Concluding Remarks to the SymposiumMarxism and Liquidationism

Written:Written in April 1914Published:Published in 1914 in the symposiumMarxism and Liquidationism, Part II. Priboi Publishers, St. Petersburg.

      Published according to the text in the symposium.Source:Lenin
	  Collected Works,

      Progress Publishers,1972,

      Moscow,Volume 20,

      pages265-273.Translated:Bernard Isaacs and The Late Joe FinebergTranscription\Markup:R. CymbalaPublic Domain:Lenin Internet Archive

      (2004).You may freely copy, distribute,
	display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and
	commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet
	Archive” as your source.•README

Liquidationismis an issue of vital importance, not only to
labour democracy but to Russian democracy generally. When our democratic
press tries to sidestep this issue, or skim over it as a “private
controversy” among Marxists, it merely reveals a desire to evade an
appraisal of the cardinal political problems of our day. For the question
of liquidationism is one of our entire appraisal of the June Third system,
and, in broader terms, of our counter-revolution generally. It is a
question of the basic tasks and methods of the democrats.

Noone, I believe, has questioned the fact that the latest period of
Russian history, beginning approximately with 1908, has been marked not
only by the extreme intensification of reaction’s persecution of everything
democratic, but by profound ideological disunity and disintegration, which
has affected the proletariat as well as all bourgeois-democratic
elements. But whereaseveryoneacknowledges this obvious fact,
only the Marxists have set themselves the clear and immediate task of
precisely defining theclassroots andclassimplications
of this disunity and disintegration. Without such a definition there can be
no conscious choice of tactics.

Workin that direction started in our Marxist press abroad in 1908,
i.e., as soon as disunity became a fact. The Marxists could not accept this
disunity, as the liberals had done, nor could they confine themselves to
subjectively condemning it, as even the best (in the democratic sense) of
the Narodniks had done. The social trends called for a socio economic,
i.e., class explanation.

December1908saw an explanation of the substance of Liquidationism
given in the Bolshevik press and endorsed by a Party decision which was
binding on all. The spring of 1909 saw a formal break between the
Bolsheviks (as represented by their leading body) and the so-called
			     Vperyodists,[1]who accepted
otzovism[6]or considered it a “legitimate trend” and defended
“god-building” and the reactionary philosophy of

			      Machism.[2]This break revealed the main features of “Left liquidationism”, its
leaning towards anarchism, just as Right liquidationism, or liquidationism
proper, leans towards liberalism.

ByJanuary 1910 this Marxist analysis of the present disunity and
disintegration, nine-tenths of which had been given by the Bolshevik press
abroad, was so complete and the facts so irrefutably established, thatallMarxists, representatives ofalltrends (includingboththe liquidators and the Vperyodists) were compelledunanimouslyto acknowledge, in the decisions of January 1910, that
both the liquidationist and Vperyodist “deviations” weremanifestations of bourgeois influenceon the proletariat.

Aglance at the situation in the non-Marxist movement will be enough to
make one realise the social significance of this Marxist analysis and
Marxist decision. Among the liberals we find the extreme Vekhist
liquidationism and confusion, which persiststo this day, on the
question of whether the methods of 1905 have been abandoned or not. Among
theLeftNarodniks we find extreme liquidationist pronouncements,
beginning with the Paris publications of 1908–11, the nebulous
liquidationism ofPochin[7]and ending with the liquidationist mouthings of
Savinkov-Ropshin and Chernov inZavety. On the other hand, the
Left Narodniks’ official otzovism continues to erode and weaken their
ranks.

Theobjective validity of the Marxist analysis was confirmed by the
fact that in the course of the five odd years since 1908allprogressive trends of social thought have been constantly coming up againsttheseselfsame liquidationist and Narodnik errors,theseselfsame questions of applying old methods to the solution of old but stillunresolved problems, and of marshalling our forces in a new situation and
with new methods.

