## Lecture Plan for the Course "Principles of Political Economy"

### Lecture IV

1. The essence of the capitalist mode of production in comparison with other modes of production historically preceding it.

2. Similarity in the presence of class oppression and differences in the forms and conditions of class struggle.

3. The struggle of the worker with the capitalist over the length of the working day. Conditions for the sale of the commodity "labor-power." Production of absolute and relative surplus-value.

4. The "normal" conditions of consumption of the commodity "labor-power" are determined by the struggle of the worker with the capitalist.

5. Strike struggles, trade unions, and factory legislation in the history of the struggle for the reduction of the working day.

6. Some results of a half-century period of recent history (19th–20th centuries) in the matter of reduction of the working day. Kautsky's "Summary." The insignificance of "social progress."

Written before January 27 (February 9), 1911

Published in 1911 in Paris on a spirit duplicator as a leaflet issued by the Organizational Commission of the Courses in Social Sciences

Printed from the text of the leaflet

## Plan of a Report: "Manifesto of the Liberal Workers' Party"

1. Why does the article by N. Rozhkov in nos. 9–10 of *Nasha Zarya* deserve such a designation and the most careful analysis? The possibility of examining the question of two lines of the workers' movement and "two parties" without any "conflict" material, without "squabbling."

2. The type of "social-democrat of the days of freedom." Bourgeois democrats in Marxist garb. Rozhkov as an example; his article is a continuous substitution of Marxism with liberalism.

3. The role of the serf-owners in contemporary Russia from the point of view of liberals (Rozhkov) and Marxists. The "December Resolutions" (1908) of the RSDLP.

4. The relation of democracy to the solution (Stolypin's) of the agrarian problem "by means of compromise between different groups of the bourgeoisie."

5. Is Russia to be blessed with "the triumph of very moderate bourgeois progressivism"?

6. Comparison of contemporary Russia and the III Duma with France of the 1860s with the Legislative Corps, and with Prussia of the 1880s.

7. Have the "old slogans" been transformed into "dead words"?

8. Why is the "Society for the Defense of the Interests of the Working Class" founded by Rozhkov a society of liberal defense according to a liberal understanding of the interests of the working class?

9. The proportion: Yu. Larin stands to the workers' congress as N. Rozhkov stands to the legal liquidationist party.

Written in November, before November 14 (27), 1911

Published in November 1911 in an announcement of the report issued by the circle of *Rabochaya Gazeta*

Printed from the text of the announcement

## List of Undiscovered Works by V. I. Lenin

(November 1910 – November 1911)

### 1910

TWO LETTERS TO THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU K. HUYSMANS

Information about one of the letters to K. Huysmans is contained in V. I. Lenin's letter to G. V. Plekhanov of November 9 (22), 1910: "From the International Socialist Bureau I received only one document dealing exclusively with money—that is, with our party's contributions to the maintenance of the International Socialist Bureau. I passed it on to the cashier of the Foreign Bureau of the CC and replied to Huysmans that I had informed the CC about the contribution" (*Collected Works*, 4th edition, vol. 36, p. 141).

The second letter was written on December 5 (18), 1910. On January 21 (February 3), 1911, Lenin wrote to G. V. Plekhanov: "On December 18 I sent you Huysmans' letter and my draft reply" (*Collected Works*, 4th edition, vol. 36, p. 142). Lenin's letter apparently was a reply to the circular letter from the ISB received by him on December 4 (17), 1910 from December 15, 1910 to the parties of the Second International, on which Lenin made notes (see *Lenin Collection* XXV, pp. 258–261).

ARTICLE SENT TO THE EDITORIAL OFFICE OF THE JOURNAL *SOVREMENNYY MIR*

About this article V. I. Lenin wrote to M. T. Elizarova on December 21, 1910 (January 3, 1911): "I sent the article to *Sovremennyy Mir*, but apparently there are difficulties there too; there has been no reply for several weeks" (*Collected Works*, 4th edition, vol. 37, p. 387). In the preface to V. I. Lenin's letters to relatives, published in *Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya* no. 4 for 1930, A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova mentions this fact: "As is known, no article by V. I. was published in *Sovremennyy Mir* in 1911, but that his article was discussed by the journal's editorial board in that year is definitely confirmed by V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich. Only he cannot remember what its title was or what became of it" (p. 128).

### 1911

LETTERS TO M. A. ULYANOVA

Information about the correspondence is contained in V. I. Lenin's letter to his mother, M. A. Ulyanova, of January 6 (19), 1911: "I wrote that neither the book nor the article is working out—in one of the recent letters. But in the last letter I already wrote that they say they are accepting the article" (*Collected Works*, 4th edition, vol. 37, p. 389).

LETTERS TO THE EDITORIAL OFFICE OF THE JOURNAL *MYSL*

Information about these letters is contained in a letter from the editorial office of the journal *Mysl* to V. I. Lenin of January 11 (24), 1911 (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU). The correspondence concerned questions connected with the publication of the journal and the contents of issues.

LETTER TO N. A. ROZHKOV

This letter is known from G. E. Zinoviev's letter to N. A. Rozhkov of April 21 (May 4), 1911 (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU). Lenin's letter was written in connection with Rozhkov's article "The Necessary Initiative," sent to the editorial office of *Social-Democrat*, in which the author developed a liquidationist plan for building a broad legal workers' party under conditions of the Stolypin regime.

LETTER TO M. V. OZOLIN

The letter was written between May 17 and 20 (May 30 and June 2), 1911. Information about it is contained in M. V. Ozolin's letter to G. E. Zinoviev of May 20 (June 2) (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU). Lenin's letter concerned questions connected with the preparation of the June meeting of members of the CC of the RSDLP in Paris and Ozolin's participation in it as a representative of Latvian social-democracy.

REPORT ON THE STATE OF AFFAIRS IN THE PARTY

The report was written by V. I. Lenin between May 19 and 23 (June 1 and 5), 1911 in connection with the forthcoming meeting of members of the CC of the RSDLP (the June meeting). A copy of this report, written in the hand of F. E. Dzerzhinsky, is kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU (see this volume, pp. 262–266).

LETTER TO THE FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONAL COMMISSION

In connection with disagreements over the question of the composition of the Foreign Organizational Commission that arose after the June meeting of members of the CC of the RSDLP, a survey was conducted among the participants of the meeting. In the minutes of the session of the FOC from June 6 (19), 1911, there is the following entry: "Comrade Lenin's reply to the survey of the OC is read" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

LETTER TO THE EDITORIAL OFFICE OF *ZVEZDA*

Information about this letter is contained in a letter from I. Gladnev (S. M. Zaks), a member of the editorial staff of the newspaper *Zvezda*, to the editorial office of the newspaper *Social-Democrat* of June 11 (24), 1911. Lenin's letter concerned the question of the financial affairs of the newspaper *Zvezda* (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

LETTER TO AN UNKNOWN ADDRESSEE

The letter was written between July and December 1911. The 26th page of this letter is kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU with the following text: "… CC of the party. I wrote this in the hope that I would have time to communicate the letter to the entire editorial staff. Unfortunately, it turned out that there was no longer time to communicate it to the absent member of the editorial staff, a Pole who is away. Therefore, this letter, not formally transmitted through the editorial staff of the CC, should be considered only as expressing the views of the majority of the editorial staff, namely 2 of its members out of three: Lenin and Zinoviev."

LETTER TO THE CONGRESS OF SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY OF THE LATVIAN REGION

From the letter of V. L. Leder, a member of the editorial staff of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*, to the Main Board of the SDKPiL of August 30 (September 12), 1911, it is known that Lenin sent a letter from the editorial office of the CC to the forthcoming congress of Social-Democracy of the Latvian Region. In this letter Lenin directed special attention of the congress to the struggle against liquidationism (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

TELEGRAM TO G. L. SHKLOVSKII

About this telegram, sent to Bern, Lenin mentions in a letter to G. L. Shklovskii written between September 13 and 15 (26 and 28), 1911: "I received your letter and replied by telegram" (*Collected Works*, 4th edition, vol. 36, p. 152). The telegram apparently dealt with V. I. Lenin's forthcoming report in Bern on the subject "Stolypin and Revolution."

LETTER TO I. A. PYATNITSKII

The letter was written on October 19 (November 1), 1911. Information about this letter, in which Lenin suggested to Pyatnitskii to go to Prague to prepare for the party conference, is contained in Pyatnitskii's memoirs: "At the beginning of November I received an urgent letter from Ilyich in which I was offered to leave immediately for Prague and prepare everything there for the party conference. This same letter contained a note to Czech social-democrat Nemet from Ilyich" (O. Pyatnitskii. *Notes of a Bolshevik*. Moscow, 1956, p. 157).

ARTICLE ON THE SITUATION OF THE PEASANTRY IN SWEDEN

The existence of such an article is mentioned by A. Yu. Finn-Enotaevskii in a letter to the editorial office of *Social-Democrat* of October 30 (November 12), 1911. The letter reports the intention to publish a journal, the first issue of which was to appear on December 10 (23), 1911. "If you agree, prepare articles immediately," says the letter. "Ilyich has something on the peasantry in Sweden… Let him give it" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

## List of Publications and Works in Which V. I. Lenin Participated in Editing

NEWSPAPER *SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT*

No. 18 – November 29 (16), 1910

No. 19–20 – January 13 (26), 1911

No. 21–22 – March 19 (April 1), 1911

No. 23 – September 14 (1), 1911

No. 24 – October 18 (31), 1911

*RABOCHAYA GAZETA*

No. 2 – December 18 (31), 1910

No. 3 – February 8 (21), 1911

No. 4–5 – April 15 (28), 1911

No. 6 – September 22 (October 5), 1911

JOURNAL *MYSL*

No. 1 – December 1910

No. 2 – January 1911

No. 3 – February 1911

No. 4 – March 1911

No. 5 – April 1911

ORIGINAL VERSION OF A LETTER TO MEMBERS OF THE CC ABROAD

In this document, written on April 12 (25), 1911 in connection with the preparation of the meeting of members of the CC of the RSDLP, there are corrections by V. I. Lenin (see *Lenin Collection* XXV, pp. 78–79).

## List of Works Possibly Belonging to V. I. Lenin

"CROP FAILURE AND THE STOLYPIN REGIME"

The article was published as a leading article, unsigned, on September 1 (14), 1911 in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* no. 23.

In a letter of August 11 (24) to the Main Board of the SDKPiL, V. L. Leder reports on three articles by V. I. Lenin intended for publication in no. 23 of the Central Organ. Two articles, "Reformism in Russian Social-Democracy" and "From the Camp of Stolypin's 'Workers' Party' (Dedicated to Our 'Reconcilers' and 'Compromisers')" are known as belonging to Lenin (see this volume, pp. 305–318, 319–321). About the third article, Leder writes: "… they want to place 1) as a leading article by Lenin on the general situation in Russia (in connection with the crop failure and the approaching elections)" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

It is possible that Leder's letter refers to the article "Crop Failure and the Stolypin Regime."

LEADING ARTICLE IN NO. 26 OF THE NEWSPAPER *ZVEZDA*, OCTOBER 23, 1911

The article was written in connection with Stolypin's death and is devoted to analyzing the collapse of the Third of June system. The treatment of a number of questions in this article—on the rightward shift of the bourgeoisie and the strengthening of democratic forces, on "Vekhovism," on the tasks of the working class and its party—coincides in content with articles by V. I. Lenin written during this period: "Our Liquidators (On Mr. Potresov and V. Bazarov)," "Reformism in Russian Social-Democracy," "Stolypin and Revolution," "From the Camp of Stolypin's 'Workers' Party'" (see this volume, pp. 114–133, 305–318, 324–333, 364–368). This provides grounds for supposing that the article was written by Lenin.

## Index of Literary Works and Sources Cited and Mentioned by V. I. Lenin

Azra. V. A. Karaulov. – *Birzhevye Vedomosti*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 12084, December 21 (January 8, 1911), p. 2. – 97–98.

[Axelrod, P. B.] Sources of Disagreement between the so-called Partyites and the so-called Liquidators. (Lectures by P. B. Axelrod). – *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Paris], 1910, no. 23, November, pp. 13–14. – 48.

– The Unification of Russian Social-Democracy and Its Tasks. Results of Liquidating Handicraft Production. – *Iskra*, [Geneva], 1903, no. 55, December 15, pp. 2–5; 1904, no. 57, January 15, pp. 2–4. – 120.

Antony Volynskii. Open Letter to the Authors of the Collection *Vekhi*. May 1, 1909. – *Slovo*, St. Petersburg, 1909, no. 791, May 10 (23), p. 3. – 23.

The Armavir Pogrom. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 291 (1885), October 23 (November 5), p. 7. – 377.

Arsenev, K. The Approaching Anniversary. – *Vestnik Evropy*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 1, pp. 273–284. – 171.

Bazarov, V. On Why Important Things Sometimes Seem Like Trifles. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 4, pp. 80–89. – 109–110, 113, 114, 129–132, 133.

– Tolstoy and Russian Intelligentsia. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 10, pp. 43–52. – 90–93, 94, 95.

*Birzhevye Vedomosti*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 12084, December 21 (January 8, 1911), p. 2. – 97–98.

Bobrishchev-Pushkin, A. V. A Necessary Warning. – *Golos Moskvy*, 1911, no. 38, February 17 (March 2), p. 2. Signed: Gromoboi. – 149–150, 153, 156.

– The Demolished Anthill. – *Golos Moskvy*, 1911, no. 72, March 30 (April 12), p. 2. Signed: Gromoboi. – 223–224, 226–227.

Bogdanov, B. Results of the Craft Congress. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 2, pp. 62–75. – 208–211.

In the Corridors of the State Duma. – *Golos Moskvy*, 1910, no. 261, November 12, p. 3. Under general heading: Student Manifestations. – 2–3.

In Petersburg on the Street. – *Russkie Vedomosti*, Moscow, 1910, no. 261, November 12, p. 2. Under general heading: Meetings and Manifestations. – 1.

Return Them from Penal Servitude! – *L'Avenir* (*Budushchee*), Paris, 1911, no. 1, October 22, p. 2. – 382.

*Vestnik Evropy*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 1, pp. 273–284. – 171.

*Vestnik Narodnoi Voli*, Geneva. – 97.

*[48]Vekhi. A Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia*. Moscow, [Sablin press, March] 1909. II, 209 p. – 120, 150–152, 224, 277, 368, 372–373.

[Witte, S. Yu. Letter to the Editorial Office]. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 12765, September 25 (October 8), p. 3. – 327, 369, 371.

Appeal of Deputies to Students. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 310 (1548), November 11 (24), p. 4. – 2.

*Vozrozhdenie*, Moscow. – 18, 106, 111, 188–189, 206, 209, 286.

– 1910, no. 4, March 15, pp. 39–50, 49–58. – 192.

– 1910, no. 5, March 30, pp. 17–30, 47–52. – 109, 192.

– 1910, no. 7, April 30, pp. 47–56. – 192.

– 1910, no. 8, May 15, pp. 9–22. – 192.

*– 1910, no. 9–10, June 15, pp. 17–32. – 192, 193, 199, 309, 311, 314–315.

*– 1910, no. 11, July 7, pp. 1–22. – 192–193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 204, 311, 314–315.

The Question of Student Manifestations. – *Russkie Vedomosti*, Moscow, 1910, no. 261, November 12, pp. 2–3. Under general heading: Around the Duma. – 1–2.

[87 Article on the Fundamental State Laws]. In: *DIGEST OF THE LAWS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE*. Vol. 1, pt. I. Digest of the Fundamental State Laws. 1906 edition. St. Petersburg, State Press, n.d., p. 20. – 213, 278, 359.

Forward. Collection of Articles on Immediate Questions. Published by the "Forward" group. [Paris, cooperative press "Union"], July 1910. 64 pp. – 42.

Forward. Collection of Articles on Immediate Questions. No. 3. Published by the "Forward" group. [Paris], cooperative press "Union", May 1911. 78 pp. – 349, 355.

All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. (December 1908). Published by the newspaper "Proletarian". [Paris, 1909]. 47 p. (RSDLP). – 190–191, 309–310.

Heine, G. *Lyrical Intermezzo*. A Youth Loved a Maiden, and She Loved Another… – 150.

Glinka, S. 65 Windbags. – *Zemshchina*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 558, February 12, p. 2. – 151–152.

Gogol, N. V. *A Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich*. – 248, 250.

*Golos Moskvy*. – 148.

– 1910, no. 260, November 11, pp. 1, 4. – 2.

– 1910, no. 261, November 12, p. 3. – 2–3.

– 1911, no. 38, February 17 (March 2), p. 2. – 149–150, 153, 156.

– 1911, no. 72, March 30 (April 12), p. 2. – 223–224, 226–227.

*Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Geneva – Paris]. – 18, 25, 30, 31, 36–37, 48, 49, 50, 56, 58, 106, 181, 182, 185, 260, 286, 287, 288, 292–293, 302, 303, 310, 338, 344, 345.

– 1910, no. 19–20, January – February, pp. 17–19, 23–24. – 48, 336.

– 1910, no. 22, July. Supplement to no. 22 of *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, p. 2. – 183.

– 1910, no. 23, November, pp. 9–14. – 42, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53, 182.

– 1911, no. 24, February. Supplement to no. 24 of *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*. 8 p. – 182–185, 322, 351.

Workers' Voices on the Situation in the Party. – *Pravda*, [Vienna], 1910, no. 13, May 15 (28), pp. 2–3. – 319, 347.

[Gorev, B. I. Letter to the Editorial Office]. – *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Paris], 1910, no. 22, July. Supplement to no. 22 of *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, p. 2. Under general heading: Letters to the Editorial Office. Signed: I. – 183.

[Guchkov, A. I.] A. I. Guchkov's Reply to Count Witte. – *Russkie Vedomosti*, Moscow, 1911, no. 222, September 28, p. 4. – 369.

Guchkov, A. I. Letter to the Editorial Office. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 12767, September 27 (October 10), p. 2. – 327, 369, 371.

Dan, F. On the Conduct of the Electoral Campaign. (Organizational and Tactical Strokes). – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 7–8, pp. 55–65. – 364, 367.

[Danishevskii, K. Kh. and Kalinin, F. P.] Letter to the Editorial Office of *Pravda*. – *Pravda*, [Vienna], 1911, no. 20, April 16 (29), pp. 5–6. Signed: German, Arkady. – 350.

Declaration of the Bolsheviks, [adopted at the plenum of the CC of the RSDLP in January 1910]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 11, in the resolution: On Fractional Centers, in section: From the Party. – 25, 26, 34–35, 43, 50–51, 105, 107, 157, 160, 302.

*Delo Zhizni*, St. Petersburg. – 106, 111, 188–189, 206, 209, 260, 265, 286, 292–293, 319, 320, 328–329, 358, 365.

– 1911, no. 2, March 2, pp. 9–20. – 205–206, 309, 311, 312, 316–317, 318.

– 1911, no. 5, May 31, pp. 13–20. – 309.

– 1911, no. 8, September 3, pp. 1–4. – 324.

*Diskussionnyi Listok*, [Paris]. – 264, 345.

– 1910, no. 2, May 25 (June 7), pp. 4–14. Newspaper date: June 24/July 7. – 303, 334, 335, 336, 337, 341, 343, 344.

*– 1911, no. 3, April 29 (May 12), pp. 3–8, 9–17. – 290, 315, 335.

*Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Geneva]. – 302, 351.

– 1910, no. 11, March, pp. 1–20, 22–24. – 183, 287, 303, 344, 351.

– 1910, no. 12, June, pp. 1–26, 30–32. – 183, 287, 290.

*Dvorchetskii, P. P. What Indeed Is Liquidationism?* – *Diskussionnyi Listok*, [Paris], 1911, no. 3, April 29 (May 12), pp. 9–17. – 290, 315.

*Duma*, St. Petersburg. – 331.

Elishev, A. I. Moscow Provocations. – *Zemshchina*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 559, February 13, p. 4. – 151–152.

Ermolov, A. S. *The Contemporary Fire Epidemic in Russia*. St. Petersburg, 1910. 211 p. – 76, 77.

*Zhit*, Moscow. – 18, 123, 130, 188–189, 209.

– 1910, no. 1, August 30, pp. 1–12. – 122, 193–202, 203–205, 206, 314–315, 317.

Zhilkin, I. A Living Symbol. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 273 (1511), October 5 (18), p. 3. – 7.

For the Week. [Leading Article]. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 78 (1674), March 21 (April 3), p. 2. – 212–213.

[Note on a Zemstvo Assembly in Kholmsk District, Pskov Province]. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 293 (1889), October 25 (November 7), p. 5. Under general heading: In District Zemstvo Assemblies. – 378.

Session 101 [of the State Duma]. April 27 [1911]. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 114 (1710), April 28 (May 11), pp. 3–6. Under general heading: State Duma. Signed: L. Nemanov. – 246–250.

*Zvezda*, St. Petersburg. – 266, 289.

– 1911, no. 4, January 6, p. 3. – 108, 109.

– 1911, no. 15, March 25, pp. 1, 3. – 212.

– 1911, no. 27, October 29. 4 p. – 385–386.

The Land Question in Kuban. From Armavir. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 291 (1885), October 23 (November 5), p. 7. – 378.

*Zemshchina*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 558, February 12, p. 2; no. 559, February 13, p. 4; no. 560, February 14, p. 3. – 151–152.

Notice [of the Meeting of Members of the CC of the RSDLP. 1911]. [Leaflet]. N.p., [1911]. 2 p. (RSDLP). Signed: Meeting of Members of the CC of the RSDLP. – 288.

Izgoev, A. S. At the Pass. VII. The "Vekhist" Among Marxists. – *Russkaya Mysl*, Moscow, 1910, no. VIII, pp. 63–72. – 93, 124.

*– Notes on Intelligent Youth. (Notes on Its Life and Attitudes).* – In: *Vekhi. A Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia*. Moscow, [Sablin press, March] 1909, pp. 182–209. – 150, 151–152, 277.

– A Comparison. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 44 (1640), February 14 (27), pp. 2–3. – 150, 151, 153–154, 156.

Ikov, V. K. Journal Review. – *Vozrozhdenie*, Moscow, 1910, no. 5, March 30, pp. 47–52. – 109.

*– Political Notes. More on the Prospects of Our Political Development.* – *Vozrozhdenie*, Moscow, 1910, no. 11, July 7, pp. 13–22. Signed: V. Mirov. – 193, 197.

*Informatsionnyi Byulleten*, [Paris], 1911, no. 1, August 11. 6 p. – 334, 339, 340, 345, 349, 351.

– 1911, no. 2, October 28. 6 p. – 354.

[Ionov]. Factions Against the Party. – *Otkliki Bunda*, [Geneva], 1910, no. 4, April, pp. 19–23. Signed: I-ov. – 341.

*Iskra* (old, Leninist), [Munich – Leipzig – London – Geneva]. – 80, 353.

– [Leipzig – Munich], December 1900 – May 1, 1902, nos. 1–20. – 80.

*Iskra* (new, Menshevik), [Geneva], 1903, no. 55, December 15, pp. 2–5; 1904, no. 57, January 15, pp. 2–4. – 120.

[Kamenev, L. B.] *Two Parties*. With preface by N. Lenin and appendix of letters and statements by comrades V. Viliyamov, Al. Vlasov, Innokentiev, E., and a group of workers. Published by the editorial office of *Rabochaya Gazeta*. [Paris], 1911. XII, 155, XXIII p. (RSDLP). Author's name before title: Yu. Kamenev. – 295–298, 299.

