April 11), 1896 (see Notes of the Lenin Institute. I. M., 1927, pp. 129–130) and in the "Report on the Matter of Criminal Circles Arising in St. Petersburg in 1894 and 1895, Calling Themselves 'Social-Democrats'" (see Collection of Materials and Articles. Ed. journal "Istoricheskii Arkhiv." Issue I. [M.], 1921, p. 128). The manuscript has not been found.

## 1896–1897

Translation from the German of K. Bücher's book "The Origin of National Economy (Report delivered as an introductory lecture at the Higher Technical School in Karlsruhe on October 13, 1890)." The manuscript is kept in the Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the Central Committee of the CPSU.

## LIST OF WORKS POSSIBLY BELONGING TO V. I. LENIN

The article "Secret Letter of Mr. Durovo to Pobedonostsev," published in the newspaper "Vorwärts" on September 15, 1895.

Assumptions about possible collaboration by V. I. Lenin in the newspaper "Vorwärts" in 1895 have been repeatedly made in Soviet literature (see journal "Voinstvuyushchii Materialism," 1925, book 4, pp. 208, 213; "Letopisi Marksizma," 1926, No. 1, pp. 87–89).

"Secret Letter of Mr. Durovo to Pobedonostsev" is similar in content to the article "What Our Ministers Think About," published in the present volume (see pp. 75–80). The quotations in both articles coincide. Moreover, the article in "Vorwärts" touches on the question of legalization of the activities of Russian social-democrats, which is discussed in greater detail by V. I. Lenin in the article "A Pressing Question" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 4, pp. 201–206).

The Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the Central Committee of the CPSU has no other more substantial arguments confirming the article's attribution to V. I. Lenin, since the archive of the newspaper "Vorwärts" is absent.

## Index of Literary Works and Sources Cited and Mentioned by V. I. Lenin

[Babushkin, P. D. Letter to the commission for investigation of cottage industry in Russia from February 19, 1887]. — In: Proceedings of the Commission for Investigation of Cottage Industry in Russia. Issue XVI. St. Petersburg, 1887, pp. 594–595. – 416–417.

Belov, V. D. Cottage Industry in Connection with Ural Mining Enterprises. — In: Proceedings of the Commission for Investigation of Cottage Industry in Russia. Issue XVI. St. Petersburg, 1887, pp. 1–35. – 417.

Beltov, P. – see [Plekhanov, G. V.]

*[295] Blagoveshchenskii, P. A. Summary Statistical Collection of Economic Information from Zemstvo Household Surveys. Vol. I. Peasant Economy. M., 1893. XVI, 266 pp. – 214.

Boborykine, P. D. Otherwise. A novel in two parts. – "Herald of Europe," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 1, pp. 119–187; No. 2, pp. 567–639; No. 3, pp. 5–74. – 537–538.

[Bogdanovich, A. P.] A Pressing Question. [Smolensk], published by the "People's Right" party, 1894. 41 pp. (Issue 1). – 445, 464.

Bunyakovsky, V. Ya. Essay on the Laws of Mortality in Russia and on the Distribution of the Orthodox Population by Age. Supplement to vol. VIII of Notes of the Academy of Sciences No. 6. St. Petersburg, [1865]. VIII, 196 pp. – 483.

V. V. – see [Vorontsov, V. P.]

"Herald of Europe." St. Petersburg. – 530, 543.

– 1897, No. 1, pp. 119–187; No. 2, pp. 567–639; No. 3, pp. 5–74. – 537–538.

"Herald of Finance, Industry and Trade." St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 26, pp. 850–853. – 272, 276–278, 280–281, 282, 299–300, 302–303, 310.

Witte, S. Yu. [Circular of the Minister of Finance to Factory Inspection Officials]. — "Flying Leaflet of the 'Group of Populists,'" [St. Petersburg], 1895, No. 4, December 9, pp. I–II, in section: "Appendices"; "Russian Gazette," M., 1896, No. 112, April 24, p. 1; "Russian Word," M., 1896, No. 107, April 22, p. 3. – 105, 107, 111, 112, 113–114, 267.

Volgin, A. – see [Plekhanov, G. V.]

[Vorontsov, V. P.] V. V. Our Tendencies. St. Petersburg, 1893. VI, 215 pp. – 234, 529.

– German Social-Democracy and Russian Bourgeoisism. (P. Struve. Critical Notes on the Question of Economic Development in Russia). – "Week," St. Petersburg, 1894, No. 47, November 20, pp. 1504–1508; No. 48, November 27, pp. 1543–1547; No. 49, December 4, pp. 1587–1593. – 198, 550.

– Essays on Cottage Industry in Russia. St. Petersburg, 1886. III, 233 pp. – 400–401.

– Progressive Trends in Peasant Economy. St. Petersburg, 1892. VI, 261 pp. – 352–353.

Gogol, N. V. Getting Married. – 499.

– Dead Souls. – 346, 404–405, 409, 419, 425, 429, 431, 489.

[Danielson, N. F.] Nikolai —on. Apology of the Power of Money, as a Sign of the Times. — "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1895, No. 1, pp. 155–185; No. 2, pp. 1–34. – 198.

– Something on the Conditions of Our Economic Development. — "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1894, No. 4, pp. 1–34; No. 6, pp. 86–130. – 192, 242, 244.

– Essays on Our Post-Reform Social Economy. St. Petersburg, 1893. XVI, 353, XVI pp. – 148, 152–153, 155, 160–161, 173, 180–184, 191–192, 204, 207, 208, 211–212, 214, 223, 227, 228, 229, 232, 233, 241, 242.

"Business Correspondent." Yekaterinburg, 1887, No. 148, September 22, pp. 1–2. – 406.

Durnovo, I. I. Durnovo's Circular to Pobedonostsev. Entirely Confidential. – 77—80.

Egunov, A. I. Cottage Crafts in Perm Province, in Connection with Extractive Industry. (Excerpt from the 1892 report of A. N. Egunov). — In: Reports and Investigations on Cottage Industry in Russia. Vol. III. St. Petersburg, 1895, pp. 128–173. (Ministry of Land and State Property. Department of Rural Economics and Agricultural Statistics). – 356, 417, 422–423.

*Yearbook of the Ministry of Finance. Issue I. For 1869. Compiled under the editorship of A. B. Bushen. St. Petersburg, 1869. VIII, 618 pp. – 347, 389.

Zaezzhii. Our Exhibition. Cottage Industry Section. – "Business Correspondent," Yekaterinburg, 1887, No. 148, September 22, pp. 1–2. – 406.

[Law] on Supervision of Factory Industry Establishments and on the Mutual Relations of Factory Owners and Workers [June 3, 1886]. – "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate." St. Petersburg, 1886, No. 68, July 15, art. 639, pp. 1390–1405. – 20, 21, 25, 26, 31–32, 42, 46, 48, 55, 59, 60, 106–107, 269–270, 286–287, 293–294.

[Zasulich, V. P.] Ivanov, V. A Bad Invention. (Concerning Mr. Boborykine's novel "Otherwise"). – "New Word," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 12, September, pp. 1–19. – 537–538.

"Health." St. Petersburg, 1879, No. 122, pp. 382–384; No. 123, pp. 403–405. – 393.

"Agricultural Gazette." St. Petersburg, 1873, No. 9, March 3, pp. 129–133. – 526.

Ziber, N. I. David Ricardo and Karl Marx in Their Socio-Economic Investigations. An Attempt at Critical-Economic Analysis. St. Petersburg, 1885. VII, 598 pp. – 156, 172, 179, 180, 181.

Ivanov, V. – see [Zasulich, V. P.]

Ingram, J. K. History of Political Economy. Translated from English under the editorship of I. I. Yanzhul. M., Soldatenkov, 1891. XI, 322, IV pp. – 196.

Instruction to Factory Inspection Officials on the Application of… the Opinion of the State Council on the Duration and Distribution of Working Time in Factories and Manufacturing Enterprises. — "Government Herald," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 242, November 5 (17), pp. 1–2; No. 243, November 6 (18), pp. 1–2. – 302–303, 306, 307, 309, 310–311, 313.

"Iskra." [London], 1902, No. 23, August 1, pp. 2–4; No. 24, September 1, pp. 2–4. – 439.

Kamenskii, N. – see [Plekhanov, G. V.]

Karyshev, N. A. Essays on National Economy. XXXIII. Expenditures of Gubernial Zemstvos on "Economic Measures." – XXXIV. – On the Question of Indebtedness of Private Land Ownership. – "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1896, No. 5, pp. 1–26. – 525.

[Katkov, M. I.] Moscow, May 28. [Leading Article]. – "Moscow Gazette," 1886, No. 146, May 29, p. 2. – 24–25, 41.

Korolenko, S. A. Free Hired Labor in Estates of Landowners and the Movement of Workers, in Connection with a Statistical-Economic Survey of European Russia in Agricultural and Industrial Respects. St. Petersburg, 1892. XX, 844 pp. (Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry. Agricultural and Statistical Information from Materials Received from Estate Owners. Issue V). – 226, 381.

Korsak, A. K. On Forms of Industry in General and on the Significance of Home Production (Cottage and Home Industry) in Western Europe and Russia. M., 1861. 310 pp. – 181.

* Krasnopertsev, E. I. Cottage Industry of Perm Province at the Siberian-Ural Scientific-Industrial Exhibition in the City of Yekaterinburg in 1887. Issues I–III. Perm, published by the Perm Gubernial Zemstvo, 1888–1889. (Works of the Statistical Bureau, established at the Perm Gubernial Zemstvo Administration). – 523, 335, 336, 350, 370, 388, 390, 392–393, 394, 395, 397, 406, 416, 417.

Krylov, I. A. The Lion on the Hunt. – 312.

Lavrov, P. L. On Program Questions. — "Flying Leaflet of the 'Group of Populists,'" [St. Petersburg], 1895, No. 4, December 9, pp. 19–22. – 458–459, 462–464.

Levitskii, N. V. On Certain Questions Concerning Popular Life. — "Russian Gazette," M., 1897, No. 239, August 30, p. 3. – 425–432.

[Lenin, V. I.] The Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution. Published by the Central Committee RSDLP, Geneva, party printing house, 1905. VIII, 108 pp. (RSDLP). Before title: author N. Lenin. – 443.

[Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, I. The Tasks of Russian Social-Democrats. With preface by P. Akselrod. Geneva, published by RSDLP, 1898. 32 pp. – 437, 442, 443–444, 554, 556.

– Lenin, I. The Tasks of Russian Social-Democrats. 2nd ed. With preface by the author and P. B. Akselrod. Geneva, published by the Foreign League of Russian Revolutionary Social-Democrats, 1902. XI, 24 pp. – 437, 438, 440, 443, 553, 556.

– Lenin, I. The Tasks of Russian Social-Democrats. 3rd ed. Geneva, published by the Central Committee RSDLP, 1905. [1], 37 pp. – 443.

– T—n, K. Toward a Characterization of Economic Romanticism. Sismondi and Our Native Sismondists. – "New Word," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 7, April, pp. 25–50; No. 8, May, pp. 25–60; No. 9, June, pp. 26–53; No. 10, July, pp. 18–32. – 501.

– Toward a Characterization of Economic Romanticism. Sismondi and Our Native Sismondists. — In: [Lenin, V. I.] Ilyin, V. Economic Essays and Articles. St. Petersburg, Leiferth printing house, 1899, pp. 1–112. – 502–503, 531.

– Explanation of the Law on Fines Levied on Workers in Factories and Plants. [St. Petersburg, "Group of Populists" printing house], 1895. 56 pp. On title page publication data: Kherson, Subbotin printing house. – 269.

– Pearls of Populist Scheming. — In: [Lenin, V. I.] Ilyin, V. Economic Essays and Articles. St. Petersburg, Leiferth printing house, 1899, pp. 201–225. – 423.

– Ilyin, V. The Development of Capitalism in Russia. The Process of Formation of an Internal Market for Large Industry. St. Petersburg, Vodovorov, 1899. XIII, 480 pp.; 2 sheets of diagrams, VIII sheets of tables. – 143, 163, 184.

– Revolutionary Adventurism. — "Iskra," [London], 1902, No. 23, August 1, pp. 2–4; No. 24, September 1, pp. 2–4. – 439.

– Revolution Teaches. — "Proletariat," Geneva, 1905, No. 9, July 26 (13), p. 1. – 443–444.

– Lenin, I. What Is to Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1902. VII, 144 pp. – 437–438, 443–444, 554, 556–557.

– Ilyin, V. Economic Essays and Articles. St. Petersburg, Leiferth printing house, 1899. 290 pp. – 423, 502–503, 531.

Lermontov, M. Yu. To A. O. Smirnova. – 432.

"Flying Leaflet of the 'Group of Populists.'" [St. Petersburg], 1892–1895, Nos. 1–4. – 445. – No. 4, 1895, December 9, pp. 19–22, pp. I–II. – 105, 107, 111, 112, 113–114, 267, 458–459, 462–464.

Malthus, T. R. An Essay on the Principle of Population or a View of Its Past and Present Effects on the Welfare of Mankind, with an Inquiry into Our Prospects Regarding the Removal or Mitigation of the Evils Which It Occasions. Translated by P. A. Bibikov. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 1868. 468 pp. – 177.

Manifesto of the Social-Revolutionary Party "People's Right." [Leaflet]. February 19, 1894. [Smolensk], 1894. 1 sheet. – 445, 463.

Manuilov, A. A. Capitalist Idyll. [Review of:] Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz. Large-Scale Production, Its Significance for Economic and Social Progress. — A Study in the Sphere of the Cotton Industry. Edited and with preface by P. B. Struve. In appendix a lecture by Philippovich: "Economic Progress and the Advancement of Culture." 1897. – "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 11, pp. 78–93. – 480–481, 499.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. Manifesto of the Communist Party. December 1847 – January 1848. – 192, 194, 222, 242–245, 452, 500, 501–502.

* Marx, K. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. — In: Marx, K. Collection of Historical Works. Complete translation from German edited and annotated by V. Bazarov and I. Stepanov. [St. Petersburg], Skirmunt, [1906], pp. 137–268. – 216.

– Provisional Rules of the Association. October 21–27, 1864. – 13–14.

– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vols. I–III. 1867–1894. – 11, 136–137, 181, 547.

– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. I. 1867. – 172, 173, 224, 240, 257–258.

– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Edited by F. Engels. Translated from German. Vol. 2. Book II. The Process of Circulation of Capital. St. Petersburg, [Ministry of Communications printing house (Benke)], 1885. XXI, 403 pp. – 160–161.

– Critique of the Gotha Program. Remarks on the Program of the German Workers' Party May 5, 1875. – 196–197.

– Critique of Certain Propositions of Political Economy. Translated from German by P. P. Rumyantsev, edited by A. A. Manuilov. M., Bonch-Bruevich, 1896. XII, 160 pp. – 193–194, 212–213, 215.

Marx, K. General Rules of the International Working Men's Association. Around October 24, 1871. – 13–14.

– Theories of Surplus Value (IV volume of "Capital"). January 1862 – July 1863. – 12.

Materials for the History of Russian Social-Revolutionary Movement. Issues I, X [1–2], XI, XVI. With appendix "From the Homeland and to the Homeland," Nos. 1, 3–7. Geneva, published by the "Group of Old Populists," 1893–1896. – 458.

Materials for Statistics of Krasnoufimsk District of Perm Province. Issue V. Part I (Factory District). Kazan, published by the Krasnoufimsk District Zemstvo, 1894. 420 pp. – 381–382.

Materials for the Appraisal of Lands of Nizhni Novgorod Province. Economic Section. *Issue XI. Semenov District. N.-Novgorod, published by the Nizhni Novgorod Gubernial Zemstvo, 1893. X, 675 pp. (Statistical Department of Nizhni Novgorod Gubernial Zemstvo Administration). – 392.

Meyer, R. Income. — In: Industry. Articles from Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Translated from German. M., Vodovorov, 1896, pp. 283–328. – 196.

Mikulin, A. A. Essays from the History of Application of the Law of June 3, 1886 on the Hiring of Workers at Factories and Plants in Vladimir Province. (Unofficial edition). Vladimir, 1893. 103 pp. – 35, 48, 49, 50, 51.

Minskii, P. M. By the Light of Conscience. Thoughts and Dreams on the Purpose of Life. 2nd ed. St. Petersburg, 1897. XVI, 228 pp. – 507.

Mikhailovsky, N. K. Literature and Life. — "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1894, No. 10, pp. 45–77. – 490.

