V. I.

Lenin

Periods of counter-revolution are marked, among other things, by the spread of
counter-revolutionary ideas, not only in a crude and direct form, but also in a
more subtle form, namely, the growth of philistine sentiments among the
revolutionary parties. Comrade Martov, in his latest pamphlet,
Political Parties in Russia , applies the term revolutionary parties both
to the Social-Democratic and Socialist-Revolutionary parties. We hope to return
some other time to this interesting pamphlet of Martov’s, in which he
criticises the Cadets with a candour and precision unusual in Menshevik literature,
but, at the same time, gives a completely false, non-Marxist classification of
our political parties and repeats the fundamental error of Menshevism by
classing parties of the Octobrist type with the “Centrist” parties.

But this is by the way. We are interested just now in certain other novel
features of Social-Democratic and Socialist-Revolutionary publications and
intend to note the most striking expressions, or rather reflections, of
counter-revolutionary moods in these circles. After the defeat of the December
uprising, the most conspicuous expression of counter revolutionary sentiment
among the democrats was the about f ace of the Cadets, who threw overboard the
constituent assembly slogan and, in the columns of Polyarnaya Zvezda
and similar publications, abused and vilified the participants in and
ideologists of the armed uprising. After the dissolution of the Duma and the
failure of the popular movements in July, a novelty in counter-revolutionary
sentiment among the democrats was the definite secession of the Right wing of
the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the formation of the semi-Cadet “Popular
Socialist” Party. After the first and major upsurge of October-December, the Cadets dropped out of the ranks of
militant, fighting democrats. After the second, smaller upsurge of May-June, the
Popular Socialists began to drop out.

In Proletary , No. 4, we outlined the main ideological and political
features of these Popular

Socialists. [1]

Since then they have managed to come out quite officially; they have published the programme of their “Trudovik (Popular
Socialist)” Party— changing the Socialist-Revolutionary programme from a
revolutionary into an opportunist, petty-bourgeois and legal programme, and have
published the names of the members of the organising committee of the new
party. True, among the seventeen members of this organising committee
(Messrs. Annensky, Yelpatyevsky, Myakotin, Peshekhonov and others) there is only
one ex-member of the Duma from the “Trudovik Group”, Mr. Kryukov, a high-school teacher and publicist. The founders of the new
Toilers’ Party do not include a single big name from the real
“Trudoviks”! It is not surprising that some people call the Popular
Socialists pretender Trudoviks. It is not surprising that news of other Trudovik
parties has already appeared in the press. Tovarishch reported that
Mr. Sedelnikov, who, of course, is a much more prominent “Trudovik”
and much better known to the public for his activities in the Duma than the
quite obscure Mr. Kryukov, is forming a Popular Trudovik Party. At a
large meeting reported in Tovarishch , Mr. Sedelnikov frankly and openly
defended his ideas, making no claim to be a socialist and raising the standard
of a “democratic monarchy”. According to the same report, the
directness and frankness of this Trudovik from the ranks of the people roused
the great ire of the Trudovik journalist, Mr. Myakotin, who, in replying,
championed the views of the Popular Socialists.

The details of this family quarrel do not interest us. The only important thing
for us to note is the various expressions of opportunist trends among former
Socialist-Revolutionaries and certain “Trudoviks”. In this respect,
Mr. Peshekhonov is making more “progress” than anybody (among the
S.-R.’s there are much bolder “progressive innovators” than among us). In the September issue of Russkoye Bogatstvo he goes further
and further on his way from the revolutionaries to the Cadets. He tries to
erase the difference between the revolutionary “take” and the
Cadet “receive”. After “proving” in August that it is impossible to take either full freedom or all the land, he now
“proves” that it is impossible “to take freedom from below.

Ce n’est que le premier pas qui coûte , or, as we say in
Russia, the first glass must be forced down, the second trickles down, and
all the others glide down in a merry stream.

In the columns of a legally published periodical, this neo-Cadet [publicist] rails against the idea of
an armed uprising, the idea of a provisional revolutionary government,
without calling things by their name, of course, and without quoting in full
the manifesto of the revolutionary parties which he is “refuting”. He distorts and vulgarises in the free press the
ideas of those who in the illegal press upheld the idea of an uprising, the
idea of a provisional revolutionary government. Indeed, the Popular
Socialists have not legalised their party for nothing! It can be taken for
granted that they have legalised it not to defend the idea of an uprising,
but to condemn it!