To All Social-Democratic Party Organizations, Groups, and Circles. August 1, 1911. [Leaflet]. [Paris], 1911. 4 p. (RSDLP). Signed: Organizational Commission for the Convocation of the Party Conference. – 296.

To All Party Members. – *Listok Zagranichnogo Byuro Tsentralnogo Komiteta*, [Paris], 1911, no. 1, September 8, pp. 1–3. Signed: Meeting at the Foreign Bureau of the CC. – 321.

To All Party Members. (On the Situation of Affairs in the Party and the Convocation of the Party Conference). [Leaflet]. Paris, cooperative press "Union", [1911]. 2 p. Signed: "Forward" Group. – 96.

To All Party Members from the Meeting of Mensheviks in Paris. [Leaflet]. Paris, cooperative press "Union", [1911]. 2 p. – 159, 184, 185.

*To All Members of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party*. [Leaflet]. Paris, cooperative press "Union", [1911]. 2 p. Signed: Group of Bolshevik-Partyites. – 334–335, 336–337, 338, 339, 340–342, 344, 345–346, 348, 349, 351.

Kogan, V. What Reality Shows. – *Obrazovanie*, St. Petersburg, 1907, no. 8, pp. 49–66; no. 9, pp. 26–43; no. 10, pp. 24–45. – 198, 199.

Kondurushkin, S. Letters on Famine. Government and Society. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 291 (1885), October 23 (November 5), p. 2. – 378–380.

[Krestovcnikov]. Letter from Mr. Krestovcnikov. – *Zemshchina*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 560, February 14, p. 3. – 151–152.

Krichevskii, V. I. Principles, Tactics, and Struggle. – *Rabochie Delo*, Geneva, 1901, no. 10, September, pp. 1–36. – 204.

Krylov, I. A. *The Fox and the Grapes*. – 211.

[*Credo*]. – In: [Lenin, V. I.] *Protest of Russian Social-Democrats*. With postscript from the editor of *Rabochee Delo*. Published by the Union of Russian Social-Democrats. Geneva, press of the "Union", 1899, pp. 1–6. (RSDLP. Separate print from nos. 4–5 of *Rabochee Delo*). – 77, 295–296.

*Larin, Yu. On the Question of the Prospects of Our Socio-Political Development. (Reply to the Editorial Office of *Vozrozhdenie*)*. – *Vozrozhdenie*, Moscow, 1910, no. 11, July 7, pp. 1–14. – 192–193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 204, 311, 314–315.

– Cooperative Silhouettes. – *Vozrozhdenie*, Moscow, 1910, no. 7, April 30, pp. 47–56. – 192.

– To the Right – and About Face. (On the Contemporary Situation). – *Delo Zhizni*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 2, March 2, pp. 9–20. – 205–206, 309, 311, 312, 316–317, 318.

– Prospects of South Russian Agriculture. – *Vozrozhdenie*, Moscow, 1910, no. 4, March 15, pp. 39–50; no. 5, March 30, pp. 17–30. – 192.

* – The Rise of Russian Agriculture and Its Socio-Political Consequences. – *Vozrozhdenie*, Moscow, 1910, no. 9–10, June 15, pp. 17–28. – 192, 193, 199, 309, 311, 314–315.

– The Inflow of Capital into Russian Agriculture. – *Vozrozhdenie*, Moscow, 1910, no. 8, May 15, pp. 9–22. – 192.

– The Paths of Creation. – *Delo Zhizni*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 5, May 31, pp. 13–20. – 309.

– A Broad Workers' Party and the Workers' Congress. [Moscow], *Novyi Mir*, [1907]. 95 p. – 192, 409, 414.

Levitskii, V. Liquidation or Rebirth? – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 7, pp. 91–103. Under general heading: On Topics of the Day. – 110–111, 112, 113, 205, 283–284, 308–309, 366.

– The Awakening of Bourgeois Opposition. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 3, pp. 54–63. – 281–284.

[Lenin, V. I.] "The Voice" of the Liquidators Against the Party. (Reply to *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*). [Leaflet]. [Paris, 1910]. 2 p. (RSDLP. Separate print from no. 12 of *Social-Democrat*). – 106.

– "The Voice" of the Liquidators Against the Party. (Reply to *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*) – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, no. 12, March 23 (April 5), pp. 5–6. Newspaper date: April 23/May 5. – 106.

– Notes of a Publicist. II. "The Unification Crisis" in Our Party. – *Diskussionnyi Listok*, [Paris], 1910, no. 2, May 25 (June 7), pp. 4–14. Signed: N. Lenin. Newspaper date: June 24/July 7. – 303, 334–335, 336, 337, 341, 343, 344.

* [Lenin, V. I.] The Historical Meaning of Internal Party Struggle in Russia. – *Diskussionnyi Listok*, [Paris], 1911, no. 3, April 29 (May 12), pp. 3–8. Signed: N. Lenin. – 335.

– Our Liquidators. (On Mr. Potresov and V. Bazarov). – *Mysl*, Moscow, 1911, no. 2, January, pp. 37–49. Signed: V. Ilyin. – 187.

– On the Situation of Affairs in the Party. [Leaflet]. [Paris, 1910]. 4 p. (RSDLP. Print from no. 19 of *Social-Democrat*, Central Organ of the RSDLP). – 61, 322.

– On the Electoral Campaign and the Electoral Platform. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1911, no. 24, October 18 (31), pp. 2–3. – 368.

– The Victory of the Kadets and the Tasks of the Workers' Party. St. Petersburg, [*Nasha Mysl*, 1906]. 79 p. Author's name before title: N. Lenin. – 116.

– Resolution of the II Paris Group of the RSDLP. [Leaflet]. [Paris, July 1911]. 2 p. (RSDLP). – 285, 339.

*Listok "Golosa Sotsial-Demokrata*", [Paris], 1911, no. 1, June 25, pp. 1–3. – 289.

*Listok Zagranichnogo Byuro Tsentralnogo Komiteta*, [Paris], 1911, no. 1, September 8, pp. 1–5. – 321.

Leaflet of the "Forward" Group on the Convocation of the Conference – see To All Party Members. (On the Situation of Affairs in the Party and the Convocation of the Party Conference).

Leaflet of the Organizational Commission – see To All Social-Democratic Party Organizations, Groups, and Circles.

Leaflet of the 58 – see To All Party Members from the Meeting of Mensheviks in Paris.

Litovcevf, S. In Parliamentary Circles. Impressions. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 80 (1676), March 23 (April 5), p. 2. – 214–215.

Maevskii, E. What Is "Liquidationism"? (Some Facts from the History of the Rise of the Question). – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 11–12, pp. 46–59. – 108, 111–112.

Manifesto [on the Institution of the State Duma. August 6 (19), 1905]. – *Pravitelstvennyi Vestnik*, St. Petersburg, 1905, no. 169, August 6 (19), p. 1. – 276.

Manifesto of June 3 (16), 1907 – see On the Dissolution of the State Duma…

Marx, K. and Engels, F. *Manifesto of the Communist Party*. December 1847 – January 1848. – 103–104.

Marx, K. Letter to F. A. Sorge. June 20, 1881. – 393, 395.

– Letter to F. A. Sorge. December 15, 1881. – 393, 394.

Martov, L. Notes of a Publicist. "Liquidationism" and "Prospects." – *Zhizn*, Moscow, 1910, no. 1, August 30, pp. 1–12. – 122, 193–202, 203–205, 206, 314–315, 317.

– Where Have We Come? – *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Paris], 1910, no. 23, November, pp. 9–13. – 42, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53, 182.

– Fundamental Provisions of the Platform. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 7–8, pp. 42–54. – 364, 365–367.

– Saviors or Liquidators? (Who and How Destroyed the RSDLP). Published by *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*. Paris, Gnatovsky press, 1911. 47 p. (RSDLP). – 288, 301.

Martov, L. and Dan, F. For Party Members. January 9, 1911. [Leaflet. Paris, 1911]. 1 p. – 61.

Martynov, A. Exposé Literature and Proletarian Struggle (*Iskra*, nos. 1–5). – *Rabochee Delo*, Geneva, 1901, no. 10, pp. 37–64. – 204.

– The Situation of Affairs in the Party. (Results of the CC Plenum). – *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Paris], 1910, no. 19–20, January – February, pp. 17–19. – 336.

Maslov, P. P. Economic Notes. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 10, pp. 13–28. – 94.

Meshnikov, M. Voices of Students. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 12549, February 17 (March 2), p. 5. – 147–148, 149, 150, 153, 156.

– An Unnecessary Anniversary. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 12512, January 11 (24), p. 3. – 142, 167, 178–179.

– Terror in the Countryside. – *Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 12404, September 23 (October 6), p. 2. – 76.

Milyukov, P. P. Intelligentsia and Historical Tradition. – In: *Intelligentsia in Russia. A Collection of Articles*. St. Petersburg, *Zemlya*, 1910, pp. 89–191. – 49.

Moscow, November 11. In Days of Sorrow. – *Golos Moskvy*, 1910, no. 260, November 11, p. 1. – 2.

Moscow, January 16. [Leading Article]. – *Russkie Vedomosti*, Moscow, 1911, no. 12, January 16, p. 2. – 134, 135, 136, 223.

Moscow, September 28. [Leading Article]. – *Russkie Vedomosti*, Moscow, 1911, no. 222, September 28, pp. 1–2. – 328, 369.

Moskovskii, A. Letter to the Editorial Office. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1909, no. 10, December 24 (January 6, 1910), pp. 3–4. Newspaper date: January 24/6. – 183.

"We Demand a Review." – *Zvezda*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 27, October 29, p. 1. – 385–386.

*Mysl*, Moscow, 1911, no. 2, January, pp. 37–49. – 187.

*Nakaz Gosudarstvennoi Dumy*. St. Petersburg, State Press, 1909. [1], 81 p. – 7.

*Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg. – 90, 94, 96, 106, 111, 112, 123, 130, 188–189, 191, 206, 209, 260, 265, 286, 292–293, 319, 320, 337–338, 358, 365, 409.

– 1910, nos. 1–12. – 108.

– 1910, no. 2, pp. 50–62. – 108–110, 113, 114–130, 337, 344.

– 1910, no. 4, pp. 80–89, 89–98. – 109–110, 113, 114, 129–132, 133.

– 1910, no. 7, pp. 22–34, 91–103. – 94, 110–111, 112, 113, 205, 283–284, 308–309, 366.

– 1910, no. 8–9, pp. 66–78. – 93, 94.

– 1910, no. 10. 100 p. – 90–94, 95, 113.

– 1910, no. 11–12. 136 p. – 94, 108, 111–112, 113.

– 1911, no. 2, pp. 62–75. – 208–211.

– 1911, no. 3, pp. 54–63. – 281–284.

– 1911, no. 6, pp. 39–54. – 364–365, 367.

– 1911, no. 7–8, pp. 42–54, 55–65. – 364, 365–367.

– 1911, no. 9–10, pp. 31–35. – 396–410, 414.

Nevedomskii, M. The Death of Leo Tolstoy. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 10, pp. 5–12. – 93–94, 95.

Nekrasov, N. A. *Scenes from the Comic Play "Bear Hunt"*. – 124.

*Novoe Vremya*, St. Petersburg. – 23, 90, 208.

– 1910, no. 12404, September 23 (October 6), p. 2. – 76.

– 1911, no. 12512, January 11 (24), p. 3. – 142, 167, 178–179.

– 1911, no. 12549, February 17 (March 2), p. 5. – 147–148, 149, 150, 153, 156.

– 1911, no. 12765, September 25 (October 8), p. 3. – 327, 369, 371.

– 1911, no. 12767, September 27 (October 10), p. 2. – 327, 369, 371.

[Nogin, V. P. Letter to the FBCC]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, no. 12, March 23 (April 5), p. 6, in article: Lenin, V. I. "The 'Voice' of the Liquidators Against the Party. Reply to *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*". Newspaper date: April 23/May 5. – 183, 184, 288.

On the Newspaper *Pravda*. [Resolution adopted at the plenum of the CC of the RSDLP in January 1910]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10, in section: From the Party. – 54.

On the Foreign Bureau of the CC. [Resolution adopted at the meeting of members of the CC of the RSDLP. 1911]. – In leaflet: Notice [of the Meeting of Members of the CC of the RSDLP. 1911]. N.p., [1911], p. 2. (RSDLP). – 288.

On Liquidationism. [Resolution adopted at the conference of Transcaucasian Social-Democratic Organizations]. – *Pravda*, [Vienna], 1911, no. 20, April 16 (29), p. 1. Under general heading: Toward the Rebirth of the Party! Conference of Transcaucasian Social-Democratic Organizations. – 345.

On the Dissolution of the State Duma, the Time of Convocation of a New Duma, and on Changes to the Order of Elections to the State Duma. Manifesto [June 3 (16), 1907]. – *Sobranie uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii pravitelstva, izdavaemoe pri pravitelstvuyushchem Senate*, St. Petersburg, 1907, no. 94, June 3. Section I, Article 845, pp. 1299–1302. – 383–384.

On Russian Sentiments. (Travel Impressions). – *Pravda*, [Vienna], 1910, no. 17, November 20 (December 3), pp. 2–3. Signed: V. K. – 45.

On the Contemporary Moment and the Tasks of the Party. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: *Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party on the Held Ordinary All-Party Conference*. [Published by the CC of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–5. (RSDLP). – 178, 180, 195, 196, 198, 204–205, 235, 295, 309–310, 312, 363, 366–367.

On the Convocation of the Ordinary All-Party Conference. [Resolution adopted at the plenum of the CC of the RSDLP in January 1910]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10, in section: From the Party. – 183, 292.

On the Convocation of the Party Conference. [Resolution adopted at the meeting of members of the CC of the RSDLP. 1911]. – In leaflet: Notice [of the Meeting of Members of the CC of the RSDLP. 1911]. N.p., [1911], p. 2. (RSDLP). – 288–289.

On Fractional Centers. [Resolution adopted at the plenum of the CC of the RSDLP in January 1910]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 11, in section: From the Party. – 26, 33–35, 50–51, 159.

[On Electoral Agreements with Other Parties. Resolution adopted at the Third Conference of the RSDLP ("Second All-Russian")]. – In leaflet: Notice of the Party Conference of July 21, 22, and 23, 1907. Published by the CC of the RSDLP. N.p., [1907], p. 3. (RSDLP). – 293.

*Obrazovanie*, St. Petersburg, 1907, no. 8, pp. 49–66; no. 9, pp. 26–43; no. 10, pp. 24–45. – 198, 199.

*Public Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century*. Edited by L. Martov, P. Maslov, and A. Potresov. Vols. I–IV. St. Petersburg, press "Public Benefit", 1909–1914. 5 volumes. – 130, 191, 400.

– Vol. I. Forerunners and Basic Causes of the Movement. St. Petersburg, press "Public Benefit", 1909. [5], 676 p. – 205, 282.

Olgin, V. To All Members of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. "In Impotent Rage!" May 18, 1911. [Leaflet]. Paris, 1911. 2 p. – 254.

– To All Members of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. On the Question of the Health of the Party. April 26, (new style) 1911. [Leaflet]. Paris, 1911. 1 p. – 254.

Organizational Question. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: *Notice of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party on the Held Ordinary All-Party Conference*. [Published by the CC of the RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–5. (RSDLP). – 292.

*Osvobozhdenie*, Paris. – 115.

*Otkliki Bunda*, [Geneva], 1910, no. 4, April, pp. 19–23. – 341.

Open Letter [of 16 Russian Menshevik-Liquidators]. – *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Paris], 1910, no. 19–20, January – February, pp. 23–24. – 48.

Tribute to the Memory of S. A. Muromtsev. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 284 (1522), October 16 (29), p. 5. Under general heading: State Duma. Session IV. Session 1. – 4, 5–6, 7.

Report of the Second Higher Social-Democratic Propaganda-Agitation School for Workers. (November 1910 – March 1911). Published by the "Forward" group. [Paris, cooperative press "Union"], 1911. 31 p. (RSDLP). – 350.

P. A. Stolypin. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 244 (1840), September 6 (19), p. 2. – 330–331, 371.

Petersburg. – *Russkie Vedomosti*, Moscow, 1910, no. 260, November 11, p. 4, in section: Latest News. – 1–2.

Petersburg, March 25. [Leading Article]. – *Zvezda*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 15, March 25, p. 1. – 212.

The Press. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 266 (1862), September 28 (October 11), p. 2. – 328, 369, 370.

The Press. – *Rech*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 268 (1864), September 30 (October 13), p. 2. – 373.

Piletskii, Ya. Passing Notes. – *Vozrozhdenie*, Moscow, 1910, no. 4, March 15, pp. 49–58. – 192.

Letter to the Editorial Office [of 66 Moscow Industrialists]. – *Russkie Vedomosti*, Moscow, 1911, no. 33, February 11, p. 3. – 147, 148, 149, 150, 156.

Letter to Party Organizations. (On the Ordinary Party Conference). – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), pp. 11–12. Signed: Central Committee of the RSDLP. – 272, 292.

Letter to Comrades. [Leaflet]. Paris, Gnatovsky press, [1911]. 2 p. (RSDLP). Signed: Editorial Office of *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*. – 184, 185.

[Letter of the Russian Bureau of the CC to the Foreign Bureau of the CC]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, no. 12, March 23 (April 5), p. 6, in article: Lenin, V. I. "The 'Voice' of the Liquidators Against the Party. (Reply to *Golos Sotsial-Demokrata*)". Newspaper date: April 23/May 5. – 181, 182–183, 288.

[Letter of the Russian Bureau of the CC to the Foreign Bureau of the CC]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1911, no. 21–22, March 19 (April 1), p. 11, in article: Lenin, V. I. "Destroyers of the Party in the Role of 'Destroyers of Legends'". – 288.

Platform of the 104 in the I State Duma – see Draft of Fundamental Provisions of a Land Law Submitted by 104 Members of the State Duma.

Platform of the 104 in the II State Duma – see Draft of Fundamental Provisions of Land Reform Submitted to the II State Duma from the Labour Group and the Peasant Union.

Plekhanov, G. V. Attention of the Central Committee. – *Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Geneva], 1910, no. 12, June, pp. 30–32. – 183, 287.

– A Tangled Explanation. (On the History of Our Liquidationism). – *Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Geneva], 1911, no. 11, March, pp. 22–24. – 183, 287.

– On the Question of the Development of a Monistic View of History. Reply to Mikhailovskii, Kareyev, and Co. St. Petersburg, 1895. 287 p. Author's name before title: N. Beltov. – 126.

– Legal Workers' Organizations and the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. – *Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Geneva], 1910, no. 12, July, pp. 1–26. – 290.

– The Last Plenary Session of Our Central Committee. – *Dnevnik Sotsial-Demokrata*, [Geneva], 1910, no. 11, March, pp. 1–20. – 303, 344, 351.

Attempt on P. A. Stolypin. – *Delo Zhizni*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 8, September 3, pp. 1–4. Signed: Ps. – 324.

State of Affairs in the Party. [Resolution adopted at the plenum of the CC of the RSDLP in January 1910]. – *Social-Democrat*, [Paris], 1910, no. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10, in section: From the Party. – 25, 26, 50, 59, 60, 157, 160, 260, 265, 286, 303, 320, 337, 340, 343, 350.

Regulations on Elections to the State Duma. August 6 (19), 1905. – *Pravitelstvennyi Vestnik*, St. Petersburg, 1905, no. 169, August 6 (19), pp. 2–4. – 276.

Regulations on Peasants Who Left Serf Dependence. February 19, 1861. St. Petersburg, 1861. 362 p. – 161.

Potresov, A. P. Critical Sketches. On Why Trifles Have Conquered. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 2, pp. 50–62. – 108–110, 113, 114–130, 337, 344.

– Critical Sketches. On the Subject of One Performance by One Nimble Person. – *Nasha Zarya*, St. Petersburg, 1910, no. 8–9, pp. 66–78. – 93, 94.

– Evolution of Socio-Political Thought in the Pre-Revolutionary Epoch. – In: *Public Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century*. Edited by L. Martov, P. Maslov, and A. Potresov. Vol. I. Forerunners and Basic Causes of the Movement. St. Petersburg, press "Public Benefit", 1909, pp. 538–640. – 205, 282.

*Pravda*, [Vienna]. – 45, 54, 57, 96, 289.

– 1910, no. 12, April 3 (16), pp. 2–3. – 337, 338, 341.

– 1910, no. 13, May 15 (28), pp. 2–3. – 319, 347.

– 1910, no. 17, November 20 (December 3), pp. 2–3. – 45.

– 1911, no. 20, April 16 (29), pp. 1, 5–6. – 345, 350.

– 1911, no. 21, June 25 (July 8), p. 6. – 347, 348.

The Chairmanship Crisis. – *Zvezda*, St. Petersburg, 1911, no. 15, March 25, p. 3. Under general heading: State Duma. – 212.

*Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party*. – In: *The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (held in 1907). Complete Text of Minutes*. Published by the CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 12–16. (RSDLP). – 238, 290, 362–363.

*Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Adopted at the Second Congress of the Party*. – In: *The Second Ordinary Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Minutes*. Published by the CC. Geneva, party press, [1904], pp. 1–6. (RSDLP). – 238.

[Draft of Fundamental Provisions [of a Land Law Submitted by 104 Members of the State Duma]]. – In: *Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I. Sessions 1

Resolution on the Attitude Toward Non-Proletarian Parties, [adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: The London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (held in 1907). Complete text of protocols. Published by the CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 454–455. (RSDLP). – 293, 367–368.

Resolution on Reports, [adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. — In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party concerning the held regular all-party conference. [Published by the CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 4. (RSDLP). – 111.

Resolution adopted by the Vienna party social-democratic club on April 17, 1910. [Leaflet]. N.p., [1910]. 1 p. – 337, 338, 341.

Resolution adopted at the general assembly of the party social-democratic club in Vienna on November 26, 1910. [Leaflet]. N.p., [1910]. 2 pp. – 44–46, 47, 52, 53–54, 55–56, 57, 58, 59, 158.

Rescript [of Nicholas II], issued in the name of the chairman of the council of ministers, minister of internal affairs... P. A. Stolypin. February 19, 1911. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 49 (1645), February 19 (March 4), p. 10. – 171.

"Rech'," St. Petersburg. – 59, 115, 138, 152, 331.

– 1909, No. 167 (1045), June 21 (July 4), p. 3. – 329, 330, 368, 372–373.

– 1910, No. 273 (1511), October 5 (18), p. 3. – 7.

– 1910, No. 284 (1522), October 16 (29), p. 5. – 4, 5–6, 7.

– 1910, No. 307 (1545), November 8 (21), p. 4. – 38.

– 1910, No. 310 (1548), November 11 (24), pp. 1–2, 4. – 2.

– 1911, No. 19 (1615), January 20 (February 2), p. 2. – 137–138.

– 1911, No. 20 (1616), January 21 (February 3), pp. 1–2. – 134, 135, 136, 138, 201–202, 223.

– 1911, No. 44 (1640), February 14 (27), pp. 2–3. – 150, 151, 153–154, 156.

– 1911, No. 49 (1645), February 19 (March 4), pp. 1, 10. – 171.

– 1911, No. 78 (1674), March 21 (April 3), p. 2. – 212–213.

– 1911, No. 80 (1676), March 23 (April 5), p. 2. – 214–215.