– Literature and Life. On Mr. Minskii's Conscience, Fear of Death, and Thirst for Immortality. – On Our Intellectual Trends Over Half a Century. – On New Words and "New Word." – On Professor Svetlov's Speech. – On Mr. Volynsky and Scandal-Mongers in General. – "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 10, pp. 161–195. – 507, 508, 530, 543–550.

– Literature and Life. On Populism, Dialectical Materialism, Subjectivism, etc. – On the Terrible Power of Mr. Novus, on My Timidity and Certain Misunderstandings. – N. N. Zlarovratsky. – "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 11, pp. 115–139. – 500–502, 504.

Mikhailovsky, Ya. T. Wages and Duration of Working Time in Factories and Plants. — In: Factory and Manufacturing Industry and Trade of Russia. St. Petersburg, published by the Department of Trade and Manufactures of the Ministry of Finance, 1893, pp. 273–303 (World Columbian Exhibition 1893 in Chicago), section XXIII. – 36–37, 46.

Molleson, I. I. Essay on Wool-Beating and Felt-Making (or Pima-Making) Crafts from a Hygienic Standpoint. — "Health," St. Petersburg, 1879, No. 122, pp. 382–384; No. 123, pp. 403–405. – 393.

Moscow, January 18. — "Moscow Gazette," 1885, No. 19, January 19, p. 3. – 23–24.

"Moscow Gazette." – 287, 516, 543–544.

– 1885, No. 19, January 19, p. 3. – 23–24.

– 1886, No. 146, May 29, p. 2. – 24–25, 41.

– 1891, No. 185, July 7, pp. 3–5; No. 192, July 14, pp. 3–5. – 507, 543, 550.

N. —on, Nikolai —on – see [Danielson, N. F.]

N—ch. A Split in Russian Social-Democracy. — "Liberation," Paris, 1905, No. 72, June 21 (8), pp. 356–357. – 443.

Instruction to Factory Inspection Officials. — "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate," St. Petersburg, 1894, No. 104, June 27, art. 704, pp. 2189–2212. – 38, 40, 41.

A Pressing Question – see [Bogdanovich, A. P.] "Week." St. Petersburg, 1894, No. 47, November 20, pp. 1504–1508; No. 48, November 27, pp. 1543–1547; No. 49, December 4, pp. 1587–1593. – 198, 550.

Nekrasov, N. A. In Memory of Dobrolyubov. – 5.

"New Time." St. Petersburg, 1886, No. 3686, June 5 (17), p. 3. – 23.

New Offensive of Russian Liberals. — "Revolutionary Russia," [Geneva], 1902, No. 9, July, pp. 3–5. – 439.

"New Word." St. Petersburg. – 217.

– 1897, No. 7, April, pp. 25–50, pp. 229–243. – 493–494, 501.

– 1897, No. 8, May, pp. 25–60; No. 9, June, pp. 26–53; No. 10, July, pp. 18–32. – 501.

– 1897, No. 12, September, pp. 1–19, pp. 70–98. – 537–538, 546–547.

– 1897, No. 1, October, pp. 55–84. – 500, 501, 502.

On the Introduction into Effect of Rules on Supervision of Improvement and Order at Private Mining Plants and Enterprises and on the Hiring of Workers at These Plants and Enterprises [March 9, 1892]. – "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate," St. Petersburg, 1892, No. 114, October 15, art. 1099, p. 2756. – 55.

On Supervision of Improvement and Order at Private Mining Plants and Enterprises and on the Hiring of Workers at These Plants and Enterprises [March 9, 1892]. – "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate," St. Petersburg, 1892, No. 40, April 24, art. 410, pp. 757–763. – 55.

On the Reorganization of Factory Inspection and the Positions of Gubernial Mechanicians and on the Extension of the Effect of Rules on Supervision of Factory Industry Establishments and on the Mutual Relations of Factory Owners and Workers [March 14, 1894]. – "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate," St. Petersburg, 1894, No. 45, March 31, art. 358, pp. 971–980. – 55.

On the Duration and Distribution of Working Time in Factories and Manufacturing Enterprises [June 2, 1897]. – "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 62, June 13, art. 778, pp. 2135–2139. – 267–301, 302, 303, 305–306, 307, 308, 309–310, 311, 313, 460.

On the Extension to the Provinces of the Kingdom of Poland of the Law on the Hiring of Workers in Factories, Plants and Manufactories and on Supervision of Factory Industry Establishments [June 11, 1891]. – "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate," St. Petersburg, 1891, No. 75, July 23, art. 799, pp. 1911–1913. – 55, 56.

On the Extension to Yegorievsk District of Ryazan Province of the Provisions Explained in the Statute on Industry Concerning Supervision of Factory Industry Establishments and the Mutual Relations of Factory Owners and Workers [July 30, 1893]. – "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate," St. Petersburg, 1893, No. 130, August 31, art. 1064, p. 2983. – 56.

On the Extension to Certain Provinces of the Rules on Supervision of Factory Industry Establishments and on the Mutual Relations of Factory Owners and Workers, and Also on the Publication of a New Staff of Factory Inspection [June 2, 1897]. – "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 63, June 17, art. 792, pp. 2190–2194. – 294.

Orekhovo-Zuevo. (Correspondence of "New Time"). – "New Time," St. Petersburg, 1886, No. 3686, June 5 (17), p. 3, in section: "Domestic News." – 23.

*Orlov, P. A. Index of Factories and Plants of European Russia with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Finland. Materials for Factory and Manufacturing Statistics. [Based on information from 1879]. St. Petersburg, 1881. IX, 753 pp. – 389, 393.

Orlov, P. A. and Budagov, S. G. Index of Factories and Plants of European Russia. Materials for Factory and Manufacturing Statistics. [Based on information from 1890, supplemented by information from 1893 and 1894]. 3rd ed., corrected and significantly expanded. St. Petersburg, 1894. XVIII, 827 pp. – 338, 389.

"Liberation." Stuttgart – Paris. – 439, 440, 441.

– Paris, 1905, No. 72, June 21 (8), pp. 356–357. – 443.

Ostrovsky, A. N. A Hangover in Someone Else's Feast. – 220.

"Notes of the Fatherland." St. Petersburg, 1867, No. 9, book 2, pp. 319–381; No. 10, book 2, pp. 620–680; 1868, No. 11, pp. 255–287; No. 12, pp. 503–620; 1869, No. 11, pp. 141–186; No. 12, pp. 427–468. – 508.

– 1872, No. 5, pp. 30–50; No. 6, pp. 161–182. – 521.

Report on the Capitals and Turnovers and on the Activities of the Cottage Industry Bank of the Perm Gubernial Zemstvo for 1895. Compiled by the board of the bank. Perm, 1896. 144 pp. – 417.

Reports and Investigations on Cottage Industry in Russia. Vol. III. St. Petersburg, 1895. 228 pp. (Ministry of Land and State Property. Department of Rural Economics and Agricultural Statistics). – 356, 417, 422–423.

*Essay on the State of Cottage Industry in Perm Province. Perm, 1896. IV, 365 pp.; 232 sheets of tables; 8 pp.; XVI sheets of diagrams; 1 sheet of maps. (Survey of the Perm Region). – 319–424.

P. B. – see Struve, P. B.

Periodical Publications. "Russian Wealth," March. "Russian Herald," April. "Herald of Europe," April. "Russian Review," March. [Review]. – "Russian Thought," M., 1896, No. 5, pp. 225–237, bibliographic section. – 217–220.

"Perm Gubernial Gazette." 1896, No. 183, August 27, p. 3. – 418.

Peskov, P. A. Report for 1885 of the Factory Inspector of Vladimir District. St. Petersburg, 1886. 73 pp.; 68 sheets of tables. (III. Vladimir Factory District). – 35.

[Plekhanov, G. V.] Beltov, N. On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History. A Reply to Messrs. Mikhailovsky, Kareyev and Co. St. Petersburg, 1895. 288 pp. – 200, 539, 545.

– A New Offensive Against Russian Social-Democracy. Geneva, published by the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats," 1897. 55 pp. – 458.

– Kamenskii, N. On the Materialist Understanding of History. (Essays on the Materialist Conception of History by Antonio Labriola, Professor at the University of Rome, with a preface by G. Sorel. Paris, 1897). – "New Word," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 12, September, pp. 70–98. – 546–547.

– Volgin, A. The Substantiation of Populism in the Works of Mr. Vorontsov (V. V.). A Critical Essay. St. Petersburg, 1896. VI, 283 pp. – 183, 225, 234, 349–350.

Regulation Concerning the Mining Population of State Mining Plants Under the Department of the Ministry of Finance. St. Petersburg, 1861. 14 pp. – 417.

[Regulations of February 19, 1861 on Peasants Released from Serfdom]. – 510, 511.

Rules on the Duration and Distribution of Working Time in Factories and Manufacturing Enterprises. — "Government Herald," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 221, October 9 (21), p. 1. – 302, 303–306, 307–308, 309–310, 311–312, 313.

Rules on the Preservation and Expenditure of the Fine Capital at Factories. [December 4, 1890]. – "Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate," St. Petersburg, 1891, No. 2, January 4, art. 24, pp. 23–24. – 43–44, 45–46, 52–53, 54, 56–57, 59, 60.

[Government Announcement Regarding Summer Strikes at St. Petersburg Manufactories]. — "Government Herald," St. Petersburg, 1896, No. 158, July 19 (31), pp. 1–2. – 111, 113–116.

"Government Herald." St. Petersburg, 1896, No. 158, July 19 (31), pp. 1–2. – 111, 113–116.

– 1897, No. 221, October 9 (21), p. 1. – 302, 303–306, 307–308, 309–310, 311–312, 313.

– 1897, No. 242, November 5 (17), pp. 1–2; No. 243, November 6 (18), pp. 1–2. – 302–303, 306, 307, 309, 310–311, 313.

Duration and Distribution of Working Time in Factories and Manufacturing Enterprises. — "Herald of Finance, Industry and Trade," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 26, pp. 850–853. – 272, 276–278, 280–281, 282, 299–300, 302–303, 310.

Productive Forces of Russia. Brief Characteristic of Various Branches of Labor – According to the Exhibition Classification. Compiled under the general editorship of V. I. Kovalevsky. St. Petersburg, [1896]. XI, 1249 pp. (Ministry of Finance. Commission for the Organization of the All-Russian Industrial and Artistic Exhibition 1896 in N. Novgorod). – 479–480, 494.

"Proletariat." Geneva, 1905, Nos. 1–9, May 27 (14) – July 26 (13). – 443–444.

– No. 9, July 26 (13), p. 1. – 443–444.

Crafts of Moscow Province. Issues I–V*. M., published by the Moscow Gubernial Zemstvo, 1879–1883. (In publication: Collection of Statistical Information on Moscow Province. Section of Economic Statistics. Vol. VI, issues I–II; vol. VII, issues I–III). – 181, 323.

Industry. Articles from Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Translated from German. M., Vodovorov, 1896. VIII, 328 pp. – 196.

Prugavin, V. S. Crafts of Vladimir Province. Issues I, IV. M., Baranov, 1882. – 322.

[Proudhon, P.-J.] Critical Examination of the Theory of Malthus, Made by Proudhon in the Work "On Justice." — In: Malthus, T. R. An Essay on the Principle of Population... Translated by I. A. Bibikov. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 1868, pp. 424–442, in section: "Appendices." – 177.

"Rabotnik." Geneva, 1896, Nos. 1 and 2. – 6–7, 445.

"Revolutionary Russia." [Geneva], 1902, No. 9, July, pp. 3–5. – 439.

Reshetnikov, F. M. Podlipovtsy. – 428.

Ricardo, D. Works. Translated by N. Ziber. With additions by the translator. St. Petersburg, Panteleyev, 1882. XXVI, 659 pp. – 168.

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Rozanov, V. V. What Is the Main Deficiency of the "Legacy of the 60s–70s"? — "Moscow Gazette," 1891, No. 192, July 14, pp. 3–5. – 507, 543, 550.

– Why Do We Reject the Legacy? — "Moscow Gazette," 1891, No. 185, July 7, pp. 3–5. – 507, 543, 550.

"Russian Thought." M., 1885, No. 3, pp. 123–150; No. 4, pp. 36–54. – 205.

– 1896, No. 5, pp. 225–237. – 217–220.

"Russian Gazette." M. – 431.

– 1886, No. 144, May 29, p. 3. – 23, 28, 31–32, 36, 60, 269.

– 1896, No. 112, April 24, p. 1. – 105, 107, 111, 112, 113–114, 267.

– 1897, No. 239, August 30, pp. 2–3. – 425–432.

"Russian Wealth." St. Petersburg. – 61, 217, 431, 473–474, 481, 485, 490, 496, 529, 543, 545, 546, 550.

– 1894, No. 4, pp. 1–34; No. 6, pp. 86–130. – 192, 242, 244.

– 1894, No. 10, pp. 45–77. – 490.

– 1895, No. 1, pp. 155–185; No. 2, pp. 1–34. – 198.

– 1895, No. 5, pp. 52–77, pp. 171–197. – 61–69, 431, 473, 491, 536.

– 1896, No. 5, pp. 1–26. – 525.

– 1896, No. 6, pp. 19–42. – 473.

– 1896, No. 7, pp. 24–53, pp. 138–168. – 123–124, 161–162, 163, 165, 169–170, 177, 178–179, 194, 217, 226, 231, 236–237, 244, 473.

– 1896, No. 8, pp. 38–58. – 123–124, 131, 165–166, 185, 187, 194, 195, 199, 217, 238–239, 242, 243, 244–245.

– 1896, No. 12, pp. 93–114. – 524, 525.

– 1897, No. 2, pp. 162–169. – 473.

– 1897, No. 3, p. 196. – 123.

– 1897, No. 4, pp. 130–158; No. 6, pp. 127–153; No. 7, pp. 130–157. – 473.

– 1897, No. 10, pp. 161–195. – 507, 508, 530, 543–550.

– 1897, No. 11, pp. 78–93, pp. 115–139. – 480–481, 499, 500–502, 504.

"Russian Word." M., 1896, No. 107, April 22, p. 3. – 105, 107, 111, 112, 113–114, 267.

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. Ye. Diary of a Provincial in St. Petersburg. – 254.

– Funerals. – 254.

St. Petersburg, March 3, 1873. [Leading Article]. – "Agricultural Gazette," St. Petersburg, 1873, No. 9, March 3, pp. 129–133. – 526.

*Collection of Statistical Information on Moscow Province. Section of Economic Statistics. Vol. VII. Issue III. M., published by the Moscow Gubernial Zemstvo, 1883. 204 pp. – 181.

Summary of Data on Factory and Manufacturing Industry in Russia for 1885–1889. St. Petersburg, published by the Department of Trade and Manufactures, 1889–1891. (Materials for Trade and Industrial Statistics). – 341.

Summary of Data on Factory and Manufacturing Industry in Russia for 1890–1891. St. Petersburg, 1893–1894. (Ministry of Finance. Department of Trade and Manufactures. Materials for Trade and Industrial Statistics). – 341.

Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, 1857 Edition. Vol. 7. Statutes on Coinage, Mining, and Salt. St. Petersburg, 1857. 814, II pp. – 417, 421, 423–424.

Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 10. Part I. St. Petersburg, 1887. 488 pp. – 407.

Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 11. Part II. St. Petersburg, 1887. 825 pp. – 26–33, 34–41, 42, 43, 47–49, 50, 51, 52–53, 54–57, 59, 60, 73–74.

Syndicates in France. — "Russian Gazette," M., 1897, No. 239, August 30, pp. 2–3. – 429–430.

Skaldin. In the Backwoods and in the Capital. — "Notes of the Fatherland," St. Petersburg, 1867, No. 9, book 2, pp. 319–381; No. 10, book 2, pp. 620–680; 1868, No. 11, pp. 255–287; No. 12, pp. 503–620; 1869, No. 11, pp. 141–186; No. 12, pp. 427–468. – 508.

Skaldin. In the Backwoods and in the Capital. St. Petersburg, 1870. 451 pp. – 508–621, 634.

Smith, A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. With notes by Bentham, Blanqui, Buchanan, Garnier, McCulloch, Malthus, Mill, Ricardo, Say, Sismondi, and Turgot. Translated by P. A. Bibikov. Vols. 1–2. St. Petersburg, 1866. – 131, 166.

"Collection of Laws and Decrees of the Government, published by the Governing Senate." St. Petersburg, 1886, No. 68, July 15, pp. 1390–1405. – 20, 21, 25, 26, 31–32, 42, 46, 48, 55, 59, 60, 106–107, 269–270, 286–287, 293–294.

