## Amendments to the Draft Resolution on the Convocation of an All-Russian Party Conference, Submitted at the Plenum of the CC RSDLP{166}

The CC resolves [to begin] to commence work on convening the conference immediately. The final deadline is set for November 1st.[77]

Submitted August 11 (24), 1908.

First published in 1933 in Lenin Miscellany XXV

Printed from the manuscript

## Outline of a Speech on the Organizational Question at the V All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP{167}

I.

170 This refers to the composition of the Central Committee of the party, elected at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP numbering 12 persons. By the "Five" is meant the narrowed composition of the CC consisting of five persons working in Russia. Lenin's ironic remark about the Five in "angelic rank" likely refers to the Menshevik-liquidators' draft resolution, in which they proposed to abolish the Foreign Bureau of the CC, concentrating all leadership of party work in the hands of the Russian Five.

II. (A)

1. strike movement and revolutionary offensive;

2. reformism and revolution;

3. tasks of struggle against nationalism;

– to put before the Congress;

4. how to work in legal societies.

III. (B)

(1) Duma fraction.

(2) Legal newspapers.

(3) Legal societies.

(4) Illegal agitators and their secret slogans.

IV. (C)

Resolutions and their popularization…

V. (Γ)

Trusted people and their promotion.

Written December 24, 1908 (January 6, 1909)

First published in 1933 in Lenin Miscellany XXV

Printed from the manuscript

## Plan of Lectures on Marxism{168}

Marxism

(α) Theory of Surplus-Value

(Mehrwert).

(β) Economic Development.

(γ) Class Struggle.

(δ) Philosophical Materialism.

The Agrarian Question

(α) Commodity Production in Agriculture.

(ß) Small Production vs.[78] Large-Scale Production.

(γ) Wage Labor.

(δ) Rent.

___

(α)

1. Former socialists: "it is unjust" etc. A symptom of feeling, not understanding.

2. "The labor principle" (in Russia).

3. Commodity production.

4. Capitalism. Theory of Mehrwert.

___

(β)

1. Economic development. Industry (1907).

2. Russian cottage industry workers.

3. Agriculture.

4. Railways and trusts.

5. Financial capital.

6. Socialization of production. Socialized labor and individual appropriation.

___

(γ)

1. Proletariat and its consolidation

(serf peasant – pauper – proletarian).

2. Individual strikes. "War" against machines.

3. Trade unions and movement.

4. Political struggle:

England – liberals

France – radicals (republicans)

Germany – liberals (60s) and opportunists.

5. Revolutionary aims of the working class: expropriation of capitalists.

6. Revolutionary struggle and struggle for reforms.

___

(δ) Philosophical Materialism.

1. Marx's theory = a unified worldview.

2. Main worldviews and philosophical starting points: priest-like ideology and materialism.

3. Engels (Ludwig Feuerbach).

4. 1789 France – Hegel and Feuerbach Germany (before 1848).

5. Dialectical Materialism.

6. Russia:

Chernyshevsky

Populists

present-day opportunists (Bogdanov).

Written in 1908 or 1909

First published in 1933 in Lenin Miscellany XXV

Printed from the manuscript

## Plan of a Report "The Current Situation in Russia"{169}

I. How is Absolutism Changing. Plutocratic or Bourgeois Monarchy?

II. The 3rd State Duma and "parliamentary means of struggle." Something about the revolutionary phrase among "socialist-revolutionaries."

III. Chauvinism of the Cadets and wavering of the Trudoviks.

IV. On crazy people who want "to go where they were defeated."

V. How one ought to create social-democratic use of parliamentarism in Russia.

VI. Are the most active or the most flaccid leaving the ranks of social-democracy? Cherevain as a literary and social type.

VII. What the experience of German social-democrats teaches under the exceptional law.

VIII. The Proletariat and petty-bourgeois intelligentsia on the holidays and weekdays of history.

Published before February 10 (new style), 1909 in an announcement of a report issued by the 2nd Paris Group of Assistance to the RSDLP

Printed from the text of the announcement

## List of Unfound Works of V. I. Lenin

(March 1908 – June 1909)

1908

LETTER TO A. V. LUNACHARSKY

In a letter to A. M. Gorky of April 6 (19), 1908, V. I. Lenin mentions a letter to A. V. Lunacharsky explaining the reasons for his refusal to come to Capri: "I have already written this to An. Vas-ch…" (Works, 4th edition, vol. 34, p. 344).

LETTERS TO RELATIVES

About letters from V. I. Lenin to his mother, M. A. Ulyanova, and his sister, A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, which have not been found to this day, it is known from his letters to M. A. Ulyanova of June 7 (20), November 27 (December 10), 1908, and letters to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova of November 13 (26), December 11 (24), 1908, January 24 (February 6), February 3 or 4 (16 or 17), February 24 (March 9), March 8 (21), March 26 (April 8), 1909 (see Works, 4th edition, vol. 37, pp. 306, 321–322 and 319, 326, 327, 328, 338, 343, 352).

LETTER TO YU. M. STEKLOV

In a letter to V. I. Lenin from October 23 (November 5), 1908, Yu. M. Steklov reported: "Esteemed Vladimir Ilyich! Only today did I sign the contract and only now have I had the opportunity to reply to your letter, received five days ago" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU). In correspondence with Steklov, the matter concerned Lenin's participation in a collection dedicated to the life and work of N. G. Chernyshevsky. Yu. M. Steklov proposed to Lenin to write an article on the theme "Chernyshevsky and the Peasant Question" and asked him to communicate the contents of his letter to A. A. Bogdanov. Lenin sent A. A. Bogdanov's letter from Yu. M. Steklov with his own postscript (see Works, 4th edition, vol. 36, p. 130).

LETTER TO V. D. BONCH-BRUYEVICH

From the letter of V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich to V. I. Lenin of October 26 (November 8), 1908, it is known that Lenin turned to him with a request to help in printing an open letter from A. M. Gorky about assistance to the Kuklin Library in Geneva (the matter concerned sending newspapers and materials from the period of the 1905–1907 revolution) (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU).

REPORT "ON THE CURRENT MOMENT AND THE TASKS OF THE PARTY," SPEECHES AND STATEMENTS AT THE V ALL-RUSSIAN CONFERENCE OF THE RSDLP

The report "On the Current Moment and the Tasks of the Party" was delivered by Lenin at the conference on December 23, 1908 (January 5, 1909).

Information about Lenin's report, speeches, and statements at the conference is contained in a brief record of the proceedings of the V All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP, kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU.

1908–1909

LETTERS TO THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU

Information about unfound letters from V. I. Lenin to the ISB for 1908–1909 is contained in photocopies of individual pages of books of incoming and outgoing correspondence of the ISB kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU, provided to the Institute by K. Huysmans. The records of these books indicate the dates of receipt of Lenin's letters and their brief contents; the records testify that in 1908–1909, Lenin conducted extensive correspondence with the secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, K. Huysmans. In his letters, Lenin reported on the payment of regular contributions from the RSDLP to the ISB, on plenum meetings of the CC RSDLP, on arrests of members of the CC RSDLP, on sending the RSDLP report to the Stuttgart Congress in connection with the preparation for publication of a report on the Stuttgart Congress of the II International, etc. In two letters, Lenin requested aid from the ISB for striking leather workers in Vilna. In one of the letters, Lenin answered questions from K. Huysmans about the illegal social-democratic organization in Russia, about the existence of the Foreign Bureau of the CC RSDLP in Geneva, and requested the ISB to provide information necessary to the secretary of the social-democratic fraction of the III State Duma on the following questions: on the limitation of the working day, on trade unions, on the wages of manual workers, and on insurance for miners.

1909

LETTER TO L. S. PEREZ

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova of May 13 (26), 1909, V. I. Lenin reported that he had written a letter to Perez, who participated in the publication of the book "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (see Works, 4th edition, vol. 37, p. 355).

## List of Publications and Documents in the Editing of Which V. I. Lenin Participated

1908–1909

NEWSPAPER "PROLETARIAN"

No. 26 – (April 1) March 19, 1908

No. 27 – (April 8) March 26, 1908

No. 28 – (April 15) April 2, 1908

No. 29 – (April 29) April 16, 1908

No. 30 – (May 23) May 10, 1908

No. 31 – (June 17) June 4, 1908

No. 32 – (July 15) July 2, 1908

No. 33 – (August 5) July 23, 1908

No. 34 – (September 7) August 25, 1908

No. 35 – (September 24) September 11, 1908

No. 36 – (October 16) October 3, 1908

No. 37 – (October 29) October 16, 1908

No. 38 – (November 14) November 1, 1908

No. 39 – (November 26) November 13, 1908

No. 40 – December 1 (14), 1908

No. 41 – January 7 (20), 1909

No. 42 – February 12 (25), 1909

No. 43 – February 21 (March 6), 1909

Supplement to No. 44 – April 4 (17), 1909

No. 44 – April 8 (21), 1909

No. 45 – May 13 (26), 1909

"ON THE SPIRIT OF THE TIMES"

Collection, SPB., pub. "Creativity," 1908

The collection came out between April 3–10 (April 16–23), 1908. On the title page of the collection, among other authors who apparently were also editors of the publication, Lenin is named (Vl. Ilyin). In the collection, Lenin published with minor cuts his article "Neutrality of Trade Unions," printed earlier (March 4 (February 19), 1908) in full in the newspaper "Proletarian" No. 22.

REPORT OF THE CC RSDLP TO THE STUTTGART CONGRESS OF THE II INTERNATIONAL

This report was to be included in the 3rd or 4th volume of reports on the Stuttgart Congress (1907), which were being prepared for publication by the International Socialist Bureau. At the Congress itself, the report was not read. From the correspondence of V. I. Lenin with the secretary of the ISB, K. Huysmans, in 1908–1909, it is known that Lenin was interested in the preparation for publication of Congress reports and sent K. Huysmans the first part of the Report of the CC RSDLP. In his reply, Huysmans informed Lenin of receipt of the report.

1909

"ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE RUSSIAN S.-D. WORKERS' PARTY CONCERNING THE ALL-PARTY CONFERENCE HELD"

Paris, pub. CC RSDLP, [1909]

The "Announcement" was published by the Central Committee shortly after the V All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP. In the Central Organ of the party – the newspaper "Social-Democrat" No. 2 of January 28 (February 10), 1909, in information about the work of the conference, there are references to the conference resolutions published in the CC "Announcement."

NEWSPAPER "SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT"

No. 2 – (January 28) February 10, 1909

No. 3 – March 9 (22), 1909

No. 4 – April 21 (8), 1909

No. 5 – (April 23) May 6, 1909

No. 6 – June 4 (17), 1909

R. LUXEMBURG. "REVOLUTIONARY HANGOVER"

The article by R. Luxemburg "Revolutionary Hangover," directed against the Otzovists and Ultimatists, was published on April 8 (21), 1909 in the newspaper "Proletarian" No. 44.

Information about the editing of the article by V. I. Lenin is contained in documents kept in the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC CPSU.