– 1911, No. 100 (1696), April 14 (27), pp. 1–2. – 279, 280, 281.

– 1911, No. 114 (1710), April 28 (May 11), pp. 1, 3–6. – 246–250.

– 1911, No. 244 (1840), September 6 (19), p. 2. – 330–331, 371.

– 1911, No. 266 (1862), September 28 (October 11), p. 2. – 328, 369, 370.

– 1911, No. 268 (1864), September 30 (October 13), p. 2. – 373.

– 1911, No. 291 (1885), October 23 (November 5), pp. 2, 4, 6, 7. – 377–380.

"Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 293 (1889), October 25 (November 7), pp. 1–2, 3, 5. – 374, 375, 376, 377–378.

[Rozhkov, P. A.] The Current Situation in Russia and the Fundamental Task of the Workers' Movement at the Present Moment. – "Nasha Zarya," St. Petersburg, 1911, Nos. 9–10, pp. 31–35. Signed: N. Rozh—kov. – 396–410, 414.

"Rossiya," St. Petersburg. – 49, 151–152.

– 1910, No. 1530, November 12 (25), p. 1. – 2.

– 1911, No. 1587, January 20 (February 2), p. 1. – 134, 135, 138.

– 1911, No. 1611, February 17 (March 2), p. 2. – 148.

"Russkaya Mysl'," Moscow. – 172.

– 1910, Book VIII, pp. 63–72. – 93, 124.

Russian Press. – "Rossiya," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 1611, February 17 (March 2), p. 2. – 148.

"Russkie Vedomosti," Moscow. – 138, 152.

– 1910, No. 260, November 11, p. 4. – 1–2.

– 1910, No. 261, November 12, pp. 2–3. – 1–2.

– 1911, No. 12, January 16, p. 2. – 134, 135, 136, 223.

– 1911, No. 33, February 11, p. 3. – 147, 148, 149, 150, 156.

– 1911, No. 222, September 28, pp. 1–2, 4. – 328, 369.

– 1911, No. 236, October 14, p. 2. – 389, 393.

Russian Deputies in England. Speeches at a breakfast at the Lord Mayor's. London, June 19 (July 2). – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 167 (1045), June 21 (July 4), p. 3. – 329, 330, 368, 372–373.

"Russkoe Bogatstvo," St. Petersburg. – 210.

Lynch Justice. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 293 (1889), October 25 (November 7), p. 3. – 378.

St. Petersburg. – "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1911, No. 23, September 14 (1), p. 7. Under general title: From the camp of Stolypin's "workers'" party. (Dedicated to our "conciliators" and "compromisers"). Signed: K. – 319.

St. Petersburg, November 11. [Editorial]. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 310 (1548), November 11 (24), pp. 1–2. – 2.

St. Petersburg, November 11. [Editorial]. – "Rossiya," St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 1530, November 12 (25), p. 1. – 2.

St. Petersburg, January 19. [Editorial]. – "Rossiya," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 1587, January 20 (February 2), p. 1. – 134, 135, 138.

St. Petersburg, January 20. [Editorial]. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 19 (1615), January 20 (February 2), p. 2. – 137–138.

St. Petersburg, January 21. [Editorial]. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 20 (1616), January 21 (February 3), pp. 1–2. – 134, 135, 136, 138, 201–202, 223.

St. Petersburg, April 14. [Editorial]. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 100 (1696), April 14 (27), pp. 1–2. – 279, 280, 281.

St. Petersburg, April 28. [Editorial]. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 114 (1710), April 28 (May 11), p. 1. – 246.

St. Petersburg, October 25. [Editorial]. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 293 (1889), October 25 (November 7), pp. 1–2. – 374, 375, 376.

"Slovo," St. Petersburg, 1909, No. 791, May 10 (23), p. 3. – 23.

Conference of Activists of Legal Workers' Organizations. – "Listok 'Golosa Sotsial-Demokrata'," [Paris], 1911, No. 1, June 25, pp. 1–3. – 289.

Conference at the Foreign Bureau of the CC. – "Listok Zagranichnogo Byuro Tsentral'nogo Komiteta," [Paris], 1911, No. 1, September 8, p. 1. – 321.

The Current Situation and Tasks of the Party. A Platform Worked Out by a Group of Bolsheviks. Published by the group "Forward." Paris, cooperative printing house "Union," [1909]. 32 pp. (RSDLP). – 31, 44, 45, 56–57.

"Sotsial-Demokrat," [Vilna – St. Petersburg – Paris – Geneva]. – 29–30, 31, 44, 47, 48, 49, 52, 54–55, 56, 158, 253, 262, 263, 267, 286, 289, 295, 346, 348.

– 1909, No. 10, December 24 (January 6, 1910), pp. 3–4. Newspaper dated: January 24/6. – 183.

– 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), pp. 10–12. – 25, 26, 27, 28, 33–35, 43, 50–51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 105, 107, 157, 159, 160, 182–183, 260, 264, 265, 270, 271, 272, 286, 287, 288, 291, 292, 302, 303, 320, 337, 340, 341, 343, 349, 350, 351, 363.

– 1910, No. 12, March 23 (April 5), pp. 5–6. Newspaper dated: March 23/April 5. – 106, 181, 182–183, 184, 288.

– 1910, No. 18, November 16 (29). 12 pp. – 1.

– 1911, Nos. 21–22, March 19 (April 1), p. 11. – 288.

– 1911, No. 23, September 14 (1), p. 7. – 319.

– 1911, No. 24, October 18 (31), pp. 2–3. – 368.

Stenographic Reports, [of the State Duma]. 1908. Second Session. Part I. Sessions 1–35 (from October 15 to December 20, 1908). St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1908. XIV pp., 3152 cols. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 155–156, 372–373.

Stenographic Reports, [of the State Duma]. 1910. Third Session. Part IV. Sessions 95–131 (from April 26 to June 17, 1910). St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1910. XXX pp., 3790 cols. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 98.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1910. Fourth Session. Parts I–III. St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1910–1911. 3 vols. (State Duma. Third Convocation).

– Part I. Sessions 1–38 (from October 15 to December 17, 1910). XV pp., 3368 cols. – 129.

– Part II. Sessions 39–73 (from January 17 to March 5, 1911). XIX pp., 3722 cols. – 178.

– Part III. Sessions 74–113 (from March 7 to May 13, 1911). XL pp., 4828 cols., 8 pp. – 215–216, 274–275, 276.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1911. Fifth Session. Part I. Sessions 1–41 (from October 15 to December 10, 1911). St. Petersburg, state printing house, 1911. XX pp., 3830 cols. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 376, 384–385.

[Taratuta, V. K.] To the Party. — In: [Kamenev, L. V.] Two Parties. With a preface by N. Lenin and appendix of letters and statements by comrades V. Vil'yamov, Al. Vlasov, Innokentiev, E. and a group of workers. Published by the editorial board of "Rabochaya Gazeta." [Paris], 1911, pp. I – XVI, in section: Documents. I. (RSDLP). Signed: Viktor Vil'yamov-Sergeev. Before the book title, author: Yu. Kamenev. – 296.

[Telegram of the social-democratic fraction of the III State Duma addressed to V. G. Chertkov]. — "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 307 (1545), November 8 (21), p. 4. Under general title: In the State Duma. – 38.

Comrades, Listeners of the School of the "Forward" Group. [Leaflet]. N.p., [1911]. 3 pp. Signed: Committee of the All-Party School at the CC. Hectographed. – 96, 159.

Tolstoy, L. N. Anna Karenina. Vol. II. — In: [Tolstoy, L. N.]. Works of Count L. N. Tolstoy. Part 10. Anna Karenina. Vol. II. 5th edition. Moscow, Volchaninovtype., 1886. 462 pp. – 100–101, 102.

– Education and Learning. — In: [Tolstoy, L. N.] Works of Count L. N. Tolstoy. Part 4. Pedagogical Articles. 5th edition. Moscow, Volchaninovtype., 1886, pp. 104–150. – 102.

– From the Notes of Prince D. Nekhlyudov. Lucerne. — In: [Tolstoy, L. N.] Works of Count L. N. Tolstoy. Part 2. Novellas and Short Stories. 5th edition. Moscow, Mamonov type., 1886, pp. 95–126. – 101.

– The Kreutzer Sonata. Moscow, 1889. 103 pp. Lithographic edition. – 102.

– On the Meaning of Life. Thoughts of L. N. Tolstoy, collected by V. Chertkov. Published by "Free Word." No. 56. Christchurch, Hants, Tchertkoff, 1901. 54 pp. – 102.

– Progress and the Definition of Education. (Reply to Mr. Markov. "Russian Herald," 1862, No. 5). — In: [Tolstoy, L. N.] Works of Count L. N. Tolstoy. Part 4. Pedagogical Articles. 5th edition. Moscow, Volchaninovtype., 1886, pp. 151–190. – 102, 103.

– Slavery of Our Times. Published by "Free Word." No. 43. Purleigh, Maldon, Essex, Tchertkoff, 1900. 79 pp. – 101–102.

An Anxious Mood. – "Golos Moskvy," 1910, No. 260, November 11, p. 4. – 2.

[Trotsky, L. D.] A European Workers' Newspaper in the Russian Language. – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1911, No. 21, June 25 (July 8), p. 6. – 347, 348.

– Toward Unity – Over All Obstacles! – "Pravda," [Vienna], 1910, No. 12, April 3 (16), pp. 2–3. – 337, 338, 341.

Turgenev, I. S. Fathers and Sons. – 124.

Charter of the CC, [adopted at the plenum of the CC of the RSDLP in January 1910]. — "Sotsial-Demokrat," [Paris], 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10, in section: From the Party. – 52, 53, 260, 287.

Establishment of the State Duma. [August 6 (19), 1905]. – "Pravitel'stvennyy Vestnik," St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 169, August 6 (19), pp. 1–2. – 276.

[The Faction of "People's Freedom" Resolved to Vote for M. M. Alekseenko...]. — "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 78 (1674), March 21 (April 3), p. 2, in section: Chronicle. – 212.

Tsaritsyn, October 22. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 291 (1885), October 23 (November 5), p. 4. Under general title: Telegrams. From Our Correspondents. – 378.

Chatsky, Yu. Time to Begin! – "Nasha Zarya," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 6, pp. 39–54. – 364–365, 367.

*Cherevain, N. The London Congress of the RSDLP. 1907. With appendix of adopted resolutions and their drafts. [St. Petersburg], "Struggle," [1907]. 102 pp. – 112.

– Several Fundamental Questions of Marxism. – "Nasha Zarya," St. Petersburg, 1910, No. 7, pp. 22–34. – 94.

– Reply to P. Maslov. – "Nasha Zarya," St. Petersburg, 1910, Nos. 11–12, pp. 26–35. – 94.

Chernyshevsky, N. G. Prologue. – 175.

[Shklovsky, I. V.] Hyndman's Notes. – "Russkie Vedomosti," Moscow, 1911, No. 236, October 14, p. 2. – 389, 393.

Elf. The Struggle Against Hunger. From Chistopol District, Kazan Province. – "Rech'," St. Petersburg, 1911, No. 291 (1885), October 23 (November 5), p. 6. – 377–378.

Engels, F. Anti-Dühring. The Revolution in Science Effected by Mr. Eugen Dühring. 1876–1878. – 125–126.

– Introduction to the Work of K. Marx "The Class Struggle in France from 1848 to 1850." March 6, 1895. – 16–17.

– Letter to F. A. Sorge. November 29, 1886. – 84.

– Letter to F. A. Sorge. December 7, 1889. – 84.

– Letter to F. A. Sorge. June 10, 1891. – 84, 230–231.

– Letter to F. A. Sorge. March 18, 1893. – 230–231.

– Letter to F. A. Sorge. May 12, 1894. – 230–231.

– Letter to F. A. Sorge. November 10, 1894. – 230–231.

– Letter to F. Kelly-Wischnewetzky. December 28, 1887. – 84.

– Socialism in Germany. Around October 24 and end of December 1891. – 16–17.

"L'Avenir" ("The Future"), Paris, 1911, No. 1, October 22, p. 2. – 382.

– 1911, No. 5, November 19, p. 3. – 386.

Bebel, A. From My Life. Vol. 1. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1910. VIII, 221 pp. – 312–314.

Bernstein, E. Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1899. X, 188 pp. – 111, 114, 308.

The Birmingham conference. Annual gathering of the Independent Labour Party. – "The Labour Leader," London, 1911, No. 16, April 21, pp. 244–247, 252. – 231–233.

"Daily Mail," London, 1911, April. – 231–233.

Dumas, Ch. Préface à la Revision. – "L'Avenir" ("The Future"), Paris, 1911, No. 5, November 19, p. 3. – 386.

"L'Humanité," Paris, 1911, No. 2459, January 10, p. 2. – 97, 98.

Hyndman, H. M. England for all. Dedicated to the democratic and working men's clubs of Great Britain and Ireland. London, Gilbert et Rivington, 1881. VI, 194 p. – 394, 395.

– The Record of an Adventurous Life. London, Macmillan, 1911. X, 460 p. – 389–395.

"Justice," London, 1911, No. 1, 423, April 22, pp. 5–6. – 229–230.

"Der Kampf," [Vienna], 1909, year 2, 10th issue, July 1, p. 452. – 126–127, 129.

Karski, J. Ein Mißverständnis. – "Die Neue Zeit," Stuttgart, 1910–1911, year 29, vol. 1, No. 4, October 28, pp. 100–107. – 18.

Kautsky, K. Ein Brief über Marx und Mach. Berlin – Friedenau, March 26, 1909. – "Der Kampf," [Vienna], 1909, year 2, 10th issue, July 1, p. 452. – 126–127, 129.

"The Labour Leader," London, 1911, No. 16, April 21, pp. 243, 244–247, 252. – 231–233.

[Luxemburg, R. and others. The Draft Resolution on the Question of the Right to Vote, introduced at the Party Congress of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany in Magdeburg]. — In: Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany. Held in Magdeburg from September 18 to 24, 1910. Berlin, Publishing House "Vorwärts," 1910, pp. 181–182. – 18.

Man, H., de and Brouckère, L., de. Die Arbeiterbewegung in Belgien. Stuttgart, Singer, [1911]. 72 pp. (Supplementary volumes to "Die Neue Zeit," No. 9, 1910/1911. Published March 10, 1911). – 206.

Martov, L. Die preußische Diskussion und die russische Erfahrung. – "Die Neue Zeit," Stuttgart, 1910, year 28, vol. 2, No. 51, September 16, pp. 907–919. – 18.

Marx, K. Le capital. Translation by M. J. Roy, entirely revised by the author. Paris, Lachatre, [1872–1875]. 352 p. – 390, 394.

[Marx, K. The letter to Hyndman. December 8, 1880]. – In: Hyndman, H. M. The Record of an Adventurous Life. London, Macmillan, 1911, pp. 284–285. – 394.

Mills, J. F. The case against. – "The Labour Leader," London, 1911, No. 16, April 21, p. 243. Under general title: Arms and the worker. – 231.

"Die Neue Zeit," Stuttgart, 1910, year 28, vol. 2, No. 51, September 16, pp. 907–919. – 18.

– 1910–1911, year 29, vol. 1, No. 4, October 28, pp. 100–107. – 18.

Panneckoek, A. Die taktischen Differenzen in der Arbeiterbewegung. Hamburg, Dubber, 1909. 132 pp. – 64–65, 68–69.

Program of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany, decided at the Party Congress in Erfurt 1891. — In: Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany. Held in Erfurt from October 14 to 20, 1891. Berlin, "Vorwärts," 1891, pp. 3–6. – 204, 239.

Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany. Held in Hanover from October 9 to 14, 1899. Berlin, "Vorwärts," 1899. 304 pp. – 204.

Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany. Held in Magdeburg from September 18 to 24, 1910. Berlin, Publishing House "Vorwärts," 1910. 507 pp. – 10–15, 17, 18.

Roubanovitch, E. Death of Deputy Vasily Karaouloff. The Career of a Russian Terrorist. – "L'Humanité," Paris, 1911, No. 2459, January 10, p. 2. – 97, 98.

Die S. D. P. und Kriegsrüstungen. – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1911, No. 94, April 22, p. 1. – 231.

"Sozialistische Monatshefte," Berlin. – 13–14, 18.

The Thirty-first annual conference. – "Justice," London, 1911, No. 1, 423, April 22, pp. 5–6. – 229–230.

"Vorwärts," Berlin. – 96.

– 1911, No. 94, April 22, p. 1. – 231.

Wake, E. P. The case for. – "The Labour Leader," London, 1911, No. 16, April 21, p. 243. Under general title: Arms and the worker. – 231.

Index of Names

A

Adrianov – Menshevik liquidator, in 1910–1911 was abroad. – 268.

Eisenstadt, I. L. (Yudin) (1867–1937) – one of the leaders of the Bund. From 1902 – member of the Bund CC, worked in Minsk and Odessa. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – active Menshevik. Responded with hostility to the October Socialist Revolution. In 1922 emigrated to Germany, where he headed a Bund group that conducted a slanderous campaign against the USSR. – 253–254, 262, 263.

Akselrod, P. B. (1850–1928) – one of the leaders of Menshevism; in 1883 participated in the creation of the group "Liberation of Labor." From 1900 – member of the editorial board of "Iskra" and "Zarya." After the II Congress of the RSDLP – active Menshevik. In 1905 put forward an opportunistic idea of convening a "workers' congress," which he opposed to the party of the proletariat. During the period of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of the liquidators, was on the editorial board of the Menshevik-liquidator newspaper "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata"; in 1912 participated in the anti-party August Bloc. During the First World War – centrist. After the February Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility; while in emigration, propagandized armed intervention against Soviet Russia. – 48, 120, 188–189, 296.

Alexander II (Romanov) (1818–1881) – Russian emperor (1855–1881). – 173.

Alexander III (Romanov) (1845–1894) – Russian emperor (1881–1894). – 329.

Aleksandrov – see Semashko, N. A.

Alekseenko, M. M. (b. 1848) – Octobrist, large landowner. From 1879 – professor of financial law at Kharkov University, in 1891–1899 – rector of Kharkov University. In 1901–1906 – curator of the Kharkov Educational District. Deputy of the III and IV State Dumas from Ekaterinoslav Province; in the Dumas was chairman of the budget commission. – 212–213, 214.

Antonius of Volhynia (Khrapovitsky, A. P. [49]) (1863–1936) – rabid reactionary, head of the extreme right direction in the Russian Orthodox Church, one of the most prominent conductors of the reactionary policy of tsarism. From 1902 was bishop of Volhynia, later – archbishop of Kharkov. During the Civil War and foreign military intervention collaborated with Denikin. After the defeat of the counter-revolution fled abroad, becoming one of the leaders of the monarchist emigration. – 23, 330.

Arkady – see Kalinin, F. I.

Auer (Auer), Ignatz (1846–1907) – German Social-Democrat, by profession a worker-shoemaker. From 1874 was secretary of the party of the Eisenachers, and after their union with the Lassalleans in 1875 – secretary of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. In 1877–1878 edited the Social-Democratic newspaper "Berliner Freie Presse"; repeatedly elected to the Reichstag. Later moved to positions of reformism, became one of the leaders of the opportunistic wing of German Social-Democracy. – 204.

B

Babushkin, I. V. (1873–1906) – worker, then professional revolutionary, Bolshevik (see this volume, pp. 79–83). – 79–83.

Bazarov (Rudnev), V. A. (1874–1939) – economist and philosopher, participated in the Social-Democratic movement from 1896. In 1905–1907 Bazarov participated in a number of Bolshevik publications; in the period of reaction withdrew from Bolshevism, was one of the revisionists of Marxist philosophy. V. I. Lenin called him "a semi-Berkeleyan, semi-Humean of the Machist sect" (Works, 5th ed., vol. 18, p. 111). In 1917 – Menshevik-internationalist, one of the editors of the semi-Menshevik newspaper "New Life"; opposed the October Socialist Revolution. From 1921 Bazarov worked in the USSR Gosplan. In 1931 was condemned in the case of a counter-revolutionary Menshevik organization; in 1932 was released. – 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 109–110, 111, 114, 121–122, 129–130, 131–132, 133.

Bebel (Bebel), August (1840–1913) – one of the most prominent figures of German Social-Democracy and the international workers' movement. Began his political activities in the first half of the 60s; was a member of the I International. In 1869 together with W. Liebknecht founded the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party (the "Eisenachers"); repeatedly elected to the Reichstag. In the 90s and early 900s spoke against reformism and revisionism in the ranks of German Social-Democracy. V. I. Lenin considered his speeches against the Bernsteinists "a model of upholding Marxist views and fighting for the truly socialist character of the workers' party" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 19, p. 268). In the final period of his activity Bebel allowed a number of centrist errors. – 11, 12, 13, 14–16, 17, 145, 312–314.

Belousov, T. O. (b. 1875) – Menshevik-liquidator, deputy of the III State Duma from Irkutsk Province. In February 1912 withdrew from the Social-Democratic fraction of the Duma, but did not resign his deputy mandates. V. I. Lenin sharply condemned Belousov's behavior in the article "Concerning the Withdrawal of Deputy T. O. Belousov from the S.D. Duma Fraction" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 17, pp. 467–471). – 129.

Beltov – see Plekhanov, G. V.

Ber – see Liber, M. I.

Berdyaev, N. A. (1874–1948) – reactionary philosopher-idealist and mystic. In his first literary works stood on the positions of "legal Marxism," then became an open enemy of Marxism. In 1905 joined the Cadet party; during the period of reaction was one of the representatives of the religious-philosophical current of God-seeking, participated in the counter-revolutionary collection "Landmarks." After the October Socialist Revolution defended feudalism and medieval scholasticism, seeing in them the only salvation from growing communism. In 1922 for counter-revolutionary activity was exiled abroad, where he was one of the ideologists of the White emigration. – 249.

Berezovsky, A. E. (Berezovsky 1st) (b. 1868) – landowner, Cadet, zemstvo figure, by profession an agronomist. Deputy of the III State Duma from Simbirsk Province. In the Duma was a member of food, land, and other commissions. From 1918 worked in his specialty. – 155–156, 373.

Burns (Burns), John Elliot (1858–1943) – English political figure. In the 80s – one of the leaders of trade unions. Was a member of the English Social-Democratic Federation, but soon withdrew from it. In 1892 was elected to parliament, where he spoke against the interests of the working class, for cooperation with capitalists. In 1905–1914 – minister of local government, and then – minister of commerce (1914). V. I. Lenin characterized Burns as one of the "direct traitors of the working class, sold to the bourgeoisie for a ministerial position" (Works, 5th ed., vol. 17, p. 239). In 1914 withdrew from office. – 280.

Bernstein (Bernstein), Eduard (1850–1932) – leader of the extreme opportunistic wing of German Social-Democracy and of the II International, theorist of revisionism and reformism. Participated in the Social-Democratic movement from the mid-70s. From 1881 to 1889 – editor of the central organ of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany "Der Sozialdemokrat." In 1896–1898 published in the journal "Die Neue Zeit" a series of articles entitled "Problems of Socialism," later published as a book "The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social-Democracy," where he openly came out with a revision of the philosophical, economic, and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism. "The opportunist has unlearned how to think even of the revolution of the proletariat," wrote V. I. Lenin, with Bernstein in mind (Works, 4th ed., vol. 25, p. 400). Bernstein declared the sole task of the workers' movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at "improving" the economic position of workers under capitalism, put forward the opportunistic formula: "the movement is everything, the final goal is nothing." During the First World War stood on social-chauvinist positions. In subsequent years Bernstein continued his struggle against Marxism, supported the policy of imperialist bourgeoisie, opposed the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet State. – 114, 199, 204, 297, 308.