– 1891, No. 2, January 4, pp. 23–24. – 43–44, 45–46, 52–53, 54, 56–57, 59, 60.

– 1891, No. 75, July 23, pp. 1911–1913. – 55, 56.

– 1892, No. 40, April 24, pp. 757–763. – 55.

– 1892, No. 114, October 15, p. 2756. – 55.

– 1893, No. 130, August 31, p. 2983. – 56.

– 1894, No. 45, March 31, pp. 971–980. – 55.

– 1894, No. 104, June 27, pp. 2189–2212. – 38, 40, 41.

– 1897, No. 62, June 13, pp. 2135–2139. – 267–301, 302, 303, 305–306, 307, 308, 309–310, 311, 313, 460.

– 1897, No. 63, June 17, pp. 2190–2194. – 294.

"Social-Democrat." London, 1890, book 1, February, pp. 176–185; Geneva, 1890, book 2, August, pp. 42–61. – 11–12.

Struve, P. B. Critical Notes on the Question of Economic Development in Russia. Issue I. St. Petersburg, 1894. X, 291 pp. – 196–197, 205, 224–225, 545, 550.

– Novus. On Various Topics. — "New Word," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 1, October, pp. 55–84. – 500, 501, 502.

– P. B. Current Questions of Internal Life. — "New Word," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 7, April, pp. 229–243. – 493–494.

Demand by General Consent of the Workers. — "Russian Gazette," M., 1886, No. 144, May 29, p. 3, in article: On Disturbances of Workers at the Factory of the Nikolskaya Manufactory Association. – 23, 28, 31–32, 36, 60, 269.

Proceedings of the Commission, Established by Highest Decree, for the Review of the System of Taxes and Levies. Vols. I–XXIII. St. Petersburg, 1863–1877. – 511.

Proceedings of the Commission for Investigation of Cottage Industry in Russia. Issues I–XVI. St. Petersburg, 1879–1887. – 323, 392, 400, 416–417.

Tugan-Baranovsky, M. I. Industrial Crises in Contemporary England, Their Causes and Influence on Popular Life. St. Petersburg, 1894. IV, 513 pp. – 160, 163.

– The Russian Factory in the Past and Present. A Historical-Economic Investigation. Vol. I. The Historical Development of the Russian Factory in the Nineteenth Century. St. Petersburg, Panteleyev, 1898. XI, 496 pp. – 530.

Index of Factories and Plants of European Russia – see Orlov, P. A. and Budagov, S. G.

Index of Factories and Plants of European Russia with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Finland – see Orlov, P. A.

Mining Statute. — In: Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, 1857 Edition. Vol. 7. St. Petersburg, 1857, pp. 1–495. – 417, 421, 423–424.

Statute on Industry. — In: Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 11. Part II. St. Petersburg, 1887, pp. 1–125. – 26–33, 34–41, 42, 43, 47–49, 50, 51, 52–53, 54–57, 59, 60, 73–74.

Factory and Manufacturing Industry and Trade of Russia. St. Petersburg, published by the Department of Trade and Manufactures of the Ministry of Finance, 1893. 747 pp. (World Columbian Exhibition 1893 in Chicago). – 36–37, 46.

Kharizonov, S. A. The Significance of Cottage Industry. — "Legal Herald," M., 1883, No. 11, pp. 414–441; No. 12, pp. 543–597. – 401.

*– Crafts of Vladimir Province. Issues II–III, V. M., Baranov, 1882, 1884. – 322.

Khemnitser, I. I. The Metaphysician. – 418.

Sharapov, S. The Russian Country Landowner. Some Thoughts on the Organization of Economy in Russia on New Principles. With appendix of 15 unpublished letters by A. N. Engelhardt to A. N. Kulomzin. Free appendix to journal "Sever" for 1894. St. Petersburg, Remezova, 1894. III, 168 pp. – 496–499.

Engelhardt, A. I. From the Village. — "Notes of the Fatherland," St. Petersburg, 1872, No. 5, pp. 30–50; No. 6, pp. 161–182. – 521.

– From the Village. 11 Letters (1872–1882). St. Petersburg, Suvorin, 1882. 493 pp. – 521.

– From the Village. 11 Letters. 1872–1882. St. Petersburg, 1885. 563 pp. – 521–528, 535, 536.

Engels, F. Anti-Dühring. A Revolution in Science Effected by Mr. Eugen Dühring. 1876–1878. – 11–12, 224.

– Foreign Policy of Russian Tsarism. — "Social-Democrat," London, 1890, book 1, February, pp. 176–185; Geneva, book 2, August, pp. 42–61. Title: Foreign Policy of the Russian Tsardom. – 11–12.

– To I.-F. Becker. 15 October 1884 – 12.

– On the Housing Question. Second half of May 1872 – January 1873 – 11–12.

– Ludwig Feuerbach. Translated from German by G. Plekhanov. With two appendices and with explanatory notes by the translator. Geneva, typ. "Social-Democrat," 1892. IV, 105 pp. (Library of Contemporary Socialism. Series P. – Issue I). – 11–12.

– The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. (Translated from the 4th German ed.) 3rd ed., revised. St. Petersburg, typ. Trey, 1895. XVI, 172 pp. – 11–12.

– The Development of Scientific Socialism. Translated from German by V. Zasulich. 2nd ed. With two appendices: 1. Friedrich Engels (biographical sketch). 2. The Theory of Violence (against Dühring). Geneva, typ. "Social-Democrat," 1892. XV, 84 pp. (Library of Contemporary Socialism. Series I. – Issue II). – 11.

– Friedrich Engels on Russia. 1) Reply to P. N. Tkachev (1875). 2) Postscript to it (1894). Translated from German by V. Zasulich. Geneva, typ. "Social-Democrat," 1894. VII, 38 pp. (Library of Contemporary Socialism. Series P. – Issue III). – 11–12.

[Efrussi, B. O. Obituary]. – "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1897, No. 3, p. 196, in article: Annenskii, N. Chronicle of Internal Life. Reconsideration of the Conditions of Peasants. – A. N. Maikov. – B. O. Efrussi. – 123.

– The Socio-Economic Views of Simonde de Sismondi. "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1896, No. 7, pp. 138–168; No. 8, pp. 38–58. – 123–124, 131, 161–162, 163, 165–166, 169–170, 177, 178–179, 185, 187, 194, 195, 199, 217, 226, 231, 236–239, 242, 243, 244–245.

Yuzhakov, S. K Questions of Hegemony at the End of the Nineteenth Century. – "Russian Thought," Moscow, 1885, No. 3, pp. 123–150; No. 4, pp. 36–54. – 205.

– Questions of Education. Publicistic Essays. Reform of Secondary Education. – Systems and Tasks of Higher Education. – Gymnasium Textbooks. – The Question of Universal Education. – Women and Education. St. Petersburg, 1897. VIII, 284 pp. – 423, 471, 473–496, 498–499, 500.

– Journalist's Diary. – "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1896, No. 12, pp. 93–114. – 524, 525.

– Journalist's Diary. Regarding Recent Discussions on Secondary Education Matters. – On the Tasks and Systems of Higher Education. – The University Question in Russian Print. – Transition Examinations. Gymnasium Textbooks. – On Gymnasium Textbooks. – On Gymnasium Textbooks. History. Conclusions. – "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1896, No. 6, pp. 19–42; No. 7, pp. 24–53; 1897, No. 2, pp. 162–169; No. 4, pp. 130–158; No. 6, pp. 127–153; No. 7, pp. 130–157. – 473.

– From the Contemporary Chronicle. Women and Education. – "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1895, No. 5, pp. 171–197. – 473.

– Enlightenment Utopia. Plan of Universal Compulsory Secondary Education. – "Russian Wealth," St. Petersburg, 1895, No. 5, pp. 52–77. – 61–69, 431, 473, 491, 536.

"Juridical Messenger." Moscow, 1883, No. 11, pp. 414–441; No. 12, pp. 543–597. – 401.

[Adler, W.J. The Life of Friedrich Engels. – "Arbeiter-Zeitung," Vienna, 1895, No. 214, 7 August, pp. 2–6. – 12.

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Engels, F. The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844. With appendix written 1886, and pref. 1887. Transl. by K. Wischnewetzky. New York, [1887]. VI, 200, XI pp. – 172, 224, 231–232, 256, 262, 481, 501.

– Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England. Nach eigener Anschauung und authentischen Quellen. Leipzig, Wigand, 1845. 358 pp. – 8–10, 172, 224, 231–232, 256, 262.

– Soziales aus Rußland. Leipzig, Publ. der Genossenschafts-buchdruckerei, 1875. 16 pp. – 520.

– Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie. – "Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher," Paris, 1844, Issues 1–2, pp. 86–114. – 10.

Engels, F. and Marx, K. – see Marx, K. and Engels, F.

Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Vol. 3. Jena, Fischer, 1892. – 196.

– Vol. 5. Jena, Fischer, 1893. – 124, 256.

Heine, H. Du hast Diamanten und Perlen, hast alles, was Menschenbegehrt… – 405.

"Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich." Leipzig, 1896, 3rd issue, pp. 51–100; 4th issue, pp. 73–136. – 549–550.

Labriola, A. Essais sur la conception matérialiste de l'histoire. With preface by G. Sorel. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1897. 349 pp. (International Socialist Library. III). – 500.

Lippert, J. Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de. – In: Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Vol. 5. Jena, Fischer, 1893, pp. 676–680. – 124, 256.

[MacCulloch, D.-R. Mr. Owen's Plans for Relieving the National Distress. Review of R. Owen's works]. – "Edinburgh Review," Edinburgh – London, 1819, v. XXXII, No. LXIV, pp. 453–477. – 139–140.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. [The German Ideology. Critique of the Latest German Philosophy in its Representatives, Feuerbach, B. Bauer and Stirner and of German Socialism in its Various Prophets. IV. Chapter II. Vol.]. – "Das Westphälische Dampfboot," Paderborn, 1847, [August], pp. 439–463, [September], pp. 505–525. [Title:] Karl Grün: Die soziale Bewegung in Frankreich und Belgien (Darmstadt, 1847), or The Historiography of True Socialism. – 256.

– [The German Ideology. Critique of the Latest German Philosophy in its Representatives, Feuerbach, B. Bauer and Stirner and of German Socialism in its Various Prophets. Fragments IV. Chapter II. Vol.]. – "Die Neue Zeit," Year XIV, 1895–1896, Vol. II, No. 28, pp. 49–52. In article: P. Struve. Two Previously Unknown Essays by Karl Marx from the Eighteen-Forties. – 256.

– The Holy Family, or Critique of Critical Criticism. Against Bruno Bauer and Co. Frankfurt a. M., Literary Institution (I. Rütten), 1845. VIII, 336 pp. – 9–10, 539.

– Manifesto of the Communist Party. London, "Educational Society for Workers," 1848. 30 pp. – 10.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. Der Volkstribun, edited by Herrmann Kriege in New York. – "Das Westphälische Dampfboot," Bielefeld, 1846, [July], pp. 295–308. – 256.

– [Der Volkstribun, edited by Herrmann Kriege in New York]. – "Die Neue Zeit," Year XIV, 1895–1896, Vol. II, No. 21, pp. 7–11. In article: P. Struve. Two Previously Unknown Essays by Karl Marx from the Eighteen-Forties. – 256.

Marx, K. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. 3rd ed. Hamburg, Meißner, 1885. VI, 108 pp. – 501–502.

– Speech on the Question of Free Trade, Delivered to the Democratic Association of Brussels, in the Public Session of 9 January 1848. – 254.

– The Poverty of Philosophy. Reply to Proudhon's "Philosophy of Poverty." German translation by E. Bernstein and K. Kautsky. With introduction and notes by F. Engels. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1885. XXXVII, 209 pp. – 198, 207, 208–211.

*– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. I. Book I: The Process of Production of Capital. 2nd ed. Hamburg, Meißner, 1872. 830 pp. – 345, 367, 396, 399, 501.

*– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. II. Book II: The Circulation Process of Capital. Ed. by F. Engels. Hamburg, Meißner, 1885. XXVII, 526 pp. – 12, 136, 142, 143, 145–146, 160–161, 196.

*– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. III. Pt. 1. Book III: The Total Process of Capitalist Production. Chapters I to XXVIII. Ed. by F. Engels. Hamburg, Meißner, 1894. XXVIII, 448 pp. – 12, 148.

*– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. III. Pt. 2. Book III: The Total Process of Capitalist Production. Chapters XXIV to LII. Ed. by F. Engels. Hamburg, Meißner, 1894. IV, 422 pp. – 12, 142, 197–198, 199, 223, 258, 495.

– Speech on the Question of Free Trade, Delivered on 9 January 1848 at the Democratic Society in Brussels. – In: Marx, K. The Poverty of Philosophy. Reply to Proudhon's "Philosophy of Poverty." German translation by E. Bernstein and K. Kautsky. With introduction and notes by F. Engels. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1885, pp. 188–209. – 156, 254–255, 256–262.

– Theories of Surplus Value. From the Posthumous Manuscript "A Critique of Political Economy." Ed. by K. Kautsky. Vol. II. Pt. 1. David Ricardo. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1905. XII, 344 pp. – 201–202.

– A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. August 1858 – January 1859. – 193.

Meyer, R. Income. – In: Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Vol. 3. Jena, Fischer, 1892, pp. 45–67. – 196.

"Neue Rheinische Zeitung." Cologne. – 11.

"Die Neue Zeit." Year XIV, 1895–1896, Vol. II, No. 27, pp. 7–11; No. 28, pp. 49–52. – 256.

Novus – see Struve, P. B.

Pereire, I. Leçons sur l'industrie et les finances, prononcées à la salle de l'Athénée. Followed by a draft of a bank. Paris, 1832. [2], 105 pp. (Religion Saint-Simonienne). – 212–213.

Schitlowsky, Ch. Reviews. – "Sozialistische Monatshefte," Berlin, 1902, Vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 754–755. – 439.

"Schmollers Jahrbuch" – see "Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich."

Schulze-Gävernitz, G. Die Moskau-Vladimir'sche Baumwollindustrie. – "Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich," Leipzig, 1896, 3rd issue, pp. 51–100; 4th issue, pp. 73–136. – 549–550.

Sismondi, J.-C.-L. Simonde de. New Principles of Political Economy, or Wealth in its Relation to Population. 2 vols. Paris, Delaunay, 1819. – 124.

– New Principles of Political Economy, or Wealth in its Relation to Population. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Paris, Delaunay, 1827. – 124, 206, 220–242, 249–254, 256, 261.

"Sozialistische Monatshefte." Berlin, 1902, Vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 754–755. – 439.

"Sozialpolitisches Centralblatt." Berlin, 1893, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2 October, pp. 1–3. – 224–225.

Struve, P. On the Assessment of Capitalist Development in Russia. – "Sozialpolitisches Centralblatt," Berlin, 1893, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2 October, pp. 1–3. – 224–225.

"Das Westphälische Dampfboot." Bielefeld, 1846, [July], pp. 295–308; Paderborn, 1847, [August], pp. 439–463; [September], pp. 505–525. – 256.

**INDEX OF NAMES**

**A**

Abramov, Ya. V. (1858–1906) – populist publicist, contributor to the journals "Otechestvennye Zapiski," "Delo," "Ustroi," the newspaper "Nedelya," and others; author of tales from folk life and numerous articles on socio-economic questions, sectarianism, and popular education. Propagandized the theory of "small deeds" and "quiet cultural work." – 630, 643, 644.

Adler (Adler), Victor (1852–1918) – one of the organizers and leaders of Austrian Social Democracy; began his political activity as a bourgeois radical, and from the mid-1880s participated in the workers' movement. In 1886 Adler founded the newspaper "Gleichheit" ("Equality"); from 1889 he was editor of the central organ of Austrian Social Democracy "Arbeiter-Zeitung" ("Workers' Newspaper"). In the 1880s–1890s he maintained relations with F. Engels, but shortly after Engels's death he slid toward reformism and emerged as one of the leaders of opportunism at the congresses of the Second International. During the First World War of 1914–1918 Adler held a centrist position, preached "class peace," and struggled against revolutionary actions of the working class. In 1918, after the establishment of a bourgeois republic in Austria, he briefly served as minister of foreign affairs. – 12.

Alexander III (Romanov) (1845–1894) – Russian emperor (1881–1894). – 454.