## Index of Literary Works and Sources Cited and Mentioned by V. I. Lenin

Agrarian Program, [adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In leaflet: Resolutions and Resolutions of the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. [SPB.], typ. Central Committee, [1906], p. 1. (RSDLP). – 30, 152, 154, 156, 166, 169, 184, 274–275, 320, 322.

The Agrarian Question. Vol. II. Collection of articles by Breyer, Brun, Vorobyev, Hertzenstein, Den, Kaufman, Kutler, Levitsky, Manuilov, Petrunkevich, Hauck, Chuprov, Yakushkin. M, "Beseda," 1907. XIII, 648 p. (Pub. Dolgorukov and Petrunkevich). – 12, 74–77, 78–80, 105, 125, 150, 314.

The Agrarian Project of the Cadets in the I State Duma – see Project of Basic Provisions on the Agrarian Question, Submitted by 42 Members of the I State Duma.

The Agrarian Project of the Cadets in the II State Duma – see Project of the Main Principles of a Law on Land Provision for the Agrarian Population, Submitted to the II State Duma by the Cadets.

The Agrarian Project of the 104 in the I State Duma – see Project of Basic Provisions of a Land Law, Submitted by 104 Members of the State Duma.

The Agrarian Project of the 33 in the I State Duma – see Project of Basic Land Law, Submitted by 33 Members of the State Duma.

Address of British Workers to the Workers of Germany – see Die Arbeiter Britanniens an die Arbeiter Deutschlands.

[Alexinsky, G. A.] Alexeyev. [Amendment to the draft agrarian program of the RSDLP, submitted at the 12th session of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Held in Stockholm in 1906. M, typ. Ivanov, 1907, p. 152. – 154.

Annensky, N. F. Cost of Production of Grain in Privately-Owned Estates. – In: The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Certain Aspects of Russian National Economy. Ed. by Prof. A. I. Chuprov and A. S. Posnikov. Vol. I. SPB., typ. Kirshbaum, 1897, p. 157–245. – 75.

Beltov – see Plekhanov, G. V.

[Berlin Treaty with Supplements. July 1 (13), 1878]. – In: Martens, F. Collection of Treaties and Conventions Concluded by Russia with Foreign Powers. Vol. VIII. Treaties with Germany. 1825–1888. SPB., typ. min. of communications (Benke), 1888, p. 639–676. In Russian and French. – 224, 243.

*[79] Blagoveshchensky, N. A. Consolidated Statistical Collection of Economic Information from Zemstvo Household Census Surveys. Vol. I. Peasant Economy. M., typolithography Kushneryova, 1893. XVI, 267 p. In Russian and French. – 122–123.

"Bloc of the Extreme Left." – "Social-Democrat," SPB., 1906, No. 6, November 3, p. 2–4. Newspaper date: October 3. – 383.

*Bulgakov, S. P. Heroism and Ascetic Devotion. (From Reflections on the Religious Nature of Russian Intelligentsia). – In: Milestones. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia by N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, M. O. Gershenzon, A. S. Izgoev, B. A. Kistyakovsky, P. B. Struve, S. L. Frank. M., [typ. Saблina], 1909, p. 23–69. – 424.

Vesin, L. P. The Significance of Migratory Occupations in the Life of Russian Peasantry. – "Delo," SPB., 1886, No. 7, p. 127–155; 1887, No. 2, p. 102–124. – 110, 111.

"Herald of Europe," SPB., 1884, No. 7, p. 319–356. – 103–104.

"Herald of Public Health, Forensic and Practical Medicine," SPB., 1896, vol. XXXI, bk. 1, July, p. 1–49. – 110.

"Herald of Finance, Industry and Trade," SPB., 1896, No. 51, p. 972–976. – 78.

*Milestones. Collection of Articles on Russian Intelligentsia by N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, M. O. Gershenzon, A. S. Izgoev, B. A. Kistyakovsky, P. B. Struve, S. L. Frank. M, [typ. Saблина], 1909. II, 209 p. – 424, 436.

V. I. Timiryazev in Moscow. – "Voice of Moscow," 1909, No. 65, March 20, p. 5. – 408, 414.

* Vikhlyaev, P. A. Peasant Economy. Pub. Tver Provincial Zemstvo. Tver, 1897. X, 313 p. (In pub.: Collection of Statistical Information on Tver Province. Vol. XIII. Issue 2). – 87.

– The People's Socialist Party and the Agrarian Question. – In: Collection of Articles. No. 1. SPB., "Our Thought," 1907, p. 75–93. – 341.

*The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Certain Aspects of Russian National Economy. Ed. by Prof. A. I. Chuprov and A. S. Posnikov. Vol. I. SPB., typ. Kirshbaum, 1897. VIII, LXIV, 533 p. – 75, 87–88.

"Rebirth," M., 1909, No. 1–2, p. 26–31. – 408–409, 412, 413.

Volin, A. Questions of Revolution. – "Revolutionary Thought," 1908, No. 1, April, p. 4–8. – 141, 142, 144–145, 339, 352.

– Political Upheaval and Initiative Minority. – "Revolutionary Thought," 1908, No. 2, June, p. 4–7. – 141, 142, 339.

[Vorontsov, V. P.] V. V. The Peasant Commune. – In: Results of Economic Research on Russia Based on Zemstvo Statistics. Vol. I. General Survey of Zemstvo Statistics of Peasant Economy. A. Fortunatov. The Peasant Commune. V. V. M, typ. Mamontov, 1892, p. 1–600. – 81.

– A New Type of Local Statistical Publication. Collection of Statistical Information on Tauride Province. Statistical Tables on the Economic Position of Villages of the Melihopol District. Appendix to Vol. I of the Collection. – "Northern Herald," SPB., 1885, No. 3, November, p. 186–193. Signed: V. V. – 82.

– Division of Labor in Agriculture and Industry in Russia. – "Herald of Europe," SPB., 1884, No. 7, p. 319–356. Signed: V. V. – 103–104.

Article 87 of the Fundamental State Laws – see Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 1, Part 1. Code of Fundamental State Laws. 1906 Edition.

"Forward," Geneva, 1905, No. 14, April 12 (March 30), p. 1. – 370, 371.

All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. (In December 1908). Pub. newspaper "Proletarian." Paris, 1909. 47 p. (RSDLP). – 329, 335, 360, 445.

*Second Ordinary Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Pub. CC. Geneva, typ. party, [1904]. 397, II p. (RSDLP). – 152, 165–166, 230, 261, 264, 304, 340–341, 342.

Main Resolutions, [adopted at the Third Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party]. — In: Third Ordinary Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Pub. CC. Geneva, typ. party, 1905, p. XVI–XXVII. (RSDLP). – 43, 370–372, 376, 378.

Gogol, N. V. The Government Inspector. – 435.

– Taras Bulba. – 219, 414.

"Voice of Moscow." – 434.

– 1909, No. 65, March 20, p. 5. – 408, 414.

"Voice of the Social-Democrat," [Geneva – Paris]. – 6, 251, 253, 280, 285, 288, 289, 295, 330.

– [Geneva], 1908, No. 1–2, February, p. 24–26. – 140.

– 1908, No. 3, March, p. 3–12. – 27–31, 32, 33, 34.

– 1908, No. 6–7, May – June, p. 3–14. – 184, 258, 288.

– 1908, No. 8–9, July – September, p. 23–24. – 250, 251–252, 253–254, 255, 256, 257, 285, 289.

– 1908, No. 8–9, July – September. Supplement to Nos. 8–9 of "Voice of the Social-Democrat," p. 1. – 258, 285–287, 288–289.

– 1908, No. 10–11, November – December. 32 p. – 369, 413.

– 1909, No. 12, March, p. 15–16. – 409, 411, 413. Griboyedov, A. S. Woe from Wit. – 55, 185, 287.

Dan, F. I. The Proletariat and the Russian Revolution. – "Voice of the Social-Democrat," [Geneva], 1908, No. 3, March, p. 4–7. – 27–31, 32, 33.

[Danielson, N. F.] Nikolai – on. Essays on Our Post-Reform Public Economy. SPB., typ. Benke, 1893. XVI, 353 p.; XVI pages of tables. – 87, 110.

"Delo," SPB., 1886, No. 7, p. 127–155; 1887, No. 2, p. 102–124. – 110, 111.

Derzhavin, G. R. God. – 189.

Tenth Congress of the PPS. Program. Tactics. [Pub. "Mysli Socjalistycznej." Lvov], 1908. 17 p. – 50.

Activity of the [Social]-Democratic] Duma Fraction. – "Social-Democrat," [Vilna – SPB.], 1908, No. 1, February, p. 36–37, in section: From the Party. – 6.

Directives for the Commission on Organizational Questions – see Lenin, V. I. Directives for the Commission on Organizational Questions.

"Diary of the Social-Democrat," [Geneva], 1905, No. 4, December, p. 1–12. – 34, 48.

Yearbook of Russia 1905 (Year Two). SPB., typolithography Nyrkin, 1906. CXVI, 749 p. (Central Stat. Com. M. V. D.). In Russian and French. – 78.

*Still More on the Current Moment and the Tactics of the Party. – "Banner of Labor," [Paris, 1908, No. 13, November], p. 11–13. – 352.

Zbankov, D. N. Women's Side. Statistical-Ethnographic Essay. – In: Materials for Statistics of Kostroma Province. Pub. Kostroma Provincial Stat. Com. Ed. by V. Pirogov. Issue 8. Kostroma, 1891, p. 1–136. – 99.

"Life," SPB., 1901, No. 3, p. 162–186; No. 4, p. 63–100. – 160.

Law of December 11, 1905 – see Decree to the Governing Senate on Changes and Additions to the Regulations on Elections to the State Duma.

Law of November 9, 1906 – see Decree to the Governing Senate on the Exit of Peasants from Communes and the Securing in Ownership of Allotment Plots.

[Inquiry to the Minister of Internal Affairs Regarding the Prohibition by the St. Petersburg City Governor of Debate on Professor Pogodinus' Report "Bosnia and Herzegovina Under the Occupation of Austria-Hungary," Submitted at a Session of the State Duma on October 15, 1908]. — In: Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1908. Second Session. Part I. Sessions 1–35 (October 15 – December 20, 1908). SPB., state typ., 1908, p. 22. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 303.

"Dawn," Stuttgart, 1901, No. 2–3, December, p. 259–302. – 160, 257.

[Statement of the Labor Group of the State Duma Regarding the Bill Based on the Decree of November 9, 1906]. — In: Stenographic Report of the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency [on Sessions of the State Duma. 1908. Third Convocation. Second Session. Part I. Sessions 1–35 (October 15 – December 20, 1908). Supplement to Newspaper "Russia"]. SPB., [typ. newspaper "Russia"], 1908, p. 444–445. – 319.

Land Project of Moderate-Right Peasant Deputies. – "St. Petersburg Gazette," 1908, No. 24, January 29 (February 11), p. 2. – 315–316.

"Banner of Labor," [Paris]. – 139, 145, 344, 345.

– 1907, No. 4, August 30, p. 1–3. – 145.

– 1907, No. 8, December, p. 1–6. – 140.

– 1908, Nos. 9–13, January – November. – 339.

– 1908, No. 10–11, February – March, p. 5–12. – 140–141, 145–146, 147, 339.