Bismarck (Bismarck), Otto Eduard Leopold (1815–1898) – statesman and diplomat of Prussia and Germany. Bismarck's main goal was the unification "by blood and iron" of the small scattered German states and the creation of a unified German Empire under the hegemony of the Junker Prussia. In January 1871 Bismarck took the post of Reich Chancellor of the German Empire and for twenty years directed all of Germany's foreign and domestic policy, directing it in the interests of the Junker landowners, while trying at the same time to ensure an alliance of the Junkers with big business. Failing to crush the workers' movement with the help of the exceptional law against socialists passed by him in 1878, Bismarck came forward with a demagogic program of social legislation, introducing laws for compulsory insurance of certain categories of workers. However, the attempt to decompose the workers' movement with meager handouts was unsuccessful. In 1890 he was retired. – 144, 219, 312.

Bloch (Bloch), Joseph (1871–1936) – German Social-Democrat, revisionist, man of letters. In 1897–1933 was editor and publisher of the main organ of German opportunists, the journal "Sozialistische Monatshefte." In 1933, after the Fascists seized power, emigrated to Czechoslovakia. – 13.

Bobrishchev-Pushkin, A. V. (Gromoboi) (b. 1875) – lawyer, at first belonged to the party of law and order, then to the "Union of October 17," in which he was a member of the Central Committee. Contributed to Octobrist organs – the newspapers "Golos Moskvy" and "Golos Pravdy." After the October Socialist Revolution participated in the counter-revolutionary campaign of General Denikin, then emigrated abroad. In emigration participated in the collection "Change of Landmarks," contributed to the journal of the same name. In 1923, after the Soviet government granted Bobrishchev-Pushkin's request for amnesty, he returned to the Soviet Union and engaged in legal practice. – 147, 149–150, 153, 156, 223–224, 226–227.

Bogdanov, A. (Malinovsky, A. A., Maksimov, N.) (1873–1928) – Social-Democrat, philosopher, sociologist, economist, by education a physician. After the II Congress of the RSDLP joined the Bolsheviks. During the period of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge headed the otzovists, was leader of the anti-party group "Forward." In questions of philosophy attempted to create his own system – "empirimonism" (a variety of subjectively-idealistic Machist philosophy), which Lenin sharply criticized in his work "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism." At the Meeting of the Extended Editorial Board of the newspaper "Proletarian" in June 1909 Bogdanov was expelled from the ranks of the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution was one of the organizers and leaders of "Proletkult." From 1926 – director of the Institute of Blood Transfusion founded by him. – 45–46, 271.

Bogdanov, B. O. (b. 1884) – Menshevik-liquidator, member of the "initiative" group created by the liquidators in Petersburg at the end of 1910. Contributed to liquidator journals "New Printed Matter," "Our Dawn," "Life's Cause." During the First World War – defensist, one of the organizers of the Military-Industrial Committees. – 208–211.

Bodman (Bodman), Johann Heinrich (1851–1929) – German bourgeois statesman, baron. In 1907–1917 – minister of internal affairs, and from December 1917 – head of government in the Grand Duchy of Baden, relied on national-liberal circles. After the November Revolution in Germany in 1918 retired. – 11, 12.

Brentano (Brentano), Lujo (1844–1931) – German bourgeois economist, from 1896 professor of political economy at Munich University; supporter of "chair socialism," which preached the rejection of class struggle and the possibility through the organization of reformist trade unions and factory legislation of resolving social contradictions in capitalist society and reconciling the interests of workers and capitalists. On the agrarian question defended the reactionary "theory" of the stability of small farming in agriculture and the pseudo-scientific bourgeois "law of diminishing soil fertility." Defended the interests of capitalist monopolies. – 111.

Briand (Briand), Aristide (1862–1932) – French statesman and diplomat. For some time attached himself to the left wing of the Socialists. In 1902 entered parliament and became openly hostile to the working class, a reactionary bourgeois politician. Being excluded from the Socialist party, he joined a group of "independent socialists," which in 1911 took the name "republican socialist party." In 1909 Briand became premier of the "cabinet of three renegades" (Briand – Millerand – Viviani). In 1913, 1915–1917, 1921–1922 – Prime Minister; in 1924 was France's representative in the League of Nations. In 1925 participated in the conclusion of the Locarno Treaties, directed against the USSR. In 1926–1931 directed French foreign policy. – 280.

Brodsky, B. B. (b. 1889) – was a member of the RSDLP; from 1904 was a secret informant of the Warsaw and then Petersburg security bureau. – 381, 382–383, 385.

Bronstein, P. A. (Yurii, Chatsky, Yu.) (b. 1881) – Social-Democrat, Menshevik. During the period of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator; was editor of the liquidator journal "Life's Cause," contributed to newspapers "Nevsky Golos," "Luch," and other organs of the Menshevik-liquidators. V. I. Lenin called Bronstein an "open renegade." In 1917 – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks in Petrograd, was on the editorial board of the central organ of the Mensheviks "Rabochaya Gazeta." After the October Socialist Revolution conducted counter-revolutionary work in the south of the country, later emigrated abroad. – 29, 30, 42, 48, 53, 181, 182–183, 184, 256, 259, 262, 263–264, 271, 288, 301, 322, 344, 345, 351, 364, 365, 367, 368.

Brouckère (Brouckère), Louis, de (b. 1870) – one of the leaders and theorists of the Belgian Workers' Party; before the First World War headed its left wing. During the First World War – rabid social-chauvinist. After the war – member of the bureau of the General Council of the party and member of the Executive Committee of the II International. Later entered the government, was a senator, Belgium's representative in the League of Nations. From 1919 – professor at the University of Brussels; from 1926 – member of the Belgian Academy. Spoke against the Soviet State and the Bolshevik party. – 206.

Bulat (Bulota), A. A. (1872–1941) – Lithuanian public figure, deputy of the II and III State Dumas from Suvalki Province. In the Dumas was in the Laborites faction; in the III State Duma was the leader of that faction. In 1912–1915 – lawyer in Vilnius; from 1915 to 1917 was in the USA. Upon returning to Petrograd was co-opted into the compromising CEC of the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies from the Socialist-Revolutionary party.

In 1940, after the overthrow of the Fascist regime in Lithuania, was a member of the republican electoral commission for elections to the People's Seimas. In 1940–1941 – head of the legal department of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1941 shot by German occupiers. – 215.

Bulygin, A. G. (1851–1919) – statesman of Tsarist Russia, large landowner. In 1900–1904 – assistant to the Moscow Governor-General; actively aided the activities of the Zubatov secret police. In 1905 – minister of internal affairs, directed the preparation of a draft law on the convening of an advisory State Duma with the aim of weakening the rising revolutionary upsurge in the country. However, this Duma was not convened, being swept away by revolution. After the Tsar's manifesto of October 17, 1905, Bulygin retired, remaining a member of the State Council, and actually left the political scene. – 276.

Burenin, V. P. (1841–1926) – reactionary publicist and man of letters. From 1876 was on the editorial board of the newspaper "New Times," headed the venal literary clique of the "New Times-ists." V. I. Lenin frequently used the name Burenin to denote dishonorable methods of polemics. – 195, 196.

Burtsev, V. L. (1862–1936) – participated in the revolutionary movement of the 80s, was close to the Populists. After arrest fled abroad, where he engaged in collecting and publishing documents of the revolutionary movement. Edited the newspapers "Free Russia," "The Future," and the journal "Byloe," engaged in exposing secret police documents. Before the first Russian revolution was close to the Socialist-Revolutionaries; after the defeat of the revolution supported the Cadets. During the First World War – rabid chauvinist, renounced all opposition to tsarism, returned to Russia, sided with counter-revolution against the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated abroad, participated in creating White Guard-monarchist organizations for struggle against the USSR. – 382.

V

V. V. – see Vorontsov, V. P.

Viktor – see Taratuta, V. K.

Willich (Willich), August (1810–1878) – participant in the revolutionary movement in Germany. In 1847 joined the League of Communists. During the 1848–1849 revolution in Germany participated in a number of armed uprisings of South German republicans. After the defeat of the uprising emigrated to Switzerland, then to England. Was one of the leaders of a sectarian-adventurist faction that split off from the League of Communists in 1850. K. Marx and F. Engels spoke out against Willich's tactics and those of his supporters. In 1853 went to the USA, where he actively participated in the Civil War (1861–1865), holding various commanding posts in the Northern army. – 200–201.

Wilhelm I (Hohenzollern) (1797–1888) – king of Prussia (from 1861); German emperor (1871–1888). – 312.

Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern) (1859–1941) – German emperor and king of Prussia (1888–1918). – 229.

Witte, S. Y. (1849–1915) – statesman expressing the interests of "military-feudal imperialism" of Tsarist Russia, convinced supporter of autocracy, who sought to preserve the monarchy through minor concessions to liberal bourgeoisie and cruel repressions against the people; one of the organizers of the suppression of the 1905–1907 revolution. As minister of communications (February – August 1892), minister of finance (1892–1903), chairman of the Council of Ministers (October 1905 – April 1906), Witte by his measures in the sphere of finance, tariff policy, railway construction, factory legislation, and extensive encouragement of foreign investments promoted the development of capitalism in Russia and increased her dependence on imperialist powers. "Minister-broker," "agent of the stock exchange" – thus V. I. Lenin characterized him. – 98, 277, 327, 369, 371, 375.

Voiloshnikov, A. A. (1877–1930) – member of the III State Duma from the military population of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Army, was in the Social-Democratic fraction, sided with the Bolsheviks. For his speeches on the statute concerning military service Voiloshnikov was excluded by the Chairman of the Duma for 15 sessions. In 1911–1912 contributed to Bolshevik newspapers "Zvezda" and "Pravda." From 1913 – chairman of the board of the Trans-Baikal Provincial Union of Cooperatives. After the October Socialist Revolution was engaged in economic work in Novosibirsk, Saratov, Kazan, and Moscow. – 215.

Volkonsky, V. M. (b. 1868) – prince, large landowner. Member of the III and IV State Dumas from Tambov Province, vice-chairman of the Duma. In 1915–1916 – deputy minister of internal affairs. After the October Socialist Revolution was one of the organizers of the counter-revolutionary campaign of General Yudenich against Petrograd, then a White emigrant. – 215.

Vorontsov, V. P. (V. V.) (1847–1918) – economist and publicist, one of the ideologists of liberal Populism of the 80s–90s, author of books "The Fate of Capitalism in Russia" (1882), "Our Directions" (1893), "Sketches of Theoretical Economics" (1895), and others, in which he denied the development of capitalism in Russia, praised small commodity production, idealized the peasant commune. Preached reconciliation with the Tsarist government and spoke against Marxism. Vorontsov's views were sharply criticized in many works by V. I. Lenin. – 161.

Vyazemsky – see Leiteyzen, G. D.

G

Hyndman (Hyndman), Henry Mayers (1842–1921) – English socialist, reformist. In 1881 founded the Democratic Federation, transformed in 1884 into the Social-Democratic Federation. In 1900–1910 – member of the International Socialist Bureau. In 1916 was excluded from the British Socialist Party for propaganda in favor of the imperialist war. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility, spoke for intervention against Soviet Russia. – 229–230, 231, 389–395.

Hyndman (Hyndman), Rosalind Caroline (d. 1923) – wife of English socialist H. M. Hyndman. Author of the book "The last years of H. M. Hyndman." – 393.

Hegel (Hegel), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) – greatest German philosopher – objective idealist, ideologist of German bourgeoisie. Hegel's philosophy was the apex of German idealism of the late 18th – early 19th century. Hegel's historical merit is his profound and comprehensive development of dialectics, which served as one of the theoretical sources of the dialectical materialism of K. Marx and F. Engels. However, Hegel regarded the objective world, reality, as a product of "absolute spirit," "absolute idea."

Hegel's main works: "Phenomenology of Spirit" (1806), "Science of Logic" (1812–1816), "Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences" (1817), "Philosophy of Right" (1821). Posthumous editions: "Lectures on the History of Philosophy" (1833–1836) and "Lectures on Aesthetics, or the Philosophy of Art" (1836–1838). – 128.

Gegechkori, E. P. (b. 1879) – Menshevik. Deputy of the III State Duma from Kutaisi Province, one of the leaders of the Social-Democratic fraction in the Duma. From November 1917 – chairman of the counter-revolutionary government of the Caucasus (Caucasian Commissariat), then minister of foreign affairs and deputy chairman of the Menshevik government of Georgia. After the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia in 1921 – White emigrant. – 248, 376, 406, 409.

Heyden, P. A. (1840–1907) – count, large landowner, zemstvo figure, Octobrist. Masking himself with liberalism, sought to unite the bourgeoisie and landowners in struggle against the rising revolutionary movement. After the Tsar's manifesto of October 17, 1905, openly moved to the camp of counter-revolution. In the I State Duma headed a group of right-wing deputies. After the dissolution of the Duma was one of the organizers of the constitutional-monarchist party of "peaceful renewal." – 332–333, 370, 371, 372, 373.

Gerasimov, A. V. (b. 1861) – Major General. In 1905–1909 – head of the Petersburg Security Bureau; in 1909–1914 – general for special missions at the minister of internal affairs. – 382, 383.

Hirsch (Hirsch), Karl (1841–1900) – German Social-Democrat, journalist; together with W. Liebknecht edited in Leipzig "Demokratische Wochenblatt." After the arrest of A. Bebel and W. Liebknecht edited the Social-Democratic newspaper "Der Volksstaat." During the period of action of the law against socialists was in emigration, lived in France, Belgium, and England, propagandized the ideas of scientific socialism; was connected with K. Marx and F. Engels. In 1896 returned to Germany. – 390.

Goldenberg, I. P. (Meshkovsky) (1873–1922) – Social-Democrat. During the 1905–1907 revolution was on the editorial board of all Bolshevik publications. In 1907 participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where was elected from the Bolsheviks to the CC. In 1910 was on the Russian Bureau of the CC, showed conciliatory wavering toward the liquidators. During the First World War sided with the defensists, supporters of Plekhanov. In 1917–1919 sided with the "New Life" group. In 1920 was readmitted to the Bolshevik party. – 105, 107, 157, 160, 254, 263, 264.

Goldman, B. I. – see Gorev, B. I.

Goldman, M. I. – see Liber, M. I.

Gorev (Goldman, Igorev, Igor), B. I. (b. 1874) – Social-Democrat. In 1905 – member of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, Bolshevik. In 1907 sided with the Mensheviks. At the V (London) Congress (1907) was elected from the Mensheviks as a candidate to the CC of the RSDLP. Contributed to organs of the Menshevik-liquidators – the newspaper "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata" and the journal "Our Dawn." In 1912 participated in the anti-party August conference in Vienna. After the February Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1917 – defensist, member of the Menshevik CC. In August 1920 announced his withdrawal from the Menshevik organization. Subsequently was engaged in teaching work in a number of higher educational institutions. – 43, 51, 52, 53, 183, 253, 254, 256–259, 287, 297, 323.

Gromovoi – see Bobrishchev-Pushkin, A. V.

Gurevich, E. L. (Smirnov, E.) (b. 1865) – publicist, before 1890 – Populist, then joined the Social-Democrats; after the II Congress of the RSDLP – Menshevik. During the period of reaction – liquidator, contributed to the newspaper of left Cadets "Tovarishch." – 337.

Gurko, V. I. (1863–1927) – reactionary figure of Tsarist Russia. In 1906 – deputy minister of internal affairs. Played a prominent role in the Goremykin government, was involved in embezzlement and misappropriation and by a Senate decision was removed from office. In 1912 elected a member of the State Council. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power, White emigrant. – 359–360.

Gutovsky, V. A. – see Maevsky, E.

Guchkov, A. I. (1862–1936) – major capitalist, organizer and leader of the Octobrist party. During the 1905–1907 revolution spoke against the revolutionary movement, supporting the government's policy of ruthless repressions against the working class and peasantry. In 1910–1911 – chairman of the III State Duma. During the First World War was chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee and member of the Special Council for Defense. After the February Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1917 – military and naval minister of the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. In August 1917 participated in organizing the Kornilov mutiny. After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power, White emigrant. – 116, 136, 327–328, 332–333, 369, 371, 372, 373, 375, 404–405.

D

# [Part 3/5]

Dan (Gurvich), F. I. (1871–1947) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Was a participant in the IV (Unification), V (London) congresses of the RSDLP and a number of conferences. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge, headed abroad a group of liquidators, edited the liquidationist newspaper "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata." During the First World War – a defensist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and Presidium of the CEC of the first convocation, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October socialist revolution fought against Soviet power. In early 1922 was exiled abroad as an irreconcilable enemy of the Soviet state. – 61, 159, 181, 182, 183, 188–189, 265, 296, 297, 300, 309, 320, 351, 367.

Danielson, N. F. (Nik. —on, Nikolai —on) (1844–1918) – writer-economist, one of the ideologues of liberal Populism in the 80s–90s. Completed the first translation of K. Marx's "Capital" into Russian, begun by G. A. Lopatin, in connection with which he conducted correspondence with K. Marx and F. Engels. However, Danielson did not understand the essence of Marxism and subsequently opposed it. In 1893 published the book "Essays on Our Post-Reform Public Economy," which together with the works of V. P. Vorontsov served as the theoretical justification of liberal Populism. V. I. Lenin in a number of his works sharply criticized Danielson's views. – 161, 162, 163.

Danishevsky, K. Kh. (German) (1884–1941) – member of the RSDLP from 1900, Bolshevik. From the end of 1906 was included in the CC of the RSDLP from the Social-Democracy of the Latvian Region; at the V (London) Congress was elected to the CC of the RSDLP. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP (b) and the Moscow Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. From May 1917 – one of the editors of the Central organ of Latvian Social-Democracy newspaper "Zinna" ("Struggle") and the Bolshevik newspaper "Okoрnaya Pravda." After the October socialist revolution – member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front, chairman of the Revolutionary Military Tribunal of the Republic. After the establishment of Soviet power in Latvia – chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of Latvia. From 1921 secretary of the Siberian Bureau of the CC of the RSDLP (b), subsequently held leading economic posts. – 350.

George, Henry (1839–1897) – American petty bourgeois economist and publicist. For characterization of George see Marx's letter to Sorge of June 20, 1881 and the preface by F. Engels to the American edition of the work "The Condition of the Working Class in England" (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. XXVII, 1935, pp. 137–140; vol. XVI, part I, 1937, pp. 286–288). – 395.

Dioneo – see Shklovsky, I. V.

Dnevnitsky, P. N. (Tsederbaum, F. O.) (b. 1883) – social-democrat, Menshevik, publicist. From 1909 lived abroad, gravitated toward the Mensheviks-partyites, contributed to Plekhanov's "Diary of a Social-Democrat," participated in Bolshevik newspapers "Zvezda" and "Pravda."

After the October socialist revolution spoke out against Soviet power. – 315.

Dubrovinsky, I. F. (Innokentiev, Innokenty, Inok) (1877–1913) – one of the prominent figures of the Bolshevik party, professional revolutionary. Was one of the leaders of the "Moscow Workers' Union." From 1902 – agent of "Iskra." After the II Congress of the RSDLP was co-opted onto the CC. In 1905 – one of the organizers and leaders of the armed uprising in Moscow. At the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP was elected member of the CC. While abroad, worked in the editorial office of "Proletarii." During the years of reaction showed conciliationist vacillations toward the Menshevik-liquidators. Repeatedly subjected to repression; in 1913 died in Turukhansk exile. V. I. Lenin, noting Dubrovinsky's conciliationist errors, at the same time highly valued him as one of the greatest organizers of the party, selflessly devoted to the cause of the working class. – 158, 253, 254, 260, 262, 263, 264, 270, 271, 348.

Dumbadze, I. A. (1851–1916) – general of the tsarist army, Black Hundredist, supporter of Russification policy in the Caucasus. In 1906 was appointed chief administrator of the city of Yalta, turned it into his own domain, terrorized the population, interfered in judicial matters. In 1910 was dismissed, but soon was again appointed mayor of Yalta. – 359–360, 408–409.

Durnovo, P. N. (1844–1915) – one of the most reactionary statesmen of tsarist Russia. In 1884–1893 was director of the police department; in 1900–1905 – assistant to the Minister of Internal Affairs. In October 1905 was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs, applied harsh measures to suppress the first Russian revolution, inspired Black Hundred organizations to organize pogroms. From 1906 – member of the State Council. – 327, 328, 369.

Dumas, Charles (b. 1883) – journalist and publicist, member of the Socialist Party of France, deputy to parliament. Contributed to a number of French and foreign socialist periodicals. – 386.

Dühring, Eugen (1833–1921) – German philosopher and economist, petty bourgeois ideologue. Dühring's philosophical views represented an eclectic mixture of positivism, metaphysical materialism, and idealism. Dühring's views, which found support among part of German social-democracy, were subjected to criticism by Engels in the book "Anti-Dühring: The Revolution in Science Effected by Herr Eugen Dühring." Lenin in his book "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" and in a number of other works repeatedly criticized Dühring's eclectic views.

Dühring's principal works: "Critical History of National Economy and Socialism," "Course of National and Social Economy," "Course of Philosophy." – 125, 126.

E

Ermolaev, K. M. (Roman) (1884–1919) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In 1904–1905 worked in Petersburg and the Donets Basin. Delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP; was elected to the CC from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction became a liquidator; in 1910 was among 16 Mensheviks who signed an "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party. In 1917 was elected member of the CC of the Menshevik party, was included in the VTSIK of the first convocation. – 29, 30, 42, 48, 53, 181, 182–183, 184, 256, 259, 262, 263–264, 271, 288, 301, 322, 344, 345, 351.

Ermolov, A. S. (1846–1917) – official of the tsarist government. From 1894 to 1905 – Minister of Agriculture and State Property, subsequently member of the State Council. Wrote a number of works on agricultural questions, in which he acted as an advocate of the interests of serf-holding landlords. – 76.

Zh

Zhilkin, I. V. (1874–1958) – journalist, one of the leaders of the petty bourgeois party of Trudoviks. In 1906 was elected to the I State Duma as a peasant deputy from Saratov Province. After the October socialist revolution worked in various Soviet institutions; from 1925 engaged in journalism. – 7.

Zhordania, N. N. (Kostrov) (1870–1953) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In 1905 edited the Menshevik newspaper "Sotsial-Demokrata" (in Georgian). In 1906 was member of the I State Duma. At the V (London) Congress of the party was elected member of the CC of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge Zhordania, while formally gravitated toward the Menshevik-partyites, actually supported the liquidators. In 1914 contributed to Trotsky's journal "Borba"; during the First World War – social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was chairman of the Tbilisi Soviet of Workers' Deputies; in 1918–1921 headed the counterrevolutionary Menshevik government of Georgia; from 1921 – white émigré. – 253–254, 256, 263, 264, 271.