Atkinson (Atkinson), William – English economist of the 1830s–1850s, a protectionist and opponent of the classical school of bourgeois political economy. Atkinson's principal work – "Principles of Political Economy" (1840). – 209.

**B**

Babushkin, P. D. – resident of Nizhne-Serbenskaya volost, Krasnouflmsky district, Perm Province. – 416.

Bazarov (Rudnev), V. A. (1874–1939) – literary figure, economist and philosopher, translator of works by K. Marx and F. Engels; participated in the Social-Democratic movement from 1896. In 1905–1907 Bazarov participated in a number of Bolshevik publications; during the reaction period he departed from Bolshevism and was one of the chief advocates of the philosophy of Machism. In 1917 – a Menshevik-internationalist, one of the editors of the Menshevik newspaper "New Life"; spoke out against the Great October Socialist Revolution. From 1921 Bazarov worked in the USSR State Planning Commission. In 1931 he was sentenced in the case of a counterrevolutionary Menshevik organization. – 216.

Bauer (Bauer), Bruno (1809–1882) – German Idealist philosopher, one of the most prominent Young Hegelians, bourgeois radical, author of several works on the history of early Christianity; after 1866 – a National-Liberal, supporter of Bismarck. Bauer's idealist views were subjected to criticism in the works by K. Marx and F. Engels "The Holy Family, or a Critique of Critical Criticism. Against Bruno Bauer and Co." (1844) and "The German Ideology" (1845–1846). – 10.

Bauer (Bauer), Edgar (1820–1886) – German publicist, Young Hegelian; brother of the idealist philosopher Bruno Bauer. E. Bauer's idealist views were subjected to criticism in the work by K. Marx and F. Engels "The Holy Family, or a Critique of Critical Criticism. Against Bruno Bauer and Co." (1844). – 10.

Becker (Becker), Johann-Philipp (1809–1886) – activist of the German and international workers' movement, friend and comrade of K. Marx and F. Engels; in his youth a brush-maker worker. Becker was an active participant in the revolution of 1848–1849, commanded a people's militia during the Baden-Palatinate uprising. After the defeat of the revolution, Becker, who had previously appeared, in Engels's words, "as an ordinary democratic-republican," joined the proletarian socialism of Marx and Engels, participated in the organization of the First International (1864), edited the organ of the German sections of the International in Switzerland, the journal "Vorbote" ("Herald"). Becker defended the line of Marx in the International, though in a number of cases, especially in the initial period of struggle against anarchists, he demonstrated theoretical immaturity and wavering. – 12.

Belov, V. D. – economist, member from 1885 of the Commission for the Investigation of Cottage Industry in Russia, author of the report "Cottage Industry in Connection with Ural Mining and Smelting Operations," published in Volume XVI of the Commission's "Proceedings" (1887), and several works on economic questions. – 417.

Beltov, N. – see Plekhanov, G. V.

Bernstein (Bernstein), Eduard (1850–1932) – German Social-Democrat, originator of revisionism, one of the leaders of the Second International. From 1881 to 1890 – editor of the illegal organ of German Social Democracy "Der Sozial-Demokrat" ("Social-Democrat"). After Engels's death Bernstein came forward in the work "Problems of Socialism" (1896–1898) and in the book "Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social-Democracy" (1899) with a revision of the philosophical, economic, and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism under the guise of their "examination." He denied the Marxist theory of class struggle, the doctrine of the inevitability of capitalism's collapse, of socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat. "The opportunist has forgotten even to think about the revolution of the proletariat," Lenin said, referring to Bernstein (Works, 4th ed., vol. 25, p. 400). Refusing to recognize the final goal of the proletariat – socialism – Bernstein considered the only task of the workers' movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at "improving" the economic position of workers under capitalism; he put forward the opportunist formula: "the movement is everything, the final goal is nothing."

Bernstein's theoretical views and those of his followers, as well as their practical opportunist activities, led to the direct betrayal of the interests of the working class, culminating in the collapse of the Second International. Bernstein was an opponent of the Soviet Union. – 164.

Bibikov, P. A. (1832–1875) – translator and publicist, publisher of 13 volumes of translations of works by A. Smith, T.-R. Malthus, A. Blanc, and others; author of the book "Critical Études" (1865) on Fourier, Chernyshevsky, and others. – 131, 177.

Blagoveshchensky, N. A. (b. 1859) – Kursk zemstvo statistician, compiler of the book "Summary Statistical Collection of Economic Information from Zemstvo Household Censuses. Vol. I. Peasant Economy" (1893) and other statistical works. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the Kursk Provincial Statistical Bureau. – 214.

Boborykín, P. D. (1836–1921) – Russian writer of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century; in 1863–1865 – publisher of the journal "Library for Reading," then a contributor to the journal "Messenger of Europe"; author of numerous novels, stories, tales, sketches, and plays depicting the life of Russian bourgeoisie and intelligentsia, written in a feuilleton-review style. His novel "Otherwise" (1897), which depicted in distorted form the struggle between Populists and Marxists, provoked justified protests from progressive society. – 537–538.

Bowring (Bowring), John (1792–1872) – English bourgeois political figure, linguist and man of letters, one of the leaders of the "League Against the Corn Laws"; in the 1850s – a major colonial official (consul, and then governor of Hong Kong), implementing England's colonial policy in the Far East. – 255.

Bright (Bright), John (1811–1889) – English bourgeois figure, manufacturer and factory owner, one of the leaders of the free trade movement and founder of the "League to Combat the Corn Laws." While demagogically attacking the aristocracy and presenting himself as a defender of the people's interests, Bright simultaneously supported the alliance between the bourgeoisie and aristocracy, opposed legislative reduction of the working day and other workers' demands. From the late 1860s he was one of the leaders of the Liberal Party, holding several ministerial posts in Liberal cabinets. – 255.

Boisguillebert (Boisguillebert), Pierre (1646–1714) – French economist, precursor of the Physiocrats, author of the work "A Detailed Description of France" (1695) and other economic works that initiated classical bourgeois political economy in France. Boisguillebert did not understand the inseparable and natural connection between money and commodity exchange, ascribing to it only the secondary role of a means of circulation; he asserted that all a nation's wealth consists in agricultural products; he was an opponent of mercantilism. K. Marx highly appreciated Boisguillebert's statements against feudal oppression and the exploitation of peasants. – 193, 208–209.

Bunyakovsky, V. Ya. (1804–1889) – outstanding Russian mathematician, author of more than 100 scientific works in mathematics, among which the most significant is "Foundations of Mathematical Probability Theory" (1846), as well as several works on the statistics of population ("Essay on the Laws of Mortality in Russia and on the Distribution of Orthodox Population by Age" (1865), "On the Probable Strength of Russian Army Contingents in 1883, 1884, and 1885" (1875) and others). From 1858 Bunyakovsky was the government's chief expert on questions of statistics and insurance; from 1864 to 1889 – vice-president of the Academy of Sciences; he was elected honorary member of several Russian scholarly societies and universities. – 483.

Bulgakov, Z. F. – merchant, owner of a burlap factory in the town of Osa, Perm Province. – 393.

**V**

V. V. – see Vorontsov, V. P. V. I. – see Lenin, V. I.

Wagner (Wagner), Adolf (1835–1917) – German bourgeois economist and reactionary political figure. As a representative of "chair socialism," Wagner preached bourgeois-liberal reformism, believing that the exploitation of workers by capitalists could be eliminated through state legislation. He actively collaborated with Bismarck and was one of the chief leaders of the Christian-Socialist party. Wagner's reactionary economic views were used by the Hitlerites in their "socialist" demagogy and praise of the "totalitarian" state.

Wagner's principal works: "General or Theoretical Doctrine of Political Economy" (1879), "Foundations of Political Economy" (1892–1894). – 245.

Verkhoevsky, V. P. (b. 1837) – admiral; in 1890–1895 – commander of the St. Petersburg port, manager of the "New Admiralty" shipbuilding plant, from 1896 – head of the Chief Administration of Shipbuilding and Supply, later – member of the council on commercial navigation matters from the Ministry of the Navy. – 27, 56.

Witte, S. Yu. (1849–1915) – Russian statesman of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, who expressed the interests of "military-feudal imperialism" of Tsarist Russia, a convinced supporter of autocracy, striving to preserve the monarchy through minor concessions and promises to the liberal bourgeoisie and brutal repressions against the people; one of the organizers of the suppression of the revolution of 1905–1907. As minister of communication (February – August 1892), minister of finance (1892–1903), chairman of the Council of Ministers (late 1905 – April 1906), Witte through his measures in the sphere of finance, customs policy, railroad construction, factory legislation, and others, carried out in the interests of the large bourgeoisie, promoted the development of capitalism in Russia and strengthened its dependence on imperialist powers. "A minister-broker," – this is how V. I. Lenin characterized him. – 38, 41, 105, 107, 112, 113–114, 267–268, 310.

Volgin, A. – see Plekhanov, G. V.

Volynskii, A. (Flekser, A. L.) (1863–1926) – reactionary art critic and critic, preacher of the theory of art for art's sake; was one of the leaders of the journal "Northern Messenger." In his articles, collected in the book "Russian Critics" (1896), Volynskii attempted to discredit revolutionary-democratic publicistics.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution Volynskii worked in the Council of the House of Arts, in the collegium of the "World Literature" publishing house, was chairman of the board of the Leningrad branch of the All-Russian Union of Writers (1920–1924), headed the choreographic technical school. – 543, 544.

Voronin, I. A. (b. 1842) – owner of the Rezvoostrovskaya paper-weaving manufactory in St. Petersburg (now Rezvoostrovskaya weaving mill), chairman of the board of the joint-stock society of manufactures "I. A. Voronin, Lyutsh and Chesher" (1895–1918), director of the board of the Society of Bone-Burning Works (1891–1913), member of the Committee of the Society for the Promotion of Russian Commerce and Industry. – 117.

Vorontsov, V. P. (V. V.) (1847–1918) – Russian economist and publicist, one of the ideologists of liberal Populism in the 1880s–1890s, author of the books: "The Fates of Capitalism in Russia" (1882), "Essays on Cottage Industry in Russia" (1886), "Progressive Tendencies in Peasant Economy" (1892), "Our Directions" (1893), "Essays on Theoretical Economics" (1895) and others, in which he asserted that Russia lacked conditions for the development of capitalism, defended the small commodity producer, and idealized the peasant commune. Vorontsov preached reconciliation with the Tsarist government and decisively opposed Marxism. A critique of Vorontsov's views was given by G. V. Plekhanov in the work "The Justification of Populism in the Works of Mr. Vorontsov (V. V.)" (1896). V. I. Lenin in his statements and works of the 1890s completely exposed Vorontsov's reactionary views. – 125, 138, 144, 148, 160, 171, 198, 217, 234, 246, 250, 328, 329, 335, 344, 346, 352–353, 387, 400–401, 415, 431, 522, 525, 529, 534, 536, 545, 546, 550.

**G**

Hegel (Hegel), Georg-Wilhelm-Friedrich (1770–1831) – the greatest German philosopher – an objective idealist. Hegel's philosophy represented the completion and summit of German idealism of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Hegel's historical merit lies in his profound and comprehensive elaboration of idealist dialectics, which served as one of the theoretical sources of dialectical materialism. According to Hegel, the entire natural, historical, and spiritual world is in continuous motion, change, transformation, and development; however, the objective world, reality, is regarded by him as a product of absolute spirit, absolute idea. V. I. Lenin called the absolute idea a theological invention of the idealist Hegel. Hegel's philosophy is characterized by a deep contradiction between its dialectical method and its conservative, metaphysical system, which in essence demanded the cessation of development. In respect to socio-political views Hegel was a reactionary. K. Marx, F. Engels, and V. I. Lenin, having critically reworked Hegel's dialectical method, created materialist dialectics, which reflects the most general laws of development of the objective world and human thought.

Hegel's principal works: "Phenomenology of Spirit" (1806), "Science of Logic" (1812–1816), "Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences" (1817), "Philosophy of Right" (1821). Posthumous editions: "Lectures on Aesthetics, or Philosophy of Art" (1836–1838) and "Lectures on the History of Philosophy" (1833–1836). – 7–8.

Hope (Hope), George (1811–1876) – English farmer; in 1842 became a laureate of the "League Against the Corn Laws" for the composition "Agriculture and the Corn Laws," in which he argued that the abolition of the Corn Laws, while lowering grain prices, would not harm either the farmer or the agricultural worker, but only the landowner, since no country in the world could produce grain of such high quality and such cheapness as England. – 257.

Greg (Greg), William-Rathbone (1809–1881) – major English manufacturer, free-trade publicist; in 1842 became a laureate of the "League Against the Corn Laws" for the composition "Agriculture and the Corn Laws," in which he argued for the beneficial effects of the abolition of the Corn Laws for large farmers. – 257–258.

Grinevich, P. F. – see Yakubovich, P. F.

**D**

Danielson, N. F. (N. —on, Nikolai —on) (1844–1918) – Russian writer-economist, one of the ideologists of liberal Populism in the 1880s–1890s; in his political activity he reflected the evolution of Populists from revolutionary actions against Tsarism toward reconciliation with it. In the 1860s–1870s Danielson was connected with circles of revolutionary raznochintsy youth. In early 1870 he was arrested. Danielson completed the first translation of K. Marx's "Capital" into Russian, begun by G. A. Lopatin. While working on the translation of "Capital," he corresponded with K. Marx and F. Engels, in which he touched on problems of Russia's economic development. However, Danielson did not understand the essence of Marxism and subsequently spoke out against it. In 1893 he published the book "Essays on Our Post-Reform Public Economy," which together with the works of V. P. Vorontsov served as the main economic substantiation of the views of liberal Populism. V. I. Lenin in a number of his works sharply criticized Danielson and completely exposed the essence of his reactionary views. – 125, 138, 144, 148, 151–153, 155, 160–161, 171, 173, 180–184, 191–192, 198, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211–212, 214, 223, 224–225, 227, 229, 232, 233, 242, 244, 246, 328, 344, 346, 415, 497, 501, 529.

Dianov, M. I. – director-manager of the Nikolskaya Manufactory of the joint-stock company of Savva Morozov's Son and Co. in the settlement of Nikolskoye, Pokrovsky district, Vladimir Province (now part of the city of Orekho-Zuyevo, Moscow Province). – 24.

Durnovo, I. N. (1830–1903) – Russian reactionary statesman, representative of Tsarist bureaucracy. Minister of Internal Affairs (1889–1895), then chairman of the Committee of Ministers (1895–1903); carried out the noble policy of Alexander III, introduced the institution of zemstvo chief administrators, a new statute on zemstvo institutions that deprived peasants of electoral representation, intensified persecution of national minorities of Russia, strengthened censorship and the like. – 77–80.

Dühring (Dühring), Eugen (1833–1921) – German philosopher and economist. Dühring's philosophical views represented an eclectic mixture of positivism, metaphysical materialism, and idealism. His reactionary-utopian system of "socialitarian" economy idealized semi-feudal Prussian forms of economy. Dühring's harmful and confused views on questions of philosophy, political economy, and socialism found support among some Social-Democrats of Germany, which was a great danger for the not-yet-consolidated party. Taking this into account, Engels came forward against Dühring and subjected his views to criticism in the book "Anti-Dühring. The Revolution in Science Effected by Mr. Eugen Dühring" (1877–1878). Lenin in his book "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909) and in a number of other works repeatedly criticized Dühring's eclectic views.

Dühring's principal works: "Course of Philosophy" (1875), "Critical History of National Economy and Socialism" (1871), "Course of National and Social Economy" (1873). – 11, 224.

**E**

Egunov, A. N. (1824–1897) – statistician and economist; served in the economic department of the ministry of internal affairs and in the ministry of agriculture and state properties, was vice-chairman of the department of political economy and agricultural statistics in the Free Economic Society (1888). In 1892 Egunov was sent by the ministry of state properties to Perm Province to investigate cottage crafts. – 356, 417, 422–423.

**ZH**

Zhitlovsky, Kh. M. (b. 1865) – publicist, in his youth a People's Will activist; at the end of the 1880s emigrated to Switzerland, was one of the organizers of the "Union of Russian Socialist-Revolutionaries" in Bern (1894). Subsequently, while continuing to maintain close ties with the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, Zhitlovsky became one of the ideologists of the Jewish petty-bourgeois nationalist movement, participated in the organization of the Jewish Socialist Workers' Party (SERP), was one of its leaders and theoreticians. He appeared as a critic of Marxism. After the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, Zhitlovsky returned to Russia, but then emigrated again. – 439.