– 1908, No. 12. – 339.

*– [1908, No. 13, November], p. 1–3, 11–13. – 343–345, 346–348, 351–352. Electoral Law of June 3, 1907 – see Regulations on Elections to the State Duma.

Announcement of the Central Committee of the Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries. On the Congress of the Party Council and All-Party Conference. [B.m.], [September 1908]. 16 p. – 339–341, 342–343, 347, 348, 352.

Announcement of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Concerning the All-Party Conference Held. [Pub. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909]. 8 p. (RSDLP). – 331, 334, 336, 364–359, 360, 361–364, 373, 380–381, 391, 392–393, 396, 398–399, 400–401, 412.

International. – 235.

*"Iskra," [London], 1902, No. 23, August 1, p. 2–4; No. 24, September 1, p. 2–4. – 347.

*Historical-Statistical Survey of Russian Industry. Ed. by D. A. Timiryazev. Vol. I–II. SPB., 1883–1886. 2 vols. (All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1882 in Moscow).

*– Vol. I. Agricultural Products, Horticulture, Fruit-Growing and Domestic Animals. Mining and Salt Industry. 1883. 545 p. – 75.

*– Vol. II. Products of Factory, Plant, Craft and Cottage Industry. 1886. 956 p. – 78.

Historical Materialism. Collection of Articles by Engels, Kautsky, Lafargue, Jaurès, Sorel, Adler, Stern, Zetterbaum, Kelles-Krauz, Belfort Bax, Stüllich. Comp. and transl. by S. Braunstein (S. Semkovsky). With preface and index of literature on historical materialism in Russian and foreign languages. SPB., typ. "Public Welfare," 1908. II, 403 p. – 388–389.

Historical Turning Point. – "Leaflet of 'Worker's Cause,'" [Geneva], 1901, No. 6, April, p. 1–6. Signed: Editorial Board of "Worker's Cause." – 143.

Results of Economic Research on Russia Based on Zemstvo Statistics. Vol. I–*II. M. – Dorpat, 1892. 2 vols.

– Vol. I. General Survey of Zemstvo Statistics of Peasant Economy. A. Fortunatov. The Peasant Commune. V. V. M, typ. Mamontov, 1892. 648 p. – 81.

*– Vol. II. Karyshev, N. A. Peasant Extra-Allotment Leases. Dorpat, typ. Lakman, 1892. XIX, 402, LXV p., 3 pages of tables. – 85–86, 87.

To the Army and Navy. From the Social-Democratic Fraction and Labor Group of the State Duma. July 12, 1906. [Leaflet]. SPB., typ. CC RSDLP, 1906. 2 p. – 382–383, 384.

To Society and Students. [Appeal of the SPB. Coalitional Student Council]. – "Proletarian," Geneva, 1908, No. 36, (October 16) October 3, p. 6–7, in section: Student Movement. Newspaper date: (October 30) October 16. – 218.

To Organizational Questions. – "Social-Democrat," [Vilna – SPB.], 1908, No. 1, February, p. 27–30. – 4, 5, 6.

To Urgent Questions. – "Proletarian," Paris, 1909, No. 42, February 12 (25), p. 1–3. – 366–369. To the Moment We Are Living Through. – "Banner of Labor," [Paris], 1907, No. 8, December, p. 1–6. – 140.

On the Threshold of Revolution. Non-periodic Review of Questions of Theory and Tactics. Ed. by L. Nadezhdin. No. 1. [Geneva], 1901. 132 p. (Pub. group "Freedom"). – 143.

Karamzin, N. M. The Sensitive and the Cold. Two Characters. – 9, 13.

Karl Marx (1818–1883). To the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of His Death (1883–1908). SPB., [Kedrovy], 1908. 410 p. On cover: In Memory of Karl Marx. – 257.

*Karyshev, N. A. Peasant Extra-Allotment Leases. Dorpat, typ. Lakman, 1892. XIX, 402, LXV p., 3 pages of tables. (In pub.: Results of Economic Research on Russia Based on Zemstvo Statistics. Vol. II). – 85–86, 87.

Kautsky, K. The Driving Forces and Prospects of the Russian Revolution. Transl. from German ("Neue Zeit," Nos. 9 and 10, 25th vol., Part I). Ed. and with preface by N. Lenin. M, "New Epoch," 1907. 32 p. – 44, 172, 385–388.

– Our View on Patriotism and War. – In: Kautsky, K. Our View on Patriotism and War. Transl. from German by L. Nemanov. St. Francis of Assisi. Transl. from German by S. Markovich. [SPB., typolithography "Herald," 1905], p. 3–32. – 192, 194–195.

– Our View on Patriotism and War. Transl. from German by L. Nemanov. St. Francis of Assisi. Transl. from German by S. Markovich. [SPB., typolithography "Herald," 1905]. 48 p. – 192, 194–195.

Kaufman, A. A. On the Question of the Cultural-Economic Significance of Private Land Ownership. – In: The Agrarian Question. Vol. II. Collection of Articles by Breyer, Brun, Vorobyev, Hertzenstein, Den, Kaufman, Kutler, Levitsky, Manuilov, Petrunkevich, Hauck, Chuprov, Yakushkin. M, "Beseda," 1907, p. 442–628. (Pub. Dolgorukov and Petrunkevich). – 74–77, 78–80, 105, 125, 150.

Class Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Moment of Democratic Revolution. [Draft resolution of the Bolsheviks to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Party News," [SPB.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 6. Under general heading: Draft Resolutions. To the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. – 372–373, 376, 378.

To All the People. [Proclamation from the committee of the Social-Democratic Fraction of the State Duma, committee of the Labor Group of the State Duma, Central Committee of the RSDLP, central committee of the Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, central committee of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), central committee of the General Jewish Union in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Bund)]. July 1906. [Leaflet]. [B.m.], typ. CC RSDLP, July 1906. 1 p. – 382, 383, 384.

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Korolenko, S. A. Hired Labor in Estates of Landowners and Movement of Workers in Connection with Statistical-Economic Survey of European Russia in Agricultural and Industrial Aspects. SPB., typ. Kirshbaum, 1892. XX, 864 p.; 17 pages of maps. (Dept. of Agriculture and Rural Industry. Agricultural and Statistical Information Based on Materials Received from Landowners. Issue V). – 73, 110, 113.

Krichevsky, B. P. Principles, Tactics and Struggle. – "Worker's Cause," Geneva, 1901, No. 10, September, p. 1–36. – 143.

Kulebaki. – "Social-Democrat," [Vilna – SPB.], 1908, No. 1, February, p. 44. Under general heading: Correspondence. – 4.

[Kuskova, E. D.] On Russian Marxism. (To the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of Karl Marx's Death). – "Capital Gazette," SPB., 1908, No. 251, March 1 (14), p. 3–4. Signed: E. K. – 37–38.

Kutler, P. P. Draft Law on Measures to Expand and Improve Peasant Land Ownership. – In: The Agrarian Question. Vol. II. Collection of Articles by Breyer, Brun, Vorobyev, Hertzenstein, Den, Kaufman, Kutler, Levitsky, Manuilov, Petrunkevich, Hauck, Chuprov, Yakushkin. M., "Beseda," 1907, p. 629–648. (Pub. Dolgorukov and Petrunkevich). – 12, 314.

Larin, Yu. The Peasant Question and Social-Democracy. [SPB.], "New World," 1906. 111 p. – 169.

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The Left in the Third Duma. (Reality and Dreams). – "Banner of Labor," [Paris], 1908, No. 10–11, February – March, p. 9–12. Signed: Ign. N. – 145–146, 147.

[Lenin, V. I.] But Who Are the Judges? – "Proletarian," [Vyborg], 1907, No. 19, November 5, p. 6–7. Newspaper place of pub.: M. – 147.

– The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907. November – December 1907. – 59–60, 61–62, 63, 67–68, 69, 70, 116, 130, 148–173, 184, 250–257.

– The Agrarian Question. Part I. SPB., [ "Grain," January] 1908. 263 p. Author given before title: Vl. Ilyin. – 102.

– The Agrarian Question and the "Critics of Marx." – In: [Lenin, V. I.] The Agrarian Question. Part I. SPB., [ "Grain," January] 1908, p. 164–263. Author given before title: Vl. Ilyin. – 102.

– Agrarian Debates in the III Duma. – "Proletarian," Geneva, 1908, No. 40, December 1 (14), p. 3–5. Signed: N. L. – 339.

– Messrs. "Critics" on the Agrarian Question. – "Dawn," Stuttgart, 1901, No. 2–3, December, p. 259–302. Signed: N. Lenin. – 160, 257.

*– Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution. – In: [Lenin, V. I.] For Twelve Years. Collection of Articles. Vol. 1. Two Trends in Russian Marxism and Russian Social-Democracy. SPB., typ. Bezobrazov, [1907], p. 387–469. Author given before title: Vl. Ilyin. Title page year of pub.: 1908. – 378.

– Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution. Pub. CC RSDLP. Geneva, typ. party, 1905. VIII, 108 p. (RSDLP). Author given before title: N. Lenin. – 371.

– Directives for the Com[mission] on Organizational Questions. – In: Announcement of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Concerning the All-Party Conference Held [Pub. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). Under general heading: Organizational Question. – 331, 362–363, 391.

– Report on the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Letter to Petrograd Workers. M. – SPB., typ. "Delo," 1906. 111 p. Author given before title: N. Lenin. – 172–173, 373–376, 378.

*– For Twelve Years. Collection of Articles. Vol. 1. Two Trends in Russian Marxism and Russian Social-Democracy. SPB., typ. Bezobrazov, [1907]. XII, 471 p. Author given before title: Vl. Ilyin. Title page year of pub.: 1908. – 378.

– On the Debate on Expanding the Budget Rights of the Duma. – "Social-Democrat," [Vilna – SPB.], 1908, No. 1, February, p. 10–14. Signed: N. Lenin. – 6.

– How Pyotr Maslov Corrects the Draft Outlines of Karl Marx. – "Proletarian," Geneva, 1908, No. 33, (August 5) July 23, p. 3–6. – 184, 250–257.

– Marxism and Revisionism. – In: Karl Marx (1818–1883). To the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of His Death (1883–1908). SPB., [Kedrovy], 1908, p. 210–217. On cover: In Memory of Karl Marx. Signed: Vl. Ilyin. – 257.

– Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. Critical Notes on a Reactionary Philosophy. February – October 1908. – 20.

– The New Agrarian Policy. – "Proletarian," Geneva, 1908, No. 22, (March 3) February 19, p. 1. Newspaper date: (March 4) February 19. – 11, 315.

*– On Blocs with the Cadets. – "Proletarian," [Vyborg], 1906, No. 8, November 23, p. 2–5. Newspaper place of pub.: M. – 383.

– On Some Features of the Contemporary Disintegration. – "Proletarian," Geneva, 1908, No. 32, (July 15) July 2, p. 1–2. – 339.

– Reply to the Critique of Our Draft Program. – In: [Maslov, P. P.] Ichs. On the Agrarian Program. [Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, N. Reply to the Critique of Our Draft Program. Pub. League of Russian Rev. Social-Democrats. Geneva, typ. League, 1903, p. 26–42. (RSDLP). Signed: N. Lenin. – 263.