Atthe beginning of the June Third period, Marxist analysis helped to
reveal the theoretical deviations towards liquidationism and otzovism. Now,
at the close of the period, we see how, even in the open arena, in full
sight of everybody, the vast majority of class-conscious workers of Russia
have rallied around the Marxists, while bothflanksof the
democratic press, which seeks to influence the proletariat, are preoccupied
with petty-bourgeois liquidationism and petty-bourgeois Narodism. Not so
long ago the Left-NarodnikSevernaya Mysl(No. 1) carried the
following report from a Mr. Braines on the social insurance campaign in
Riga:

“Theboycottist trend is a p parent only among the
   shoemakers, where boycottist groups have been formed. Unfortunately, the
   Narodniks are the leading spirits in these groups.” (Quoted in the article
   “Narodism and Liquidationism as Disintegrating Elements in the
   Working-Class
			     Movement”,[3]inProletarskaya PravdaNo. 12, for December 20, 1913.)

“Theboycottist trend is a p parent only among the
   shoemakers, where boycottist groups have been formed. Unfortunately, the
   Narodniks are the leading spirits in these groups.” (Quoted in the article
   “Narodism and Liquidationism as Disintegrating Elements in the
   Working-Class
			     Movement”,[3]inProletarskaya PravdaNo. 12, for December 20, 1913.)

Thesame paper had to admit that:

“Tothe honour of the Marxists be it said that they
   enjoy considerable influence at present in the unions [i.e., the trade
   unions] whereas we Left Narodniks work in them without a definite plan, and
   for that reason our influence is scarcely felt.” (Ibid.)

“Tothe honour of the Marxists be it said that they
   enjoy considerable influence at present in the unions [i.e., the trade
   unions] whereas we Left Narodniks work in them without a definite plan, and
   for that reason our influence is scarcely felt.” (Ibid.)

Thedoctrinal feebleness of the Left Narodniks, who combine the
new-fangled opportunism of the European philistines with the purely Russian
philistine defence of “labouring” proprietors, is naturally complemented
by tactical feebleness and vacillation. Nothing remains of the old
Left-Narodnik party except vacillation, and the same applies to the
liquidators. Defeated in the working-class movement, these petty-bourgeois
trends had no choice but toform a bloc against the Marxists.

Ithas been a steady descent. From advocacy of a legal party, from the
speeches of the Potresovs and the Yushkeviches, with their renouncement of
the idea of hegemony and of Marxism, the liquidators have sunk to a directstruggleagainst the Marxist party. Here is what a St. Petersburg
Left Narodnik wrote the other day inStoikaya Mysl(No. 5):

“Assoon as we came into the hall (where the election of
   the Insurance Board was taking place) the narrow factional stand taken by
   the Pravdists at once became clear. But we do not lose hope. Together with
   the liquidators we are drawing up a non-factional list that will give us
   one seat on the Board and two alternate seats.” (Quoted fromPut
   PravdyNo. 38, for March 16, 1914.)

“Assoon as we came into the hall (where the election of
   the Insurance Board was taking place) the narrow factional stand taken by
   the Pravdists at once became clear. But we do not lose hope. Together with
   the liquidators we are drawing up a non-factional list that will give us
   one seat on the Board and two alternate seats.” (Quoted fromPut
   PravdyNo. 38, for March 16, 1914.)

Petty-bourgeoisdemocrats of all trends who wish to corrupt the workers
with bourgeois influence—unite against the Marxists! The silly word
“non-factional”, which fascinates people who are incapable of thinking
and learning, is so convenient and pleasing a word for the philistine! But
the hoc with the Left Narodniks was no help to the poor liquidators, and
never can be. The class-conscious workers elected to the Insurance BoardonlyMarxists, opponents of liquidationism.

Groupletsof non-Party Intellectuals, who seek to subject the workers
to bourgeois policy and bourgeois ideology, have now taken definite shape
in Russia: the liquidators and the Left Narodniks. For nearly twenty years,
ever since Economism first appeared on the scene (1894–95), the ground has
been laid for thisallianceof opportunists from among the
near-Party Marxists with the Narodniks,againstconsistent
Marxism. It is high time to face the facts squarely and say firmly and
emphatically: the Marxist working-class movement in Russia is being built,
and can be built,onlyin a struggle against liquidationism and
Narodism.