**Z**

Zasulich, V. I. (Ivanov, V.) (1849–1919) – prominent participant in the Populist and later Social-Democratic movement in Russia. Zasulich's revolutionary activity began in 1869. She was a member of Populist organizations "Land and Freedom" and "Black Repartition." Having emigrated abroad in 1880, Zasulich in the early 1880s broke with Populism and moved toward the positions of Marxism. In 1883–1884 she participated in the creation of the first Russian Marxist organization – the "Liberation of Labor" group. In the 1880s–1890s Zasulich translated into Russian Marx's "Poverty of Philosophy," Engels's "The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science," wrote "An Essay on the History of the International Working Men's Association" and a work on J.-J. Rousseau; she contributed to the publications of the "Liberation of Labor" group, to the journals "New Word" and "Scientific Review," where she published a number of literary-critical articles. In 1900 Zasulich became part of the editorial board of Lenin's newspaper "Spark" and the journal "Dawn."

After the party split in 1903 Zasulich became one of the leaders of Menshevism, joined the editorial board of the Menshevik newspaper "Spark." In 1905 she returned to Russia; during the reaction period she sided with the liquidators; during the First World War of 1914–1918 she stood on the positions of social-chauvinism. She regarded the Great October Socialist Revolution negatively. – 12, 537–538.

Zíber, N. I. (1844–1888) – Russian economist, publicist, professor of the chair of political economy and statistics at Kiev University; contributed to a number of radical and liberal journals of the 1880s. During his stay in London in 1881 for scholarly purposes, he personally met K. Marx and F. Engels. Zíber was one of the first in Russia to popularize and propagandize K. Marx's economic works; he endeavored not only to expound the ideas of "Capital," but also defended Marx's economic teachings in struggle against its "critics."

However, Zíber understood Marxism one-sidedly; the revolutionary-critical aspect of Marx's teaching remained foreign to him. In 1871 he wrote a dissertation "The Theory of Value and Capital of D. Ricardo in Connection with Later Supplements and Explanations," which K. Marx positively reviewed in the postscript to the 2nd edition of the first volume of "Capital." In reworked and supplemented form, this work of Zíber was published in 1885 under the title "David Ricardo and Karl Marx in their Socio-Economic Investigations." His works "The Economic Theory of Marx" (published in 1876–1878 in the journals "Knowledge" and "Word"), "Essays on Primitive Economic Culture" (1883) and others enjoyed wide renown. – 156, 168, 170, 180, 181.

**I**

Ivanov, V. – see Zasulich, V. I.

Ilyin, Vl., Ilyin, Vladimir – see Lenin, V. I.

Ingram (Ingram), John-Kells (1823–1907) – English economist and philologist, professor of Dublin University, president of the economic section of the British Association of Sciences, author of "A History of Political Economy" (1888) and a number of articles on economic questions in the British Encyclopedia. In his theoretical views Ingram was close to the historical school of political economy. – 196.

**K**

K. T. – see Lenin, V. I. Kamenskii, I. – see Plekhanov, G. V.

Karyshev, I. A. (1855–1905) – economist and statistician, zemstvo activist; contributed to the newspaper "Russian News," to the journals "Zemstvo," "Russian Wealth," and others. From 1891 – professor of Yuryev (Tartu) University, then of the Moscow Agricultural Institute. Author of many economic and statistical books and journal articles on questions of Russian peasant economy, in which he defended the views of liberal Populists. Karyshev advocated communal land ownership, artisan cooperatives, and other cooperative enterprises. V. I. Lenin in a number of his works and statements sharply criticized Karyshev's reactionary views. – 525.

Korolenko, S. A. – economist-statistician, served in the ministry of state properties, then as a special envoy with the state controller. From 1889 to 1892, on assignment from the ministry of state properties, he worked on the book "Free Hired Labor in the Estates of Landowners and Migration of Workers, in Connection with a Statistical-Economic Survey of European Russia in its Agricultural and Industrial Aspects" (1892), published by the department of agriculture and rural industry. – 226, 381.

Korsak, A. K. (1832–1874) – Russian economist and publicist, author of the book "On the Forms of Industry in General and on the Significance of Household Production (Cottage and Home Industry) in Western Europe and Russia" (1861), whose scientific importance was indicated by V. I. Lenin. Korsak established a distinction between the factory and the manufactory, regarding them as forms of large-scale production. – 181.

Krasnoperov, E. I. (died 1897) – Perm zemstvo statistician, author of the book "Cottage Industry of Perm Province at the Siberian-Ural Scientific-Industrial Exhibition in the City of Yekaterinburg in 1887" (1888–1889) and other works on the statistics of Perm Province. – 323, 394.

Krivenko, S. N. (1847–1906) – publicist, representative of liberal Populism, author of works "Apropos of Cultural Solitary Persons" (1893), "Letters from the Road" (1894), "On the Question of the Needs of Folk Industry" (1894) and others; contributor to the journal "Fatherland Notes," one of the editors of the liberal-Populist journal "Russian Wealth," and later of the liberal-bourgeois newspaper "Son of the Fatherland." In his works Krivenko preached reconciliation with Tsarism, obscured class antagonism and the exploitation of the toiling masses, denied the capitalist path of Russia's development. Krivenko's views were subjected to sharp criticism by V. I. Lenin, and later by G. V. Plekhanov in his work "On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History" (1895). – 217.

**L**

Labriola (Labriola), Antonio (1843–1904) – Italian man of letters and philosopher; at the end of the 1880s he departed from bourgeois ideology and became a Marxist. In 1895 Labriola published the book "In Memory of the 'Communist Manifesto.'" This book and the book published in 1896 "On Historical Materialism" constituted the first two parts of "Essays on the Materialist Understanding of History." G. V. Plekhanov provided an analysis of the "Essays" in the article "On the Materialist Understanding of History" (see G. V. Plekhanov. Selected Philosophical Works in Five Volumes, Vol. II, 1956, pp. 236–266).

In his works Labriola expounded the foundations of the materialist understanding of history, sharply criticized the reactionary philosophy of Hartmann, Nietzsche, Croce, spoke out against bourgeois critics of Marxism and revisionists. – 500.

Lavrov, P. L. (1823–1900) – prominent ideologist of Populism, representative of the subjective school in sociology; author of the book "Historical Letters" (1868–1869), which exercised great influence on Russian Populist intelligentsia, and a number of books on the history of public thought, the revolutionary movement, and the history of culture ("Populist Propagandists of 1873–78," "Essays on the History of the International" and others). Lavrov was the originator of the reactionary Populist theory of "heroes" and the "masses," denying the objective laws of social development and regarding the progress of humanity as a result of the activity of "critically thinking individuals."

Lavrov was a member of the "Land and Freedom" society, later of the "People's Will" party. Living in emigration from 1870, he published the journal "Forward" (Zurich – London, 1873–1876), was editor of the "Herald of the People's Will" (1883–1886), participated in editing the People's Will collections "Materials for the History of the Russian Socio-Revolutionary Movement" (1893–1896); was a member of the First International, knew Marx and Engels, and corresponded with them. – 458–459, 462–464.

Levitskii, N. V. (b. 1859) – liberal Populist, economist, contributed to the newspaper "Russian News," was secretary of a zemstvo board, engaged in the legal profession. In the 1890s Levitskii organized a number of agricultural cooperatives in Kherson Province, around which Populists created great fanfare, considering them one of means for preventing capitalism. In fact these cooperatives promoted only the differentiation of the peasantry and quickly fell apart. – 425–432.

Lenin, V. I. (Ulyanov, V. I., V. I., Vl. Ilyin, Vladimir Ilyin, K. T., K. T—in, K. T—n, N. Lenin) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 69, 119, 163, 184, 245, 317, 432, 433, 437–438, 442, 443, 444, 471, 501, 505, 528, 531, 550, 556–557.

Lippert (Lippert), Julius (1839–1909) – Austrian bourgeois historian and ethnographer, popularizer, author of works "Religion of the European Cultured Peoples: Celts, Slavs, Germans, Greeks and Romans in their Historical Origin" (1881), "Christianity, Folk Beliefs and Folk Customs" (1882), "History of Culture" (1886–1887) and others. – 124, 256.

**M**

MacCulloch (MacCulloch), John-Ramsay (1789–1864) – English bourgeois economist, distorted and vulgarized Ricardo's teaching, appeared as a defender of capitalist exploitation. Contributed to the journals "Scotsman" and "Edinburgh Review."

MacCulloch's principal work – "Principles of Political Economy" (1825). – 139–140.

Malthus (Malthus), Thomas-Robert (1766–1834) – English reactionary bourgeois economist, one of the founders of the misanthropic theory of population. In the work "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798) Malthus attempted to prove that the cause of the poverty of the toiling masses should be sought not in the economic conditions of capitalism, but in nature, in an absolute lack of means of subsistence on earth. According to Malthus's "theory," the production of means of subsistence supposedly increases only in arithmetical progression, while population – in geometrical. Under this pretext Malthus justified wars and epidemics as means of reducing population, called on the toiling masses to abstain from marriage. "Malthus's conclusions on scientific questions," wrote Marx, "are fabricated 'with an eye to' the ruling classes generally and to the reactionary elements of these ruling classes in particular; which means: Malthus falsifies science in the interest of these classes" (K. Marx, "Theories of Surplus Value," Pt. II, 1957, p. 113). In Russia the views of Malthus were adhered to by Struve, Bulgakov, and others. Contemporary imperialist bourgeoisie revive Malthusian theories, using them as a tool in the struggle against the toiling masses and in the interests of justifying imperialist policy. – 169, 170, 176, 177, 201.

Manuylov, A. A. (1861–1929) – Russian bourgeois economist, prominent figure of the Cadet party, one of the editors of the newspaper "Russian News." In 1905–1911 – rector of Moscow University, in 1907–1911 – member of the State Council, in 1917 – minister of public education of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution, having returned from emigration, Manuylov taught in Soviet higher educational institutions. Manuylov's principal works: "Land Rent in Ireland" (1895), "The Concept of Value According to the Teaching of Economists of the Classical School" (1901), "Political Economy. A Course of Lectures." Issue I (1914) and others. – 480–481, 499, 503.

Marx (Marx), Karl (1818–1883) – founder of scientific communism, brilliant thinker, leading light of revolutionary science, leader and teacher of the international proletariat (see the article by V. I. Lenin "Karl Marx (A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism)" – Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, pp. 27–74). – 5–14, 79, 136–137, 138, 139, 142–143, 145–146, 160, 164, 166, 169, 172, 179, 181, 184, 192, 193–194, 195, 196–197, 199, 201–202, 207, 210–211, 212–213, 215–216, 217, 240, 242–245, 248, 249, 254–262, 480–481, 494, 495, 500, 501–502, 504, 533, 539, 547.

Meyer (Meyer), Robert (1855–1914) – Austrian economist, professor of Vienna University. Meyer's principal work – "The Nature of Income" (1887). – 196.

# BIOGRAPHICAL AND REFERENCE INDEX

Mikulin, A. A. — mechanical engineer, factory inspector of the Vladimir district, and subsequently senior factory inspector of Kherson province, author of works "Sketches from the History of the Application of the Law of June 3, 1886" (1893), "Factory and Artisanal Industry of the Odessa City Administration, Kherson Province and Nikolaev Military Governorship..." (1897) and others. – 35, 48, 49, 50.

Millerand (Millerand), Alexander-Étienne (1859–1943) – French political figure, reformist socialist. In 1899 he entered the reactionary bourgeois government of France, where he collaborated with the executioner of the Paris Commune, General Galliffet. V. I. Lenin exposed millerandism as a betrayal of the interests of the proletariat, as a practical expression of revisionism, and laid bare its social roots.

Following his expulsion in 1904 from the Socialist party, Millerand formed, together with former socialists (Briand, Viviani), a party of "independent socialists." In 1909–1910, 1912–1913, 1914–1915 he held various ministerial posts. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, Millerand was one of the organizers of anti-Soviet intervention; in 1920–1924 he was president of the French Republic. In June 1924, following the electoral victory of left bourgeois parties that refused to cooperate with him, Millerand was forced to resign. In 1925 and 1927 he was elected senator. – 554.

Minsky, N. (Vilenkin, N. M.) (1885–1937) – Russian poet; in his early works he reflected the decadent sentiments of the intelligentsia of the 1880s; later a decadent, preacher of bourgeois individualism in art. Minsky expressed his reactionary, religious-mystical views in the publicistic books "By the Light of Conscience. Thoughts and Dreams on the Purpose of Life" (1890) and "The Religion of the Future. (Philosophical Dialogues)" (1905). After the Great October Socialist Revolution – an emigrant. – 507.

Mikhailov, N. P. (1870–1905) – dentist; a provocateur whose denunciation led to the arrest in December 1895 of V. I. Lenin and a group of "old-timers" – members of the Petrograd "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class"; from 1902 he was an official of the Police Department; in 1905 he was killed in the Crimea by Socialist-Revolutionaries. – 117–118.

Mikhailovsky, N. K. (1842–1904) – the most prominent theorist of liberal Populism, publicist, literary critic, positivist philosopher, one of the representatives of the subjective school in sociology. Mikhailovsky's literary activity began in 1860; in the 1870s he compiled and edited publications of the Populists. Mikhailovsky was one of the leaders of the journal *Otechestvennye Zapiski*, contributed to the newspaper *Ruskie Vedomosti*, and to the journals *Severnyi Vestnik* and *Russkaya Mysl*; from 1892 he became editor of the journal *Russkoe Bogatstvo*, on whose pages he waged a fierce struggle against the Marxists.

Lenin's critique of Mikhailovsky's views is presented in V. I. Lenin's work "What Are the 'Friends of the People' and How Do They Wage War Against the Social-Democrats?" (1894) and other works. – 225, 474, 490, 499, 500–502, 504, 507, 522, 529, 530, 543–550.

Mikhailovsky, Ya. T. (born 1834) – chief factory inspector of the Department of Trade and Manufactures of the Ministry of Finance (1883–1894), author of several works on questions of public education and factory legislation. – 36–37, 46.

Molleson, I. I. (1842–1920) – Russian sanitary physician, one of the prominent figures of zemstvo medicine. Worked in the zemstvos of various provinces (Saratov, Perm, Kaluga, Tambov and others). Concerned himself with questions of the organization of public health, demography, school hygiene, the history of zemstvo medicine and others. – 393.

Morse (Morse), Arthur — English free-trader. In 1842 he received a prize from the "League Against the Corn Laws" for an essay "Agriculture and the Corn Laws," in which he argued that the consequence of the repeal of the Corn Laws would be a rise in grain prices, beneficial to the farmer and the worker. – 257.

Morozov, T. S. (died 1889) – Moscow industrialist, owner and director of the board of the Nikolskaya Manufactory of the partnership of Savva Morozov, Son and Co. in the town of Nikolskoe, Pokrovsky district, Vladimir province (now part of Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow region). – 22, 23, 24, 28, 31, 35, 36, 42.

Muiron (Muiron), Juste (1787–1881) – French utopian socialist, student and follower of Fourier. – 205, 238–240.

N

N. —on, Nikolai—on – see Danielson, N. F.

O

Owen (Owen), Robert (1771–1858) – great English utopian socialist; came forward with sharp criticism of the foundations of the capitalist system, but was unable to uncover the true roots of capitalism's contradictions; believed that the basic cause of social inequality lay in insufficient diffusion of enlightenment, not in the capitalist mode of production itself, and could be eliminated through the spread of knowledge and social reforms, for which he advanced a broad program. Owen fought for legislative limitation of the working day, for protection of labor, for public upbringing of children.

Owen imagined the future "rational" society as a free federation of small (numbering not more than three thousand members) self-governing communes. However, Owen's attempts to realize his ideas in practice failed. In the 1830s–1840s Owen took an active part in the professional and cooperative movement, did a great deal for the enlightenment of workers. In assessing the significance of Owen's activity for the English working-class movement in the nineteenth century, Engels wrote: "All social movements which took place in England in the interests of the working class, and all their actual achievements, are connected with the name of Owen" (*Anti-Dühring*, 1957, p. 248).

Owen's principal works: "On the Formation of Human Character" (1813), "Report to the County of Lanark on a Plan to Relieve Public Distress" (1820), "The Book of the New Moral World" (1836–1844). – 205, 238–240.

P

Péreire (Péreire), Isaac (1806–1880) – major financier of the era of Napoleon III, stood at the head of the Paris joint-stock bank "Société générale du Crédit mobilier," which engaged in speculative manipulations. Author of several works on questions of credit; in his youth was a follower of Saint-Simon. – 212–213.