– P. Maslov in Hysterics. – "Proletarian," Geneva, 1908, No. 37, (October 29) October 16, p. 3–5. Signed: N. Lenin. – 285, 287.

[Lenin, V. I.] Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. SPB., "Our Thought," 1906. 31 p. Author given before title: N. Lenin. – 156–151, 172–173, 260, 264.

– Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. SPB., 1906. 31 p. Author given before title: N. Lenin. – 172–173.

– [Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. Chapter V]. – In: [Lenin, V. I.] Report on the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Letter to Petrograd Workers. M. – SPB., typ. "Delo," 1906, p. 66–67. Under heading: Draft Agrarian Program of the Majority of the Agrarian Commission, in section: Appendices. Author given before title: N. Lenin. – 172–173.

– [Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. Chapter V]. – "Party News," [SPB.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 12. Under general heading: Draft Agrarian Programs for the Forthcoming Congress. – 172–173.

– Regarding Two Letters. – "Proletarian," Geneva, 1908, No. 39, (November 26) November 13, p. 3–6. – 278, 404.

– Political Notes. – "Proletarian," [Geneva], 1908, No. 21, February 26 (13), p. 2. – 339.

– Political Crisis and the Collapse of Opportunist Tactics. – "Proletarian," [Vyborg], 1906, No. 1, August 21, p. 2–6. Newspaper place of pub.: M. – 383.

– Draft Agrarian Program of the RSDLP, Proposed to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP – see Lenin, V. I. Revision of the Agrarian Program of the Workers' Party. Chapter V.

– Draft Bolshevik Resolution on a Provisional Government and Local Bodies of Revolutionary Power. Provisional Revolutionary Government and Local Bodies of Revolutionary Power. – In: [Lenin, V. I.] Report on the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Letter to Petrograd Workers. M. – SPB., typ. "Delo," 1906, p. 92–93, in section: Appendices. – 375–376, 378.

*– The Development of Capitalism in Russia. The Process of Formation of the Internal Market for Large-Scale Industry. 2nd ed., supplemented. SPB., "Pallada," 1908. VIII, VIII, 489 p. Author given before title: Vladimir Ilyin. – 62, 63–64, 73, 74, 75, 78, 83–85, 86–87, 88–90, 91, 92, 93, 95–96, 98, 100, 101–103, 105, 106, 107–109, 110–111, 114–117, 119–120, 122, 136, 157.

– Revolutionary Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat and Peasantry. – "Forward," Geneva, 1905, No. 14, April 12 (March 30), p. 1. – 370, 371.

*– Revolutionary Adventurism. – "Iskra," [London], 1902, No. 23, August 1, p. 2–4; No. 24, September 1, p. 2–4. – 347.

– Resolution on Armed Uprising, [adopted at the III Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: Third Ordinary Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Pub. CC. Geneva, typ. party, 1905, p. XVII–XVIII. (RSDLP). – 371, 372, 378.

– Resolution on the Tactics of the Social-Democratic Fraction in the [III] State] Duma. – "Proletarian," [Vyborg], 1907, No. 20, November 19, p. 4, in section: From the Party. Under general heading: Resolutions of the 3rd All-Russian Conference. Newspaper place of pub.: M. – 36.

– [Tactical Platform for the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Draft Resolutions for the Unification Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Party News," [SPB.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 5–9. – 372.

– The Third Duma. – "Proletarian," [Vyborg], 1907, No. 18, October 29, p. 1–3. Newspaper place of pub.: M. – 36.

*– Socialist-Revolutionary Mensheviks. – "Proletarian," [Vyborg], 1906, No. 4, September 19, p. 3–6. Newspaper place of pub.: M. – 139.

[Lenin, S. P.] Agricultural Machines and Implements. – "Herald of Finance, Industry and Trade," SPB., 1896, No. 51, p. 972–976. Under general heading: All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in N. Novgorod. – 78.

– Agricultural Implements and Machines. – In: The Productive Forces of Russia. Brief Characterization of Various Branches of Labor in Accordance with Exhibition Classification. Comp. under general ed. by V. I. Kovalevsky. SPB., [1896], p. 47–58, in section: I. Agriculture. (Ministry of Finance. Commission for the Organization of the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1896 in N. Novgorod). – 78.

"Leaflet of 'Worker's Cause,'" [Geneva], 1901, No. 6, April, p. 1–6. – 143.

*London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Held in 1907). Complete Text of Protocols. Pub. CC. Paris, 1909. 486 p. (RSDLP). – 43, 349, 377–378, 380.

Manifesto. October 17 (30), 1905. – "Government Herald," SPB., 1905, No. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 433.

Manifesto to All Russian Peasants [from the committee of the Social-Democratic Fraction of the State Duma, committee of the Labor Group of the State Duma, All-Russian Peasant Union, Central Committee of the RSDLP, central committee of the Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, All-Russian Railway Union, All-Russian Teachers' Union]. [Leaflet]. [B.m.], typ. CC RSDLP, [July 1906]. 2 p. – 382, 383, 384.

*Maress, L. N. Production and Consumption of Grain in Peasant Economy. – In: The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Certain Aspects of Russian National Economy. Ed. by Prof. A. I. Chuprov and A. S. Posnikov. Vol. I. SPB., typ. Kirshbaum, 1897, p. 1–96. – 87–88.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. Manifesto of the Communist Party. December 1847 – January 1848. – 22, 190.

– Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 1841–1850. Vol. 1. March 1841 – March 1844. Complete transl. from German by I. G. Groysman. Ed. by L. I. Axelrod (Orthodox), D. Koltsov and B. Ryazanov. With preface to Russian ed. by F. Mehring. [Odessa, "Liberation of Labor"], 1908. II, 650 p. (In pub.: From the Literary Heritage of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Ferd. Lassalle. Pub. F. Mehring). – 388.

– Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 1841–1850. Vol. 2. July 1844 – November 1847. Ed. by L. I. Axelrod, V. I. Zasulich and D. Koltsov. [Odessa, "Liberation of Labor"], 1908. VIII, 541 p. (In pub.: From the Literary Heritage of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Ferd. Lassalle. Pub. F. Mehring). – 388.

– Third International Review. From May to October. November 1, 1850. – 38–39.

– Circular Against Kriege. May 11, 1846. – 266.

Marx, K. Second Address of the General Council of the International Workingmen's Association on the Franco-Prussian War. To the Members of the International Workingmen's Association in Europe and the United States. September 9, 1870. – 48–49.

– Draft Law on the Abolition of Feudal Obligations – see Marx, K. Köln, July 29.

– Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Introduction. End of 1843 – January 1844. – 416, 438.

– Capital. Critique of Political Economy. Vols. I–III. 1867–1894. – 268–269, 343.

– Capital. Critique of Political Economy. Vol. I. 1867. – 19.

– The Poverty of Philosophy. Answer to the "Philosophy of Poverty" of M. Proudhon. First Half of 1847. – 128, 162.

*– Letters to L. Kugelmann. With preface by the editors of "Neue Zeit." Transl. from German by M. Ilyina under ed. and with preface by N. Lenin. SPB., [ "New Thought"], 1907. XI, 96 p. – 170.

*– [Letter to L. Kugelmann. April 12, 1871]. – In: Marx, K. Letters to L. Kugelmann. With preface by the editors of "Neue Zeit." Transl. from German by M. Ilyina under ed. and with preface by N. Lenin. SPB., [ "New Thought"], 1907, p. 88–89. – 170.

– Postface to the Second Edition [of the First Volume of "Capital"]. January 24, 1873. – 19.

Marseillaise. – 204.

Martens, F. Collection of Treaties and Conventions Concluded by Russia with Foreign Powers. Vol. VIII. Treaties with Germany. 1825–1888. SPB., typ. min. of communications (Benke), 1888. XXII, 747 p. In Russian and French. – 224, 243.

Martov, L. What Should We Fight For? – "Social-Democrat," Paris, 1909, No. 3, March 9 (22), p. 3–4. – 370, 373, 376, 377, 378–380, 381, 384, 385–386, 387–388, 389.

– Results of Political Development. – In: Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century. Ed. by L. Martov, P. Maslov and A. Potresov. Vol. I. Harbingers and Basic Causes of the Movement. SPB., typ. "Public Welfare," 1909, p. 663–676. Signed: L. M. – 413.

– The "Leftward" Turn of the Bourgeoisie. – "Rebirth," M., 1909, No. 1–2, p. 26–31, in section: Social-Political Section. Journalist's Notes. – 408–409, 412, 413.

Martyanov, A. The Agrarian Question in the Counter-Revolutionary Duma. – "Voice of the Social-Democrat," [Geneva], 1908, No. 10–11, November – December, p. 5–14. – 413.

– Exposé Literature and Proletarian Struggle. ("Iskra," Nos. 1–5). – "Worker's Cause," Geneva, 1901, No. 10, September, p. 37–64. – 143.

Maslov, P. P. The Agrarian Question in Russia. (Conditions for the Development of Peasant Economy in Russia). 3rd ed. SPB., typ. "Public Welfare," 1906. XIII, 462 p. – 160, 161, 252, 253, 254–255, 256–257, 287, 288.

– The Agrarian Question in Russia. Vols. I–II. SPB., typ. "Public Welfare," 1908. 2 vols. Vol. I. (Conditions for the Development of Peasant Economy in Russia). 4th supplemented ed. With appendix of articles: 1) On the Principled Foundations of the Agrarian Program. 2) To My Critics. XIII, 520 p. – 255.

Vol. II. Crisis of Peasant Economy and Peasant Movement. VIII, 457, 135 p.; 4 pages of maps. – 255.

– On the Agrarian Question. (Critique of Critiques). – "Life," SPB., 1901, No. 3, p. 162–186; No. 4, p. 63–100. – 160.

– Critique of Agrarian Programs and Draft Program. M., "Bell," 1905. 43 p. (First Library. No. 31). – 153, 154–155, 261, 262–263.

– On the Principled and Theoretical Foundations of the Agrarian Program. – "Education," SPB., 1907, No. 2a, p. 117–126; No. 3, p. 89–104. – 153–154, 160–161, 165–166, 167–168, 256–257.

– Ichs. On the Agrarian Program. – In: [Maslov, P. P.] Ichs. On the Agrarian Program. [Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, N. Reply to the Critique of Our Draft Program. Pub. League of Russian Rev. Social-Democrats. Geneva, typ. League, 1903, p. 1–25. (RSDLP). – 257–258, 261, 262, 263.

– Ichs. On the Agrarian Program. [Lenin, V. I.] Lenin, N. Reply to the Critique of Our Draft Program. Pub. League of Russian Rev. Social-Democrats. Geneva, typ. League, 1903. 42 p. (RSDLP). – 257–258, 261, 262, 263.

– Letter to the Editor. – "Voice of the Social-Democrat," [Geneva], 1908, No. 8–9, July – September, p. 23–24. – 250, 251–252, 253–254, 255, 256, 257, 285, 289.

– [Draft Agrarian Program]. — "Party News," [SPB.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 12. Under general heading: Draft Agrarian Programs for the Forthcoming Congress. – 261.