Jaurès, Jean (1859–1914) – prominent figure of French and international socialist movement, historian. In 1902 Jaurès and his supporters created the French socialist party, which in 1905, merging with the Socialist Party of France, received the name of the United French Socialist Party. Member of parliament in 1885–1889, 1893–1898, 1902–1914; one of the leaders of the parliamentary socialist faction. In 1904 founded and edited until the end of his life the newspaper "L'Humanité" ("Humanity"), which in 1920 became the central organ of the French Communist Party. During the 1905–1907 revolution in Russia welcomed the struggle of the Russian people. Jaurès tirelessly spoke in defense of democracy, popular freedoms, for peace, against imperialist oppression and wars of conquest. He was convinced that only socialism would finally end wars and colonial oppression. However, Jaurès believed that socialism would triumph not through the class struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, but as a result of the "flowering of the democratic idea." Lenin sharply criticized Jaurès's reformist views, which pushed him toward opportunism.

Jaurès's struggle for peace, against the impending threat of war, caused hatred toward him by the imperialist bourgeoisie. On the eve of the First World War, Jaurès was killed by a minion of reaction. – 199.

Z

Singer, Paul (1844–1911) – one of the leaders of German social-democracy, comrade of A. Bebel, W. Liebknecht, prominent figure of the Marxist wing in the II International. From 1887 – member of the board of the German Social-Democratic Party, and from 1890 – chairman of the party board. From 1884 to 1911 – member of the Reichstag and chairman of the social-democratic faction. From 1900 was member of the International Socialist Bureau. Singer fought against opportunism in the ranks of the German workers' party and until the end of his life remained a consistent advocate of revolutionary social-democratic policy. Lenin highly valued Singer as an irreconcilable fighter for the cause of the proletariat. – 143–146.

Sombart, Werner (1863–1941) – German vulgar bourgeois economist, prominent ideologue of German imperialism. Professor of the universities of Breslau, and subsequently Berlin. At the beginning of his activity Sombart was one of the typical ideologues of "slightly Marxist-tinged social-liberalism" (V. I. Lenin. Works, 4th ed., vol. 18, p. 51). Subsequently he transformed into an open enemy of Marxism, portrayed capitalism as a harmonious economic system. In the last years of his life went over to the positions of fascism and praised the Hitlerite regime. Sombart's principal works: "Socialism and the Social Movement in the Nineteenth Century" (1896), "Modern Capitalism" (1902), and others. – 111.

Sorge, Friedrich Adolf (1828–1906) – German socialist, prominent figure of the international workers' and socialist movement, friend and comrade of K. Marx and F. Engels. Participant in the 1848–1849 revolution in Germany. After the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Switzerland, and subsequently to America. Organizer of sections of the I International in America, secretary of the General Council of the I International (1872–1874). Took active part in the founding of the Socialist Labor Party of the USA and the International Labor Union. Sorge prepared for publication his correspondence with K. Marx, F. Engels and other persons. Lenin highly valued Sorge's activity, speaking of him as a veteran of the I International. – 393, 394, 395.

I

Igorev – see Gorev, B. I.

Igor – see Gorev, B. I.

Izgoev (Lande), A. S. (b. 1872) – bourgeois publicist, one of the ideologues of the Constitutional-Democratic party. Initially was a "legal Marxist," for a time gravitated toward the social-democrats; in 1905 defected to the Constitutional-Democratic party. Spoke with fierce attacks on the Bolsheviks in Constitutional-Democratic organs: the newspaper "Rech," the journals "Yuzhnyye Zapiski" and "Russkaya Mysl," participated in the counterrevolutionary collection "Vekhi." After the October socialist revolution contributed to the journal of a decadent-leaning group of intellectuals – "Vestnik Literatury." For counterrevolutionary publicistic activity in 1922 exiled abroad. – 93, 94, 117, 124, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 277, 307, 366.

Ikov, V. K. (Mirov, V.) (b. 1882) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Contributed to the journal "Vozrozhdeniye," the newspaper "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata" and other organs of the Menshevik-liquidators. During the First World War – a defensist. After the October socialist revolution worked in the cooperative system. In 1931 was sentenced in connection with the case of the counterrevolutionary Menshevik organization "Union Bureau of the RSDLP." – 193, 197.

Iliodor (Trufanov, S. M.) (b. 1880) – hieromonk, one of the leaders of the Black Hundreds, created the "Union of Orthodox Russian People." After the October socialist revolution emigrated abroad. – 359–360.

Innokentiev – see Dubrovinsky, I. F.

Innokenty – see Dubrovinsky, I. F.

Inok – see Dubrovinsky, I. F.

Ionov (Koigen, F. M.) (1870–1923) – social-democrat, one of the leaders of the Bund, subsequently – member of the Communist Party. From 1893 worked in social-democratic circles in Odessa. In 1903 elected to the CC of the Bund. Delegate to the V (London) Congress of the party. In December 1908 participated in the work of the V Conference of the RSDLP; on fundamental questions stood on the platform of the Menshevik-partyites; subsequently took a conciliationist position toward the liquidators. During the First World War was in the internationalist wing of the Bund. After the October socialist revolution joined the RCP (b), worked in the Votsk regional committee of the party. – 267, 338, 341, 348.

Isuv, I. A. (Mikhail) (1878–1920) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In 1907 was included in the CC of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction became a liquidator, contributed to the journal "Nasha Zarya" and other liquidationist publications. During the years of the First World War – a defensist. In 1917 was member of the Moscow Committee of the Mensheviks, was included in the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet and in the VTSIK of the first convocation. After the October socialist revolution worked in the Museum of Labor. – 29, 30, 42, 48, 53, 181, 182–183, 184, 256, 259, 262, 263–264, 271, 288, 301, 322, 344, 345, 351.

K

Kavelyev, K. D. (1818–1885) – historian and jurist, professor of Moscow (1844–1848) and Petersburg (1857–1861) universities, representative of noble-bourgeois liberalism. Contributed to "Sovremennik," "Otechestvennye Zapiski," and "Vestnik Evropy." During the period of preparation and carrying out of the reform of February 19, 1861, spoke out against the revolutionary-democratic movement, approved the reactionary policy of autocracy. Lenin called him one of "the most disgusting types of liberal caddishness." – 165.

Kagan, Zelda – see Kagan-Coates, Zelda.

Kagan-Coates, Zelda (b. 1883) – while a member of the English Social-Democratic Federation, gravitated toward its left wing, spoke out against the opportunistic policy of Hyndman. As a guest was present at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. In 1912 was elected member of the Executive Committee of the British Socialist Party, conducted active struggle against militarism, imperialist aggression and the policy of capitalist states.

In 1925 made a prolonged journey through the Soviet Union. In subsequent years, together with her husband – secretary of the Anglo-Russian Parliamentary Committee – repeatedly visited the USSR. Together with her husband wrote a number of books containing truthful information about the USSR. Active supporter of Anglo-Soviet friendship. – 229, 230.

Kalinin, F. I. (Arkady) (1882–1920) – worker-weaver, member of the RSDLP from 1903. In 1905 led the armed uprising in the city of Aleksandrov in Vladimir Province; subsequently worked in the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge was a participant in faction schools on Capri and in Bologna (Italy), was included in the anti-party group "Vpered." From 1912 lived in Paris. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, worked in the Petrograd Professional Union of Metalworkers. After the October socialist revolution – member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education and one of the leaders of "Proletkult." – 350.

Kamenev (Rosenfeld), L. B. (1883–1936) – was in the party from 1901. After the II Congress of the RSDLP gravitated toward the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction held a conciliationist position toward the liquidators, recall-votists, and Trotskyists. In 1915, having been arrested, before the tsar's court renounced the Bolshevik slogan of the tsar's government's defeat in the imperialist war. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 spoke out against the party's course toward socialist revolution and V. I. Lenin's April Theses. In October 1917, together with Zinoviev, committed betrayal, publishing in the semi-Menshevik newspaper "Novaya Zhizn" a statement of disagreement with the CC's decision on armed uprising and thereby revealing the party's plans to the Provisional Government.

After the October socialist revolution – chairman of the VTSIK, chairman of the Moscow Soviet, deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars; was member of the Politburo of the CC. Repeatedly spoke out against Lenin's party policy: in November 1917 was a supporter of creating a coalition government with the participation of Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries; in 1925 – one of the organizers of the "new opposition"; in 1926 – one of the leaders of the anti-party Trotskyist-Zinovievist bloc. In 1927 by the XV Congress of the VKP(b) was expelled from the party as an active figure of Trotskyist opposition. In 1928 declared his recognition of his errors and was restored to the party; however, did not stop his anti-party activity and in 1932 was again expelled from the VKP(b). Was again restored to the party in 1933. In 1934 for anti-party activity was expelled from the party for the third time. – 295, 296.

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) – German philosopher, founder of classical German idealism; from 1770 professor of the University of Königsberg. Kant's philosophy is a variety of subjective idealism and agnosticism, but at the same time has a certain materialist tendency, expressed in the doctrine of "things-in-themselves" and in the recognition of the empirical character of our knowledge. Kantianism played an enormous role in the history of philosophy; under its influence were formed the later representatives of classical German idealism (Fichte, Schelling, Hegel); arose such directions of bourgeois philosophical thought as neo-Kantianism, positivism, and others. The aspiration to return to Kant or to reconcile Marxism with Kantianism has always been characteristic of revisionists.

The contradictory and inconsistent character of Kant's philosophy provoked criticism both from the "right" (by more consistent subjective idealists) and from the "left" (by Feuerbach, Chernyshevsky, dialectical materialists) (see V. I. Lenin. Works, 5th ed., vol. 18, pp. 202–214, 381–384).

Kant's principal works: "Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens" (1755), "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781), "Critique of Practical Reason" (1788), "Critique of Judgment" (1790), and others. – 128.

Karaulov, V. A. (1854–1910) – Constitutional-Democrat, nobleman, by profession lawyer. Deputy to the III State Duma from Yenisei Province; in the Duma held, as Lenin wrote, "one of the first places among the most vile, counterrevolutionary Constitutional-Democrats with an eternal sanctimonious phrase on his lips" (present volume, p. 98). – 97–99, 153, 277, 307, 373.

Karsky – see Marchlewski, Yu. Yu.

Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938) – one of the leaders of German social-democracy and the II International, at first a Marxist, subsequently a renegade of Marxism, ideologue of the most dangerous and harmful variety of opportunism – centrism (Kautskyism). Editor of the theoretical journal of German social-democracy "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Times").

Began participating in the socialist movement from 1874. His views at that time represented a mixture of Lassalleanism, neo-Malthusianism, and anarchism. In 1881 became acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels and under their influence turned to Marxism; however, even in this period showed vacillations toward opportunism, for which he was sharply criticized by K. Marx and F. Engels. In the 80s–90s wrote a number of works on questions of Marxist theory: "The Economic Doctrine of Karl Marx," "The Agrarian Question," and others, which, despite the errors made in them, played a positive role in the propaganda of Marxism. Later, during the period of the widely unfolded revolutionary movement, went over to the positions of opportunism. During the First World War Kautsky stood on the positions of social-chauvinism, covering it with phrases about internationalism. Author of the theory of ultra-imperialism. After the October socialist revolution openly spoke out against proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin in his works "The Collapse of the II International," "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism," "The State and Revolution," "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky," and a number of others subjected Kautskyism to scathing criticism. – 18, 94, 126–127, 129, 296, 301.

Katsap – see Polyakov, A. A.

Quelch, Harry (1858–1913) – prominent figure of English and international workers' movement. Quelch headed the revolutionary elements of the English Social-Democratic Federation, propagandized the ideas of Marxism; from 1886 edited the central organ of English social-democrats, the newspaper "Justice," and the monthly "Social-Democrat." Was a delegate to a number of international congresses of the II International and member of the International Socialist Bureau. Took active part in the activity of English trade unions. During the period of publication in London of Lenin's "Iskra" (1902–1903) actively assisted the organization of the newspaper's printing.

V. I. Lenin indicated that despite certain sectarian errors, "Quelch was among the first ranks of those who fought steadily and convincedly against opportunism and liberal labor policy in English workers' movement" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 19, pp. 332–333). – 229–230, 231.

Kogan, V. L. – social-democrat, Menshevik, publicist; in 1906–1908 contributed to the journal "Obrazovaniye." – 198, 199.

Kondurushkin, S. S. (1874–1919) – writer and journalist. In 1898–1903 worked as a teacher at the Palestine Society in Syria; subsequently returned to Russia. Contributed to the journals "Russkoye Bogatstvo," "Mir Bozhiy," to the collection "Znamya," and others. – 378–379.

Kostrov – see Zhordania, N. N.

Krasin, L. B. (Nikita) (1870–1926) – professional revolutionary, subsequently prominent Soviet statesman. Participated in the social-democratic movement from the 90s. After the II Congress of the RSDLP gravitated toward the Bolsheviks, was co-opted onto the party CC, where for some time held a conciliationist position toward the Mensheviks. Active participant of the first Russian revolution. At the III and IV Congresses of the RSDLP was elected member of the CC; at the V Congress – candidate member of the CC of the RSDLP. In 1908 emigrated abroad. For some time was included in the anti-party group "Vpered"; subsequently withdrew from political activity, worked as an engineer abroad and in Russia. After the October socialist revolution – one of the organizers of supplies to the Red Army; subsequently member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, People's Commissar of Trade and Industry, of Communications. From 1919 was engaged in diplomatic work. From 1920 – People's Commissar of Foreign Trade and simultaneously in 1921–1923 worked as plenipotentiary representative in London. From 1924 – plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in France; from 1925 – plenipotentiary representative in England. – 271.

Krichevsky, B. N. (1866–1919) – social-democrat, one of the leaders of "Economism." From the late 80s participated in the work of social-democratic circles in Russia; in the early 90s emigrated abroad. For some time gravitated toward the group "Osvobozhdenie Truda," took part in its publications. At the end of the 90s became one of the leaders of the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad"; in 1899 – editor of the organ of the Union, the journal "Raboчheye Delo," on whose pages Bernsteinian views were propagandized. Shortly after the II Congress of the RSDLP withdrew from the social-democratic movement. – 204.

L

Lavrov, P. L. (1823–1900) – prominent ideologue of Populism, representative of the subjective school in sociology; author of the book "Historical Letters" (1868–1869). Was the originator of the reactionary Populist theory of "heroes" and the "crowd," which negated the objective laws of social development and considered the progress of humanity as the result of the activity of "critically thinking personalities."

Lavrov was a member of the society "Land and Freedom," subsequently of the party "People's Will." Living from 1870 in emigration, published the journal "Vpered!" (Zurich–London, 1873–1876), was editor of the "Vestnik Narodnoy Voli" (1883–1886), participated in the editing of People's Will collections "Materials for the History of the Russian Socio-Revolutionary Movement" (1893–1896); was a member of the I International, was acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels and conducted correspondence with them. – 126.

Larin, Yu. (Lurye, M. A.) (1882–1932) – social-democrat, Menshevik. After the defeat of the 1905–1907 revolution – one of the active propagandists of liquidationism. Took active part in the anti-party August Bloc created in 1912 by Trotsky. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists publishing the journal "Internacional." In August 1917 was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October socialist revolution worked in Soviet and economic organizations. – 191–200, 203, 204, 205, 295, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314–315, 316–317, 320–321, 337, 350–351, 353, 360, 366, 408, 409.

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–1864) – German petty bourgeois socialist, originator of one variety of opportunism in German workers' movement – Lassalleanism. Lassalle was one of the founders of the General German Workers' Union (1863). The creation of the Union had positive significance for the workers' movement; however, Lassalle, elected president of the Union, led it down an opportunistic path. The Lassalleans reckoned to achieve the building of a "free people's state" through legal agitation for universal suffrage and through the creation of productive associations subsidized by the Junker state. Lassalle supported the policy of German unification "from above" under the hegemony of reactionary Prussia. The opportunistic policy of the Lassalleans was an obstacle to the activity of the I International and to the creation of a genuine workers' party in Germany, prevented the working out of class consciousness among the workers.

The theoretical and political views of the Lassalleans were subjected to sharp criticism by the classics of Marxism-Leninism (see K. Marx. "Critique of the Gotha Program"; V. I. Lenin. "The State and Revolution" and other works). – 393.

Lafargue, Laura (1845–1911) – figure of the workers' movement in France, daughter of K. Marx, wife of Paul Lafargue. Did much for the dissemination of Marxism in France; together with her husband translated the "Communist Manifesto" into French; she translated into French K. Marx's "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy," F. Engels's "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy," and other works of the founders of scientific communism. – 387–388.

Lafargue, Paul (1842–1911) – outstanding figure of French and international workers' movement, talented publicist, one of the first followers of scientific communism in France, close friend and comrade of K. Marx and F. Engels. Was a member of the I International. Together with J. Guesde founded the Workers' Party of France, was editor of its organ – the newspaper "L'Égalité" ("Equality"). Lafargue actively fought against opportunism in the II International; he welcomed the first Russian Marxist organization – the group "Osvobozhdenie Truda," subsequently regarded the Bolsheviks sympathetically. In his numerous works Lafargue spoke out with propaganda and defense of the ideas of Marxism in the fields of political economy, philosophy, history, linguistics; fought against reformism and revisionism. However, Lafargue's works are not free from erroneous theoretical positions, in particular on the peasant and national questions, on the question of the tasks of the socialist revolution.

Believing that in old age a person becomes useless for revolutionary struggle, Lafargue and his wife Laura (daughter of K. Marx) took their own lives. At their funeral V. I. Lenin spoke from the RSDLP. – 387–388.

Levitsky (Tsederbaum), V. O. (b. 1883) – social-democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of liquidationism; was included in the Menshevik center, was among the Mensheviks who signed the "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party; edited the journal "Nasha Zarya," contributed to "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata," "Vozrozhdeniye," and other Menshevik-liquidationist periodicals. During the years of the First World War – social-chauvinist, supported the far-right group of defensists. Met the October socialist revolution with hostility, actively fought against Soviet power; in 1920 was brought to trial in connection with the counterrevolutionary "Tactical Center." Subsequently engaged in literary work. – 48–49, 94, 110–111, 121–122, 133, 181, 182, 187, 188–189, 191, 203, 205, 209, 210, 211, 282, 283, 295, 308, 316–317, 320–321, 337, 350–351, 353, 366, 368.

Leitelsen, G. D. (Vyazemsky, Lindov, G.) (1874–1919) – social-democrat. Began revolutionary activity in the 90s. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – Bolshevik; contributed to the newspapers "Vpered," "Proletarii," and other Bolshevik organs. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge conducted party work in Tula. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 for some time stood on the positions of Menshevik-internationalists, gravitated toward the group "Novaya Zhizn." In 1918 Leitelsen returned to the ranks of the Bolshevik party; in January 1919 died on the Eastern Front. – 253, 254, 262, 263, 267.

Lenin, V. I. (Ulyanov, V. K., Lenin, N.) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 187, 303, 334, 336, 337, 351.

Lansbury, George (1859–1940) – one of the leaders of the English Labour Party. In 1892 joined the Social-Democratic Federation; in 1906 gravitated toward the Labourites. In 1910–1912 and 1922–1940 was a member of parliament. In 1912–1922 published and edited the daily newspaper "The Daily Herald." In 1929–1931 – Minister of Public Works. In 1931–1935 – chairman of the Labour Party. – 232–233.

Liber, M. I. (Goldman, M. I., Ber) (1880–1937) – one of the leaders of the Bund. During the years of reaction – a liquidator; in 1912 – active figure of the anti-party August Bloc. During the period of the First World War – social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and Presidium of the CEC of the first convocation; held a counterrevolutionary Menshevik position, was a supporter of a coalition government. Met the October socialist revolution with hostility, was an active enemy of Soviet power. Subsequently withdrew from political activity, was engaged in economic work. – 267, 268, 287, 297, 321, 323.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826–1900) – prominent figure of German and international workers' movement, one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party. From 1875 until the end of his life Liebknecht was a member of the CC of the German Social-Democratic Party and responsible editor of its central organ "Vorwärts" ("Forward"). From 1867 to 1870 – deputy to the North German Reichstag; from 1874 repeatedly elected deputy to the German Reichstag; skillfully used the parliamentary tribune to expose the reactionary foreign and domestic policy of Prussian Junkers. For revolutionary activity repeatedly subjected to imprisonment. Took active part in the activity of the I International and in the organization of the II International. K. Marx and F. Engels highly valued Liebknecht. At the same time they criticized individual conciliationist errors of Liebknecht, helping him to take the correct position. – 145, 313–314.

Lindov, G. – see Leitelsen, G. D.

Litovtsev, S. – see Polyakov, S. L.

Lopatin, G. A. (1845–1918) – renowned Russian revolutionary-Populist. In the 70s, residing abroad, was in friendly relations with K. Marx and F. Engels, was elected to the General Council of the I International. "There are few people I love and respect as much as him," wrote K. Marx of Lopatin (Works, vol. XXVI, 1935, p. 260). Together with N. F. Danielson translated into Russian the 1st volume of "Capital." Repeatedly subjected to arrest for revolutionary activity. In 1887 was sentenced to death, which was commuted to life imprisonment; served his sentence in solitary confinement in the Schlüsselburg Fortress. In 1905 was freed by amnesty; subsequently withdrew from political activity. – 97.

Lurye, M. A. – see Larin, Yu.

Lvov, N. N. (Lvov 1st) (1867–1944) – landowner; according to V. I. Lenin's definition – a "counterrevolutionary nobility-ling," "a model of a Kadet traitor." One of the founders of the "Peaceful Renewal" party. Member of the I, II, III, and IV State Dumas. In the III and IV Dumas spoke as a leader of the "Progressivists." In 1917 – one of the leaders of the landowners' union. After the October socialist revolution – a White Guard journalist; subsequently a white émigré. – 248, 249, 250, 332–333, 371, 373.

Lyubich – see Sommer, I. A.

Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) – outstanding figure of international workers' movement, one of the leaders of the left wing of the II International. Began revolutionary activity in the second half of the 80s; was among the founders and leaders of the social-democratic party of Poland; spoke out against nationalism in the ranks of Polish workers' movement. From 1897 took active part in German social-democratic movement, conducted struggle against Bernsteinism and Millerandism. Luxemburg was a participant of the first Russian revolution (in Warsaw); in 1907 participated in the work of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where she supported the Bolsheviks. From the very beginning of the First World War took an internationalist position. Was one of the initiators of the creation in Germany of the group "International," subsequently renamed the group "Spartacus," and then into the "Spartacus League." After the November 1918 revolution in Germany took a leading part in the Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of Germany. In January 1919 was arrested and killed by order of the Scheidemann government. Lenin, who highly valued R. Luxemburg, repeatedly spoke with criticism of her errors on a number of questions, thereby helping her to take the correct position. – 18.

M

Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–1872) – prominent Italian revolutionary, bourgeois democrat, one of the leaders and ideologues of the Italian national-liberation movement. Mazzini put forward the program of Italian reunification "from below" as an independent bourgeois republic; considered armed uprising as the basic means of struggle. However, Mazzini was characterized by conspiratorial tactics and disregard for the interests of the peasantry. Mazzini propagandized a utopian petty bourgeois plan for solving the workers' question through "cooperation of labor and capital." V. I. Lenin classed him among representatives of nonproletarian, pre-Marxist socialism (see Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 33). – 390.

Maevsky, E. (Gutovsky, V. A.) (1875–1918) – social-democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator, contributed to the journal "Nasha Zarya," the newspaper "Luch," and other organs of Menshevik-liquidators. During the period of the First World War – defensist. After the October socialist revolution fought against Soviet power. – 111–112.

Makar – see Nogin, V. P.