Peskov, P. A. — physician; in the 1880s–1890s – factory inspector of the Vladimir factory district. – 35.

Plekhanov, G. V. (Beltov, N., Volgin, A., Kamensky, N.) (1856–1918) – the first propagandist of Marxism in Russia, an uncompromising fighter for materialist world-outlook, an outstanding figure in the Russian and international working-class movement. In 1875, while still a student, Plekhanov established contact with the Populists, with workers in Petrograd, and engaged in revolutionary activity. In 1877 he joined the Populist organization "Land and Freedom," and in 1879, following its split, became head of the newly created Populist organization "Black Repartition." Having emigrated abroad in 1880, Plekhanov broke with Populism and in 1883 in Geneva created the first Russian Marxist organization – the group "Liberation of Labor." Plekhanov wrote many works on philosophy, the history of socio-political doctrines, and on questions of the theory of art and literature, representing a valuable contribution to the treasury of scientific socialism. "For 20 years, 1883–1903," wrote V. I. Lenin, "he produced a mass of excellent works, especially against opportunists, empiriocrits, and Populists" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 20, p. 333). Lenin called Plekhanov's philosophical works the best in international Marxist literature. However, Plekhanov had serious errors: he underestimated the revolutionary role of the peasantry, regarded the liberal bourgeoisie as an ally of the working class; while acknowledging in words the idea of the hegemony of the proletariat, in practice he opposed the substance of this idea.

After the II Congress of the RSDLP Plekhanov took a conciliatory position toward opportunists, and subsequently joined the Mensheviks. During the period of the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907, Plekhanov had major disagreements with the Bolsheviks on fundamental questions of tactics. Later he several times broke away from the Mensheviks, displaying vacillation between Menshevism and Bolshevism; in 1908–1912, when the Mensheviks took the path of liquidating the party's underground organizations, Plekhanov opposed liquidationism and headed the group of "Menshevik-Partyists." During the First World War of 1914–1918 he took the position of social-chauvinism. Following the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, Plekhanov returned to Russia and took a position of support for the Provisional Government; he took a negative stance toward the Great October Socialist Revolution.

Plekhanov's most important theoretical works: "Socialism and Political Struggle" (1883), "Our Disagreements" (1885), "On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History" (1895), "Essays on the History of Materialism" (1896), "The Substantiation of Populism in the Works of Mr. Vorontsov (V. V.)" (1896), "On the Materialist Understanding of History" (1897), "On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History" (1898) and others. – 12, 183, 200, 225, 234, 349–350, 458, 539, 545, 546–547.

Pobedonostsev, K. P. (1827–1907) – reactionary statesman of Tsarist Russia, Procurator of the Synod, de facto head of government and chief instigator of the unbridled serf-owning reaction during the reign of Alexander III, and who continued to play a major role under Nicholas II. Throughout his life he waged stubborn struggle against the revolutionary movement. He was a resolute opponent of the bourgeois reforms of the 1860s, a supporter of unlimited autocracy, an enemy of science and enlightenment. During the upsurge of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in October 1905 he was forced to resign and withdrew from political activity. – 77, 80.

Ponomarev, A. M. — owner of a tannery in the town of Kungur, Perm province, a buyer-up. – 389.

Prugavin, V. S. (1858–1896) – Russian economist, zemstvo statistician, liberal Populist; author of works "The Trades of Vladimir Province," Issues I, IV (1882), "The Rural Commune, Cottage Trades and Agricultural Economy of Yuryev District, Vladimir Province" (1884) and others; contributed to the journals *Yuridicheskii Vestnik*, *Russkaya Mysl* and to the newspaper *Ruskie Vedomosti*. – 322.

Proudhon (Proudhon), Pierre-Joseph (1809–1865) – French publicist, economist and sociologist, ideologist of the petty bourgeoisie, one of the founders of anarchism. In 1840 he published the book "What Is Property?" Proudhon dreamed of perpetuating petty private property and criticized large capitalist property from petty-bourgeois positions, proposed to organize a special "people's bank," which with the help of "free credit" would help workers to acquire their own means of production and become craftsmen. Equally reactionary was Proudhon's utopia of creating special "exchange banks," by means of which the toiling masses would supposedly ensure "just" sale of the products of their labor while at the same time not touching capitalist property in the instruments and means of production. In 1846 he published the book "The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty," in which he set forth his petty-bourgeois philosophical-economic views. Marx in the work "The Poverty of Philosophy" gave a devastating critique of Proudhon's book, demonstrating its scientific insubstantiality. Elected during the 1848 revolution to the Constituent Assembly, Proudhon condemned the revolutionary actions of the working class. He approved the Bonapartist coup of December 2, 1851, which was followed by the establishment in France of the regime of the Second Empire. – 136, 139, 177, 210, 211, 547.

Pugachev, E. I. (ca. 1742–1775) – Don Cossack, leader of the largest anti-feudal uprising of peasants and Cossacks in Russia, which swept in 1773–1775 the Urals region, the Kama region, southwestern Siberia, the Lower and Middle Volga. 

During these years many pretenders appeared in the country under the name of the murdered Emperor Peter III. Pretenderism was a form of manifestation of "tsarist" illusions of the peasants in their struggle against feudal oppression. In order to raise the people to revolt, Pugachev assumed the name of the allegedly spared Peter III. Natural wit, boldness, great energy, outstanding abilities as an organizer combined with life experience, knowledge of the psychology and sentiments of the oppressed masses, as well as knowledge acquired in campaigns of military, especially artillery matters, made Pugachev the leader of the peasant uprising. In his manifestos, Pugachev, calling on peasants and Cossacks to revolt, promised land and freedom to the toilers, prescribed dealing with the nobility, landowners and government authorities. At the end of August 1774 Pugachev's army was defeated. Pugachev fled into the Trans-Volga steppes, was betrayed by traitors to the Tsarist authorities, and in January 1775 was executed in Moscow. The image of Pugachev was preserved in folk songs and legends. – 79.

R

Razin, S. T. (died 1671) – Don Cossack, one of the representatives of rebellious peasantry, as V. I. Lenin called him, leader of the largest peasant war in the Russian state in the late 1660s of the seventeenth century. Throughout the entire peasant war, which swept in 1667–1671 vast territories (Voronezh, Tambov, Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma, Simbirsk, the basins of the Volga and Don), Razin consistently enjoyed great love and authority among the people's masses, who saw in him the leader in the struggle for liberation.

Like all leaders of peasant movements during the feudal epoch, Razin did not have a clear political program, shared the tsarist illusions of the peasantry – faith in the "good tsar." Following the defeat of the main rebel forces at Simbirsk, Razin retreated to the Don; in April 1671 he was seized by traitors, handed over to the Tsarist government, and in June 1671 was executed (quartered) in Moscow. – 79.

Ricardo (Ricardo), David (1772–1823) – distinguished English economist, author of works "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" (1817), "On the Protection of Agriculture" (1822) and other works in which classical bourgeois political economy reached completion. In defense of the interests of the bourgeoisie in its struggle against the remnants of feudalism, Ricardo upheld the principle of free competition, demanded the elimination of all restrictions that hindered the development of capitalist production. Ricardo's historical significance for economic science lies above all in his theory of labor value, which he sought to make the basis of all political economy. Developing A. Smith's theory of value, Ricardo proved that value is determined by the labor expended on the production of a commodity, and from this source arise both the worker's wages and the non-labor incomes – profit and rent. He discovered the antagonism between the worker's wage and the capitalist's profit, that is, he exposed the collision of the interests of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie in the sphere of circulation. However, Ricardo's class limitations prevented him from giving a genuinely scientific analysis of capitalism, from laying bare the mystery of capitalist exploitation. Ricardo considered commodity production and capitalism an eternal and natural form of social production. He did not uncover the social nature of value, did not see the difference between value and price of production, and could not understand the origin and essence of money.

Marx's critique of Ricardo's theoretical views is given in *Capital*, *Theories of Surplus-Value* and other works. – 136, 139, 140, 146, 151, 167, 168, 193–194, 198–199, 200, 201–202.

Rodbertus-Jagetzow (Rodbertus-Jagetzow), Johann-Karl (1805–1875) – German vulgar economist, major Prussian landowner, one of the theorists of "state socialism." Rodbertus believed that the contradictions between labor and capital could be resolved within the state system with the help of a series of reforms carried out by the Prussian Junker state; calculated to preserve, as Engels wrote, "a privileged class for at least the next 500 years" (K. Marx and F. Engels. *Works*, vol. XVI, pt. I, 1937, p. 186). Rodbertus was unable to give a scientific explanation of the origin of surplus-value; he saw the cause of economic crises in the under-consumption of the toiling masses, not in the fundamental contradiction of capitalism.

Rodbertus's principal works: "Toward an Understanding of Our State-Economic System" (1842), "Social Letters to von Kirchmann" (1850–1851, 1884). – 136, 141, 158, 163–164, 165, 166, 167, 196.

Rozanov, V. V. (1856–1919) – reactionary philosopher, publicist and critic; preached idealism and mysticism; in the 1890s – contributor to the newspapers *Moskovskie Vedomosti*, *Novoye Vremya* and the journal *Russkii Vestnik*, in which he spoke in defense of autocracy and Orthodoxy. – 507, 543.

Rüge (Rüge), Arnold (1802–1880) – German publicist, Young Hegelian; bourgeois radical. In 1844 in Paris together with Marx he published the journal *Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher* (*German-French Yearbook*). Soon Marx broke with Rüge. In 1848 he was a deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly, belonged to the left wing; in the 1850s – one of the leaders of German petty-bourgeois emigration in England; after 1866 – a National Liberal, supporter of Bismarck, spoke in print for the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership. – 10.

S

Sazonov, G. P. (born 1857) – representative of reactionary Populism, one of the "police Populists," in Lenin's expression; author of works "The Inalienability of Peasant Lands in Connection with a State-Economic Program" (1889), "To Be or Not to Be the Commune?" (1894) and others. From 1899 to 1902 Sazonov edited the newspaper *Rossiya* of a moderately liberal direction, published at the expense of Moscow industrialists. After October 17, 1905 he became a member of the Black-Hundred "Union of the Russian People," was connected with G. Rasputin. – 529.

Sartakov, L. I. — owner of a tannery in the town of Kungur, Perm province, a buyer-up. – 390.

Saint-Simon (Saint-Simon), Henri-Claude (1760–1825) – great French utopian socialist; subjected the capitalist system to criticism and came forward with a program for its replacement by a society founded on the principles of association. Saint-Simon believed that in the new society everyone should labor and the role of people should correspond to their achievements in labor; advanced the idea of the fellowship of industry and science, of centralized and planned production. But with Saint-Simon, as Engels wrote, "alongside the proletarian direction, the bourgeois direction retained a certain significance" (*Anti-Dühring*, 1957, p. 18). He left untouched private property and interest on capital, regarded political struggle and revolution negatively, not understanding the historical mission of the proletariat, believed that governmental reforms and moral education of society in the spirit of a new religion would lead to the elimination of class contradictions, and counted on the preaching of love for the people addressed to the wealthy.

Saint-Simon's principal works: "Letters of a Genevan Inhabitant to His Contemporaries" (1802), "Introduction to Scientific Works of the Nineteenth Century" (1807–1808), "Catechism for Industrialists" (1823–1824), "The New Christianity" (1825). – 212.

Sismondi (Sismondi), Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de (1773–1842) – Swiss economist and historian. At the beginning of his activity Sismondi adhered to the bourgeois classical school of political economy, then came forward as a representative of petty-bourgeois socialism, founder of economic romanticism, expressing the views of small producers. While vividly demonstrating the contradictions of capitalism, Sismondi was unable to uncover their basis. He did not understand the progressive tendencies of large capitalist production, attempted to find models in old order and traditions, in guild organization of industry and patriarchal agriculture, which did not at all correspond to changed economic conditions. Lenin gave a detailed critique of Sismondi's doctrine in his work "On the Characterization of Economic Romanticism." Sismondi's principal economic works: "New Principles of Political Economy or On Wealth in Its Relation to Population" (1819) and "Essays on Political Economy" (1837–1838). – 119, 123–262, 501.

Scaldin (Yelenev, F. P.) (1828–1902) – Russian writer-publicist; in the 1860s was a representative of bourgeois liberalism, contributed to the journal *Otechestvennye Zapiski*. Subsequently Scaldin joined the extreme reactionaries, was a member of the Chief Censorship Committee, the Chief Administration for Press Affairs and the Council of the Minister of Internal Affairs, spoke in defense of the Russification policy of Tsarism in Finland. – 508–522, 525, 526, 534.

Skvorcov-Stepanov, I. I. (1870–1928) – one of the oldest participants in the Russian revolutionary movement, prominent party and Soviet state figure, Marxist man of letters, author of numerous economic, historical and anti-religious works, translator and editor of three volumes of *Capital* and a number of other works by K. Marx and F. Engels.

In the revolutionary movement – from 1892, in the RSDLP – from 1896, from the end of 1904 – a Bolshevik. During the period of the first Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution he conducted active work in the Bolshevik literary-lecture group of the Moscow committee of the party; in 1906 – delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP, where he held the Leninist position. In 1907 and 1911 Skvorcov-Stepanov was nominated by the Bolsheviks as a candidate for deputy to the State Duma. During the period of Stolypin reaction he defended incorrect views on the agrarian question and took a conciliatory stance toward the factional group "Forward," but under the influence of Lenin overcame his errors. For revolutionary activity he was repeatedly subjected to arrest and exile. I. I. Skvorcov-Stepanov was an active participant in the Great October Socialist Revolution, member of the Military-Revolutionary Committee in Moscow, the first People's Commissar of Finance of the Soviet Republic; was repeatedly elected member of the All-Union Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, was a member of the Central Control Commission of the RCP(b) (X–XIII Congresses), member of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) (from the XIV Congress), editor of a number of Soviet and party organs, director of the Institute of Lenin at the Central Committee of the VKP(b), member of the Presidium of the Communist Academy. – 216.

Smith (Smith), Adam (1723–1790) – English economist, the most prominent representative of classical bourgeois political economy. In his work "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776) he first proclaimed labor as the source of value, whatever branch of production it might be spent in. Proceeding from this position, he drew a very important conclusion that the worker's wage represents a part of his product and is determined by the value of his means of subsistence, that the source of the incomes of capitalists and landowners is also the labor of workers. Smith first pointed out that capitalist society consists of three classes: workers, capitalists, and landowners. But, being limited by bourgeois world-outlook, he denied the existence of class struggle in this society. While noting Smith's services in the development of political economy, Marx simultaneously showed the bourgeois limitations, contradictions, and errors of his views. Smith's correct determination of the value of a commodity by the labor time contained in it he confused with the value of labor itself. Asserting that under capitalism value is formed only from incomes – wages, profit and rent – he erroneously omitted the value of constant capital consumed in the production of the commodity. Smith's erroneous positions were used by vulgar bourgeois economists for the purpose of ideological defense of capitalism. V. I. Lenin, characterizing Smith as a great ideologist of the advanced bourgeoisie, in a number of his works criticizes individual positions of his doctrine. – 130, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138–139, 141–146, 150, 153–154, 155, 158–159, 161, 166, 195, 196, 230, 421, 520–521.

Stasyulevich, M. M. (1826–1911) – publicist, professor-historian and public figure, prominent representative of moderate bourgeois liberalism, who dreamed of a constitutional monarchy on the English model. From 1866 to 1908 he published and edited the journal *Vestnik Yevropy*, in 1881–1882 the newspaper *Poryadok*. – 519–520, 530.

Stepanov – see Skvorcov-Stepanov, I. I.

Struve, P. B. (P. B., Novus) (1870–1944) – Russian bourgeois economist and publicist; in the 1890s – the most prominent representative of "Legal Marxism," contributor and editor of the journals *Novoye Slovo* (1897), *Nachalo* (1899) and *Zhizn* (1900). "The Great master of renegacy," – thus V. I. Lenin called Struve (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 13, p. 453). Already in his first work "Critical Notes on the Question of Russia's Economic Development" (1894), Struve, while criticizing Populism, came forward with "additions" and "criticism" of K. Marx's economic and philosophical teachings, showed solidarity with representatives of vulgar bourgeois political economy, preached Malthusianism. At the beginning of the 1900s Struve finally broke with Marxism and social-democracy, went over to the camp of liberals, was one of the theorists and organizers of the bourgeois-liberal "League of Liberation" (1904–1905) and editor of its illegal organ *Osvobozhdeniye* (1902–1905). From the time of the formation in 1905 of the Kadet party – a member of its Central Committee. Following the defeat of the revolution of 1905–1907, Struve – leader of the right wing of the liberals; from the beginning of the First World War of 1914–1918 – one of the aggressive ideologists of Russian imperialism. After the Great October Socialist Revolution Struve – a bitter enemy of Soviet power, member of the counter-revolutionary government of Wrangel, a white emigrant. – 192, 197, 205, 224–225, 441, 443, 480, 490, 493–494, 500, 501, 502, 545, 550.