Allover the world, in every capitalist society, the proletariat is
inevitably connected with the petty bourgeoisie by a thousand ties, and
everywhere the period of formation of workers’ parties was attended by its
more or less prolonged and persistent ideological and political subjection
to the bourgeoisie. This is common to all capitalist countries, but it
assumes different forms in different countries, depending on historical and
economic factors: In Britain, in conditions of complete political freedom
and with the country enjoying a long period of monopoly, the liberal
bourgeoisie was for decades able to corrupt and ideologically enslave the
majority of class-conscious workers. In France, the traditions of
republican petty-bourgeois radicalism have been converting very many
workers into supporters of the “Radical”bourgeois party, or of equally bourgeois anarchism. In Germany, half a
century ago, the workers still followed the liberal Schulze-Delitzsch and
were taken in by the “national liberal” (“Royal-Prussian”)
opportunistic vacillation of Lassalle and Schweitzer, while today hundreds
of thousands of workers follow the Catholic “centre”, with its sham
“democracy”.

InRussia, thebourgeois-democraticsolution of the peas ant
question has not been completed to this day. It is therefore not surprising
to see petty-bourgeois Narodism parading as “socialism”. Russia is themostpetty bourgeois of all capitalist countries. Consequently, as
soon as Marxism became amasssocial trend in Russia,
intellectualist petty-bourgeois opportunism made itself felt, first in the
form of Economism and “legal Marxism” (1895-1902), later in the form of
			      Menshevism[4](1903-08), and finally in the form of liquidationism (1908–14).

Liquidationismhas now reached full maturity, a complete break with the
Marxist workers’ party. If Mr.L. M., the most
“Left” of the liquidators—and the most adroit in producing evasive
formulas—writes:

“experiencehas shown that the ‘legal workers’ party’ is
   not a reactionary dream, forsuch a party, in a certain sense,
   existsin Russia at present...” (L. M.’s italics;Nasha
   ZaryaNo. 2, 1914, p. 83),

“experiencehas shown that the ‘legal workers’ party’ is
   not a reactionary dream, forsuch a party, in a certain sense,
   existsin Russia at present...” (L. M.’s italics;Nasha
   ZaryaNo. 2, 1914, p. 83),

thenit should be clear to all that it is
absurd and preposterous even to thinkof the possibilityof
“uniting” or “reconciling”sucha group with the Marxist
workers’ party.

Onlyhopelessly empty-headed people can now talk of the Marxist
workers’ party “uniting” withsucha group, with that ofNasha ZaryaandSevernaya Rabochaya Gazetagroup.

Classdivisions in Russia in 1914 are in every respect more politically
definite and sharper than they were in 1904. At that time it was only the
landed nobility that showed no cleavage, and the salon liberalism of some
of its representatives frightened even the old regime. At that time, this
regime considered the muzhik such a reliable pillar of law and order that
it allowed him a very large measure of influence in the Bulygin and Witte
Dumas.[8]At that time, Guchkov-Milyukov-Peshekhonov liberalism and
democracy could still present a single and uniform school of thought. At
that time Menshevism wanted to be—and in effect was—aninner-Party trend, one that sought to defend opportunist slogans
in “programmatic discussions”withinthe workers’ party.

Present-dayliquidationism has since then moved miles to the right. It
has quitted the Party, shaken the dust of the “underground” from its
feet, and is a closely knit anti-partyist centre of journalists writing for
the legal liberal and liquidationist press, men whom the workers have
removed from every office in all working-class organisations and
societies. To comparethisliquidationism with the Menshevism of
1903–07 is to allow oneself to be blinded and deafened by old names and
catchwords, and to have absolutely no understanding of the evolution of
class and party relations in Russia during the past ten years.

Present-dayliquidationism, that of 1914, is the same as theTovarishchgroup of
1907.[9]

Itis quite natural that in exile and emigration, where people are so
out of touch with real conditions, so immured in memories of the past, of
the events of seven or ten years ago, one comes across dozens of these
“have-beens”, who dream of “unity” between the workers’ party and the
group of Messrs. L. M., F. D., Potresov, Yezhov, Sedov and Co. And there
are also very many of these “have-beens”, but of a poorer moral calibre,
among intellectuals associated with the workers’ party in 1904–07 and now
holding “cushy jobs” in various legal organisations.

Noless natural is it that among Russian working-class youth of today
all these dreams and all this talk of complacent individuals about
“unity” of liquidators and the workers’ party produce either Homeric and
most impolitelaughter, or else bewilderment and pity for these intellectualist
Manilovs. This is perfectly natural, for our present-day working-class
youthhave seenthe liquidators desert the Party, seen theirflightfrom the “defunct Party cells”, beard their renegade
speeches about the “underground” and the harmfulness of “boosting the
illegal Press” (see statement inSevernaya Rabochaya Gazeta,
March 13, 1914), have been obliged tocombatthe bloc of this
gentry both with the Narodniks and with the non-party element at a number
of congresses, in the elections to the Fourth Duma, at a number of meetings
of workers’ societies, and in the elections to the Insurance Board, and
have been obliged toremovethese individualsfrom officein every workers’ organisation.