Materials for Statistics of Kostroma Province. Pub. Kostroma Provincial Stat. Com. Ed. by V. Pirogov. Issue 8. Kostroma, 1891. II, 333, 25 p.; 4 pages of tables. – 99.

Materials for Statistics of Krasnouflmsk District of Perm Province. Issue III. Tables. Pub. Krasnouflmsk Zemstvo. Kazan, typ. Vyacheslav, 1893. [On cover: 1894]. VII, 430 p. – 83–84, 89, 91, 95, 102–103, 105, 106, 107, 109.

* Materials on the Peasant Question. Report of the Sessions of the Delegate Congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union, November 6–10, 1905. With introductory article by V. Groman. [B.m.], "New World," 1905. 114 p. – 158.

*Materials for the Evaluation of Lands of Nizhny Novgorod Province. Economic Section. Issue IV, IX, XII. Pub. Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Zemstvo. N. Novgorod, 1888–1890. 3 vols. (Statistical Department of Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Zemstvo Administration).

*– Issue IV. Knyagininsky District. 1888. 442 p. – 89, 91, 95–96, 106.

*– Issue IX. Vasiliy District. 1890. 428 p. – 59, 91, 95–96, 106.

*– Issue XII. Makaryevsky District. 1889. 549 p. – 89, 91, 95–96, 106.

[Materials Submitted to the General Assembly of the State Duma of the 2nd Convocation]. [B.m.], [1907]. 7, 23 p.; 1040 pages. – 11, 154–155, 341.

Militarism and International Conflicts. [Resolution Adopted at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart]. – "Proletarian," [Vyborg], 1907, No. 17, October 20, p. 5–6. Under general heading: Resolutions of the Stuttgart Congress. Newspaper place of pub.: M. – 187–188, 192, 204.

Milyukov, P. N. A Year of Struggle. Publicistic Chronicle. 1905–1906. St. Pb., [typ. "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za"], 1907. XVII, 550 pp. (Library of "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za"). – 12.

– The Tasks of Local Agrarian Committees in the Understanding of S.D. and K.D. – In: Milyukov, P. N. A Year of Struggle. Publicistic Chronicle. 1905–1906. St. Pb., [typ. "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za"], 1907, pp. 457–460. (Library of "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za"). – 12.

– St. Petersburg, May 25. – "Rech'", St. Pb., 1906, No. 82, May 25 (June 7), p. 1. – 12.

– St. Petersburg, March 16. – "Rech'", St. Pb., 1908, No. 65, March 16 (29), p. 1. – 9, 10–11, 13.

Minsk. – "Social-Democrat", [Vilno – St. Pb.], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 43–44. Under general heading: Correspondences. – 5.

Molière, J. B. Tartuffe, or The Impostor. – 288.

Nadezhdin, L. On the Eve of Revolution – see On the Eve of Revolution.

"Narodna Duma", [St. Pb.], 1907, No. 12, March 24 (April 6), p. 4. – 377.

To the People from the People's Representatives. [July 1906. Leaflet]. N.p., 1906. 1 p. – 53.

Scientific Chronicle. (New Experiments in Reviving Corpses). – "Proletariy", Geneva, 1908, No. 30, May 10 (23), pp. 2–3. Signed: T—renov. – 52, 55–56.

Is It Not Time to Finish? – "Voice of the Social-Democrat", [Geneva], 1908, No. 1–2, February, pp. 24–26. – 140.

Nekrasov, N. A. Who Can Be Happy in Russia? – 210.

– A Knight for an Hour. – 293.

Nik. —ok – see Danielson, N. F.

"Novoe Vremya", St. Pb., 1908, No. 11698, October 5 (18), p. 2. – 227–228.

New Executions of Terrorists and Our Legal Press. – "Banner of Labour", [Paris], 1908, No. 10–11, February–March, pp. 5–9. – 140–141.

On the Provisional Government. [Resolution of the conference of Caucasian social-democratic workers' organizations]. – In: Conference of Caucasian Social-Democratic Workers' Organizations. [Geneva, typ. of the party, 1905], p. 3. (RSDLP). – 47.

On the Duma S.D. Faction. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian S.D. Workers' Party on the Held Scheduled All-Party Conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 5–6. (RSDLP). – 334, 361–362, 400–401.

On the Seizure of Power and Participation in the Provisional Government. [Resolution of the first all-Russian conference of party workers]. – In: First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate supplement to No. 100 of "Iskra". Geneva, typ. of the party, 1905, pp. 23–24. (RSDLP). – 370–372, 374.

[On the Class Tasks of the Proletariat at the Present Moment of Democratic Revolution. Draft resolution for the V Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Proletariy", [Vyborg], 1907, No. 14, March 4, p. 3. Under general heading: Draft Resolutions for the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 372–373, 378.

On the Present Moment and the Tasks of the Party. [Resolution adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian S.D. Workers' Party on the Held Scheduled All-Party Conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–5. (RSDLP). – 357, 358–359, 360, 373, 380–381, 392–393, 396, 412.

On the Present Moment of Revolution and the Tasks of the Proletariat. [Draft resolution of the Mensheviks for the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. – "Party News", [St. Pb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, p. 9. Under general heading: Draft Resolutions for the Forthcoming Congress, Drawn Up by a Group of "Mensheviks" with the Participation of the Editors of "Iskra". – 373–374, 376.

On the Current Moment and the General Tactics of the Party. – In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Party of [Socialist]-Revolutionaries. On the Congress of the Party Council and All-Party Conference. N.p., [September 1908], pp. 6–7. Under general heading: Resolutions Adopted by the 1st All-Party Conference and Approved by the 4th Council of the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries. – 347, 348.

[On the Attitude toward Bourgeois Parties. Draft resolution of the Bolsheviks, Submitted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Held in 1907). Complete Text of Protocols. Publ. CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 466–467. (RSDLP). – 377, 378.

[On the Attitude toward Bourgeois Parties. Draft resolution for the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, Drawn Up by a Group of Menshevik Writers and Practitioners]. – "Narodna Duma", [St. Pb.], 1907, No. 12, March 24 (April 6), p. 4, in section: From the Parties. – 377.

[On the Attitude toward Bourgeois Parties. Draft resolution of the Mensheviks, Submitted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Held in 1907). Complete Text of Protocols. Publ. CC. Paris, 1909, p. 465. (RSDLP). – 377.

On the Improvement and Increase of Peasant Landholding and Land Use. Basic Provisions. – In: Appendices to Stenographic Reports of the State Duma. Third Convocation. Session I. 1907–1908. Vol. I. (Nos. 1–350). St. Pb., state typ., 1908, cols. 1983–1984. – 12.

[Overview of the Press of the S.R. Party]. — "Revolutionary Thought", 1908, No. 1, April, p. 16, in section: Bibliography. – 139, 140, 142, 339.

Overview of Yaroslavl Province. Issue II. Seasonal Occupations of Peasants in Yaroslavl Province. Ed. by A. R. Svirshchevsky. Publ. of the Yaroslavl Provincial Statistical Commission. Yaroslavl, 1896. IX, 193 pp.; 29 pp. of tables. – 99.

"Education", St. Pb., 1907, No. 2a, pp. 117–126; No. 3, pp. 89–104. – 153–154, 160–161, 165–166, 167–168, 256–257.

General Statute Concerning Peasants Released from Serfdom. February 19, 1861. – In: Statutes Concerning Peasants Released from Serfdom. February 19, 1861. St. Pb., 1861, pp. 1–33. – 308.

Public Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century. Ed. by L. Martov, P. Maslov, and A. Potresov. Vol. I. Harbingers and Basic Causes of the Movement. St. Pb., typ. "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za", 1909. [5], 676 pp. – 413.

General Tactical Directives for the Present Moment. [Resolution adopted at the X Congress of the PPS]. – In: Tenth Congress of the PPS. Program. Tactics. [Publ. "Mysli Socjalistycznej". Lviv], 1908, pp. 8–10. Under general heading: Resolutions. – 50.

Odintsev. On the Question of Revolutionary Organizations. (Letter to the Editor). – "Revolutionary Thought", 1908, No. 2, June, pp. 10–13. – 141–142, 339.

Odoevsky, A. I. "The Resounding Voices of Prophetic Strings…". – 186.

Ozerossky, S. On "Landmarks". – "Rech'", St. Pb., 1909, No. 139 (1024), May 24 (June 6), p. 5. – 436.

Orlov, V. Peasant Economy. Issue I. Forms of Peasant Landholding in Moscow Province. Publ. of Moscow Provincial Zemstvo. M., 1879. III, 320, 39 pp. (In: Collection of Statistical Information on Moscow Province. Section of Economic Statistics. Vol. IV. Issue I). – 81.

[Basic Provisions of the Bill on the Organization of Local Committees on the Agrarian Question, Submitted to the I State Duma by 35 Members of the Labour Group]. — In: Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I. Sessions 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). St. Pb., state typ., 1906, pp. 672–673. (State Duma). – 11.

Relationship between the Socialist Party and Trade Unions. [Resolution adopted at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart]. – "Proletariy", [Vyborg], 1907, No. 17, October 20, p. 5. Under general heading: Resolutions of the Stuttgart Congress. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 328.

Report of the Caucasian Delegation on the All-Party Conference. Publ. of the Central Bureau of Foreign Groups of the RSDLP. Paris, Rédaction du Socialisme, 1909. 53 pp. (RSDLP). – 335, 379.

Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism. Philosophical Miscellany. St. Pb., [typ. Bezobrazov], 1908. 329 pp. – 20.

Parliamentary Cretinism Turned Inside Out. – "Proletariy", [Vyborg], 1907, No. 18, October 29, pp. 2–5. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 145, 344.

"Party News", [St. Pb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 5–9, 9–11, 12. – 172–173, 261, 372–374, 376, 378.

*First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire 1897. Issue I. Population of the Empire According to the Census of January 28, 1897, by Districts. Comp. Central Statistical Commission on the basis of local calculation documents. Publ. of the Central Statistical Commission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. St. Pb., 1897. 29 pp. In Russian and French. – 68, 69.

First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate supplement to No. 100 of "Iskra". Geneva, typ. of the party, 1905. 31 pp. (RSDLP). – 43, 370–372, 374.

Letters of I. F. Becker, I. Dietzgen, F. Engels, K. Marx and Others to F. A. Sorge and Others. Tr. from German by Politicus. With Letters and Biography of F. A. Sorge by Eugene Dietzgen. With Preface by N. Lenin. With portrait of F. A. Sorge. St. Pb., Dauge, 1907. XXVI, 44, 485, II pp. – 239, 412.

Letter from Petersburg. (On the Duma S.D. Faction). – "Proletariy", Geneva, 1908, No. 39, November 13 (26), pp. 6–8, in section: Chronicle. Signed: N. – 302.

Letter of a Party Worker. – "Workers' Banner", [M.], 1908, No. 7, December, pp. 4–6. – 366–368.

Letter of a Worker. (On the Plan of Party Work in Connection with the Assessment of the Current Moment). – "Workers' Banner", [M], 1908, No. 5, October, pp. 4–5. – 278, 290, 366, 367, 404.