MacDonald, James Ramsay (1866–1937) – English political figure, one of the founders and leaders of the Labour Party. Conducted an extremely opportunistic policy in the party and in the II International. Preached the reactionary theory of class cooperation and the gradual growth of capitalism into socialism ("constructive socialism"). At the beginning of the First World War took a pacifist position; subsequently went over to open support of the imperialist bourgeoisie. In 1918–1920 attempted to prevent the struggle of English workers against anti-Soviet intervention; pursued a policy of splitting the working class. In 1924 and in 1929–1931 was Prime Minister. MacDonald's Labour government brutally suppressed the national-liberation movement in English colonies, pursued an anti-labor policy. In 1931–1935 MacDonald headed the so-called "National Government," the policy of which was determined by the Conservatives. – 199, 231–232, 233, 408.

Maklakov, V. A. (1870–1957) – right-wing Constitutional-Democrat, landowner, by profession lawyer, spoke at many political trials. Deputy to the II, III, and IV State Dumas from Moscow, member of the CC of the Constitutional-Democratic party. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – ambassador of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Paris; subsequently a white émigré. – 153, 178, 246–247, 249.

Maksimov – see Bogdanov, A.

Malinovsky, A. A. – see Bogdanov, A.

Man, Hendrik de (1885–1953) – Belgian socialist, from 1939 chairman of the Belgian Socialist Party. From 1911 participated in the activity of workers' educational organizations. During the First World War – social-chauvinist. In 1935 – Minister of Labor; in 1936–1940 – Minister of Finance. During the occupation of Belgium by Hitlerite forces collaborated with the fascists; after Belgium's liberation emigrated to Switzerland; in 1946 was sentenced in absentia by a Belgian court to 20 years imprisonment. – 206.

Markov, N. E. (Markov 2nd) (b. 1876) – reactionary political figure of tsarist Russia, one of the leaders of the Black Hundred pogrom organizations "Union of the Russian People" and "Palace of Michael the Archangel," major landowner. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Kursk Province. In the Duma – one of the leaders of the right wing. After the October socialist revolution – white émigré. – 213, 333, 375, 402.

Marx (von Westphalen), Jenny (1814–1881) – wife of Karl Marx, his faithful friend and helper. – 393.

Marx, Karl (1818–1883) – founder of scientific communism, brilliant thinker, leader and teacher of the international proletariat (see V. I. Lenin's article "Karl Marx (A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism)," Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, pp. 27–74). – 84, 103, 128, 162–163, 200–201, 389, 390, 392–393, 394, 395.

Martov, L. (Tsederbaum, Yu. O.) (1873–1923) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator, edited the newspaper "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata," participated in the anti-party August Conference (1912). During the period of the First World War held a centrist position. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists. After the October socialist revolution went over to the camp of open enemies of Soviet power. In 1920 emigrated to Germany; published in Berlin the counterrevolutionary Menshevik "Socialist Vestnik." – 18, 42, 43, 47, 48–49, 51, 53, 61, 94, 122, 181, 182, 183, 188–189, 193–195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203–204, 205, 206, 210, 265, 288, 295, 296, 297, 300, 301, 309, 314–315, 316, 317, 320, 347, 351, 365, 366–367, 368.

Martyanov, A. (Piker, A. S.) (1865–1935) – one of the leaders of the "Economists," prominent Menshevik; subsequently member of the Communist Party. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator, was included in the editorial board of the liquidators' organ, the newspaper "Golos Sotsial-Demokrata." During the First World War held a centrist position; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Menshevik-internationalist. After the October socialist revolution withdrew from the Mensheviks. In 1923 at the XII Congress of the RCP(b) was admitted to the party; worked at the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels; from 1924 – member of the editorial board of "Communist International." – 18, 188, 189, 204, 271, 296.

Marchlewski (Marchlewski), Julian (Karsky) (1866–1925) – prominent figure of Polish and international workers' movement. Was one of the organizers and leaders of the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. Took active part in the 1905–1907 revolution. At the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP was elected candidate member of the CC of the RSDLP. Delegate to the Zurich and Stuttgart Congresses of the II International. From 1909 conducted work primarily in German social-democracy. During the years of the First World War, together with K. Liebknecht and R. Luxemburg, conducted struggle against social-chauvinists; participated in the creation of the "Spartacus League." For revolutionary activity repeatedly subjected to repression.

At the insistence of the Soviet government in 1918 was freed from a German concentration camp and came to Soviet Russia; was elected to the VTSIK, of which he remained a member until the end of his life. In 1919 was introduced into the CC of the Communist Party of Germany. Participated in the creation of the Communist International. From 1923 was chairman of the CC of MOPR (International Organization for Aid to Revolutionaries). Author of a number of works on economic questions, the history of Poland, and international relations. – 18.

Maslov, P. P. (1867–1946) – economist, social-democrat, author of a number of works on the agrarian question in which he attempted to revise Marxism. After the II Congress of the RSDLP gravitated toward the Mensheviks; put forward the Menshevik program of municipalization of land. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator; during the period of the First World War – social-chauvinist. After the October socialist revolution withdrew from political activity, engaged in pedagogical and scientific work. From 1929 – Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – 94.

Mellер-Zakomelskii, A. N. (born 1844) – baron, general of the tsarist army, extreme reactionary. In 1906, together with General Rennenkampf, headed punitive expeditions to suppress the revolutionary movement in Siberia. In October 1906 was appointed governor-general of the Baltic region; suppressed the revolutionary movement of Latvian and Estonian workers and peasants. In 1909–1917 – member of the State Council. After the October Socialist Revolution – White émigré. – 81, 221.

Menʹshikov, M. O. (1859–1919) – reactionary publicist, contributor to the reactionary newspaper *Novoe Vremya* (*New Times*). V. I. Lenin called Menʹshikov "the faithful watchdog of the tsar's reactionary hundreds" (present volume, p. 142). After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power; in 1919 was shot for counter-revolutionary activity. – 142, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 156, 167, 178–179, 195, 378–379.

Mehring (Mehring), Franz (1846–1919) – outstanding figure of the German labor movement, one of the leaders and theoreticians of the left wing of German social-democracy. Was one of the editors of the party's theoretical organ – the journal *Die Neue Zeit* (*New Times*); later edited *Leipziger Volkszeitimg* (*Leipzig People's Newspaper*). Mehring actively spoke out against opportunism and revisionism in the ranks of the II International, condemned Kautskyism, but shared the errors of German leftists who feared to break organizationally with opportunists. Consistently defended internationalism, welcomed the October Socialist Revolution. Was one of the leaders of the revolutionary "Spartacus League," played a prominent role in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany. – 296, 301.

Meshkovskii – see Golʹdenberg, I. P.

Milyukov, P. N. (1859–1943) – leader of the Cadet party, prominent ideologue of Russian imperialist bourgeoisie, historian and publicist. From 1902 actively collaborated in the journal *Osvobozhdeniye* (*Liberation*) published abroad by liberals. In October 1905 – one of the founders of the Cadet party, then chairman of its Central Committee and editor of the central organ – the newspaper *Reʹch* (*Speech*). Deputy of the III and IV State Dumas. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – minister of foreign affairs in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution became one of the organizers of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia; active figure of White émigrés. – 49, 115, 136, 151, 152, 153, 155, 189, 330, 332, 333, 368, 372, 373, 375, 404–405.

Milyutin, V. P. (1884–1938) – participated in the social-democratic movement from 1903, initially gravitated toward Menshevism, from 1910 – Bolshevik. Conducted party work in Kursk, Moscow, Orel, Petersburg and Tula, repeatedly subjected to repression. After the October Socialist Revolution was appointed People's Commissar of Agriculture. In 1918–1921 – deputy chairman of the Supreme Economic Council, then – on responsible Soviet and economic work; elected candidate member and member of the party's Central Committee. Author of a number of works on economic questions. – 2, 53.

Mirov, V. – see Ikov, V. K.

Mikhail – see Issuv, I. A.

Mikhailovskii, I. K. (1842–1904) – most prominent theoretician of liberal Populism, publicist, literary critic, positivist philosopher, one of the representatives of the subjective school in sociology. In 1892 headed the journal *Russkoye Bogatstvo* (*Russian Wealth*), where he conducted bitter struggle with Marxists. Critique of Mikhailovskii's views is given in V. I. Lenin's work *What are the "Friends of the People" and How Do They Fight Against Social-Democrats?* and in other works. – 126.

Morley (Morley), John (1838–1923) – English bourgeois political figure and writer. From 1883 – member of Parliament. In 1905–1910 – Under-Secretary of State for India, implemented policy of suppressing the national-liberation movement; later – Lord President of the Council. In 1914 retired. – 230, 390.

Moskovskii, A. – see Khundadze, G. I.

Most (Most), Johann Joseph (1846–1906) – German social-democrat, later anarchist. In 1874–1878 elected deputy to the Reichstag. After the publication of the exceptional law against socialists in 1878, Most emigrated to London, where he published the anarchist newspaper *Freiheit* (*Freedom*), called on workers to engage in individual terror, which he saw as the most effective means of revolutionary struggle. Marx wrote: "We charge Most not with his *Freiheit* being too revolutionary. We accuse him of the fact that there is no revolutionary content in it whatsoever, only revolutionary phrases" (K. Marx and F. Engels. *Works*, vol. XXVII, 1935, p. 63). In 1882 Most emigrated to the USA, where he continued publication of *Freiheit*. In subsequent years he withdrew from the labor movement. – 68.

Muromtsev, S. A. (1850–1910) – prominent figure of the Cadet party, member of its Central Committee, jurist, professor of Moscow University. In 1906 – deputy of the I State Duma and its chairman. In 1908–1910 engaged in publicistic activity. – 4–9, 74, 82, 117, 332, 372, 375.

Н

Needomskii, M. (Miklashevskii, M. P.) (1866–1943) – social-democrat, Menshevik, literary critic and publicist. In years of reaction – liquidator, solidarized with authors of the counter-revolutionary collection *Vekhi* (*Landmarks*), spoke against party principle in literature. After the October Socialist Revolution engaged in publicistic activity. – 93–94.

Nikita – see Krasin, L. B.

Nicholas II (Romanov) (1868–1918) – last Russian emperor, reigned from 1894 until the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917. On July 17, 1918 was shot in Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) by decree of the Urals Regional Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. – 77, 171–172, 325, 329, 331, 332, 333, 359–360.

Nikolai – he – see Danielʹson, N. F.

Nogin, V. P. (Makar) (1878–1924) – professional revolutionary, subsequently prominent Soviet party and state figure. Joined the RSDLP in 1898, conducted party work in Russia and abroad, was an agent of *Iskra*. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – Bolshevik. Active participant in the revolution of 1905–1907. At the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP was elected member of the Central Committee. Repeatedly subjected to repression by the tsarist government. In years of reaction demonstrated conciliationist wavering toward Menshevik-liquidators. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – vice-chairman, then chairman of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies. After the October Socialist Revolution was elected People's Commissar for Trade and Industry. From 1918 on responsible Soviet and economic work. – 253–254, 260, 262, 263, 267, 270.

О

Obolenskii, A. D. (born 1855) – prince, in 1898–1899 – vice-minister of internal affairs, from 1902 – member of the Ruling Senate, in 1902–1905 – vice-minister of finance, in 1906 was Procurator of the Most Holy Synod, in 1905–1917 – member of the State Council. – 327.

Olfgin – see Fomin, V. P.

Π

Pannekoek (Panneckoek), Antonie (1873–1960) – Dutch social-democrat, professor of astronomy at Amsterdam University. In 1907 was one of the founders of the newspaper *De Tribune* (*The Tribune*) – organ of the left wing of the Dutch Social-Democratic Labor Party. From 1910 was closely connected with German left social-democrats, actively contributed to their organs. During the First World War – internationalist, participated in publication of the journal *Vorbote* (*Herald*) – theoretical organ of the Zimmerwald Left. In 1918–1921 was a member of the Communist Party of the Netherlands and participated in the work of the Comintern. Held an ultra-left, sectarian position. V. I. Lenin in his work *The Infantile Disorder of "Leftism" in Communism* subjected Pannekoek's views and those of other "ultra-leftists" to sharp criticism. In 1921 Pannekoek withdrew from the communist party and soon withdrew from active political activity. – 62–65, 67, 68–69.

Petr – see Ramishvili, N. V.

Petrov, K. M. (Petrov 3rd) (born 1877) – Laborite, secretary of the Laboring Group faction; by profession a typesetter. Deputy of the III State Duma from Permskaya Province; in the Duma was elected to commissions: municipal, on the workers' question, budgetary, and others. – 406, 409.

Peshekhonov, A. V. (1867–1933) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the 90s – liberal Populist; contributor, and from 1904 – member of the editorial board of the journal *Russkoye Bogatstvo* (*Russian Wealth*); contributed to the liberal-monarchist journal *Osvobozhdeniye* (*Liberation*) and the Socialist-Revolutionary newspaper *Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya* (*Revolutionary Russia*). From 1906 – one of the leaders of the petit-bourgeois party of "people's socialists" (Enesy). After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – minister of food of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power; from 1922 – White émigré. – 210.

Piker, A. S. – see Martynov, A. S.

Piletskii, Ya. A. (P—ii, Ya.) (born 1876) – social-democrat. In years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator, contributed to the journals of Menshevik-liquidators *Vozrozhdeniye* (*Renaissance*) and *Nasha Zarya* (*Our Dawn*). In 1917 participated in agitational work in connection with elections to the Constituent Assembly, speaking on the side of Mensheviks. Later joined the Bolsheviks. – 192, 193, 194.

Pleve, V. K. (1846–1904) – reactionary state figure of tsarist Russia. From 1902 – minister of internal affairs. Under him peasant movements in Poltava and Kharkiv provinces were brutally suppressed, a number of zemstvos were destroyed; Pleve encouraged reactionary Russification policy in the borderlands of Russia. In order to distract the masses from struggle against autocracy, organized Jewish pogroms, encouraged "zubatovshchina." Through his policies provoked hatred toward himself in broad strata of Russian society. On July 15, 1904 was killed by the Socialist-Revolutionary E. S. Sazonov. – 325.

Plekhanov, G. V. (1856–1918) – outstanding figure of Russian and international labor movement, first propagandist of Marxism in Russia. In 1883 created in Geneva the first Russian Marxist organization – the "Emancipation of Labor" group. Plekhanov fought Populism, spoke out against revisionism in the international labor movement. In the early 900s together with V. I. Lenin edited the newspaper *Iskra* and the journal *Zarya*.

From 1883 to 1903 Plekhanov wrote a number of works that played a major role in the defense and propaganda of materialist worldview: *Socialism and Political Struggle*, *Our Disagreements*, *On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History*, *Essays on the History of Materialism*, *On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History*, and others.

However, even at that time he had serious errors which became the germ of his future Menshevik views. After the II Congress of the RSDLP Plekhanov took the position of conciliation with opportunism, and then joined the Mensheviks. In the period of the revolution of 1905–1907 on all major questions stood on Menshevik positions. Condemned the December armed uprising of 1905. In years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge spoke out against the Machist revision of Marxism and liquidationism, headed a group of Menshevik-partyites. During the First World War took the position of social-chauvinism, defended Menshevik defensist tactics. Returning after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 to Russia, headed the far-right group of Menshevik-defensists "Unity," actively spoke out against Bolsheviks, against the socialist revolution, holding that Russia had not matured for transition to socialism. Took a negative attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution, but did not participate in struggle against Soviet power.

Lenin highly valued Plekhanov's philosophical works and his role in spreading Marxism in Russia; at the same time he sharply criticized Plekhanov for his retreat from Marxism and major errors in political activity. – 29, 33, 44, 94–95, 124–125, 126, 127, 133, 183, 205, 282, 286, 287, 290, 301, 303, 344, 351.

Pokrovskii, I. P. (1872–1963) – social-democrat. Deputy of the III State Duma from Kuban and Terek regions and the Black Sea Province, gravitated toward the Bolshevik part of the social-democratic faction. In 1910 as representative of the social-democratic faction of the III Duma entered the editorial board of the Bolshevik legal newspaper *Zvezda* (*Star*). – 376.

Polyakov, A. A. (Katsap) (born 1884) – social-democrat. In 1909 – secretary of the Regional Bureau of the RSDLP of the Central Industrial Region. In June 1911 at a meeting of members of the RSDLP Central Committee in Paris was put forward as a candidate from the Bolsheviks to the Foreign Organizational Commission for convening a plenum of the Central Committee. Subsequently it was revealed that Polyakov in 1911–1915 served as a secret agent of the Moscow security department. – 253.

Polyakov, S. L. (Litovtsev, S.) (1875–1945) – bourgeois writer and journalist. Contributed to Cadet newspapers *Reʹch* (*Speech*), *Russkoye Slovo* (*Russian Word*), *Sovremennoye Slovo* (*Contemporary Word*). After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated abroad, actively participated in White émigré publications. – 214.

Potresov, A. P. (1869–1934) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. In years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – ideologue of liquidationism, played a leading role in the journals *Vozrozhdeniye* (*Renaissance*), *Nasha Zarya* (*Our Dawn*) and other organs of Menshevik-liquidators. During the First World War – social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated, abroad contributed to Kerensky's weekly *Dni* (*Days*), spoke with attacks on Soviet Russia. – 28, 29, 30, 31, 35–36, 42, 43, 44, 45–46, 48, 49, 51, 52–53, 56, 57–58, 59, 60, 90, 91, 93, 94, 106, 107, 108–109, 110, 111, 112, 114–115, 116–117, 118, 119, 120–122, 123, 124–125, 126, 127, 128–130, 131, 132, 133, 181, 182, 187, 188–189, 203, 205, 209, 210, 211, 282, 285, 287, 295, 297, 301, 316–317, 320–321, 322, 337, 344, 350–351, 353, 366, 408.

Prokopovich, S. N. (1871–1955) – bourgeois economist and publicist. In the late 90s – prominent representative of "Economism," one of the first preachers of Bernsteinianism in Russia. Later active member of the liberal-monarchist "Union for Liberation." In 1906 – member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. Editor-publisher of the semi-Cadet, semi-Menshevik journal *Bez Zaglaviya* (*Without a Title*). In 1917 – minister of food of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution expelled from the USSR for anti-Soviet activity. – 366, 408.

Purishkevich, V. M. (1870–1920) – large landowner, ardent reactionary and Black Hundreds man, monarchist. Was one of the initiators of the creation of the reactionary "Union of the Russian People"; in 1907 withdrew from this union and formed a new monarchist counter-revolutionary organization – the "Chamber of the Archangel Michael." Deputy of the II, III and IV State Dumas from Bessarabia Province; acquired wide notoriety for his pogrom-inciting, antisemitic speeches in the Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power. – 49, 129, 213, 333, 359–360, 362, 375, 376, 401, 403, 405, 406.

Р

R—koe, N. – see Rozhkov, N. A.

Ramishvili, N. V. (Petr) (born 1881) – one of the leaders of Georgian Mensheviks. At the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP was elected to the Central Committee from Mensheviks. In years of reaction – liquidator. During the First World War – defensist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Central Committee of the Georgian Menshevik party, editor of the newspaper *Ertoba* (*Unity*). In 1918–1920 Ramishvili was minister of internal affairs in the Georgian Menshevik government, advocated for Georgia's separation from Russia, fought against Soviet power. In 1923, while abroad, headed a group of Mensheviks that attempted to organize an uprising against Soviet power in Georgia. – 254, 255, 256, 263–264, 271.

Reinbot (Rezvoii), A. A. (1868–1918) – general of the tsarist army. In 1906–1907, as Moscow police chief, brutally suppressed the revolutionary movement in Moscow, engaged in bribery, extortion, misappropriated state funds. The administrative-police arbitrariness of Reinbot and the lawlessness he perpetrated provoked outrage in broad public circles. The tsarist government was forced to dismiss him and bring him to trial. The investigation into Reinbot's case lasted several years; only in 1911 did the trial take place, which sentenced Reinbot to loss of rights, confiscation of property, and one year in a correctional detention facility. But even this light sentence was not carried out; Reinbot was soon released from custody. During the First World War he commanded a division. – 359–360.

Rennenkampf, P. K. (1854–1918) – tsarist general, one of the butchers and suppressors of the revolutionary movement. In 1900–1901 showed extreme cruelty in suppressing the Boxer uprising in China. In 1906 together with General Mellер-Zakomelskii headed punitive expeditions to suppress the revolutionary movement in Siberia. During the First World War, commanding the 1st Russian army, showed criminal negligence bordering on treason, which was one of the main causes of defeat of Russian forces in East Prussia; in 1915 was removed from office. In 1918 was shot for counter-revolutionary activity. – 79, 81, 221.

Rodzyanko, M. V. (1859–1924) – large landowner, one of the leaders of the Octobrist party, monarchist. Chairman of the III, then IV State Duma; supported the tsarist government in its struggle against the revolutionary movement. During the period of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 organized a counter-revolutionary center – the "Provisional Committee" of the State Duma, then the "Private Meeting" of members of the State Duma. Was one of the ringleaders of Kornilovism. After the October Socialist Revolution fled to Denikin, attempted to unite all counter-revolutionary forces to fight against Soviet power, then emigrated. – 214–216.

Rodichev, F. I. (born 1856) – Tver landowner and zemstvo activist, one of the leaders of the Cadet party, member of its Central Committee. Deputy of the I, II, III and IV State Dumas. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was commissioner of the bourgeois Provisional Government for Finnish affairs. After the October Socialist Revolution – White émigré. – 376.

Rozhkov, N. A. (R–kov, N.) (1868–1927) – historian and publicist. In early 1905 joined the RSDLP, for some time gravitated toward Bolsheviks. After the defeat of the revolution of 1905–1907 became one of the ideological leaders of liquidationism; contributed to the journal *Nasha Zarya* (*Our Dawn*), edited the newspaper *Novaya Sibir* (*New Siberia*) of Menshevik-liquidator tendency. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 Rozhkov was a member of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks, was for several months vice-minister of posts and telegraph in the bourgeois Provisional Government. Took a hostile attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution. During the period of foreign military intervention and civil war fought against Soviet power. In 1922 broke with the Mensheviks. In subsequent years was engaged in scientific-pedagogical and administrative work at various institutions. Author of a number of works on Russian history. – 264, 396–409.

Roman – see Ermolaev, K. M.

Romanovs – dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors who reigned from 1613 to 1917. – 99, 326–327, 330.

Rouanet (Rouanet), Gustave (born 1855) – member of the French Socialist Party, gravitated toward its right wing, by profession a journalist. From 1893 to 1914 – deputy to parliament. Contributed to the socialist newspaper *L'Humanité* (*Humanity*), was editor of *La Revue Socialiste* (*Socialist Review*). – 203.

Rubanovich, I. A. (1860–1920) – one of the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary party. Representative of the Socialist-Revolutionary party at international socialist congresses in Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907). Member of the International Socialist Bureau. During the First World War (1914–1918) – social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution – opponent of Soviet power. – 97, 98.

Rudnev, V. A. – see Bazarov, V. A.

С

Sammer, I. A. (Lyubich) (1870–1921) – social-democrat, Bolshevik. Entered the revolutionary movement in 1897. Conducted party work in Kiev and Kazan, actively participated in the revolution of 1905–1907. Repeatedly subjected to repression by the tsarist government. After the October Socialist Revolution – engaged in economic work in Vologda, from 1919 – worked in the Central Union. Later – chairman of the Ukrainian Union of Consumer Societies (Vukospilka) and plenipotentiary of Ukrvneshtorg. – 264, 271.