LetTrotsky, inBorba, cast imploring looks at Skobelev and
Chkheidze; let contributors to the Paris newspaperZa
			     Partiyu[5][10]look with hope and trust to
Buryanov[11]; let them reiterate all this talk about “unity”—their
words now have a ring of sadness and irrelevancy.

Topreach “unity” between Marxists and people who claim that a
“legal workers’ party is not a reactionary dream etc,, one has to be
either fantastically stupid, or else have no knowledge and no understanding
whatever of the Russian working-class movement and of the position in the
local organisations, or else one has to long for such a pleasant
“pendulum” state of affairs in which—who knows!—Trotsky (or some
other “non-factionalist”) will be invited to engineer non-factional”
unity “on an equal basis” between the group that contribute toNasha
Zarya,DyenandKievskaya Mysland the groups of
Marxist workers. What a sweet and delightful prospect!

Butreal life, the real history of the attempts to “unite” with the
liquidators, reveals something very far removed from this sweet and
delightful prospect. There was a serious and concerted effort to unite with
the liquidators in January 1910, but it was wrecked by the
liquidators. There was unity ofallgroups and grouplets with the
liquidators against the hateful Conference of January 1912. This wasardent and passionate unity based on the most passionate (and violently
abusive) invective against that Conference, with both Trotsky and theZa Partiyucontributors and, of course, all the Vperyodists taking
part in this “union”. If the evil Leninist splitters were really an
obstacle to unity, then real unity would have blossomed forth immediately
after the joint statement against the Leninists, which these groups and the
liquidators published inVorw\"artsin March 1912!

But,alas, these queer unity-builders have since then—since the
workers in Russia, having inauguratedPravdain April, proceeded
to unite the hundreds and thousands of workers’ groups in all parts of the
country on a basis of loyalty to the Party—these queer unity-builders
have, ever since March 1912, displayed ever greater disunity amongst
themselves! By August 1912 the famous “August bloc” of the liquidators
was formedwithoutthe Vperyodists andwithout“Za Partiyu”.

Thenext eighteen months saw the growth, maturity and ultimate
consolidation o-f the unity of workers’ groups in Russia, inalllegal working-class societies, in all the trade unions and organisations
and in a good many newspapers and organs, with the Russian
Social-Democratic Labour group in the Duma, which is prepared to carry out
the will of the majority of the workers.

Butwhat of our “unity-builders”?

Oh,their “unity” efforts have been so felicitous and successful that
instead of oneVperyodgroup there are nowtwo(not
counting Bogdanov, the empirio-monist whom some take for a thirdVperyodgroup[12]); instead of a single Trotsky-and-liquidator paper
(Luch), there is now, in addition, Trotsky’s own organ,Borba, which this time promises genuine “non-factionalism”. And
besides Trotsky’s timid withdrawal from the liquidator ranks, there has
been a complete and resolute withdrawal from them ofall the organised
Lettish Marxists, who,despitetheir strict neutrality and
non-factionalism, forthrightly declared at their 1914 Congress:

“Theconciliators(participants in the August bloc)have themselves fallen into ideological and political dependence on the
liquidators”!

FromMarch 1912, wheneveryoneunited with the liquida tots
against the evil “Leninist splitters”, up to March 1914, when the
fictitious “August bloc” finally fell to pieces, it became abundantly
clear that the real unity of the Marxist workers (in Russia, not in Paris
or Vienna) is proceeding, and will only proceed, inopposition tothe liquidationist group andregardlessof the empty talk about
“unity” with the advocates of a “legal workers’ party”.

Thousandsof workers’ groups openly and publicly rallying around the
Marxist paper—here is living proof of genuine unity and its
development. Based on the principles evolved by the Marxists at the
beginning of the June Third period, this unity has enabled us—a
hundredfold more successfully than anyone else has done—to utilise every
legal opportunity, to utilise itin the spiritof a ruthless war
against the ideas that condemn the “boosting of the illegal press”, or
accept advocacy of “a legal party”, or renounce hegemony, or relegate to
the background the
“pillars”,[13]etc., etc.