T

Talalaev, V. T. (born 1871) – began his revolutionary activity in the 1890s as a student of Petrograd University; in the beginning of 1894 was arrested for propaganda of revolutionary ideas among young people and exiled for 2 years under police surveillance to Novgorod; took part there in the equipment of a secret printing press in which illegal publications were printed and where publication of the newspaper *Tribun* was planned (the newspaper was never issued). Talalaev maintained contact with members of the Petrograd "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In August 1897 he was again arrested and in 1898 was exiled to Eastern Siberia for 5 years. – 117.

T—in, K., T—n, K. – see Lenin, V. I.

Thompson (Thompson), William (ca. 1785–1833) – Irish economist, utopian socialist, follower of R. Owen, representative of that group of economists which, as F. Engels wrote, "in the twenties turned Ricardo's theory of value and surplus-value to the advantage of the proletariat against capitalist production, beat the bourgeoisie with its own weapon" (K. Marx. *Capital*, vol. II, 1955, p. 12). Came forward as a critic of capitalism and a supporter of transforming society into a federation of cooperative communes. Thompson's principal works: "An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth Most Conducive to Human Happiness" (1824), "Labor Rewarded" (1827), "Practical Directions for the Speedy and Economical Establishment of Communities" (1830). – 205, 238–240.

Thorntons — owners of a woolen cloth factory in Petrograd, founded in 1841 (now a combine of fine and technical cloth named after E. Telman). – 70, 71, 73.

Tugan-Baranovsky, M. I. (1865–1919) – Russian bourgeois economist; in the 1890s – prominent representative of "Legal Marxism," contributor to the journals *Novoye Slovo* (1897), *Nachalo* (1899) and others; came forward with criticism of Marx. During the period of the first Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution – member of the Kadet party; in 1917–1918 – active figure in bourgeois counter-revolution in Ukraine, minister of finance of the Ukrainian Central Rada. Tugan-Baranovsky's principal works of the 1890s: "Industrial Crises in Contemporary England, Their Causes and Influence on National Life" (1894), "The Russian Factory in the Past and Present," Vol. I (1898) and others. – 160, 163, 192, 630.

F

Fominsky, V. E. — owner of a tannery in the town of Kungur, Perm province, a buyer-up. – 389, 390.

Fourier (Fourier), Charles (1772–1837) – great French utopian socialist. Fourier came forward with sharp and profound criticism of the bourgeois system and painted a picture of the future "harmonious" human society, built on the basis of knowledge of human passions. Fourier opposed violent revolution, believed that the transition to the future socialist society could occur as a result of peaceful propaganda of model phalansteries (labor associations) in which voluntary and attractive labor would become a human need. However, Fourier, as F. Engels noted, was inconsistent: he did not abolish private property and in his phalansteries there existed the rich and the poor, capitalists and workers.

Fourier's principal works: "The Theory of Four Movements and Universal Destinies" (1808), "The New Industrial and Societary World..." (1829) and others. – 205, 238–240.

H

Kharizomenov, S. A. (1854–1917) – prominent Russian zemstvo statistician, economist. In the 1870s of the nineteenth century was a member of the Populist organization "Land and Freedom"; after its split joined "Black Repartition"; in 1880 withdrew from the revolutionary movement and began to occupy himself with statistics. Kharizomenov investigated the cottage trades of Vladimir province, conducted work on a house-to-house survey of Tauride province, headed zemstvo statistical investigations in Saratov, Tula and Tver provinces, wrote a number of articles on questions of economics in the journals *Russkaya Mysl* and *Yuridicheskii Vestnik*.

V. I. Lenin frequently used data from Kharizomenov in works of the 1890s. – 322, 400–401.

Ch

Chernyshevsky, N. G. (1828–1889) – great Russian revolutionary democrat, scholar, writer, literary critic; one of the outstanding predecessors of Russian social-democracy. Chernyshevsky was the spiritual inspiration and leader of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1860s in Russia. Being a utopian socialist, he considered it possible to transition to socialism through the peasant commune, but at the same time, as a revolutionary democrat, "knew how to influence all political events of his era in a revolutionary spirit, carrying through the obstacles and barriers of censorship the idea of peasant revolution, the idea of the struggle of the masses for the overthrow of all old powers" (V. I. Lenin. *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 17, p. 97). Chernyshevsky came forward with angry denunciation of the serf-owning character of the "peasant" reform of 1861, called on the peasants to revolt. In 1862 he was arrested by the Tsarist government and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he remained for about two years, and then was sentenced to seven years of hard labor and to perpetual exile in Siberia. Only in his declining years was Chernyshevsky freed from exile. To the end of his days he remained a passionate fighter against social inequality, against all manifestations of political and economic oppression.

Chernyshevsky's services in the development of Russian materialist philosophy were enormous. His philosophical views were the summit of all pre-Marxist materialist philosophy. Chernyshevsky's materialism had a revolutionary, active character. Chernyshevsky sharply criticized various idealistic theories and sought to rework Hegel's dialectic in the materialist spirit. In the field of political economy, aesthetics, artistic criticism, and history, Chernyshevsky showed examples of dialectical approach to the study of reality. K. Marx, who studied Chernyshevsky's works, valued them very highly and called Chernyshevsky a great Russian scholar. Lenin wrote of Chernyshevsky that he was "the only genuinely great Russian writer who managed from the 1850s down to 1888 to remain on the level of an integral philosophical materialism... But Chernyshevsky was unable, more precisely: could not – Lenin noted – owing to the backwardness of Russian life, rise to the dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 14, p. 346).

Chernyshevsky is the author of a whole series of brilliant works in the field of philosophy, political economy, history, ethics, and aesthetics. His literary-critical works exerted enormous influence on the development of Russian literature and art. Not one generation of revolutionaries in Russia and abroad was educated on Chernyshevsky's novel "What Is to Be Done?" (1863). – 494, 520.

Sh

Sharapov, S. F. (1855–1911) – reactionary publicist, exponent and defender of the interests of serf-owning nobility; publisher of the newspapers *Russkoye Delo* (1886–1891, 1905–1907, 1909–1910), *Russkii Trud* (1897–1899) and a number of periodical collections. – 496–499.

Shorin, A. I. — chief master in the new-weaving workshop of the Nikolskaya Manufactory of the partnership of Savva Morozov, Son and Co. in the town of Nikolskoe, Pokrovsky district, Vladimir province (now part of Orekhovo-Zuyevo). – 22–23, 36.

Schulze-Gävernitz (Schulze-Gävernitz), Gerhard (1864–1943) – German bourgeois economist, professor of political economy at Freiburg University, state socialist, "an enthusiastic admirer of German imperialism" (V. I. Lenin. *Works*, 4th ed., vol. 22, p. 289). In 1892–1893 Schulze-Gävernitz occupied himself with studying textile industry and land relations in Russia and taught at Moscow University. In his works Schulze-Gävernitz attempted to justify the possibility of establishing social peace, "social harmony" in capitalist society for the purpose of improving the position of all classes: capitalists, workers and peasants.

Schulze-Gävernitz's principal works of the 1890s: "Large-Scale Production, Its Significance for Economic and Social Progress" (1892), "Essays on the Public Economy and Economic Policy of Russia" (1899).

The propagandist of Schulze-Gävernitz's ideas in Russia was P. B. Struve. – 480, 550.

E

Engelgardt, A. N. (1832–1893) – publicist, Populist, known for his public-agronomic activity and his experience in organizing rational economy on his estate Batishchevo in Smolensk province. V. I. Lenin in the book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (chapter three, § VI) gives a characterization of Engelgardt's economy, showing on his example the complete utopianism of Populist theories. Engelgardt is the author of letters printed in the journal *Otechestvennye Zapiski* "From the Village" (published separately in 1882) and a number of other works on questions of agriculture; was editor of the first Russian "Chemical Journal" (1859–1860). – 521–528, 535, 536.

Engels (Engels), Friedrich (1796–1860) – father of F. Engels, textile manufacturer. – 7, 8.

Engels (Engels), Friedrich (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of the international proletariat, friend and comrade of K. Marx (for biographical information and brief characterization of his activity and works see the article by V. I. Lenin "Friedrich Engels"). – 5–14, 79, 160, 161, 162–163, 166, 172, 195, 224, 231–232, 248, 249, 255–256, 262, 481, 494, 500, 501–502, 520, 533.

Efrussi, B. O. (1865–1897) – man of letters-economist of the Populist direction, contributor to the journal *Russkoe Bogatstvo* and to the journal of liberal direction *Mir Bozhii*. His main works: "Socio-Economic Views of Simonde de Sismondi" (1896), "A New Course in Political Economy" (review of the book of Prof. Georgievsky) (1896), "Various Doctrines on Income from Capital" (1897). Efrussi translated into Russian the most important chapters of Sismondi's book "New Principles of Political Economy" (1897). – 123–124, 130, 131, 161–162, 163, 165–166, 169–170, 173, 177, 178–179, 185, 187, 194, 195, 196, 199, 217, 226, 231, 236–239, 243, 244–246.

Y

Yuzhakov, S. N. (1849–1910) – one of the ideologists of liberal Populism, sociologist and publicist. Contributed to the journals *Otechestvennye Zapiski*, *Vestnik Yevropy* and others. One of the leaders of the journal *Russkoe Bogatstvo*. Waged fierce struggle against Marxism. V. I. Lenin in his work "What Are the 'Friends of the People' and How Do They Wage War Against the Social-Democrats?" (see *Works*, 5th ed., vol. 1, pp. 125–346), particularly in the second (not yet discovered) issue, as well as in the articles "Gymnasium Estates and Reform Gymnasiums" and "Pearls of Populist Scheming," subjected to sharp critique the political-economic views of Yuzhakov. – 61–69, 205, 329, 415, 423, 431, 471, 473–496, 497, 498–499, 500, 524, 525, 529, 536, 545.

Yuzov (Kablits, I. I.) (1848–1893) – publicist-Populist. In the 1870s Yuzov participated in the "going to the people," in the 1880s–1890s became an ideologist of liberal Populism; contributed to the liberal-Populist newspaper *Nedelya*. Yuzov's principal works: "The Foundations of Populism" (1882), "The Intelligentsia and the People in Russian Public Life" (1885). – 529, 530, 543–544, 545.

Ya

Yakovlev, Ye. A. — owner of a mechanical factory in Petrograd, which manufactured gas and kerosene engines. – 51.

Yakubovich, P. F. (Grinevich, P. F.) (1860–1911) – well-known poet and writer, member of the People's Will, leader of the group "Young Party of the People's Will"; in 1887 was sentenced to death, commuted to hard labor. Later Yakubovich became a member of the editorial board of the journal *Russkoe Bogatstvo* and came forward in it in the mid-1890s with a series of publicistic and literary-critical articles under the pseudonym Grinevich, P. F. – 474.

Novus – see Struve, P. B.

# CHRONOLOGY OF V. I. LENIN'S LIFE AND ACTIVITY (1895–1897)

## 1895

**Winter.**

Lenin in Petrograd conducts classes in workers' circles.

Lenin develops a questionnaire for the study of conditions of labor and life of workers, using which propagandists gathered material necessary for agitational work.

**February, 18 or 19 (March, 2 or 3).**

Lenin participates in a Petrograd meeting of members of social-democratic groups from various cities of Russia. The meeting was attended by G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, Ya. M. Lyakhovskii, Ye. I. Spont, T. M. Kopelzon (Grishin); discussed were questions concerning the transition from propaganda of Marxism in narrow circles to mass political agitation and concerning publication of popular literature for workers.

**March, 15 (27).**

Lenin receives a passport for traveling abroad.

**April, 2 (14).**

Lenin conducts a meeting of the Petrograd group of social-democrats in connection with the impending departure abroad. The meeting was attended by N. K. Krupskaya, M. A. Silvin and others.

**April, earlier than 25 (May 7).**

Lenin conducts a meeting with a group of female teachers of Sunday school (N. K. Krupskaya, L. M. Knipovich and others), which was also attended by G. M. Krzhizhanovsky. Lenin participates together with V. V. Starkov, S. I. Radchenko, P. B. Struve, A. N. Potresov, R. E. Klason in the preparation for publication of a Marxist collection "Materials on the Characterization of Our Economic Development."

There is published Lenin's work (under the pseudonym K. Tulin) "The Economic Content of Populism and Its Critique in Mr. Struve's Book" in the collection "Materials on the Characterization of Our Economic Development." The collection was held up by Tsarist censorship and nearly the entire edition was burned.

**April, 25 (May, 7).**

Lenin departs abroad to establish contact with the group "Liberation of Labor" and to familiarize himself with Western European working-class movement. Before departing abroad, Lenin visited Moscow together with I. Kh. Lalayants.

**Not earlier than May – not later than September 7 (19).**

Lenin during his time abroad writes notes on K. Marx and F. Engels's book "The Holy Family, or A Critique of Critical Critique. Against Bruno Bauer and Company."

**May, 2 (14).**

Lenin from Salzburg (Austria) writes a letter to his mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Ulyanova, communicates about difficulties related to mastering German conversational language.

**May, 8 (20).**

Lenin in a letter from Switzerland shares with his mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Ulyanova, travel impressions, informs about meeting the family of A. A. Shukt living in Geneva.

**May.**

Lenin in Switzerland becomes acquainted with members of the group "Liberation of Labor" (visits G. V. Plekhanov in Geneva, P. B. Akselrod in Zurich, spends a week together with P. B. Akselrod in the village of Afoltern, near Zurich), comes to agreement about establishing permanent relations with them and about publishing the collection "Rabochnik" (The Worker) abroad.

**End of May – June.**

Lenin lives in Paris. Becomes acquainted with P. Lafargue, prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement, son-in-law of K. Marx.

**May, 27 (June, 8).**

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Ulyanova, describes Paris, asks about domestic affairs.

**June.**

Lenin in Paris writes notes on the first part of G. Lefebvre's book "A Sketch of the Movement of the Paris Communards in 1871."

**First half of July.**

Lenin recuperates in one of the sanatoria in Switzerland.

**Second half of July – beginning of September.**

Lenin during his stay in Berlin works in the public library, becomes acquainted with foreign Marxist literature, attends workers' meetings.

**July, 22 (August, 3).**

Lenin listens to a report by Stadthagen on the agrarian program of German social-democracy at a social-democratic meeting held in a workers' suburb of Berlin (district of Niederbarnim).

**July, 27 (August, 8).**

Lenin in Berlin attends the "Deutsches Theater" ("German Theater"), watches the drama by G. Hauptmann "Die Weber" ("The Weavers").

**September, 7 (19).**

Lenin returns from abroad. He brings with him in a suitcase with a double bottom illegal Marxist literature. Police surveillance over him intensifies.

**Between September 7 and 29 (between September 19 and October 11).**

Lenin visits Vilno, Moscow and Orekhovo-Zuyevo, establishes contact with members of local social-democratic groups, comes to agreement with them regarding support for the foreign edition of the collection "Rabochnik" (The Worker).

**September, 29 (October, 11).**

Lenin returns to Petrograd.

**September, 30 (October, 12).**

Lenin visits house no. 139 on Nevsky Prospect, in which workers lived.

**Autumn.**

Lenin creates in Petrograd the "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class."

Under Lenin's direction social-democratic work takes on a broad, systematic character; intensive agitation is conducted among workers of factories and mills; illegal leaflets are published.

Lenin speaks at a meeting of members of the "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class" on organizational questions.

**October, 1 (13).**

Lenin visits house no. 8/86 on 7th Line of Vasilievsky Island, in which workers lived.

**Beginning of November.**

Lenin writes a letter to Zurich to P. B. Akselrod, informs about the state of affairs in social-democratic groups of Vilno, Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, communicates addresses, methods of secret correspondence, asks to send literature, paints. Shows interest in the progress of preparation for publication of the collection "Rabochnik" (The Worker). Simultaneously with the letter Lenin sends for the collection "Rabochnik" (The Worker) a series of reports on the workers' movement in Russia.