An important novelty as regards the reflection of counter revolutionary moods in
Social-Democratic literature has been the publication of the Moscow weekly
Nashe Dyelo . [4]

The Cadet press has already deafened everyone with its trumpeting about this new and important “progress”
of the Mensheviks: they are “progressing”, as we know, from the
revolutionaries to the Cadets. Rech published a special welcoming
article; Tovarishch delightedly repeated the main ideas contained in
Nashe Dyelo ; Rech repeated the opinions of Tovarishch ;
Tovarishch confirmed its own views by quoting Rech; in short, the
enlightened company of the educated betrayers of the Russian revolution are in
an extraordinary state of rapturous excitement. Rech has even heard
from some source that Nashe Dyelo is edited by the prominent
Mensheviks, Messrs. Maslov, Cherevanin, Groman and Valentinov.

We do not know whether Rech’s information is correct, although it
usually makes great claims to being well-in formed about all Menshevik
affairs. But we do know Cherevanin’s leading article in Nashe Dyelo ,
No. 1. It is worth while quoting the passage which so delighted the Cadets.

“It would be an absurdity and folly for the proletariat to try, as some
propose, to fight in league with the peasantry against the government and the
bourgeoisie for a national constituent assembly with full power”
(p. 4). “We must insist on the convocation of a new Duma.” The
Cabinet must be formed from the Duma majority. “With the peasantry
completely unorganised, and terribly ignorant as they are at present, it is
difficult to expect more” (p. 6). As you see, this is frank
... angelically frank. Comrade Cherevanin has gone much further to the right,
while remaining in the ranks of a revolutionary party, than Mr. Peshekhonov, who
has formed a new “legal party”. Mr. Peshekhonov has not yet
abandoned the constituent assembly slogan and is still criticising the
demand for a Duma Cabinet as inadequate.

Not wishing to insult the intelligence of our readers, we will not, of course,
attempt to prove the fallacy of Cherevanin’s position. His name has already
become a by-word among all Social-Democrats, irrespective of faction. But we do
invite our readers to reflect most earnestly on the reasons for this incredibly
easy conversion of a prominent and responsible Menshevik into a liberal. It is
not difficult to condemn and reject a glaringly obvious “extreme”,
“excess”, of opportunism. It is much more important to lay bare the
source of these mistakes which cause Social-Democrats to blush with shame. We
invite our readers to reflect on whether there is really any greater difference
between Cherevanin and our Central Committee than there is between Sedelnikov
and Peshekhonov.

The underlying motives of the whole of this “quartet” are the
same. People of a philistine, petty-bourgeois type are weary of the
revolution. A little, drab, beggarly but peaceful legality is preferable to the
stormy alternations of revolutionary outbursts and counter-revolutionary
frenzy. Inside the revolutionary parties this tendency is expressed in a desire
to reform these parties. Let the philistine become the main nucleus of the
party: “the party must be a mars party”. Down with illegality, down
with secrecy, which hinders constitutional “progress”! The old
revolutionary parties must be legalised. And this necessitates a radical reform
of their programmes in two main directions: political and economic. We must
drop the demand for a republic and the confiscation of the land, we must discard our clearly defined, uncompromisingly
sharp and tangible exposition of the socialist goal and represent
socialism as a “remote prospect”, as Mr. Peshekhonov has
expressed it with such inimitable grace.

It is these strivings that the different representatives of our
“quartet” express on different grounds and in different
forms. Sedelnikov’s democratic monarchy; the “progress” from the
Trudovik to the Cadet in the “Popular Socialist” Party; Cherevanin’s
rejection of the revolutionary struggle for a constituent assembly; Axelrod’s
and Plekhanov’s labour congress; our Central Committee’s slogan “for the
Duma”; the arguments in No. I of Sotsial-Demokrat , published by
this same Central Committee, about the conservatism of secret organisation and
underground activities, and the progressiveness of going over to the
“nation-wide bourgeois revolution”—all these are manifestations of a
single, fundamental striving, all form a single current of the philistinism
that is showing itself among the revolutionary parties.

From the point of view of legalising the Party, of “bringing it
closer” to the masses, of reaching agreement with the Cadets, of
association with the nation-wide bourgeois revolution, Cherevanin quite logically proclaimed the struggle for a constituent assembly an
“absurdity and folly”. We have already pointed out in
Proletary , No.

