1. The fundamental source of misunderstanding of the dictatorship of the proletariat among "socialists" is their failure to carry through to the end the idea of class struggle (cf.[13] Marx 1852){97}.

The dictatorship of the proletariat is the continuation of the class struggle of the proletariat in new forms. Therein lies the crux—this is what they do not understand.

The proletariat, as a particular class, alone continues to wage its class struggle.

2. The State is merely = an instrument of the proletariat in its class struggle. A special cudgel, rien de plus![14].

Old prejudices concerning the State (cf. "The State and Revolution"[15]). New forms of the State = the theme of section B; here merely an approach to this.

3. The forms of class struggle of the proletariat, under its dictatorship, cannot be the former ones. Five new (principal) tasks and respective[16] new forms:

4. ((1)). Suppression of the resistance of the exploiters. The opportunists and "socialists" forget about this altogether as a task (and the content) of the epoch.

5. ((2)) (γγ) Civil war.

Revolution in general and civil war (1649. 1793.)

98 Lenin apparently has in mind Kautsky's pamphlet "The Dictatorship of the Proletariat."

99 Lenin has in mind K. Marx's letter to L. Kugelmann of December 13, 1870 (see K. Marx and F. Engels. Selected Letters, 1953, p. 253).

100 See "Eighth Congress of the RCP(b). March 1919. Protocols," M., 1959, p. 393; V. I. Lenin. Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 38, p. 113.

6. ((3)) "Neutralization" of the petty bourgeoisie, especially the peasantry.

101 See K. Marx and F. Engels. Collected Works, 2nd ed., vol. 4, p. 434.

102 Lenin has in mind F. Engels's letter to A. Bebel of March 18–28, 1875 (see K. Marx and F. Engels. Collected Works, 2nd ed., vol. 19, p. 2).

* "On the Agrarian Question." Editor's note.

** Worsened under the guise of correction; literally: muddied (see Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 6, p. 67). Editor's note.

7. ((4)). "Utilization" of the bourgeoisie.

"Specialists." Not merely suppression of resistance, not merely "neutralization," but recruitment for work, compulsion to serve the proletariat.

Cf. Program of the RCP. "Military specialists"{98}.

8. ((5)). Education of a new discipline.

(α) The dictatorship of the proletariat and trade unions.

(β) Bonuses and piece-rate wages.

(γ) Purification of the party and its role.

(δ) "Communist Saturdays."