Andonly such unity, based on these principles, indicates the correct
path to the Russian working class.

[1]Alexinsky,Bogdanov, Lunacharsky, S. Volsky and others.  —Lenin

[2]Seepresent edition, Vol. 15, pp. 425–51.—Ed.

[3]Seepp. 59–62 of this volume.—Ed.

[4]Theliquidationist historians present a ludicrous spectacle indeed when
they have to dodge and manoeuvre in order todisguisethe
unpleasant but irrefutable fact that Menshevism (and liquidationism even
more so) emergedThornthe very Economism, Bundism and “legal
Marxism” against which the oldIskra, builder of the
working-class party in Russia, fought forthree years. See, for
instance, Mr. Potresov’s pamphlet on Axelrod. Mr. Potresov has tried just
as zealously and just as unsuccessfully to disguise andconcealthe fact that in his “Zemstvo campaign
plan”[14]Axelrod urged us not to frighten the liberals
away. Incidentally, even the Menshevik Plekhanov has fully admitted the
historical (in addition to theoretical) kinship between liquidationism, and
Economism and “legal Marxism”.  —Lenin

[5]Plekhanov.—Lenin

[6]Otzovism(from the Russian word meaning “withdrawal”)—an
opportunist trend which arose among the Bolsheviks after the defeat of the
Revolution of 1905–07. The otzovists believed that under the prevailing
conditions of reaction the Party should conduct only illegal
activities. They demanded the withdrawal of the Social-Democratic deputies
from the Duma, and refused to take p art in the work of the trade unions
and other mass legal and semi-legal organisations. The otzovists’ policy
tended towards divorcing the Party from the masses and turning in into a
sectarian organisation.

[7]Pochin(Initiative)—a journal of the
Narodnik-liquidationist trend run by a group of
Socialist-Revolutionaries. Only a single issue was published in June 1912
in Paris.[14]Inthe autumn of 1904 the editors of the MenshevikIskrapublished a letter stating that the chief task of the Social-Democrats was
to bring “organised pressure to bear on the bourgeois opposition” by
presenting demands to the government through the bourgeois liberals and
Zemstvo people. This “Zemstvo campaign plan” clearly revealed the
Mensheviks’ lack of faith In the proletariat’s strength, in its ability to
wage a political struggle and take independent revolutionary action. From
organisational opportunism the Mensheviks passed on to tactical
opportunism, the “Zemstvo campaign plan” being the first step in this
direction. A detailed analysis and criticism of the Mensheviks’ plan is
given by Lenin in “The Zemstvo Campaign andIskra’sPlan”. (See
present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 497–518.)[8]TheBulygin Duma—a consultative Duma, the law for the
convocation of which was drafted by A. G. Bulygin, Minister of the Interior
on instructions from the tsar. The tsar’s Manifesto introducing the State
Duma and the regulations governing the elections to it was published on
August 6 (19), 1905. Only land lords, capitalists and a limited number of
peasant householders were granted the right to vote in the Duma
elections. The Bolsheviks boycotted the Bulygin Duma. The government failed
to convene it—it was swept away by the October general political strike.TheWitte Duma—the First Duma convened on April 27 (May 10),
1906, under the regulations drawn up by S. Y. Witte, Chairman of the
Council of Ministers.Fourhundred and seventy-eight deputies were elected to the First Duma,
of whom 179 were Cadets, 63 Autonomists (including members of the Polish
kolo, and Ukrainian, Estonian, Lettish,Lithuanian and other bourgeois-national groups), 16 Octobrists,
105 non-party people, 97 Trudoviks and 18 Social-Democrats. Thus, over a
third of the seats in the Duma were held by the Cadets.Thehigh point of the First Duma deliberations was the agrarian
question. Two basic agrarian programmes were put forward in the Duma—the
Cadets’ Bill signed by 42 deputies, and the Trudoviks’ Bill known as the
“Bill of the 104”. In contrast with the Trudoviks, the Cadets wanted to
preserve landlordism, allowing alienation with compensation “at a fair
price” of only those landed estates which were chiefly cultivated by the
peasants’ implements or were rented out.TheFirst Duma was dissolved by the tsarist government on July 8 (21),
1906.[9]Tovarishch(Comrade)—a bourgeois daily published in
St. Petersburg from March 15 (28), 1906 to December 30, 1907 (January 12,
1908). Though formally the organ of no particular party, it was in fact the
mouthpiece of the Left Cadets. Mensheviks also contributed to the paper.[10]ZaPartiyu(For the Party)—a paper of the pro-Party
Mensheviks and conciliators published non-periodically in Paris from
April 16 (29), 1912, to February 1914. Five issues were published. Among
the contributors were G.V. Plekhanov, S.A. Lozovsky, and A.I. Lyubimov. The
paper, which was circulated chiefly abroad, expressed the views, in the
main, of the Paris group of Plekhanovites.[11]Buryanov,A. F.—member of the Fourth Duma, and one of the
Menshevik Seven.[12]Vperyodgroups—see Lenin’s article “The Vperyodists and theVperyodgroup”. (See pp. 487–93 of this volume.)[13]SeeNote 33.