Letter of a Worker to the Editorial Office of "Workers' Banner". Reprinted from No. 5 of "Workers' Banner". – "Proletariy", Geneva, 1908, No. 39, November 13 (26), pp. 3–4. – 290–291, 295–307, 367, 404.

Plekhanov, G. V. [Questions to Non-Russian Social-Democrats on the Character of the Russian Revolution and on the Tactics That Russian Social-Democrats Should Pursue]. — In: Kautsky, K. The Moving Forces and Perspectives of the Russian Revolution. Tr. from German ("Neue Zeit", Nos. 9 and 10, 25th year, Vol. I). Ed. and with Preface by N. Lenin. M., "Novaya Epokha", 1907, p. 29. – 386–388.

– On Our Position Further. (Letter to Comrade X.). – "Diary of a Social-Democrat", [Geneva], 1905, No. 4, December, pp. 1–12. – 34, 48.

– Notes of a Publicist. – "Voice of the Social-Democrat", [Geneva], 1908, No. 3, March, pp. 3–12. – 27, 28, 34.

– Notes of a Publicist. – "Contemporary Life", M., 1907, No. 2, February–March, pp. 158–186. Signed: Beltov. – 44.

– Draft Program of Russian Social-Democrats. 1885–1887. – 152.

– Militant Materialism. Reply to Mr. Bogdanov. I. (First Letter). – "Voice of the Social-Democrat", [Geneva], 1908, No. 6–7, May–June, pp. 3–14. – 184, 258, 288.

Concerning the RSDLP Conference. – "Voice of the Social-Democrat", [Geneva], 1909, No. 12, March, pp. 15–16. – 409, 411, 413.

Statute on Elections to the State Duma. With Clarifications of the Governing Senate and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. St. Pb., Senate typ., 1907. 188 pp.; 2 diagrams. (Publ. of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 5, 11, 13, 276, 316.

Statute on the Redemption by Peasants Released from Serfdom of Their Homestead Plots and on the Assistance of the Government in the Acquisition by These Peasants of Arable Land in Their Own Right. February 19, 1861. – In: Statutes Concerning Peasants Released from Serfdom. St. Pb., 1861, pp. 1–32. – 308.

Statutes Concerning Peasants Released from Serfdom. February 19, 1861. St. Pb., 1861. 357 pp. Sections listed. – 308.

"Polar Star", St. Pb., 1906, No. 10, February 18, pp. 733–737. – 9.

[Resolution of the Presidium of the RSDLP Concerning the Appeal of the SPB Coalition Student Council]. — "Proletariy", Geneva, 1908, No. 36, October 3 (16), p. 10. Under general heading: St. Petersburg, in section: From the Party. Newspaper date: October 16 (30). – 218.

Resolutions and Decisions of the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. [Leaflet. St. Pb.], typ. of the Central Committee, [1906], p. 1. (RSDLP). – 30, 152, 154, 156, 166, 169, 173, 184, 274–275, 320, 322.

*Postnikov, V. E. South Russian Peasant Economy. M., typ. Kushnereva, 1891. XXXII, 392 pp. – 88, 90, 91, 92–93, 94, 96, 100, 106.

"Government Herald", St. Pb., 1905, No. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 433.

"Government Herald", St. Pb., 1905, No. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1. – 33.

– 1906, No. 252, November 12 (25), p. 1. – 156, 308, 311, 312, 317, 321, 326.

– 1906, No. 256, November 18 (December 1), p. 1. – 156.

Debates in the Duma S.D. Faction on the Question of the Attitude of S.D. to Religion. – "Proletariy", [Paris], 1909, No. 45, May 13 (26), pp. 6–7, in section: From the Party. – 415, 423, 426.

Appendices to Stenographic Reports of the State Duma. Third Convocation. Session I. 1907–1908. Vol. I. (Nos. 1–350). St. Pb., state typ., 1908. 35 pp., 2024 cols. – 12.

Adopted [by the Fifth] Conference [RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)] after [commission] Work Resolution [on the Organizational Question]. — In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian S.D. Workers' Party on the Held Scheduled All-Party Conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], p. 6. (RSDLP). Under general heading: The Organizational Question. – 357, 363–364, 391, 398–399.

Program and Organizational Statute of the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, Approved at the First Congress. Publ. of the Central Committee of the Party of S-R. N.p., typ. of the party of social-rev., 1906. 32 pp. – 340–341.

Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, Adopted at the Second Congress of the Party. – In: Second Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Publ. CC. Geneva, typ. of the party, [1904], pp. 1–6. (RSDLP). – 152, 165, 166, 230, 261, 264, 304, 340–341, 342.

Draft of the Main Foundations of a Law on Land Security for the Agricultural Population [Submitted to the II State Duma by the Kadets]. — In: [Materials Submitted to the General Assembly of the State Duma of the 2nd Convocation]. N.p., [1907], f. 293–295. – 11.

Draft Menshevik Resolution on the Provisional Government and Revolutionary Self-Government. The Provisional Government and Revolutionary Self-Government. – In: [Lenin, V. I.] Report on the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Letter to Petersburg Workers. M.–St. Pb., typ. "Delo", 1906, pp. 91–92, in section: Appendices. – 374–375, 376.

Draft Menshevik Resolution on the Assessment of the Present Moment. On the Present Moment of Revolution and the Tasks of the Proletariat. – In: [Lenin, V. I.] Report on the Unification Congress of the RSDLP. Letter to Petersburg Workers. M.–St. Pb., typ. "Delo", 1906, pp. 68–70, in section: Appendices. – 373–374, 376.

Draft Organization of Local Land Committees, Submitted to the I State Duma by 35 Members of the Labour Group – see Basic Provisions of the Bill on the Organization of Local Committees on the Agrarian Question, Submitted to the I State Duma by 35 Members of the Labour Group.

[Draft Organization of Local Land Committees, Submitted to the II State Duma by 37 Members of the Labour Group]. — In: [Materials Submitted to the General Assembly of the State Duma of the 2nd Convocation]. N.p., [1907], f. 314. – 11.

Draft Basic Land Law [Submitted by 33 Members of the State Duma]. — In: Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. II. Sessions 19–38 (from June 1 to July 4). St. Pb., state typ., 1906, pp. 1153–1156. (State Duma). – 54–55, 341.

Draft Basic Provisions of Land Law [Submitted to the II State Duma on Behalf of a Group of Socialist-Revolutionaries]. — In: [Materials Submitted to the General Assembly of the State Duma of the 2nd Convocation]. N.p., [1907], f. 486–491. – 341.

Draft Basic Provisions [of Land Law, Submitted by 104 Members of the State Duma]. — In: Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I. Sessions 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). St. Pb., state typ., 1906, pp. 560–562. (State Duma). – 11, 54–55, 154, 155, 263, 341.

Draft Basic Provisions [of Land Reform, Submitted to the II State Duma on Behalf of the Labour Group and the Peasant Union]. — In: [Materials Submitted to the General Assembly of the State Duma of the 2nd Convocation]. N.p., [1907], f. 17–19, 37. – 11, 154–155, 341.

[Draft Basic Provisions on the Agrarian Question, Submitted by 42 Members of the I State Duma]. — In: Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vol. I. Sessions 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). St. Pb., state typ., 1906, pp. 248–251. (State Duma). – 11, 314.

Draft Resolutions for the Forthcoming Congress, Drawn Up by a Group of "Mensheviks" with the Participation of the Editors of "Iskra". – "Party News", [St. Pb.], 1906, No. 2, March 20, pp. 9–11. – 372.

Productive Forces of Russia. Brief Description of Various Branches of Labour According to the Classification of the Exhibition. Comp. under the general editorship of V. I. Kovalevsky. St. Pb., [1896]. XI, 1249 pp. (Ministry of Finance. Commission for Overseeing the Organization of the All-Russian Industrial and Artistic Exhibition of 1896 in N. Novgorod). – 78.

*Prokopovich, S. N. and Mertvago, A. P. How Much Land in Russia and How We Use It. M., typ. Sytina, 1907. 28 pp. (Library of the Proprietor [ed. by A. P. Mertvago]). – 68, 69, 70, 151–152.

"Proletariy", [Vyborg–Geneva–Paris]. – 6, 138, 146, 238, 285, 296, 339, 366, 368, 394.

– [Vyborg], 1906, No. 1, August 21, pp. 2–6. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 383.

*– 1906, No. 4, September 19, pp. 3–6. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 139.

– 1906, No. 8, November 23, pp. 2–5. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 383.

– 1907, No. 14, March 4, p. 3. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 372–373, 378.

– 1907, No. 17, October 20, pp. 5–6. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 187–188, 192, 204, 328.

– 1907, No. 18, October 29, pp. 1–5. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 36, 145, 344.

– 1907, No. 19, November 5, pp. 6–7. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 147.

– 1907, No. 20, November 19, p. 4. Newspaper place of publication: M. – 36.

– Geneva, 1908, No. 21, February 26 (13), p. 2. – 339.

– 1908, No. 22, February 19 (March 3), p. 1. Newspaper date: February 19 (March 4). – 11, 315.

– 1908, No. 28, April 2 (15), p. 1. – 426.

– 1908, No. 30, May 10 (23), pp. 2–3. – 52, 55–56.

– 1908, No. 31, June 4 (17), pp. 5–6. – 296.

– 1908, No. 32, July 2 (15), pp. 1–2. – 339.

– 1908, No. 33, July 23 (August 5), pp. 3–6. – 184, 250–257, 287, 288.

– 1908, No. 36, October 3 (16), pp. 6–7, 10. Newspaper date: October 30 (16). – 218.

– 1908, No. 37, October 16 (29), pp. 3–5. – 285, 287.

– 1908, No. 39, November 13 (26), pp. 2–8. – 278, 290–293, 294–307, 367, 404.

– 1908, No. 40, December 1 (14), pp. 3–5. – 339.

– Paris, 1909, No. 42, February 12 (25), pp. 1–4. – 366–369, 394, 395.

– 1909, No. 44. Supplement to No. 44 of "Proletariy", April 4 (17), p. 1. – 394–405.

– 1909, No. 45, May 13 (26), pp. 6–7. – 415, 423, 426.

Protest against the Actions of the Presiding Officer A. F. Meiendorf. – In: Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1909. Second Session. Part III. Sessions 71–100 (from March 6 to April 24, 1909). St. Pb., state typ., 1909, cols. 2309–2310. (State Duma. Third Convocation). Under general heading: Appendix to the Stenographic Report of the Ninety-Fifth Session. – 437.

Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDLP, Held in Stockholm in 1906. M., typ. Ivanova, 1907. VI, 420 pp. – 9, 47, 152–153, 154, 158, 163–165, 167, 168–169, 171–172, 260, 263, 269, 318, 319, 320.

"Workers' Cause", Geneva, 1901, No. 10, September. 136, 46 pp. – 143. "Workers' Banner", M. – 6, 366, 367.

– 1908, No. 5, October, pp. 4–5. – 278, 290, 366, 367, 404.

– 1908, No. 7, December, pp. 4–6. – 366–368.

"Revolutionary Thought". – 139, 141, 142, 351.