1, [2]

that our Central Committee glaringly contradicts itself by advocating in its famous “Letters to Party Organisations”
(Nos. 4 and 5) an alliance with the middle bourgeoisie, the officers, etc., and
at the same time putting forward the slogan of a constituent assembly, which is
unacceptable to them. In this respect Cherevanin argues more
consistently and more correctly, or more honestly and frankly, than the
Peshekhonovs or our Central Committee. The latter’s Sotsial-Demokrat is
either trying to be cunning or it displays a striking lack of thought when, on
the one hand, it fulminates against “roads which lead the proletariat away
from the nation-wide movement”, “dooming it to political
isolation”, and, on the other hand, it upholds the constituent assembly
slogan and says: “it is necessary to prepare for an uprising”.

Take the labour congress. Recently (October 6) the Cadet newspaper
Tovarishch at last blurted out the secret of this congress. According
to the report of this newspaper ,the following is what was said by “one of
the veteran Social-Democratic leaders, who raised the question of a labour
congress”, in a lecture delivered by him a few days ago: “They [the
members of the “labour congress”] can adopt the entire programme of
Social-Democracy with, perhaps, a few alterations, and then the Party will
emerge from its underground existence.” The position is quite clear. The veteran
leaders are ashamed to say openly that they want the programme of the Party
changed so that it can go over to a legal position. Well, suppose we say: get
rid of the republic, the constituent assembly and mention of the socialist
dictatorship of the proletariat, add that the Party wages a struggle only by
legal means (as was said in the programme of the German Social-Democrats prior
to the Anti-Socialist Law [5] ), etc. “Then the Party will emerge from its underground existence — so the “veteran
leaders” imagine—then the passage will be accomplished from
“conservative” illegality, revolutionism and underground existence
to “progressive” constitutional legality. Such is the bashfully
concealed essence of the labour congress. A labour congress is the chloroform
which the veteran leaders prescribe for the “conservative”
Social-Democrats, in order to be able to perform on them the pain less operation
carried out by the Peshekhonovs on the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. The only
difference is that the Peshekhonovs are practical businessmen and know where
they are going, whereas it would be unjust to say that of our veteran
leaders. They do not understand that in the present political situation a
labour congress is just idle talk; when this situation changes in the direction
of a revolutionary upswing, a labour congress will by no means bring with it
the triumph of philistinely tranquil legality, if at that time the expansion of
the revolutionary Social-Democratic Party will not have made a labour congress
superfluous; and if the present situation changes in the direction of a complete
and lasting victory of reaction, a labour congress will then be able to cut down the Social-Democratic programme to an extent that will horrify even
Axelrod.

That the Cadet press gives its utmost support to the idea of a labour congress
is quite understandable for it has a flair for seizing on the philistine
and opportunist tendencies of this scheme. It is not for nothing that
Mr. Portugalov—a Cadet who considers himself a non-party
socialist—is delight ed by the “wise position” of
Axelrod, seizes on his contemptuous words about the Party as a
“circle organisation” (a “circle” with
100,000-150,000 members; i.e., on the European scale, with one to
one-and-a-half million votes at elections!) and asks with an air of
importance: “Is the class for the party or the party for the class?”
Let us answer this wise question by another addressed to the bourgeois
writers:

is the head for the stomach or the stomach for the head?

Finally, let us take the arguments of the Central Committee’s
Sotsial-Demokrat . The same Mr. Portugalov accurately seized on their
essence when he quoted a passage no less worthy of renown than the statements of
Cherevanin. “It [the Menshevik trend] attempted to meet halfway the
inevitable conversion of the underground revolutionary struggle of the
intelligentsia, who base themselves on the leading sections of the proletariat,
into a national bourgeois revolution.” Mr. Portugalov comments: “Not so
long ago such threats [?misprint? such ideas?] were invariably declared a heresy
of ’bourgeois-democratic’ origin. Now ’bourgeois democrats’ have nothing to add
to these remarks.”

Mr. Portugalov is right. It is not only in the recent past that the argument of
the leader writer in Sotsial-Demokrat was declared the fruit of
bourgeois-democratic ideas, it is declared to be such now and will be so
declared in the future. Just reflect, indeed, on this argument. It is possible
for an underground struggle to be converted into an open one, for a struggle of
the intelligentsia to be converted into a people’s or mass struggle, for the
struggle of the leading sections of the class to be converted into one of
the entire class, but the conversion of an underground revolutionary struggle
into a national bourgeois revolution is sheer gibberish. The real significance
of this argument is the substitution of the stand point of bourgeois democracy
for the standpoint of the proletariat.