Sverchkov, D. F. (1882–1938) – was a member of the RSDLP from 1899, in 1903–1905 – Bolshevik, then – Menshevik. In 1905 was a member of the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies. In 1909–1910 – member of the RSDLP Central Committee from Mensheviks. In 1917 – commissioner of the Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power. In 1920 publicly renounced Menshevism, submitted a statement on joining the Bolshevik party and was accepted as a member of the RCP(b). Worked in the People's Commissariat of Railways, was a member of the Supreme Court of the USSR, then – deputy director of the State Literary Museum in Moscow. – 260.

Semashko, N. A. (Aleksandrov) (1874–1949) – professional revolutionary, Bolshevik, subsequently prominent figure of the Soviet state. Member of the RSDLP from 1893. In 1905 participated in armed uprising in Nizhny Novgorod, was arrested, after release emigrated abroad. Was secretary and treasurer of the Foreign Bureau of the RSDLP Central Committee. At the beginning of the First World War was interned in Bulgaria. Returned to Russia in September 1917. Participated actively in armed uprising in Moscow in October 1917. After the October Socialist Revolution – head of the medical-sanitary department of the Moscow Soviet. In 1918–1930 – People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. In 1931 transferred to work in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, was a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Actual member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. In 1947–1949 – director of the Institute of Health Organization and History of Medicine of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Author of a large number of scientific works in the field of social hygiene and health organization. – 296.

Smirnov, E. – see Gurevich, E. L.

Stakovich, M. A. (1861–1923) – landowner, in 1895–1907 – marshal of the nobility of Orel Province; played a prominent role in the zemstvo movement. Initially gravitated toward the Cadet party, then – one of the organizers of the Octobrist party. Deputy of the I and II State Dumas, member of the State Council. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – governor-general of Finland, then representative of the Provisional Government abroad. – 327, 369, 371, 372.

Stolypin, P. A. (1862–1911) – state figure of tsarist Russia, large landowner. In 1906–1911 – chairman of the Council of Ministers and minister of internal affairs of Russia. With his name is connected a period of most severe political reaction with widespread application of capital punishment for purposes of suppressing the revolutionary movement (Stolypin reaction of 1907–1910). Stolypin carried out an agrarian reform aimed at creating in the kulak a support for tsarist autocracy in the countryside. However his attempt to strengthen autocracy through conducting certain reforms from above in the interests of the bourgeoisie and landowners suffered failure. In 1911 Stolypin was killed in Kiev by the Socialist-Revolutionary Bogrov. – 7, 49, 51, 77, 96, 138, 171, 213, 223, 224, 225, 227, 246, 247, 248, 254, 260, 267, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 287, 314, 316, 324–333, 359, 362, 370, 371–372, 373, 375.

Struve, P. B. (1870–1944) – bourgeois economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the Cadet party. In the 90s – most prominent representative of "Legal Marxism," spoke out with "supplements" and "criticism" of the economic and philosophical teaching of K. Marx, sought to adapt Marxism and the labor movement to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Struve was one of the theoreticians and organizers of the liberal-monarchist "Union for Liberation" (1903–1905) and editor of its illegal organ – the journal *Osvobozhdeniye* (*Liberation*) (1902–1905). With the formation of the Cadet party in 1905 – member of its Central Committee. One of the ideologues of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – fierce enemy of Soviet power, member of the counter-revolutionary government of Wrangel, White émigré. – 115, 117, 163, 189, 208, 211, 249, 277, 296, 307, 330, 408.

Sukhomlín, V. I. (born 1860) – participated in the revolutionary movement from 1879, from 1882 – member of the "People's Will" party. In 1884 arrested and in 1887 was sentenced to death, which was commuted to 15 years of hard labor. In 1903, having served his sentence, joined the Socialist-Revolutionary party, was a member of the combat organization of the Socialist-Revolutionaries; was arrested several times, was in emigration, in 1910 returned to Russia. – 97.

Т

T. L. – see Adrianov.

Taratuta, V. K. (Viktor) (1881–1926) – member of the RSDLP from 1898, Bolshevik. Conducted revolutionary work in the Caucasus (1904–1905) and in Moscow (1905–1907), where he was secretary of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. Delegate to the IV and V Congresses of the RSDLP. Repeatedly subjected to arrests and exile, in 1909 emigrated abroad. In 1919 returned to Soviet Russia, was engaged in responsible economic work. – 271, 296.

Teslenko, N. V. (born 1870) – lawyer, since the formation of the Cadet party – permanent member of its Central Committee. Deputy of the II State Duma from Moscow, contributed to the newspaper *Russkiye Vedomosti* (*Russian News*). After the October Socialist Revolution – White émigré. – 274, 275, 276, 277, 384.

Tikhomirov, L. A. (1852–1923) – one of the prominent figures of the revolutionary movement of the 70s and 80s, subsequently a renegade. Was a member of the "Land and Liberty" party. From 1879 – member of the Executive Committee of the "People's Will" party. In 1883 emigrated abroad, published *Vestnik Narodnoj Voli* (*Herald of the People's Will*). In 1888 in Paris published the pamphlet *Why I Ceased to Be a Revolutionary*, in which he renounced his former revolutionary views. In 1889 after a repentant letter to the tsar returned to Russia, became a monarchist and reactionary, contributed to *Moskovskiye Vedomosti* (*Moscow News*), *Novoye Vremya* (*New Times*), *Russkoye Obozreniye* (*Russian Review*). From 1917 withdrew from political activity. – 97.

Tolmachev, I. N. (born 1863) – general of the tsarist army, active figure of the reactionary organization "Union of the Russian People." In 1907–1911 – Odessa police chief, brutally persecuted labor organizations, progressive press, encouraged murders of revolutionaries and Jewish pogroms. The administrative arbitrariness and lawlessness permitted by Tolmachev took on such a scandalous character as to force the tsarist government in 1911 to remove him from office. – 138, 249, 333, 359–360.

Tolstoi, L. N. (1828–1910) – brilliant Russian writer, one of the greatest writers in the world, who exerted enormous influence on the development of Russian and world literature. On Tolstoi see the articles by Lenin "Leo Tolstoi as a Mirror of the Russian Revolution," "L. N. Tolstoi," "L. N. Tolstoi and the Contemporary Labor Movement," "Tolstoi and the Proletarian Struggle," "L. N. Tolstoi and His Epoch," and others (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 17, pp. 206–213; present volume, pp. 19–24, 38–41, 70–71, 100–104). – 19–24, 32, 38–41, 70–71, 74, 90, 91–92, 93, 94, 100–104, 362.

Trepov, D. F. (1855–1906) – in 1896–1905 – Moscow chief of police; according to V. I. Lenin's definition – "one of the most hated servants of tsarism by all Russia, notorious in Moscow for his ferocity, coarseness, and participation in the Zubatov attempts to corrupt workers" (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 9, p. 238). From January 11, 1905 – St. Petersburg governor-general, then – vice-minister of internal affairs; author of the notorious order of October 1905: "not to give any blank volleys and not to spare ammunition." Inspirer of reactionary pogroms. – 8, 375.

Trotskii (Bronstein), L. D. (1879–1940) – worst enemy of Leninism. In years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge, disguising himself in the mask of "non-factionalism," in fact stood on the positions of liquidators, in 1912 was the organizer of the anti-party August Bloc. During the period of the First World War held a centrist position, conducted struggle against V. I. Lenin on questions of war, peace and revolution. Returning after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 from emigration, joined the group of "Inter-district" organization members and together with them at the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b) was accepted into the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution held a number of state posts. In 1918 opposed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in 1920–1921 headed the opposition in the trade union discussion, from 1923 conducted bitter factional struggle against the general line of the party, against Lenin's program for building socialism, preached the impossibility of victory of socialism in the USSR. The Communist Party, having exposed Trotskyism as a petit-bourgeois deviation in the party, defeated it both ideologically and organizationally. In 1927 Trotskii was expelled from the party, in 1929 for anti-Soviet activity was expelled from the USSR and in 1932 deprived of Soviet citizenship. While abroad, continued struggle against the Soviet state and Communist Party, against the international communist movement. – 31, 33–34, 44, 45–46, 47, 52, 53–58, 59, 60, 96, 105, 106, 157, 158, 159–160, 285, 289, 299, 301–302, 303–304, 319, 320, 321, 335, 336, 337, 338, 341, 342, 345, 347, 348.

Trubetskoi, E. N. (1863–1920) – prince, one of the ideologues of Russian bourgeois liberalism, idealist philosopher. Was professor of philosophy of law at Kiev, then Moscow University. Until 1906 – Cadet. From 1906 – one of the organizers of the constitutional-monarchist party of "peaceful renewal." Played a prominent role in the suppression by tsarism of the revolution of 1905–1907, in the creation of the Stolypin regime in the country. During the First World War (1914–1918) – one of the ideologues of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – worst enemy of Soviet power, active Denikinite. – 327, 369, 375.

Tugan-Baranovskii, M. I. (1865–1919) – Russian bourgeois economist, in the 90s – prominent representative of "Legal Marxism." In the period of the revolution of 1905–1907 – member of the Cadet party. After the October Socialist Revolution – active figure of counter-revolution in Ukraine, minister of finance of the bourgeois Ukrainian Central Rada. Tugan-Baranovskii's main works of the 90s: *Industrial Crises in Contemporary England, Their Causes and Influence on National Life* (1894), *The Russian Factory in Past and Present* (1898), and others. – 163.

Thiers (Thiers), Adolphe (1797–1877) – French bourgeois reactionary political figure. After the fall of the Second Empire (September 4, 1870) – one of the actual leaders of the reactionary government, on February 17, 1871 became its head. Was one of the principal organizers of the civil war and suppression of the Paris Commune. The role of Thiers in French history was detailed characterized by K. Marx in the work *The Civil War in France* (see K. Marx and F. Engels. *Selected Works in Two Volumes*, vol. I, 1955, pp. 461–467). – 218, 221.

Urusov, S. D. (born 1862) – prince, large landowner. In 1903 and 1904 – governor-general of Bessarabia. In 1905 was for some time vice-minister of internal affairs in the Witte cabinet. In 1906 elected to the I State Duma from Kaluga Province. Member of the party of "democratic reforms," which stood to the right of the Cadets. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, from March to June, Urusov was vice-minister of internal affairs in the Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in a special commission under the Presidium of the Supreme Economic Council researching the Kursk magnetic anomaly, from 1921 to 1929 worked in the State Bank. – 327, 328, 369, 372, 373, 375.

Ф

Feuerbach (Feuerbach), Ludwig Andreas (1804–1872) – outstanding German materialist philosopher and atheist, one of the precursors of Marxism. Feuerbach subjected to criticism the idealist philosophy of Hegel, showed the connection of idealism with religion; however in understanding social phenomena Feuerbach remained an idealist. His materialism was metaphysical and contemplative. He could not comprehend the role of practice in the process of cognition and social development. In his final years Feuerbach showed interest in socialist literature, read Marx's *Capital* and in 1870 joined the German Social-Democratic Party.

A comprehensive analysis of Feuerbach's philosophy is given in "Theses on Feuerbach" by K. Marx, in "The German Ideology" by K. Marx and F. Engels, in the work of F. Engels "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy" (see K. Marx and F. Engels. *Works*, 2nd ed., vol. 3, pp. 1–4, 7–544; *Selected Works in Two Volumes*, vol. II, 1955, pp. 339–382), as well as in the work by V. I. Lenin "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 18). – 91, 92, 128.

Vollmar (Vollmar), Georg Heinrich (1850–1922) – one of the leaders of the opportunist wing of the German Social-Democratic Party, journalist. In 1879–1880 edited the party organ *Der Sozialdemokrat* (*The Social-Democrat*) published illegally in Zurich; repeatedly elected deputy to the Reichstag and Bavarian Landtag. One of the ideologues of reformism and revisionism. He spoke out against the intensification of class struggle, proved the advantages of "state socialism," called on social-democracy to form an alliance with liberals; in the development of the party's agrarian program defended the interests of small landowners. During the First World War (1914–1918) stood on the positions of social-chauvinism. In his final years withdrew from active political activity. – 204.

Fomin, V. P. (Olfgin) – social-democrat, after the II Congress of the RSDLP – Menshevik, from 1909 – Menshevik-partyite – supporter of G. V. Plekhanov; lived abroad. In 1909–1910 – contributed to the *Voice of the Social-Democrat*; in 1912–1914 – to the Menshevik-partyite leaflet *For the Party*. – 159, 254.

Frank (Frank), Ludwig (1874–1914) – German social-democrat, one of the leaders of revisionism, social-chauvinist, by profession a lawyer. From 1907 – member of the Reichstag. At the Magdeburg Party Congress (1910) spoke out for voting for military credits. At the beginning of the First World War volunteered in the army, died on the front. – 11–12, 14, 117.

X

Hall (Hall), Leonard (1866–1916) – English socialist, member of the Socialist League, led its Manchester branch. Was one of the founders of the Independent Labour Party and from 1894 a member of its Executive. – 232, 233.

Khomyakov, N. A. (1850–1925) – large landowner, Octobrist. From 1896 to 1902 – director of the Department of Agriculture in the Ministry of Agriculture and State Lands. Deputy of the II, III and IV State Dumas; was chairman of the III State Duma until March 1910. – 213.

Khundadze, G. I. (Moskovskii, A.) (born 1877) – participated in the social-democratic movement from 1898, after the II Congress of the RSDLP – Menshevik. From November 1906 to October 1907 member of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, delegate to the V (London) Congress of the party. In 1909–1913 – Menshevik-partyite, contributed to the Central Organ of the RSDLP newspaper *Social-Democrat*. During the First World War – Menshevik-internationalist. In 1917 gravitated toward the group "New Life." From 1918 to 1920 – representative of the Menshevik government of Georgia in Moscow. Subsequently withdrew from political activity. – 183.

Ц

Tsederbaum, V. O. – see Levitskii, V. O.

Tsederbaum, Yu. O. – see Martov, L.

Zetkin (Zetkin), Clara (1857–1933) – outstanding figure of the German and international labor movement, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Germany, talented writer, fiery speaker and tribune. Being on the left wing of German social-democracy, Zetkin together with R. Luxemburg, F. Mehring and K. Liebknecht actively participated in the struggle against Bernstein and other opportunists. In years of the First World War stood on the positions of revolutionary internationalism, spoke out against social-chauvinism. In 1916 joined the group "Internationalists," then the "Spartacus League." From 1919 – member of the Communist Party of Germany; was elected to the Central Committee of the party. At the III Congress of the Communist International was elected to the Executive of the Comintern, headed its international women's secretariat. From 1924 – permanent chairman of the Executive of the International Organization for Aid to Revolutionary Fighters (MOPR). – 296, 301.

Ч

Chatskii, Yu. – see Bronstein, P. A.

Cherevanin, N. (Lipkin, F. A.) (1868–1938) – one of the leaders of Menshevism, extreme liquidator. Contributor to liquidator publications; among 16 Mensheviks signed the "Open Letter" on the liquidation of the party (1910); after the August anti-party conference of 1912 – member of the Menshevik center. During the First World War – social-chauvinist. In 1917 – one of the editors of *Rabochaya Gazeta* (*Workers' Newspaper*) – the central organ of the Mensheviks and member of the Menshevik Central Committee. Took a hostile attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution. – 94, 112.

Chernyshevskii, N. G. (1828–1889) – great Russian revolutionary democrat and utopian socialist, scholar, writer, literary critic; one of the outstanding precursors of Russian social-democracy. Chernyshevskii was the ideological inspirer and leader of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 60s in Russia. The journal *Sovremennik* (*The Contemporary*) which he edited was the voice of Russia's revolutionary forces. Chernyshevskii spoke out with fierce exposure of the serf character of the "peasant reform" of 1861, called peasants to uprising. In 1862 he was arrested by the tsarist government and imprisoned in the Peter-Paul Fortress, where he remained for about two years, then was sentenced to seven years of hard labor and perpetual exile in Siberia. Only in his declining years was Chernyshevskii freed from exile. To the end of his life he remained a passionate fighter against social inequality, against all manifestations of political and economic oppression.

Among Chernyshevskii's works are a number of brilliant pieces in the field of political economy, history, ethics, and aesthetics. His literary-critical works exerted enormous influence on the development of Russian literature and art. The Russian novel "What Is to Be Done?" by Chernyshevskii educated not one generation of revolutionaries in Russia and abroad. – 165, 174–175.

Chukovskii, K. I. (born 1882) – well-known literary scholar, translator and writer. In 1905 – editor-publisher of the satirical journal *Signal* (*Signal*); in years of reaction – feuilleton critic. Expressed the views of liberal intelligentsia, contributed to the Cadet newspaper *Reʹch* (*Speech*) and journals *Russkaya Myslʹ* (*Russian Thought*), *Niva* (*The Cornfield*), *Vesy* (*The Scales*) and others.

Chukovskii – author of popular verse children's fairy tales. Published the book *From Two to Five*, devoted to the study of child psychology, wrote memoirs of V. Ya. Bryusov, A. M. Gorky, V. V. Mayakovsky, I. E. Repin and others, a study of the life and work of N. A. Nekrasov, translated into Russian a number of works of English and American writers. – 131, 132, 133.

Ш

Shvarts – see Elias, K. Ya.

Shipov, D. N. (1851–1920) – large landowner, prominent figure of the zemstvo movement, moderate liberal. One of the organizers of the Octobrist party and chairman of its Central Committee. In 1906 withdrew from the "Union of October 17" and became one of the leaders of the party of "peaceful renewal"; in the same year was elected member of the State Council. In 1911 withdrew from political activity. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility, was one of the leaders of the counter-revolutionary White Guard organization "National Center." – 116, 327.

Shklovskii, I. V. (Dioneо) (1865–1935) – journalist, moderate liberal; in the 70s participated in the Populist movement, was exiled to Siberia, later went abroad and settled in London. Contributed to *Russkoye Bogatstvo* (*Russian Wealth*) and *Russkiye Vedomosti* (*Russian News*). During the First World War (1914–1918) was a supporter of the Entente. After the October Socialist Revolution – enemy of the proletarian dictatorship. – 389, 393.

Shulgin, V. V. (born 1878) – landowner, deputy of the II, III and IV State Dumas from Volyn Province. Ardent monarchist and nationalist, editor of *Kievlyanin* (*The Kievan*) – organ of Russian nationalists. In 1917 actively supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution was one of the founders of the White Guard Volunteer Army, helped the counter-revolutionary generals Alekseyev, Denikin, Wrangel; later emigrated abroad, where continued struggle against Soviet power. In the 20s withdrew from political activity. In 1944 was brought to the Soviet Union and tried for counter-revolutionary activity; was released in 1956. – 2.

Э

Elias, K. Ya. (Shvarts) (1886–1963) – Latvian social-democrat, Menshevik. In years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator. In 1909–1913 – member of the Foreign Committee of the Latvian Social-Democratic Union, from 1911 was representative of the liquidator Central Committee of the Latvian Social-Democracy in the Foreign Bureau of the RSDLP Central Committee. In 1910–1914 was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper *Zinna* (*Struggle*), participated in the anti-party August conference (1912). After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive of the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers' and Landless Deputies. Was a member of the bourgeois People's Council (1918–1920), Constituent Assembly, deputy of the I, II and III Seimas. – 321, 323.

Engels (Engels), Friedrich (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of international proletariat, friend and comrade-in-arms of K. Marx (see the article by V. I. Lenin "Friedrich Engels." *Works*, 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1–14). – 16–17, 84, 125–126, 145, 201, 230–231, 392–393, 394, 395.

Ю

Yudin – see Aizenshtat, I. L. 

Yurii – see Bronstein, P. A.

Я

Yakovlev – in 1911 was manager of the Khorvat factory in Izhora near Petersburg. – 378.

*Dates of the Life and Activities of V. I. Lenin*

*(November 1910 – November 1911)*

1910

November 1910 – November 1911.

Lenin lived in Paris.

November 1 (14).

Lenin sends A. M. Gorky at Capri island No. 1 of the *Workers' Newspaper*, reports on preparations for publication of a legal journal *Myslʹ* (*Thought*).

November 3 (16).

Lenin participates in a session of the editorial board of the Central Organ of the RSDLP – the newspaper *Social-Democrat*, where his article "Two Worlds" is discussed.

November, before 9 (22).

Lenin informs K. Guismanns, the secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, that his request concerning the RSDLP's contributions for the maintenance of the ISB has been transmitted to the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee.

November 9 (22).

Lenin informs G. V. Plekhanov in a letter that he has received a letter from the International Socialist Bureau regarding the RSDLP's contributions for the maintenance of the bureau; he inquires about Plekhanov's opinion on the first issue of the *Workers' Newspaper*.

Lenin in a letter to A. M. Gorky expresses a negative attitude toward his collaboration in the journal *The Contemporary* and sharply criticizes the journal.

November 15 (28).

Lenin writes the article "Is This Not the Beginning of a Turning Point?" The article is published November 16 (29) in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* No. 18.

November 16 (29).

Lenin's articles "Two Worlds," "On the Demonstration on the Occasion of Muromtsev's Death," "L. N. Tolstoy" are published in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* No. 18.

November 20 (December 3).

Lenin in a letter to "Comrades—students of the school in Bologna" declines the invitation he received to deliver lectures in view of the anti-party direction and schismatic actions of the school's organizers; he invites the students to come to Paris and informs them of his readiness to deliver to them a series of lectures on questions of tactics, the internal party situation, and the agrarian question.

November 21 (December 4).

Lenin in a letter to N. G. Poletaev in Petrograd informs him of the sending of a number of articles for the legal Bolshevik newspaper *The Star*; he asks him to write whether the tensions in the newspaper's editorial office have been eliminated.

November 22 (December 5).

Lenin in a letter to the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP proposes to immediately send one thousand rubles for the publication of the newspaper *The Star*.

Lenin together with other Bolsheviks submits a statement to the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee demanding the immediate convening of a plenum of the Central Committee.

November, later than November 22 (December 5).

Lenin on behalf of the editorial office of the *Workers' Newspaper* writes an "Open Letter to All Social-Democratic Party Members" on the state of affairs in the party.

November 24 (December 7).

Lenin in a letter to N. G. Poletaev informs him of the sending of money for the publication of *The Star*; he decisively expresses himself against the participation of liquidators in the newspaper.

Before November 25 (December 8).

Lenin works on the article "Our Destroyers (On Mr. Potresov and V. Bazarov)."

November 26 (December 9).

Lenin in a letter to V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich in Petrograd asks him to accelerate the release of *The Star* and to inform him regularly of the progress of the work.

November 28 (December 11).

Lenin's article "L. N. Tolstoy and the Contemporary Workers' Movement" is published in No. 7 of the newspaper *Our Path*.

December 4 (17).

Lenin makes notes on the circular letter of the International Socialist Bureau dated December 15, 1910, to the parties of the Second International, which contained a request to examine one of the amendments to the resolution of the Copenhagen Congress (1910) on the question of arbitration courts and disarmament, transmitted by the congress to the ISB for elaboration. In connection with the fact that the amendment dealt with strikes of workers in the military industry as an appropriate means to prevent war, the ISB proposed that all parties appeal to the corresponding trade unions and submit a report to the ISB.