– 1908, No. 1, April, pp. 1, 4–8, 16. – 139–140, 141, 142, 144–145, 339, 352.

"Revolutionary Thought", 1908, No. 2, June, pp. 1–7, 10–13. – 139, 141–142, 143, 144, 339.

Revolution and the Third Duma. – "Banner of Labour", [Paris], 1907, No. 4, August 30, pp. 1–3. – 145.

[Resolutions Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDLP (All-Russian 1908)]. — In: Notification of the Central Committee of the Russian S.D. Workers' Party on the Held Scheduled All-Party Conference. [Publ. CC RSDLP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–7. (RSDLP). – 354–358.

Resolutions Adopted by [the First All-Russian] Conference [of Party Workers]. — In: First All-Russian Conference of Party Workers. Separate supplement to No. 100 of "Iskra". Geneva, typ. of the party, 1905, pp. 15–30. (RSDLP). – 43.

Resolution of the Moscow All-City Conference of the RSDLP on the Attitude toward the Duma Faction. – "Proletariy", Geneva, 1908, No. 31, June 4 (17), pp. 5–6, in section: Chronicle. – 296.

Resolution on Armed Uprising. [Main Resolutions Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP] – see Lenin, V. I. Resolution on Armed Uprising, Adopted at the III Congress of the RSDLP.

Resolution on the Provisional Revolutionary Government. [Main Resolutions Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP]. – In: Third Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Publ. CC. Geneva, typ. of the party, 1905, pp. XVIII–XIX. (RSDLP). – 370–372, 376, 378.

Resolution on the Attitude toward the Peasant Movement. [Main Resolutions Adopted at the Third Congress of the RSDLP]. – Ibid., pp. XX–XXI. – 372, 378.

Resolution on the Attitude toward Non-Proletarian Parties [Adopted at the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In: London Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Held in 1907). Complete Text of Protocols. Publ. CC. Paris, 1909, pp. 454–455. (RSDLP). – 349, 377–378, 380.

Resolution of St. Petersburg "Otzovists", Proposed by Them at an Expanded Session of the Peter. Committee before the All-Party Conference. – "Proletariy", [Paris], 1909, No. 44. Supplement to No. 44 of "Proletariy", April 4 (17), p. 1. – 394–405.

Resolution of the CC [RSDLP] on Cooperatives. – "Social-Democrat", [Vilno–St. Pb.], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 37–38, in section: From the Party. – 5.

[Resolution of the CC RSDLP on Work in Trade Unions]. — "Social-Democrat", [Vilno–St. Pb.], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 38–39, in section: From the Party. – 5.

[Resolution of the CC RSDLP on the Occasion of the Speech of the Social-Democratic Faction in the III State Duma on the Question of the Closing of the Doors of the Duma Commission on National Defense…]. — "Social-Democrat", [Vilno–St. Pb.], 1908, No. 1, February, p. 35. Under general heading: Activities of the Central Committee, in section: From the Party. – 6.

"Rech'" [Speech], St. Pb. – 11, 436.

– 1906, No. 82, May 25 (June 7), p. 1. – 12.

– 1908, No. 65, March 16 (29), p. 1. – 9, 10–11, 13.

– 1908, No. 205, August 28 (September 10), pp. 1–3. – 209.

– 1909, No. 133 (1018), May 17 (30), pp. 2–3. – 436.

– 1909, No. 139 (1024), May 24 (June 6), p. 5. – 436.

Rubakin, P. A. Our Ruling Bureaucracy in Figures. (From "Essays on Polite Society"). – "Son of the Fatherland", St. Pb., 1905, No. 54, April 20 (May 3), pp. 2–3. – 63.

Rudnev, P. F. Occupations of Peasants in European Russia. – "Collection of the Saratov Zemstvo", 1894, *No. 6, pp. 189–222; No. 11, pp. 421–463. – 111.

"Russian Thought", M, 1907, No. 7, pp. 172–178. – 10.

– 1907, No. 8, pp. 228–235. – 10.

"Russian State", St. Pb. – 9.

– 1906, No. 39, March 18 (31), p. 4. – 9.

With the Party or Without the Party? – "Proletariy", Geneva, 1908, No. 28, April 2 (15), p. 1. – 426.

From the Urals. – "Social-Democrat", [Vilno–St. Pb.], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 44–45. Under general heading: Correspondences. – 4.

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E. In the Realm of Moderation and Propriety. – 209.

– The Wild Landlord. – 77, 283, 435.

– Beyond the Border. – 11, 285.

– The History of a Town. – 310.

– Trifles of Life. – 153, 212.

– The Prudent Minnow. – 165.

– Signs of the Times. – 223.

– Contemporary Idyll. – 209.

St. Petersburg, October 4. – "Novoe Vremya", St. Pb., 1908, No. 11698, October 5 (18), p. 2. – 227–228.

"St. Petersburg News", 1908, No. 24, January 29 (February 11), p. 2. – 315–316.

Collection of Valuation Data on Peasant Landholding in Zemlyansk, Zadonsk, Korotoyak, and Nizhnedevitsk Districts. [Comp. by F. Shcherbina]. With 3 sketch maps. Appendix to Vols. III, IV, V, and VI. Publ. of the Voronezh Provincial Zemstvo. Voronezh, typ. Isaev, 1889. 459 pp. – 97, 101–102, 106, 114–115, 119–120.

"Collection of the Saratov Zemstvo", 1894, *No. 6, pp. 189–222; No. 11, pp. 421–463. – 111.

Collection of Articles. No. 1. St. Pb., "Our Thought", 1907. 128 pp. – 341.

Collection of Statistical Information on Voronezh Province. Vol. 4. Issue I. Zadonsk District. Publ. of the Voronezh Provincial Zemstvo. Voronezh, typ. Isaev, 1887. XIV, 157 pp. – 89, 91, 105, 106.

Collection of Statistical Information on Orel Province. Vols. II–III, VIII. Publ. of the Orel Provincial Zemstvo. Orel, 1887–1895. 3 vols.

– Vol. II. [Issue I]. Elets District. 1887. 958 pp. – 89, 105, 106.

– Vol. III. Trubchevsk District. 1887. IV, 265, 224 pp. – 89, 105, 106.

– Vol. VIII. Orel District. Statistical-Economic and Valuation Materials on Peasant and Private Landowner Economy. With 2 cartographic works. 1895. 1005 pp. (Statistical Department of the Orel Provincial Zemstvo Administration). – 103.

Collection of Statistical Information on Samara Province. Section of Economic Statistics. Vol. VII. Novouzensk District. Publ. of the Samara Provincial Zemstvo. Samara, 1890. 524 pp. – 88–89, 91, 93, 105, 106.

Collection of Statistical Information on Saratov Province. Vols. I, XI. Publ. of the Saratov Provincial Zemstvo. Saratov, 1883–1891. 2 vols.

– Vol. I. Saratov District. 1883. V, 154 pp.; 126 pp. of tables; 1 map. – 65, 74.

*– Vol. XI. Kamyshin District. 1891. 979 pp. – 86–87, 91, 106, 157.

Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 1, Part 1. Part I. Code of Fundamental State Laws. Edition of 1906. St. Pb., state typ., n.d. 78 pp. – 156.

Consolidated Collection of Statistical Information on Samara Province. Vol. VIII. (Issue I). Publ. of the Samara Provincial Zemstvo. Samara, 1892. X, 228 pp. – 88–89, 108–109.

"Northern Herald", St. Pb., 1885, No. 3, November, pp. 186–193. – 82.

Agriculture and Forestry of Russia. With 47 maps and diagrams. Publ. of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry of the Ministry of State Property. St. Pb., 1893. II, XXVI, 649 pp. (World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago). – 78.

Agricultural and Statistical Information Based on Materials Received from Proprietors. Issue V – see Korolenko, S. A. Free Hired Labor in Landowner Economies and the Movement of Workers in Connection with a Statistical-Economic Overview of European Russia in Agricultural and Industrial Respects.

"Little Gray One" in the Duma. – "Russian State", St. Pb., 1906, No. 39, March 18 (31), p. 4. Signed: Segno. – 9.

Siversky. Philosophy and Terror. – "Revolutionary Thought", 1908, No. 2, June, pp. 1–4. – 141, 142, 143, 144, 339.

*First. – "Banner of Labour", [Paris, 1908, No. 13, November], pp. 1–3. – 343–345, 346–348, 351–352.

"Contemporary Life", M., 1907, No. 2, February–March, pp. 158–186. – 44. "Social-Democrat", St. Pb. – 383.

– 1906, No. 6, November 3, pp. 2–4. Newspaper date: October 3. – 383.

"Social-Democrat", [Vilno–St. Pb.]–Paris–Geneva. – 4, 6, 379, 380, 381, 389.

– [Vilno–St. Pb.], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 10–19, 21–30, 35, 36–39, 43–45. – 4, 5, 6.

– Paris, 1909, No. 3, March 9 (22), pp. 3–4. – 370, 373, 376, 377, 378–380, 381, 384, 385–386, 387–388, 389.

Old Tendencies and Life's Lessons. – "Social-Democrat", [Vilno–St. Pb.], 1908, No. 1, February, pp. 15–19. – 6.

Statistics of Landholding 1905. Summary of Data from 50 Provinces of European Russia. St. Pb., typ. Minkov, 1907. 199 pp.; L pp. of tables. (Central Statistical Commission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 59–62, 63, 64, 67–68, 93–94, 132, 134–135, 148–149.

*Statistics of Productive Pursuits Subject to Excise Tax and Stamp Marks for 1897 and 1898. Comp. in the statistical department of the chief administration. St. Pb., 1900. 1037 pp. (Chief Administration of Non-Assessed Collections and Government Sale of Spirits). – 110, 111.

Statistics of the Russian Empire. IV, XX, XXXI, XLIV, LV. 1883–1901. Publ. of the Central Commission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. St. Pb., 1888–1902. 5 vols. In Russian and French.

– IV. Average Harvest in European Russia for the Five-Year Period 1883–1887. Ed. by V. V. Zverininsky. 1888. V, 17, 155 pp. – 75.

– XX. Military-Horse Census of 1888. Ed. by A. Syrnev. 1891. VI, XXIII, 207 pp. of tables. – 63, 103, 115–117.

– XXXI. Military-Horse Census of 1891. Ed. by A. Syrnev. 1894. IV, XXIX, 149 pp. – 63, 103, 115–117.

– XLIV. Military-Horse Census of 1896. Ed. by A. Syrnev. 1898. XIII pp.; 79 pp. of tables; 11 sheets of maps. – 63–64, 101, 103, 115–117, 128, 136, 157.

– LV. Military-Horse Census of 1899–1901. Ed. by A. Syrnev. 1902. XIV pp.; 223 pp. of tables; 2 sheets of maps. – 63–64, 101, 103, 115–117, 128, 136, 157.

Statius, P. P. Thebaid. – 419.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1906. First Session. Vols. I–II. St. Pb., state typ., 1906. 2 vols. (State Duma).

– Vol. I. Sessions 1–18 (from April 27 to May 30). XXII, 866 pp. – 11, 54–55, 135–136, 154–155, 263, 314, 341.