**November, 7 (19).**

[Part 4/4] Lenin together with V. V. Starkov, during the strike at the Thornton factory, visits the worker N. E. Merkulov and hands him 40 rubles for transmission to the families of arrested workers.

November, later 7(19).

The Petersburg "Union of Struggle" issues a leaflet "To the Workers and Working Women of the Thornton Factory," written by Lenin.

November, 12 (24).

Lenin together with V. V. Starkov makes a second visit to the worker N. E. Merkulov and hands him appeals for distribution at the Thornton factory.

Mid-November.

Lenin writes a letter to Zurich to P. B. Akselrod, reports on the receipt of an account of the Breslau Congress of the German Social-Democratic Party, on the dispatch of correspondence for the collection "The Worker," on connections with the printing house of the "Group of Narodniks," on the forthcoming publication of the newspaper "Workers' Cause."

November, 25 (December, 7).

Lenin's article "Gymnasium Estates and Reformatory Gymnasiums" is published in the newspaper "Samara Herald."

End of November.

Lenin directs a meeting of members of the "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class," where questions of further work and the preparation of the first illegal organ of the organization—the newspaper "Workers' Cause"—were discussed.

Fall – Winter.

Lenin meets with members of the Petersburg Marxist group and with advanced workers in the apartments of I. V. Babushkin, N. E. Merkulov, V. A. Shelgunov and others.

November – December, not later than 8 (20).

Lenin prepares the publication of the first issue of the illegal newspaper "Workers' Cause," the organ of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle"; writes the leading article "To Russian Workers," articles "What Do Our Ministers Think About?", "The Yaroslavl Strike of 1895" and others; edits all materials of the issue.

December, 3 (15).

The printing of Lenin's pamphlet "Explanation of the Law on Fines Levied on Workers in Factories and Plants" begins.

December, 6 (18).

Lenin meets with members of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class" at a traditional student ball.

December, 6 and 8 (18 and 20).

At a meeting of the guiding group of the "Union of Struggle" headed by Lenin, the first issue of the newspaper "Workers' Cause," prepared for printing, is discussed.

December, night of 8 to 9 (20 to 21).

Arrest of Lenin and his comrades in the Petersburg "Union of Struggle" (A. A. Vaneev, P. K. Zaporozhets, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, V. V. Starkov and others). During the search and arrest of A. A. Vaneev, the police seize materials of the first issue of the newspaper "Workers' Cause" ready for printing. After his arrest, Lenin is sent to a house of preliminary detention, where he spent more than 14 months.

December, 21 (January 2, 1896).

Lenin's first interrogation in prison.

Not earlier than December 21 (January 2, 1896).

Lenin writes from prison a cipher letter to N. K. Krupskaya, reports on his testimony at interrogation, asks his relatives to buy a suitcase similar to one brought from abroad. The letter has not been preserved.

End of year.

Lenin begins to prepare his book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia."

Lenin writes a "Draft Programme" of the Social-Democratic Party.

End of 1895–1896.

Lenin corresponds in prison with arrested comrades, establishes connections with members of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle" remaining at liberty, helps the "Union" with his advice and instructions, sends pamphlets and leaflets written by him.

1896

January, 2 (14).

From the house of preliminary detention, Lenin in a letter addressed to A. K. Chebotareva informs comrades remaining at liberty of his intention to work on the book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia." He sends a list of needed books, in which in conditional language he inquires about the fate of comrades in the "Union of Struggle." The second half of the letter has not been preserved.

January, 14 (26).

Lenin in a letter to his sister, Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova, thanks her for sending books, reports that he has sent a list of needed books, asks her to transmit dictionaries necessary for translations from German.

January, 16 (28).

Lenin writes a letter to his sister, Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova, asks her to send a number of books, including Volume II of "Capital" by K. Marx, "On the Question of the Development of a Monistic View of History" by G. V. Plekhanov (1895), reports that he is working on M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky's book "Industrial Crises in Contemporary England, Their Causes and Effects on National Life" (1894), rereads the works of N. V. Shelgunov.

March, 30 (April, 11).

Lenin's second interrogation in prison.

Not earlier than March.

Lenin's article "Friedrich Engels," written in the fall of 1895, is published in the collection "The Worker" nos. 1–2.

Earlier than April 19 (May 1).

Lenin writes a May Day leaflet. The leaflet has not been preserved.

May, 7 (19).

Lenin's third interrogation in prison.

Earlier than May 10 (22).

Lenin writes a popular pamphlet for workers "On Strikes," which perished in the arrest of the Lakhtinskaya printing house of the Narodniks.

May, 27 (June, 8).

Lenin's fourth interrogation in prison.

June – July.

Lenin writes an "Explanation of the Programme" of the Social-Democratic Party.

November, earlier than 25 (December 7).

The Petersburg "Union of Struggle" issues a leaflet "To the Tsarist Government," written by Lenin in prison.

December, 2 (14).

Lenin writes a petition to the prosecutor of the Petersburg Circuit Court, in which he asks permission to transmit to his sister, Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova, a letter and two manuscripts: "New Economic Movements in Peasant Life," "Essays on Political Economy of the Early Nineteenth Century."

1896.

Lenin writes a "Statement on behalf of the 'old guard' to members of the Petersburg 'Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class,'" in which he warns members of the "Union" remaining at liberty about the provocateur N. Mikhailov.

1897

January, 29 (February, 10).

The sentence of the tsarist government confirming Lenin's exile to Eastern Siberia under open police surveillance for three years is approved.

February, 12 (24).

Lenin receives permission to proceed to exile not by stages but at his own expense with a travel document.

February, 13 (25).

Lenin is officially notified under receipt of the sentence concerning his exile to Eastern Siberia.

February, 14 (26).

Lenin is released from prison and receives permission to remain in Petersburg until the evening of February 17 (March 1).

Between February 14 and 17 (February 26 and March 1).

Lenin conducts meetings in Petersburg with members of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle," at which the "old guard," members of the "Union" arrested together with V. I. Lenin (A. A. Vaneev, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, P. K. Zaporozhets and others), and the "young," remaining at liberty, meet. Between the "old guard" and the "young" heated polemics break out in connection with the "young's" drift toward opportunism. Lenin sharply criticizes the emerging "economism" of the "young." Lenin is photographed with members of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class" A. A. Vaneev, P. K. Zaporozhets, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, A. L. Malchenko, L. Martov (Y. O. Tsederbaum), V. V. Starkov, who are departing for exile.

February, 17 (March, 1).

Lenin's departure from Petersburg for Siberian exile via Moscow.

February, 18–22 (March, 2–6).

Lenin stays in Moscow with his mother, delaying here an extra two days beyond what was permitted by police.

Between February 18 and 22 (March 2 and 6).

Lenin in Moscow visits the reading room of the library of the Rumyantsev Museum (now the State Library of the USSR named after V. I. Lenin).

February, 22 (March, 6).

Lenin writes a petition to the Moscow Security Department, asks permission to remain with his mother until the arrival from Petersburg of a group of arrested persons being sent to Siberia, so that he can join them. Lenin receives a travel document and gives a written undertaking to leave Moscow at 11 o'clock in the evening. Lenin's departure from Moscow for Siberian exile.

March, 2 (14).

Lenin, en route to exile (from the station "Ob"), writes a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova; shares travel impressions, reports on his state of health, on meeting en route with doctor V. M. Krutovsky.

March, 4 (16).

Lenin arrives in Krasnoyarsk.

March, 4 – April, 30 (March, 16 – May, 12).

Lenin meets in Krasnoyarsk with political exiles V. A. Bukshnis, P. A. Krasikov and others.

March, 6 (18).

Lenin writes from Krasnoyarsk a petition to the Irkutsk Governor-General requesting that, given the weakness of his health, a place of exile be assigned to him within the Krasnoyarsk or Minusinsk district of Yenisei Province.

March, 7 (19).

Lenin receives from V. M. Krutovsky a letter of recommendation to the Krasnoyarsk bibliophile merchant G. V. Yudin for studies in his library.

March, 9 – April, 30 (March, 21 – May, 12).

During his stay in Krasnoyarsk, Lenin works on questions of the economic development of Russia, using books in Yudin's personal library.

March, 15 (27).

Lenin sees off Y. M. Lyakhovsky, condemned in the case of the "Union of Struggle," who is being sent into exile in Irkutsk Province.

March, 15–16 (March, 27–28).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, expresses concern for comrades proceeding into exile at state expense, reports that he is working in the city library and Yudin's library, asks her to write more often.

March, 26 (April, 7).

Lenin writes a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, asks his sister, Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova, to obtain "Yearbook of the Ministry of Finance." Issue I (1869), "Statistical Almanac of the Russian Empire." Series II. Issue 6 (1872), and the "Statistical Atlas of the Principal Branches of Factory and Plant Industry of European Russia with an Indexed List of Factories and Plants" compiled by D. A. Timiryazev. Issue 3 (1873); reports the address to which correspondence can be sent.

April, 4 (16).

Lenin meets at the station in Krasnoyarsk comrades from the "Union of Struggle" (A. A. Vaneev, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, L. Martov (Y. O. Tsederbaum), V. V. Starkov) who have arrived with a group of exiles.

Earlier than April 5 (17).

Lenin sends a telegram from Krasnoyarsk to Petersburg to comrades, asking them to petition for the assignment of a place of exile to A. A. Vaneev within the Minusinsk district of Yenisei Province. The telegram has not been preserved.

April, 5 (17).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, expresses satisfaction that the place of exile for him, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky and V. V. Starkov is assigned to Minusinsk district, writes that he has read the journal "New Word."

Between April 5 and 17 (April 17 and 29).

Lenin in letters to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, reports that his place of exile is assigned to the village of Shushenskoye. The letters have not been preserved.

April, 17 (29).

Lenin writes a letter to his sister, Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova, asks her to purchase with honorarium from an article "On the Characterization of Economic Romanticism" "The Trades of Vladimir Province." Issues 3–5 (1882–1884), "Index of Factories and Plants of European Russia" (1894) and other books, to subscribe to newspapers; to notify him in advance of a trip abroad, as he will have commissions for her; reports his intention to engage in translations.

April, 24 (May, 6).

Lenin receives a travel document under receipt to the village of Shushenskoye.

April, 29 (May, 11).

Lenin writes a petition to the Yenisei Governor requesting the assignment to him of the statutory allowance for maintenance, clothing and lodging.

April, 30 (May, 12).

Lenin departs from Krasnoyarsk via Minusinsk to the village of Shushenskoye, assigned to him for serving exile.

April – July.

Lenin's work "On the Characterization of Economic Romanticism" is published in issues 7–10 of the journal "New Word."

May, 6 (18).

Lenin arrives in the city of Minusinsk together with G. M. Krzhizhanovsky and V. V. Starkov.

May, 7 (19).

Lenin writes a petition to the Minusinsk superintendent requesting the assignment of an allowance.

May, 8 (20).

Lenin departs from the city of Minusinsk and on the same day arrives in the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Yenisei Province.

May, 18 (30).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, and sister, Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova, describes the village of Shushenskoye, objects to a visit from her due to the difficulty of the journey and the lack of amenities, expresses interest in disputes between the editorial board of the journal "New Word" and the Samara Marxists, tells Maria Ilyinichna of receiving excerpts from books from her, asks her to send book catalogs.

May, 25 (June, 6).

Lenin writes a letter to his sister, Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova, asks her to subscribe to a number of journals, indicates which books he particularly needs and where to obtain them.

June, 8 (20).

Lenin in a letter to Switzerland to his sister, Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova, asks her to send foreign catalogs and newspapers, expresses the desire to acquire originals of the classics of political economy and philosophy in inexpensive editions.

June, 15 (27).

Lenin in a letter to M. T. Elizarov reports on the receipt of newspapers and points out the necessity of having for literary work books from capital libraries.

July, 3 (15).

Lenin writes a letter to his sister, Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova, in which a program of studies for the study of Marxism is given; among sources are cited the organs of German Social-Democracy "Vorwärts" ("Forward") and "Neue Zeit" ("New Time"). The letter has not been preserved.

July, 19 (31).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, and sister, Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova, reports on the progress of work on the book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia."

August, 16 (28).

Lenin writes a letter to Zurich to P. B. Akselrod, reports on the receipt of reviews from him and G. V. Plekhanov on the pamphlet "Explanation of the Law on Fines Levied on Workers in Factories and Plants," expresses the desire to write for workers.

August, 17 (29).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, reports that he is writing an article (meaning "The Handicraft Census of 1894/95 in Perm Province and General Questions of 'Handicraft' Industry"); is annoyed that books sent in his name have not yet been received.

Summer.

Lenin writes the pamphlet "The New Factory Law." The pamphlet was published abroad by the "Liberation of Labor" group in 1899.

August – September, not later than 7 (19).

Lenin writes the article "The Handicraft Census of 1894/95 in Perm Province and General Questions of 'Handicraft' Industry."

In his article, Lenin uses materials from statistical books. On the books "Sketch of the State of Handicraft Industry in Perm Province" (1896), Krasnoperov, E. I. "Handicraft Industry of Perm Province at the Siberian-Urals Scientific-Industrial Exhibition in Yekaterinburg in 1887." Issues I–III (1888–1889) and others, Lenin makes notes and underlinings.

September, 7 (19).

Lenin through M. T. Elizarov forwards to P. B. Struve a letter and his article (meaning "The Handicraft Census of 1894/95 in Perm Province and General Questions of 'Handicraft' Industry").

September, 27–28 (October, 9–10).

Lenin's trip to Minusinsk; meetings with Narodniks, Narodoprits and other political exiles.

September, 29 – October, 4 (October, 11–16).

From Minusinsk, Lenin travels to the village of Tesinskoe to political exiles who are Social-Democrats, where he remains for five days.

September.

Lenin writes the article "On the Occasion of a Newspaper Note."

October, 12 (24).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, reports on the receipt of the journal "Questions of Philosophy and Psychology," on trips to Minusinsk and Tesinskoe, on correspondence with A. P. Skylarenko and I. Kh. Lalayants. Asks him to send a catalog of the Petrovsky Library.

October, 19 (31).

Lenin in a letter to his mother and sister, Maria Alexandrovna and Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova, asks them to send bibliographical literature, reports that he expects to soon receive a response from the editorial board about the article sent ("The Handicraft Census of 1894/95 in Perm Province and General Questions of 'Handicraft' Industry"), mentions L. Martov (Y. O. Tsederbaum) and A. A. Vaneev.

November.

Lenin's unauthorized absence from the village of Shushenskoye to Minusinsk.

Not earlier than November. December, 10 (22).

Lenin writes an "Appendix" to the pamphlet "The New Factory Law."

December, 21 (January 2, 1898).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, and sisters, Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova and Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova, gives a positive evaluation of A. Labriola's book "Essays on the Materialist Conception of History" (1897), informs of the receipt of the second issue of "Materials for a Description of the Trades of Vyatka Province" (1890), "Code of Criminal and Corrective Punishments of 1885" (1895), "Charter of Punishments Imposed by Justices of the Peace" (1897), reports on the procurement of books from the book depot of A. M. Kalmykova.

Lenin writes a letter to P. B. Struve with a proposal to publish in the journal "New Word" a translation of the second part of A. Labriola's book "Essays on the Materialist Conception of History." He reports on this proposal the same day in a letter to N. K. Krupskaya. The letters have not been preserved.

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, and sisters, Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova and Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova-Elizarova, thanks them for the books sent, reports that he will obtain the recommendations needed to receive books from the Petersburg law library; writes that he has prepared an article for the journal "New Word," asks to send "The Holy Family" (1896), "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" (1895) by K. Marx and "The Role of Violence in History" (1897) by F. Engels in the edition of the "International Socialist Library" in French.

December, 24 – January 2, 1898 (January, 6–14).

G. M. Krzhizhanovsky lives with Lenin in Shushenskoye for ten days.

December, 27 (January 8, 1898).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, reports on forwarding an article to the journal "New Word."

End of year.

Lenin writes the pamphlet "Tasks of Russian Social-Democrats." The pamphlet was published abroad by the "Liberation of Labor" group in 1898. Lenin writes the articles "Pearls of Populist Scheming" and "From What Heritage Do We Renounce?", published in the collection "Economic Essays and Articles" in 1898.

1897.

While in exile, Lenin continues to maintain connections with centers of the labor movement in Russia and with the "Liberation of Labor" group abroad, and also carries on correspondence with Social-Democrats in other places of exile; continues work on the preparation of the book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia."

Lenin assists peasants of the village of Shushenskoye and the surrounding district with legal advice.