In sending the ISB's letter to the editorial office of *Social-Democrat* for publication, Lenin proposed to accompany it with a statement to the effect that the Bolsheviks consider it possible to prevent war only through the revolutionary onslaught of the masses of the proletariat, and not through a strike as an isolated act of resistance.

December 5 (18).

Lenin writes a letter to K. Guismanns, the secretary of the ISB, in connection with the receipt of the circular letter of the ISB dated December 15, 1910, to the parties of the Second International.

December, before December 13 (26).

Lenin participates in a meeting of the editorial board of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*, at which he is charged with writing a reply to Martov's article "Where Have We Arrived?" published in November 1910 in the newspaper *The Voice of the Social-Democrat* No. 23.

December, no later than December 15 (28).

Lenin writes a letter to the Russian Collegium of the Central Committee of the RSDLP on the state of affairs in the party.

Lenin writes the article "On the State of Affairs in the Party."

December 15 (28).

Lenin participates in a meeting of the editorial board of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*, at which his article "On the State of Affairs in the Party" is discussed.

December 16 (29).

In Petrograd, No. 1 of the Bolshevik legal newspaper *The Star* is published, which includes Lenin's article "Disagreements in the European Workers' Movement."

December 18 (31).

Lenin's articles "Tolstoy and the Proletarian Struggle," "The Beginning of Demonstrations," "What Is Happening in the Countryside?" and "Ivan Vasilievich Babushkin (Obituary)" are published in the *Workers' Newspaper* No. 2.

December 21 (January 3, 1911).

Lenin in a letter to M. T. Elizarov in Saratov informs him of the receipt of his letter, of the absence of a publisher for his book on the agrarian question, of the receipt of the first issues of the newspaper *The Star* and the journal *Thought*.

Lenin in a letter to A. M. Gorky informs him of the reasons for the delay in his reply to his letter, of his negative attitude toward the journal *The Contemporary*, of the incorrect evaluation of L. N. Tolstoy in the Menshevik journal *Our Dawn*, sets forth the views of revolutionary social-democracy on the question of capitalism and its colonial policy, asks for help in finding a publisher for his book on the agrarian question, gives an evaluation of the newspaper *The Star* and the journal *Thought*.

December 23 (January 5, 1911).

Lenin's article "On Certain Peculiarities of the Historical Development of Marxism" is published in the newspaper *The Star* No. 2.

December.

In Moscow, No. 1 of the Bolshevik legal journal *Thought* is published with Lenin's articles "Heroes of the 'Slip of the Tongue'" and "On the Statistics of Strikes in Russia" (Part I).

No earlier than 1910.

In a letter to V. A. Karpinskii in Geneva, Lenin asks him to help locate a book belonging to him on American statistics, *Abstract of the twelfth Census of the United States. 1900*. Washington, 1902.

1911

January, later than January 2 (15).

Lenin writes the note "On the Blush of Shame on Iudushka Trotsky."

January 5 (18).

Lenin in Paris delivers a report on L. N. Tolstoy.

January 6 (19).

Lenin in a letter to his mother, M. A. Ulyanova, in Saratov informs her of his letter to A. M. Gorky regarding the publication of a book on the agrarian question, of the report on L. N. Tolstoy delivered in Paris, and of the planned trip with this report through Switzerland.

Between January 11 (24) and February 8 (21).

Lenin writes the article "The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Fall of Serfdom." The article is published February 8 (21) in the *Workers' Newspaper* No. 3.

January 13 (26).

Lenin's article "The Career of a Russian Terrorist" is published in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* Nos. 19–20.

January 18 (31).

Lenin meets with G. K. Ordzhonikidze, who has come to Paris, and has a conversation with him about social-democratic work in the Caucasus.

Lenin signs a letter to the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee in which a protest is expressed against the policy of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee, directed toward preventing the convening of a plenum of the Central Committee.

January 21 (February 3).

Lenin in a letter to G. V. Plekhanov in San-Remo informs him of the receipt of his letter with news of P. Singer's death, of the sending to Plekhanov on December 5 (18), 1910, of a letter from K. Guismanns and a draft of his reply; of the new onslaught of liquidators in connection with N. I. Iordanskii's note "Contradiction" in No. 4 of the newspaper *The Star* and of their defeat.

Between January 21 and February 5 (February 3 and 18).

Lenin writes the article "The Kadets on 'Two Camps' and on 'Reasonable Compromise.'" The article is published February 5 (18) in the newspaper *The Star* No. 8.

January 22 (February 4).

Lenin's article "L. N. Tolstoy and His Epoch" is published in the newspaper *The Star* No. 6.

Later than January 22 (February 4).

Lenin writes the article "Marxism and 'Our Dawn.'" The article is published April 22 (May 5) in No. 3 of the legal journal *Contemporary Life* (Baku).

Lenin writes a letter to the Central Committee about the fractional, harmful to the party activity of the Golosovites, the Forwardites, the Trotskyists, about their violation of the agreement concluded at the January plenum of the Central Committee in 1910 concerning the dissolution of factions; he declares that the Bolsheviks will continue the merciless struggle against the bloc of Golosovites, Forwardites, and Trotsky.

Between January 23 and February 8 (February 5 and 21).

Lenin writes an obituary article "Paul Singer." The article is published February 8 (21) in the *Workers' Newspaper* No. 3.

Before January 27 (February 9).

Lenin writes a plan of the fourth lecture in the course "Foundations of Political Economy," delivered by him at the Courses of Social Sciences in Paris.

January.

Lenin has a conversation with V. V. Adoratskii, who has come to Paris; he looks over the manuscript of his work on the state.

No. [—] of the journal *Thought* is published with Lenin's articles "Our Destroyers (On Mr. Potresov and V. Bazarov)" and "On the Statistics of Strikes in Russia" (Part II).

January–February.

Lenin carries on a correspondence with A. I. Rykov on questions of the restoration of the central institutions of the party, the convening of a plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP abroad for the purpose of preparing an all-party conference; he sharply criticizes Rykov for conciliationism, for passivity in the preparation of the plenum of the Central Committee.

Between February 17 and 26 (March 2 and 11).

Lenin writes the article "Notes. Menshikov, Gromoboi, Izgoyev." The article is published February 26 (March 11) in the newspaper *The Star* No. 11.

February 22 or 23 (March 7 or 8).

Lenin in a letter to N. G. Poletaev exposes the blackmail tactics of the liquidators, points to the necessity for decisive and consistent struggle against them, asks him to report on the state of affairs in the editorial office of the newspaper *The Star*, and also to immediately send the text of the platform of the duma social-democratic faction for the supplementary elections in Moscow to the State Duma.

Between February 25 and March 19 (March 10 and April 1).

Lenin writes the article "'The Peasant Reform' and the Proletarian-Peasant Revolution." The article is published March 19 (April 1) in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* Nos. 21–22.

February.

Lenin writes a letter to the Russian Collegium of the Central Committee about the schismatic actions of the Golosovites, Forwardites, and Trotsky.

No. 3 of the journal *Thought* is published with Lenin's article "Concerning the Jubilee" and the conclusion of the article "Our Destroyers (On Mr. Potresov and V. Bazarov)."

March 5 (18).

Lenin speaks in Paris at a meeting dedicated to the fortieth anniversary of the proclamation of the Paris Commune.

March, no later than March 13 (26).

Lenin leaves for Berlin for negotiations with the "custodians" of party funds (K. Kautsky, C. Zetkin, and F. Mehring) about appropriating money for the newspaper *The Star*. The negotiations are attended by N. G. Poletaev, a member of the editorial board of *The Star*.

March 19 (April 1).

Lenin's article "Party Destroyers in the Role of 'Destroyers of Legends'" is published in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* Nos. 21–22.

Between March 22 and April 5 (April 4 and 19).

Lenin and Gorky meet in Paris.

Between March 23 and April 2 (April 5 and 15).

Lenin writes the article "The Kadets and Octobrists." The article is published April 2 (15) in the newspaper *The Star* No. 16.

Between March 30 and April 16 (April 12 and 29).

Lenin writes the article "On the Significance of the Crisis." The article is published April 16 (29) in the newspaper *The Star* No. 18.

March.

Lenin in a letter to A. I. Rykov informs him of the receipt of his letter, assesses Rykov's threat to withdraw from the Central Committee as a betrayal of Bolshevism at a difficult moment; he proposes to summon from Russia V. P. Nogin and I. A. Summerer to ensure the Bolsheviks a majority at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

No. 4 of the journal *Thought* is published with Lenin's articles "On the Social Structure of Power, Perspectives, and Liquidationism" and "Polemical Notes."

Before April 6 (19).

In a letter to the social-democratic faction of the Third State Duma, Lenin approves the plan drawn up by the faction for the publication of a report on its work, informs them of the composition of the editorial commission and its obligations.

Between April 8 and 16 (April 21 and 29).

Lenin writes the article "The Congress of the English Social-Democratic Party." The article is published April 16 (29) in the newspaper *The Star* No. 18.

April 12 (25).

Lenin takes part in drawing up and signs the initial version of a letter to members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP located abroad, proposing that they take part in a meeting of members of the Central Committee to decide on the immediate convening of a plenum of the Central Committee.

April 15 (28).

Lenin's article "In Memory of the Commune" is published in the *Workers' Newspaper* Nos. 4–5.

April 17 (30).

Lenin in a letter to the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee informs them of the completion of negotiations on the question of the publication of a report of the social-democratic faction of the Third State Duma, which were conducted in Berlin by Lenin, at the behest of the duma faction, with N. G. Poletaev, of the composition of the editorial commission for the publication of the report, proposes to provide the editorial commission with funds from the "custodian" sums.

April, before April 21 (May 4).

Lenin writes a letter to N. A. Rozhkov in connection with his article "A Necessary Initiative," sent to the editorial office of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*.

Between April 28 and May 7 (May 11 and 20).

Lenin writes the article "'Regret' and 'Shame.'" The article is published May 7 (20) in the newspaper *The Star* No. 21.

April 29 (May 12).

Lenin speaks with a speech at a meeting in Paris dedicated to May First.

Lenin's article "A Conversation of a Legalist with an Opponent of Liquidationism" is published in No. 3 of the *Discussion Sheet* (supplement to the Central Organ *Social-Democrat*).

End of April.

Lenin in a letter to A. M. Gorky informs him of the arrest of No. 5 of the journal *Thought* and the prohibition of its further publication, asks him for help in finding a publisher for the establishment of a new journal in Petrograd.

No later than April.

Lenin writes remarks on V. V. Adoratskii's article "On Neoliberalism (Notes on the Occasion of P. Novgorodtsev's Book 'The Crisis of Contemporary Legal Consciousness')" for the journal *Thought*.

May 14 (27).

Lenin in a letter to A. M. Gorky expresses his negative attitude toward the union of Bolsheviks, Menshevik-party members, and the social-democratic duma faction around any printed organ, since Mensheviks predominate in the faction; he criticizes the editorial board of *The Star* for the absence of a firm political line, informs him of rumors concerning Stolypin's circular on the closure of all social-democratic organs of the press; of the necessity for strengthening illegal work.

Lenin signs a letter to members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP located abroad, inviting them to take part in a meeting of members of the Central Committee.

Spring.

Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya move to Longjumeau (a small place a few kilometers from Paris).

Lenin has a conversation with workers who have come from Russia—future students of the party school in Longjumeau.

Spring and summer, no later than August 17 (30).

Lenin directs the organization and work of the party school in Longjumeau.

Lenin before the opening of the school conducts lessons with the students on K. Marx and F. Engels's "Manifesto of the Communist Party."

Lenin delivers in the school a course of lectures on political economy (29 lectures—43 hours), on the agrarian question (12 lectures—18 hours), on the theory and practice of socialism in Russia (12 lectures).

At the request of the school's students, Lenin delivers 3 lectures on the materialist conception of history and a report on the current moment and the state of affairs in the party.

Between May 17 and 20 (May 30 and June 2).

Lenin writes a letter to M. V. Ozolin concerning the forthcoming meeting of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP and Ozolin's participation in it as a representative of Latvian social-democracy.

Between May 19 and 23 (June 1 and 5).

Lenin writes a "Synopsis (Plan) of the Report of Three Central Committee Members to a Private Meeting of Nine Members of the Central Committee."

Lenin writes a letter to the meeting of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP abroad, in which he exposes the liquidators who are preventing the convening of a plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

Lenin writes a report on the state of affairs in the party for the forthcoming meeting of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

May 26 (June 8).

Lenin attends a preliminary meeting of the participants in the meeting of members of the Central Committee at which it was decided to postpone the beginning of the meeting by two days.

May 28 (June 10).

Lenin's article "On the Results of the Duma Session. 'Worked Together'" is published in the newspaper *The Star* No. 24.

May 28 – June 4 (June 10–17).

Lenin directs the work of the meeting of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, convened on his initiative in Paris for the purpose of developing measures for the speedier convening of a plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP and an all-party conference.

May 28 (June 10).

Lenin speaks ten times at the first session of the meeting on the question of the constitution of the meeting.

Lenin writes draft resolutions on the constitution of the meeting, on the participation in it of representatives of the Bund, on the participation in the meeting of A. I. Rykov.

May 29 (June 11).

At a private meeting of Bolsheviks with representatives of Polish social-democracy, Lenin exchanges notes with F. E. Dzerzhinsky on the question of the necessity to exclude the Golosovites from the party.

May 30 (June 12).

Lenin at the second session of the meeting submits a proposal to take note of the statement of N. A. Semashko concerning the transmission to the meeting of party money and documents in connection with his withdrawal from the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee.

Lenin speaks nine times at the third session on the discussion of the question of the convening of a plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

June 1 (14).

Lenin abstains from voting on the second part of the resolution on the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee, which dealt with the transmission of the question of the existence of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee to the decision of the nearest plenum of the Central Committee. Lenin insists on the immediate reorganization of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee. Lenin signs and brings before the meeting, together with Zinoviev, a separate opinion on the non-recognition of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee as a party institution.

Lenin writes a statement on the inadmissibility of inviting representatives of the Golosovites and Forwardites to the Organizational Commission for the convening of the all-Russian party conference. The statement is brought forward during the discussion of the draft resolution on the convening of a party conference. Lenin writes a proposal on the creation of a Russian Organizational Commission and brings it forward during the discussion of the draft resolution on the convening of a party conference.

June 2 (15).

Lenin writes a statement on his solidarity with N. A. Semashko concerning his withdrawal from the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee.

June, later than June 4 (17).

Lenin delivers a report on the June meeting of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP at a meeting of Bolsheviks with the participation of Polish social-democrats.

June, no later than June 6 (19).

Lenin writes a letter to the Foreign Organizational Commission on the question of the composition of the Foreign Organizational Commission.

June, later than June 6 (19).

Lenin signs a letter to the Main Board of the Latvian Social-Democratic Labour Party with a protest against the actions of Ya. Tyshka, directed toward preventing the implementation of the decisions of the June meeting of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, with a request to the Board to take measures to prevent such actions.

June 11 (24).

Lenin's article "On Old but Eternally New Truths" is published in the newspaper *The Star* No. 25.

June, no later than June 14 (27).

Lenin leaves for Stuttgart for negotiations with K. Zetkin concerning the "custodian" money.

June 18 (July 1).

[No entry]

June 20 (July 3).

Lenin writes a letter to A. I. Lyubimov and M. K. Vladimirov, in which he declares the impossibility of joint action by Bolsheviks with conciliators as a consequence of their bloc with Golosovites, Trotsky, and Forwardites, informs them of the intention of the Bolsheviks to withdraw from the Technical and Organizational Commissions in the event of the conciliators continuing their policy harmful to the party.

Lenin takes part in a meeting of the editorial board of *Social-Democrat*, at which the question of the composition of the next issue and the statement of Martov and Dan about their withdrawal from the editorial board of the Central Organ is discussed. Lenin proposes to announce in *Social-Democrat* the withdrawal of Dan and Martov from the editorial board and to give an evaluation of their actions in a short note.

July 4 (17).

Lenin makes notes, underlines, and strikethroughs on a letter of the International Socialist Bureau to the general secretaries and delegates of socialist parties of all countries with a query on the expediency of convening a meeting of representatives of socialist parties in connection with the decision of the German government to send a military cruiser to Morocco.

First half of July.

Lenin repeatedly meets and has conversations with students of the party school in Longjumeau G. K. Ordzhonikidze, B. A. Breslov, and I. I. Schwarz in connection with their departure to Russia to work in preparation for the party conference.

July 17 (30).

Lenin writes a statement on behalf of the members of the June meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP with a protest against the refusal of the Technical Commission to provide money for the party school in Longjumeau; he proposes to conduct a vote on a resolution concerning the appropriation of the necessary sum for the school from available or "custodian" money.

July 20 (August 2).

[No entry]

July, later than July 20 (August 2).

Lenin makes editorial insertions in the proofs of Kamenev's brochure "Two Parties"; in a letter to him he informs him of the sending of the proofs of the brochure and of the necessity to make a number of substantive corrections to the section "Two Parties"; he asks him to send the proofs of the corrected section on conciliators.

July.

Lenin has a conversation with M. A. Savelyev about the publication of a legal Bolshevik journal *Enlightenment* and his participation in editing the journal.

Lenin writes the article "The State of Affairs in the Party."

August 7 (20).

Lenin and Krupskaya come for a day to Fontainebleau (Seine and Marne Department).

Before August 11 (24).

Lenin writes the articles "Reformism in Russian Social-Democracy" and "From the Camp of Stolypin's 'Workers' Party' (Dedicated to Our 'Conciliators' and 'Compromisers')." The articles are published September 1 (14) in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* No. 23.

Before August 30 (September 12).

Lenin on behalf of the editorial board of the Central Organ *Social-Democrat* writes a letter to the forthcoming congress of the Social-Democracy of the Latvian Region, in which he draws special attention of the congress to the necessity of struggle against liquidationism.

September 1 (14).

[No entry]

September 2 (15).

Lenin in a letter to A. M. Gorky approves his plans for the publication of a journal, a large newspaper, and a penny newspaper, informs him of the intention of liquidators to also publish a penny newspaper in Petrograd and of the necessity to organize resistance to them, asks Gorky to send an article to *The Star* in connection with the resumption of its publication, characterizes the state of affairs in the party, informs him of the sharply negative review of K. Kautsky and K. Zetkin of L. Martov's brochure "Saviors or Destroyers?"

September 8 (21).

Lenin and Krupskaya move from Longjumeau to Paris.

September 9 or 10 (22 or 23).

Lenin leaves for Switzerland to participate in a meeting of the ISB in Zurich.

September 10–11 (23–24).

Lenin participates in a meeting of the International Socialist Bureau in Zurich, speaks in defense of Rosa Luxemburg's position against the opportunism of the German social-democrats.

September 12 (25).

Lenin in a letter to G. L. Shklovskii informs him of the forthcoming delivery of a report in Zurich on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution," of his visit to Geneva and Bern, inquires about the possibility of meeting members of the Bolshevik group in Bern.

Lenin in Zurich speaks at a meeting of the local group of the RSDLP on the question of the state of affairs in the party.

September 13 (26).

Lenin in Zurich delivers a report on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution."

Between September 13 and 15 (26 and 28).

Lenin writes a letter to G. L. Shklovskii concerning the organization of a report in Geneva and Bern on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution" for the benefit of the *Workers' Newspaper*, asks him to select literature for the report, informs him of his agreement to a conversation with Bolsheviks and Menshevik-party members.

September 14–15 (27–28).

On the way to Bern, Lenin stops in Lucerne and climbs Mount Pilatus.

September 15 (28).

Lenin in a letter to M. A. Ulyanova from Lucerne informs her of his stay in Switzerland in connection with the meeting of the International Socialist Bureau in Zurich, of his travels through Switzerland with the report "Stolypin and Revolution."

Lenin in Bern delivers a report on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution."

Between September 15 and 19 (28 September and October 2).

Lenin in Bern has conversations with members of the local group of the RSDLP on the state of affairs in the party.

September 19 (October 2).

Lenin in Geneva delivers a report on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution."

Between September 28 and October 18 (October 11 and 31).

Lenin writes the article "Stolypin and Revolution." The article is published October 18 (31) in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* No. 24.

Between September 30 and October 23 (October 13 and November 5).

Lenin writes the article "The Sum-Up." The article is published October 23 (November 5) in the newspaper *The Star* No. 26.

October 18 (31).

Lenin in Paris delivers a report on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution."

Lenin's articles "On the New Faction of Conciliators or the Virtuous," "On the Electoral Campaign and Electoral Platform," and "From the Camp of Stolypin's 'Workers' Party'" are published in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* No. 24.

October 19 (November 1).

In a letter to I. A. Pyatnitskii in Leipzig, Lenin proposes that he go to Prague to prepare for the party conference.

Lenin sends a letter (in German) to Prague to A. Nemec, the representative of the Czech social-democratic party in the International Socialist Bureau, inquires about the possibility of convening a conference of the RSDLP in Prague and asks for help in organizing it.

October 23 or 24 (November 5 or 6).

Lenin leaves for Belgium and London. Lenin arrives in Brussels and delivers a report on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution."

Between October 23 and November 5 (November 5 and 18).

Lenin writes the article "Old and New (From the Notes of a Newspaper Reader)." The article is published November 5 (18) in the newspaper *The Star* No. 28.

October 25 (November 7).

Lenin in Antwerp delivers a report on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution."

Between October 25 and November 5 (November 7 and 18).

Lenin writes the article "Two Centers." The article is published November 5 (18) in the newspaper *The Star* No. 28.

October 29 (November 11).

Lenin in London delivers a report on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution."

Before October 30 (November 12).

Lenin writes an article on the situation of the peasantry in Sweden.

November, later than November 6 (19).

Lenin writes an article (report) "On the Social-Democratic Faction of the Second Duma." The article is published in December in German, French, and English in the *Periodic Bulletin of the International Socialist Bureau* No. 8.

November 7 (20).

Lenin in Liège delivers a report on the topic "Stolypin and Revolution."

November 8 (21).

Lenin in Liège has a conversation with members of the local group of the RSDLP.

November, before November 14 (27).

Lenin writes a plan of the report "Manifesto of the Liberal Workers' Party."

November 14 (27).

Lenin in Paris delivers a report on the topic "Manifesto of the Liberal Workers' Party." The report was organized by the circle for the support of the *Workers' Newspaper*.

November 20 (December 3).

Lenin delivers a speech on behalf of the RSDLP at the funeral of Paul and Laura Lafargue. The speech is published December 8 (21) in the newspaper *Social-Democrat* No. 25.

November 24 (December 7).

Lenin sends a telegram to K. Guismanns, the secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, from the Central Committee of the Democratic Party of Persia, received by the Central Committee of the RSDLP, in which a protest is expressed against the interference of Russian tsarism and English imperialism in the internal affairs of the Persian people.

In an accompanying letter to K. Guismanns, Lenin informs him that this telegram will be published in the Central Organ of the RSDLP *Social-Democrat* and expresses the hope that the contents of the telegram will be communicated to all parties belonging to the Second International.

November 26 (December 9).

Lenin's article "Hyndman on Marx" is published in the newspaper *The Star* No. 31.

Autumn.

V. I. Lenin and N. G. Poletaev meet A. Bebel in Berlin and ask him to render financial assistance to the newspaper *The Star*.

December 3 (16).

Lenin's article "Manifesto of the Liberal Workers' Party" is published in the newspaper *The Star* No. 32.