“Two years of civil war have brought about a national revolution in our
country. That is a fact,...” says the leader writer of Sotsial-Demokrat . It is not a fact, but a phrase. The civil
war in Russia, if we take this term seriously, has not been going on for two
years. In September 1904 there was no civil war. To stretch the concept of civil
war out of ill proportion will only be to the advantage of those who ignore the
special tasks of the workers’ party in a period of real civil
war. The Russian revolution was much more national before October 17, 1905, than
it is today. It is sufficient to point to the desertion of the landlords to the
reactionary camp. It is sufficient to recall the formation of counter
revolutionary parties of the “Octobrist” type, and the unquestionable accentuation of counter-revolutionary characteristics among the
Cadets in the summer of 1906, as compared with the Osvobozhdeniye League
in the summer of 1905. A year ago the Osvobozhdeniye people did not and
could not talk about stopping the revolution; Struve took the side of the
revolution. Now the Cadets say openly that their aim is to stop the revolution.

What, then, does this conversion of the underground revolutionary struggle into
a national bourgeois revolution amount to in practice? To ignoring, or
obscuring, the class contradictions which have already been revealed by the
course of the Russian revolution. To converting the proletariat from a fighting
vanguard, pursuing an independent revolutionary policy, into an
appendage of that faction of the bourgeois democrats which is most in the
limelight, which lays most claim to represent “national”
aspirations. Hence it is clear why the bourgeois liberal had to say: We have
nothing to add to this, we quite agree, we are striving for the conversion of
the proletarian struggle into a national struggle. To convert it into a
nation-wide struggle (or, what is the same thing, a national revolution) means
to take what is common to the Cadet and other parties more to the left and
declare it to be binding, cutting out everything else as “dooming the
proletariat to political isolation”. In other words, subscribe to the
demands of the Cadets, for any other demands will not be
“national”. Hence, naturally, the slogans of half-hearted
Social-Democratic opportunism: “for the Duma as an organ of power which
will convene the constituent assembly”, or for the Duma as a “lever
for winning a constituent assembly” ( Sotsial-Demokrat ,
No. 1). Hence the motto of consistent Social-Democratic opportunism: it would be an absurdity and folly
to fight for a constituent assembly, for the demand for a constituent
assembly “dooms the proletariat to political isolation”,
exceeds the bounds of a “national bourgeois revolution”, etc.

Revolutionary Social-Democrats must argue differently. Instead of uttering
phrases about “a national bourgeois revolution”, which are too
general and too easily lend themselves to bourgeois distortion, we must
analyse the concrete position of definite classes and parties at various moments
in the revolution. In 1900 and 1901 the old Iskra and
Zarya [6] quite rightly spoke of Social-Democracy as the carrier of
the ideas of national emancipation, as the fighting vanguard which endeavoured
to win over to its side all elements, including even liberal Marshals of the
Nobility. This was true at that time, for, as yet, there was nothing, absolutely
nothing in the policy of the government that could satisfy even the mildest
bourgeois liberalism. The Russian general strike in October proved that this was
true; for the proletarian struggle then became the centre of attraction for
all sorts of bourgeois liberals, even the very mildest.

