The counter-revolutionary epoch has posed anew, in a completely novel form, the question of opportunist and revolutionary tactics in social-democracy. The main current of Menshevism, despite the protests of many of its finest representatives, gave birth to the current of liquidationism—a renunciation of the struggle for a new revolution in Russia, of illegal organization and work, contemptuous mockery of the "underground," of the republican slogan, and so forth. In the person of a group of legal literateurs of the journal *Our Dawn* (Messrs. Potresov, Cherevanin, and others) there crystallized a nucleus independent of the old social-democratic party, which in thousands of ways was supported, advertised, and nurtured by the liberal bourgeoisie of Russia, desirous of weaning the workers from revolutionary struggle.

The January Conference of the RSDLP in 1912 expelled this group of opportunists from the party, thereby restoring the party despite the fierce resistance of a whole series of émigré groups and grouplets. For more than two years (from the beginning of 1912 to mid-1914) there unfolded a stubborn struggle between two s.d. parties: the CC elected in January 1912 and the "Organizational Committee," which refused to recognize the January Conference and wished to restore the party differently, while maintaining unity with the *Our Dawn* group. A stubborn struggle was waged between two daily workers' newspapers (*Pravda* and *Ray*{230} with their successors) and between two s.d. factions of the Fourth State Duma (the "RSDLP Faction" of the Pravdists or Marxists and the "s.d. faction" of the liquidators headed by Chkheidze).

Defending loyalty to the revolutionary legacy of the party, supporting the upsurge of the workers' movement that had begun (especially after spring 1912), combining legal and illegal organization, press and agitation, the "Pravdists" rallied around themselves the overwhelming majority of the conscious working class, whereas the liquidators—acting, as a political force, exclusively in the person of the *Our Dawn* group—relied upon the all-round support of liberal-bourgeois elements.

The open monetary contributions from workers' groups to the newspapers of both parties, being adapted in that epoch to Russian conditions (and the only legally permissible form, freely controlled by all, of s.d. membership dues), clearly confirmed the proletarian source of strength and influence among the "Pravdists" (Marxists), and the bourgeois-liberal source among the liquidators (and their "OC"). Here are the brief data on these contributions, printed in detail in the book *Marxism and Liquidationism*{231}, and in abridged form in the German s.d. newspaper *Leipzig People's Gazette*{232} of July 21, 1914.

Number and sum of contributions to the daily Petersburg newspapers, Marxist (Pravdist) and liquidationist, from January 1 to May 13, 1914:

[TABLE REFERENCE]

Thus, our party had united by 1914 four-fifths of the conscious workers of Russia around revolutionary s.d. tactics. For the whole of 1913, the number of contributions from workers' groups was 2,181 among the Pravdists and 661 among the liquidators. From January 1, 1913 to May 13, 1914, the sum comes to: 5,054 contributions from workers' groups among the "Pravdists" (that is, in our party) and 1,332, or 20.8 percent, among the liquidators.