Date: 1915
Source: Lenin Miscellany, vol. 27
Pages: 288-310

NOTEBOOK
pages 1—18

Excerpts and notes relating to imperialism.
K. Kautsky ("National State, etc.")
[3] [292]
Lensch
[5] [296]
"Financial Capital in Russia"
[13] [306]
Barron's book on war (NB)
[15] [310]
Lenz on contemporary war
[17] [310]

K. KAUTSKY ("NATIONAL STATE, ETC.")

"The National State, Imperialist State and League of States." By K. Kautsky. Nuremberg 1915. (50 Pf.). (pp. 80).

In § 1—"Something on Democracy and the National State" K. Kautsky took issue with the right-winger (Winnig) and the left-winger from Halle (from the Volksblatt in Halle), who speak of the obsolescence of the principle "of every people's right to national independence" (p. 5) (in the August 4 declaration). K. Kautsky sides with the center on this question and chews over stale arguments about the connection between democracy and the national state.

On this subject, among other things, against "primitive democracy" and "direct popular legislation" (8), whereby "primitive democracy" includes "its more energetic variety, the mass strike" (8).

We, they say, are not for the status quo (14), but for another way out of national frameworks...

"The proletariat cannot liberate itself by the fact that individual strata of it, engaged in certain professions or living in certain regions, will also enjoy the fruits of exploitation and oppression. This rather means a weakening of its position" (16)...

and not a word about the conclusions from this!! Sophist!

On p. 17 a scoundrelly distortion of the position of the left. And they, they say (like the right), agree about the inevitability of imperialism, but demand in response "immediate implementation" (17) of socialism...

"This looks very radical, but it is only (!!!) suited to drive anyone who does not believe in the immediate practical implementation of socialism into the camp of imperialism" (17).

What follows is the most vulgar rubbish—that society is an organism, not a mechanism, and so on, childish nonsense (with hints that "national feelings" are strong (18) among workers), concluding that from the inevitability of imperialism does not follow the absurdity of fighting it "within this (capitalist) mode of production" (21).

Against imperialism, for other means of capital expansion (besides colonies)—"petty bourgeoisie and peasants, indeed many capitalists and intellectuals" (21)...

small-time
crook!!

[PAUL LENSCH. "GERMAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD WAR"]

Dr. Paul Lensch: "German Social Democracy and the World War." Berlin 1915. (Vorwärts). 64 pp. (1.00 Mark).

A specimen of lackey-chauvinist rubbish. It would be very useful to compare it with Plekhanov!!

War = "product of imperialist policy" (5). Bebel in Jena (1911) said that instead of disarmament came rearmament and that matters were heading toward "a great catastrophe" (5)...

Pointing to wars and revolutions of the early twentieth century, Lensch exclaims: "It is a revolution that we are experiencing" (6)...

We, they say, German social democrats, "the strongest group in the International" (6), struggled most decisively against our government, etc., etc., always held up England as a model (as though England were governed not by a "capitalist clique" but by a "committee for implementing the Ten Commandments (6—7) and the other laws of morality"). Old traditions of German history and Liebknecht, who "never fully got rid of a certain South German particularism and hatred of Prussia" (7).

It even came to the point that Kautsky wrote that for England naval supremacy was "indispensable" (7: quote from where?) (from the standpoint of foodstuffs, in contrast to Germany).

"The danger of this proof, which, incidentally, corresponded to a view considered almost universal opinion in the party, became manifest in the present days of the world war" (7)...

..."this critical weakness toward foreign countries" (8)... was rooted "in the greatest strength of the party"... "in its internationality."

"Doubtless it (this world war) is an imperialist war" (9)... Politics in the East... the Baghdad Railway... England and Egypt, etc., the division of Turkey (in view), Morocco, etc.

"In this division of the world Germany was not asked at all" (10), "and more to protest against this insulting disregard than to protect the not very considerable material interests of German commerce in Morocco,"—the German government protested against the Anglo-French agreement on Morocco.

In 1908 (the Reval meeting) they were already (11) preparing to divide Turkey (Russia + England + France), but the revolution in Turkey prevented it.

In 1914 agreements between England and Germany regarding the division of spheres in Africa (13) and in the East, etc., were almost ready—war because of Russia's fault.

Germany in 1913 threatened war over Armenia (14)...