After October 17 things changed, they had to change. The liberal-monarchist
bourgeoisie (Comrade Martov is wrong to call it a “liberal-democratic” bourgeoisie) had to rise in defence of the
monarchy and landlordism, to do so directly (Octobrists) or indirectly (Cadets),
for the further victories of the revolution were becoming a serious and
immediate menace to these charming institutions. Those who forget that with the
progress of revolution and the growth of its tasks a change takes place in the
composition of the classes and elements of the people capable of taking part in
the struggle for the achievement of these aims fall into grievous
error. Through the bourgeois revolution the proletariat marches to
socialism. Therefore, in the course of the bourgeois revolution it must raise
and enlist for the revolutionary struggle more and more revolutionary strata of
the people. In 1901 the proletariat roused the Zemstvo liberals. Now, because of
the objective conditions, its main task is to rouse, educate and mobilise for
the struggle the revolutionary peasantry, to deliver them from the ideological
and political tutelage not only of the Cadets pure and simple, but of the Trudoviks of the Peshekhonov type. If the revolution can triumph it
will do so only as a result of an alliance between the proletariat and
the really revolutionary, not the opportunist, peasantry. Therefore, if we
seriously say that we stand for revolution (and not only for a constitution), if
we are seriously speaking of a “new revolutionary upsurge”, we must
strenuously combat all attempts to discard the constituent assembly slogan, or
to weaken it by linking it with the Duma (the Duma as an organ of power which
will convene the constituent assembly, or the Duma as a lever for winning a
constituent assembly, etc.), or by trimming down the tasks of the proletariat to
the limits of a Cadet or alleged national bourgeois revolution. Of the mass of
the peasantry, only the well-to-do and middle peasants will inevitably become
opportunist and, later, even reactionary. But these constitute the minority of
the peasantry. The poor peasantry together with the proletariat constitute the
overwhelming majority of the people, the nation. This majority
can triumph, and will triumph completely, in the bourgeois revolution,
i.e., can win complete freedom and all the land and attain the highest
level of prosperity possible for workers and peasants in capitalist society. You
can, if you will, call such a revolution of the majority of the nation a
national bourgeois revolution, but anyone can see that the ordinary meaning of
these words is quite different, that their actual meaning at the present time is
a Cadet meaning.

We are “conservative” Social-Democrats in the sense that we stand
for the old revolutionary tactics. “The proletariat must carry the
democratic revolution to completion, allying to itself the mass of the peasantry
in order to crush the autocracy’s resistance by force and paralyse the
bourgeoisie s instability” ( Two Tactics ). [3]

This was written in the summer of 1905. Now the stakes are higher, the task is harder, the impending
battle will be sharper. We must paralyse the in stability of the whole
bourgeoisie, including the intellectualist and the peasant bourgeoisie. We must
rally to the proletariat the poor peasantry, which is capable of waging a
determined revolutionary struggle. Not our own desires but objective conditions
will set before the “new revolutionary upsurge” precisely these lofty tasks. The class-conscious
proletariat must do its duty to the very end.

P. S. This article had already been sent to the press when we read Comrade
Martov’s letter to Tovarishch . L. Martov dissociates himself from
Cherevanin on the question of forming a bloc with the Cadets. Very good. But it
is astonishing and extremely deplorable that L. Martov does not dissociate himself from Cherevanin’s discovery: “the absurdity and folly of
fighting for a constituent assembly”, although he must have known
of this discovery from Tovarishch , No. 73, which he quotes. Has Martov,
too, already “progressed” as far as Cherevanin?

---
Notes:
[1]
See pp. 197-206 of this volume— Ed .

[2]
See pp. 150-66 of this volume— Ed ,— Lenin

[3]
See present edition, Vol. 9, p. 100.— Ed .

[4]
Nashe Dyelo ( Our Cause )—a weekly magazine of the Mensheviks, published in Moscow from September to November 1906; in all ten
issues appeared. N. Valentinov (N. V. Volsky), P. P. Maslov, N. Cherevanin
(F. A. Lipkin) and other Mensheviks were frequent contributors to the
magazine. It was in favour of agreements with the Cadets at the elections to the
Second Duma, and advocated the idea of a “labour congress”.

In January-February 1907, in place of Nashe Dyelo the magazine
Dyelo Zhizni ( Life’s Cause ) appeared.

[5]
The Anti-Socialist Law in Germany was promulgated by the Bismarck Government in 1878. Under this law all organisations of the
Social-Democratic Party, all mass working-class organisations, and time
working-class press wore prohibited. The best part of German Social-Democracy,
centred round A. Bebel and W. Liebknecht, carried out considerable work under
illegal conditions and the

Party’s influence among the working masses not only did not decrease, but
actually increased. At the elections to the Reichstag in 1890, the
Social-Democrats obtained almost one and a half mil lion votes. In the
same year the government was compelled to repeal the Anti-Socialist Law.

[6]
Zarya ( Dawn )—a Marxist theoretical and political magazine published legally in Stuttgart in 1901-02 by the
Iskra editorial board. Four issues (three books) of Zarya
appeared: No. 1 in April 1901 (it actually appeared on March 10[23]); Nos. 2
and 3 in December 1901, and No. 4 in August 1902.