[14]Inthe autumn of 1904 the editors of the MenshevikIskrapublished a letter stating that the chief task of the Social-Democrats was
to bring “organised pressure to bear on the bourgeois opposition” by
presenting demands to the government through the bourgeois liberals and
Zemstvo people. This “Zemstvo campaign plan” clearly revealed the
Mensheviks’ lack of faith In the proletariat’s strength, in its ability to
wage a political struggle and take independent revolutionary action. From
organisational opportunism the Mensheviks passed on to tactical
opportunism, the “Zemstvo campaign plan” being the first step in this
direction. A detailed analysis and criticism of the Mensheviks’ plan is
given by Lenin in “The Zemstvo Campaign andIskra’sPlan”. (See
present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 497–518.)

[8]TheBulygin Duma—a consultative Duma, the law for the
convocation of which was drafted by A. G. Bulygin, Minister of the Interior
on instructions from the tsar. The tsar’s Manifesto introducing the State
Duma and the regulations governing the elections to it was published on
August 6 (19), 1905. Only land lords, capitalists and a limited number of
peasant householders were granted the right to vote in the Duma
elections. The Bolsheviks boycotted the Bulygin Duma. The government failed
to convene it—it was swept away by the October general political strike.

TheWitte Duma—the First Duma convened on April 27 (May 10),
1906, under the regulations drawn up by S. Y. Witte, Chairman of the
Council of Ministers.

Fourhundred and seventy-eight deputies were elected to the First Duma,
of whom 179 were Cadets, 63 Autonomists (including members of the Polish
kolo, and Ukrainian, Estonian, Lettish,Lithuanian and other bourgeois-national groups), 16 Octobrists,
105 non-party people, 97 Trudoviks and 18 Social-Democrats. Thus, over a
third of the seats in the Duma were held by the Cadets.

Thehigh point of the First Duma deliberations was the agrarian
question. Two basic agrarian programmes were put forward in the Duma—the
Cadets’ Bill signed by 42 deputies, and the Trudoviks’ Bill known as the
“Bill of the 104”. In contrast with the Trudoviks, the Cadets wanted to
preserve landlordism, allowing alienation with compensation “at a fair
price” of only those landed estates which were chiefly cultivated by the
peasants’ implements or were rented out.

TheFirst Duma was dissolved by the tsarist government on July 8 (21),
1906.

[9]Tovarishch(Comrade)—a bourgeois daily published in
St. Petersburg from March 15 (28), 1906 to December 30, 1907 (January 12,
1908). Though formally the organ of no particular party, it was in fact the
mouthpiece of the Left Cadets. Mensheviks also contributed to the paper.

[10]ZaPartiyu(For the Party)—a paper of the pro-Party
Mensheviks and conciliators published non-periodically in Paris from
April 16 (29), 1912, to February 1914. Five issues were published. Among
the contributors were G.V. Plekhanov, S.A. Lozovsky, and A.I. Lyubimov. The
paper, which was circulated chiefly abroad, expressed the views, in the
main, of the Paris group of Plekhanovites.

[11]Buryanov,A. F.—member of the Fourth Duma, and one of the
Menshevik Seven.

[12]Vperyodgroups—see Lenin’s article “The Vperyodists and theVperyodgroup”. (See pp. 487–93 of this volume.)

[13]SeeNote 33.