"For Germany—by which we understand the German Reich and Austro-Hungary—the question of capital expansion has become a question of national existence." (15)

Now the matter is no longer one of dividing colonies and spheres, etc., but the following: "Should the German people continue to exist as a great and independent nation or should large parts of its nationality be torn from it both in the east and in the west and subjected to foreign domination?" (15)

"On whose side stand in this struggle, insofar as it concerns the threat to English world domination, the interests of international socialism in general and the German workers' movement in particular?" (16).

English naval supremacy is a continuation of wars against the French Revolution. England's monopoly by the mid-nineteenth century: England must be the "workshop" of the world.

"The lauded English 'freedom' was based on the enslavement of the world" (20)

"England was in a certain sense the ruling class of the world" (20)...

I, they say, Lensch, in Chemnitz in 1912 (p. 417 ff. of the protocols) cited Engels on the fall of England's monopoly and said:

"International socialism, however, has not the slightest reason to help perpetuate this permanent dominance of one capitalist state over all others. In doing so only the conditions for the victory of socialism would be artificially made more difficult and delayed" (22—3).

..."the great historical progress that the shaking of English naval supremacy would mean for the whole world and especially for international socialism" (23—4), would be all the more certain the longer the world was threatened by the English bourgeoisie with the workers' movement...

..."From this point of view, participation in the world war for the English bourgeoisie was nothing other than flight from socialism" (24)...

..."In fact, if there were a means to throw back the international liberation struggle of the proletariat against capitalism for decades, it would be the collapse of the German Reich in this war against England" (25)...

"The 'core contingent of the International,' German social democrats would be defeated, and the working class thrown back into the camp of capitalism, etc. (25)...

"Germany is the homeland and core of scientific socialism" (26)... "The interests of the international proletariat are on the German side" (27)...

Russian tsarism... Marx and Engels in '48. But now it is different. Engels in 1891 (quote: p. 29). But now it is different.

Germany, as a completed national unit, "only now" "with this war" "is being born" (31)...

The German-Russian war "has far outgrown the framework of an imperialist war. It forms the concluding chapter in the painful development of the German people toward national unity" (33)...

Quote from Engels on Russian diplomacy (35): as if written now...

Against the fragmentation of Russia (37) ("not dismemberment" (38)), against the formation of small states,—"certain national autonomy" is sufficient...

The fall of tsarism (one must expect it from the Russian proletariat) will accelerate development...

France and war (§ V)... Revenge.

"The interests of freedom and democracy are decidedly incompatible with the victory of French arms" (42), since France is allied with England and Russia.

German social democracy would "now" feel the loss of Alsace-Lorraine "as a mutilation of Germany" (43).

"An honest peace" (44) with the French Republic—that is what is needed.

German past and future (§ VI):

National culture and its significance (according to O. Bauer, quote p. 53). "Community of culture" (50 and others).

Capitalism must develop "toward democracy" (55)...

"The danger of war" (56)—that is the reason for the delay of democratic progress in Germany.

"Militarism" (58) in Germany?? On the contrary, universal military service = the very and "almost the only democratic institution" (Engels), while you have "mercenary troops" (59)...

"Central European league of states" (so Liszt wants it) (+ Scandinavian countries + Switzerland + Italy + the Balkans + Turkey)—"a new epoch of world political development" (63)... — "locomotive of world history" (62) = this war... "a step forward" "extraordinary" "in the sense of democracy, world peace, freedom of peoples and socialism" (62). "Yes, and socialism!" (62)...

To break tsarism, — to make peace with France — to break "the despotism of the English bourgeoisie" (63)...

The International is now broken, but it will revive again, as it did after 1870 (64).

[ARTICLE BY D. B. "EUROPEAN LEAGUE OF STATES?" IN "DIE GRENZBOTEN"]

"Die Grenzboten," 1915, No. 9 (March 3, 1915).

The article "European League of States?" — an open letter by a certain D. B. to Professor G. Heymans of Groningen.

This professor, together with 4 other persons, constitutes a committee called "The European League of States." This committee published, among other things, a work by Heymans entitled: "To the Citizens of Warring States." In response to this, the open letter printed in "Die Grenzboten" was written.

In the open letter, the question of colonies is raised (p. 270). "Is their 'internal independence' not also desirable? And are the Indians, Negroes and Tatars not also fully 'equal' to the English, French and Russians?..." (270)

..."England's colonial realm, which, no more than other colonial realms, came into being 'on the basis of equality and internal independence' of colonial peoples, embraces about one-fifth of the earth. Should England keep this colonial realm perhaps as long as the English do not die out in England itself, and must Germany not get a single square kilometer of it, even if its population should meanwhile have grown to 200 million?" (271)...

"Finanz-Archiv" (edited by Schanz). Berlin 1915. (32nd year, vol. 1):

Dr. Ernst Schultze: "French Capital in Russia." (pp. 125—133.)

"FINANCIAL CAPITAL IN RUSSIA"

"At the end of 1899 there were in Russia 446 foreign concessioned companies with a total capital of 765 million rubles or 2,075 million francs. Of these, France accounted for 792, Belgium 734, Germany 261, England 231 million francs" (125)...**)

France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 million francs
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
___________
Total = 2,018

"It is stated that out of the total amount of 732 billion francs in securities of all types distributed throughout the world—state and municipal loans, bonds, industrial shares and obligations—in Russia only 20—25 billion francs should be placed. The owners of these securities were chiefly (127):

United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110—115 billion francs
England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125—130
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95—100
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60—75
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20—25
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20—22
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10—12
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
(my total = ) 440—484
etc."

1) Axel von Bonstedt and David Trietsch: "The Russian Empire." Berlin 1910. p. 227.

In France, securities were issued from 1889—1908 totaling 24 billion francs: 18 abroad + 6 (25%) in France.
In Germany, securities were issued from 1883—1907 totaling 42 billion marks: 10 abroad + 32 (80%) in Germany.

French national wealth:
(1905)—20 4 billion francs
1914—approximately 250 billion francs (Caillaux, who, however, took 200 billion francs for determining income tax).

In 1912 France invested in Russia in Russian enterprises 367.66 million rubles = approximately 990 million francs (including 115.5 million rubles—railways; 96.25—state enterprises; 70.9—commerce, banks, etc.).

At the present time foreign capital in Russia is approximately as follows:

France . . . approximately 20 billion marks (billions)
Germany . . . 4—5.5
England . . . 0.25
Belgium . . . 0.6
___________
Total (mine) 24—26.35

The author = a German chauvinist. He prophesies for France gigantic losses from the war: p. 133.

BARRON'S BOOK ON WAR

"The Audacious War" by C. W. Barron—its commercial causes, its cost in money & men

(not a review) announcement in "The Economist," March 20, 1915:

"As publisher of the Wall Street Journal, the Boston News Bureau & the Philadelphia News Bureau, Mr. Barron went abroad to get the financial & diplomatic inside of the war, & he got it."

Send orders to your bookseller or The Wall Street Journal, 44 Broad Street, New York City, N.Y.
|4 s. 6 d. (postpaid)
(Houghton Mifflin Co, Publishers)

LENZ ON CONTEMPORARY WAR

Friedrich Lenz: "The Political Premises of Modern War." "Deutsche Rundschau" XLI, 4, 1915, January.
(p. 81)

Millions of English square miles:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1862&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1888&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1912

The British Empire:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4,600&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9,300&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10,800

The Russian Empire:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7,600&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8,600&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10,200

Turkish Empire:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,800&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,300&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;700

United States of North America:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,500&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3,500&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3,700

France with colonies (approx.):&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;400&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4,800

German Empire with colonies:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;240&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;600&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,200

Austro-Hungary:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;239&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;241&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;241

Japan with colonies:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;150&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;150&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;260

Italy with colonies:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;110&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;700

(p. 102)

At the beginning of October 1914 there were counted:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Population in millions (1910)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Territory in English square miles (1912)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign trade in million marks (1912)

(German-Austrian)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;130&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,440,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;26,750

(Anglo-French-Russian)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;670&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;26,000,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;76,750

(Neutral) (approx.)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;800&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24,470,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;58,000

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,600&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;52,000,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;161,500

(ibid.) (p. 83)

Population:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1700&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1788&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1816&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1860&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1912&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1925—30

German Reich (until 1870 without Alsace-Lorraine)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;36&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;80

France (since 1870 without Alsace-Lorraine)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;29&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40

in millions