*– Vol. II. Sessions 19–38 (from June 1 to July 4), pp. 867–2013. – 11, 54–55, 314, 341.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1907. Second Session. Vols. I–II. St. Pb., state typ., 1907. 2 vols. (State Duma. Second Convocation).

*– Vol. I. Sessions 1–30 (from February 20 to April 30). VIII pp., 2344 cols. – 165.

– Vol. II. Sessions 31–53 (from May 1 to June 2). VIII pp., 1610 cols. – 159.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1908. First Session. Part II. Sessions 31–60 (from February 21 to May 6, 1908). St. Pb., state typ., 1908. XV pp., 2962 cols. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 426.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1908. Second Session. Part I. Sessions 1–35 (from October 15 to December 20, 1908). St. Pb., state typ., 1908. XIV pp., 3152 cols. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 303.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1909. Second Session. Parts II–IV. St. Pb., state typ., 1909. 3 vols. (State Duma. Third Convocation).

– Part II. Sessions 36–70 (from January 20 to March 5, 1909). XIV pp., 3244 cols. – 403.

– Part III. Sessions 71–100 (from March 6 to April 24, 1909). XII pp., 2956 cols. – 303, 408, 415, 425–426, 429–432, 433, 434–438.

– Part IV. Sessions 101–126 (from April 27 to June 2, 1909). XXXVII pp., 3476 cols. – 430.

Stenographic Report of the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency [on the Sessions of the State Duma. 1908. Third Convocation. Second Session. Part I. Sessions 1–35 (from October 15 to December 20, 1908). Supplement to the newspaper "Rossiya"]. St. Pb., [typ. newspaper "Rossiya"], 1908. 1124 pp. – 308–322.

"Capital Mail", St. Pb. – 37.

– 1908, No. 251, March 1 (14), pp. 3–4. – 37–38.

Struve, P. B. Notes of a Publicist. The Congress of the Union of October 17th and the Convocation of the State Duma. – "Polar Star", St. Pb., 1906, No. 10, February 18, pp. 733–737. – 9.

– Conservatism of Intellectual Thought. From Reflections on the Russian Revolution. – "Russian Thought", M, 1907, No. 7, pp. 172–178. – 10.

– Tactics or Ideas? From Reflections on the Russian Revolution. – "Russian Thought", M., 1907, No. 8, pp. 228–235. – 10.

"Son of the Fatherland", St. Pb., 1905, No. 54, April 20 (May 3), pp. 2–3. – 63.

[Tactical Resolution on the Agrarian Question, Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP]. — In a leaflet: Resolutions and Decisions of the Unification Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. [St. Pb.], typ. of the Central Committee, [1906], p. 1. (RSDLP). Under heading: Agrarian Program. – 173.

*Tezyakov, N. I. Agricultural Workers and the Organization of Sanitary Supervision over Them in Kherson Province. (Based on Materials from Medical-Supply Centers in 1893–1895). (Report to the XIII Provincial Congress of Physicians and Representatives of Zemstvo Administrations of Kherson Province). Publ. of the Kherson Provincial Zemstvo Administration. Kherson, 1896. II, 301 pp. – 110–114.

Tolstoy, L. N. The Fruits of Enlightenment. – 66.

Tomsky, M. P. Letter of a Worker to the Editorial Office of "Proletariy". – "Proletariy", Geneva, 1908, No. 39, November 13 (26), pp. 2–3. – 290–293, 294–295, 306.

Third Regular Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Protocols. Publ. CC. Geneva, typ. of the party, 1905. XXIX, 401 pp. (RSDLP). – 43, 370–372, 376, 378.

Trigurov, V. G. Commune and Tax. (Collection of Studies). St. Pb., typ. Suvorin, 1882. 509 pp. – 81.

[Trotsky, L. D.] Our Revolution. St. Pb., Glagolev, n.d. XX, 286 pp. Before the title author: N. Trotsky. – 381–385.

Turgenev, I. S. A Rule for Living. Prose Poem. – 262.

– Fathers and Sons. – 312, 408.

Uvarov, M. S. On the Influence of Seasonal Occupations on the Sanitary Condition of Russia. – "Herald of Public Hygiene, Forensic and Practical Medicine", St. Pb., 1896, vol. XXXI, book I, July, pp. 1–49. – 110.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on the Distribution of Loans by the Peasant Land Bank under the Pledge of Allotment Lands. November 15 (28), 1906]. – "Government Herald", St. Pb., 1906, No. 256, November 18 (December 1), p. 1. – 156.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on the Exit of Peasants from Communes and the Securing in Ownership of Allotment Plots. November 9 (22), 1906]. – "Government Herald", St. Pb., 1906, No. 252, November 12 (25), p. 1. – 156, 308, 311, 312, 317, 321, 326.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on Changes and Additions to the Statute on Elections to the State Duma. December 11 (24), 1905]. – "Government Herald", St. Pb., 1905, No. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1, in section: Government Actions. – 33.

Uspensky, G. I. The Power of the Earth. – 61.

[Formula of Transition to Current Business, Proposed by the Social-Democratic Faction of the State Duma Regarding the Bill on the Decree of November 9, 1906]. — In: Stenographic Report of the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency [on the Sessions of the State Duma. 1908. Third Convocation. Second Session. Part I. Sessions 1–35 (from October 15 to December 20, 1908). Supplement to the newspaper "Rossiya"]. St. Pb., [typ. newspaper "Rossiya"], 1908, p. 118. – 322.

[Formula of Transition to Current Business, Proposed by the Labour Group of the State Duma Regarding the Bill on the Decree of November 9, 1906]. — Ibid., p. 482. – 319.

Chernyaev, V. V. Agricultural Implements and Machines, Their Distribution and Manufacture. – In: Agriculture and Forestry of Russia. With 47 maps and diagrams. Publ. of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry of the Ministry of State Property. St. Pb., 1893, pp. 351–362. (World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago). – 78.

Chernyaev, V. V. Agricultural Machine Building. – In: Historical-Statistical Survey of Russian Industry. Ed. by D. A. Timiryazev. Vol. I. Agricultural Products, Market Gardening, Horticulture and Domestic Animals. Mining and Salt Industry. St. Pb., 1883, pp. 142–157. (All-Russian Industrial-Artistic Exposition of 1882 in Moscow). – 78.

Chuprov, A. I. On the Question of Agrarian Reform. – In: The Agrarian Question. Vol. II. Collection of Articles by Breyer, Brun, Vorobyev, Gertsenshtein, Dene, Kaufman, Kutler, Levitsky, Manuylov, Petrunkevich, Hauke, Chuprov, Yakushkin. M., "Beseda", 1907, pp. 1–43. (Publ. of Dolgorukov and Petrunkevich). – 12.

Shanin, M. Municipalization or Division into Ownership? The Character of Our Agrarian Crisis. Vilno, "Tribuna", 1907. 112 pp. – 124, 125, 159.

Engels, F. Anti-Dühring. The Revolution in Science Effected by Herr Eugen Dühring. 1876–1878. – 20, 415, 416–417.

– Berlin Debates on Revolution. I – see Engels, F. Köln, 13 Juni.

– Introduction [to the work of K. Marx "The Civil War in France"]. March 18, 1891. – 417, 425, 426.

– Introduction [to the work of K. Marx "The Class Struggles in France from 1848 to 1850"]. March 6, 1895. – 34.

– Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy. Beginning of 1886. – 415–416.

– On Historical Materialism. – In: Historical Materialism. Collection of Articles by Engels, Kautsky, Lafargue, Jaurès, Sorel, Adler, Stern, Zeterbaum, Kelles-Krautz, Belforth-Bax, Stihlikh. Comp. and trans. S. Bronstein (S. Semkovsky). With Preface and Index of Literature on Historical Materialism in Russian and Foreign Languages. St. Pb., typ. "Obshchestvennaya Pol'za", 1908, pp. 162–183. – 388–389.

– Letter to E. Bernstein. August 27, 1883. – 276–277.

– [Letter to F. A. Sorge. November 29, 1886]. – In: Letters of I. F. Becker, I. Dietzgen, F. Engels, K. Marx and Others to F. A. Sorge and Others. Tr. from German by Politicus. With Letters and Biography of F. A. Sorge by Eugene Dietzgen. With Preface by N. Lenin. With portrait of F. A. Sorge. St. Pb., Dauge, 1907, pp. 266–270. – 239, 412.

– [Letter to F. A. Sorge. December 7, 1889]. – Ibid., pp. 356–359. – 239.

– [Letter to F. A. Sorge. June 10, 1891]. – Ibid., pp. 406–407. – 239.

– [Letter to F. Keller-Vishneyevskaya. December 28, 1886]. – Ibid., pp. 271–274. – 239.

– Emigrant Literature. II. The Programme of the Blanquist Emigrants of the Commune. June 1874. – 416.

Jubilee of L. N. Tolstoy. – "Rech'", St. Pb., 1908, No. 205, August 28 (September 10), pp. 1–3. – 209.

Abolition of Standing Armies and Universal Public Armament. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Congress in Paris]. – In: Protocol of the International Workers' Congress Held in Paris. July 14–20, 1889. German Translation. With a Preface by W. Liebknecht. Nuremberg, Wörlein, 1890, pp. 119–120. – 187.

Abstract of the Twelfth Census of the United States. 1900. 3d edition. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1904. XV, 454 p. (Bureau of the Census. S. N. D. North, Director). – 78.

The British Workers to the German Workers. – "Vorwärts", Berlin, 1908, No. 222, September 22, p. 2. Under the general heading: Workers for Peace. – 204.

Workers for Peace. – "Vorwärts", Berlin, 1908, No. 222, September 22, pp. 1–3. – 203–206.

Baer, K. and Helmersen, G. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Russian Empire and Adjoining Countries of Asia. At the Expense of the Academy of Sciences. Vol. 11. Mixed Contents. St. Pb., Academy of Sciences, 1845. 183 pp. – 70.

Peasant Conditions in Germany. Reports Published by the Association for Social Policy. Vol. 3. Leipzig, Duncker and Humblot, 1883. VIII, 381 pp. (Publications of the Association for Social Policy. XXIV). – 102.

[The Greeting Letter on the Turkish Revolution. The Resolution of the International Socialist Bureau]. – "Vorwärts", Berlin, 1908, No. 242, October 15. 1st Supplement to "Vorwärts", p. 2. Under the general heading: International Socialist Conference in Brussels. – 246.

Bernstein, E. Problems of Socialism. – "Die Neue Zeit", Stuttgart, 1896–1897, vol. XV, vol. I, no. 6, pp. 164–171; no. 7, pp. 204–213; no. 10, pp. 303–311; no. 25, pp. 772–783; vol. II, no. 30, pp. 100–107; no. 31, pp. 138–143. – 18–19.

– The Realistic and Ideological Moment in Socialism. Problems of Socialism, 2nd Series II. – "Die Neue Zeit", Stuttgart, 1897–1898, vol. XVI, vol. II, no. 34, pp. 225–232; no. 39, pp. 388–395. – 18–19.

– The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1899. X, 188 pp. – 18–19, 24, 376.

The Relations between the Political Party and Trade Unions. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart]. – In: International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart. August 18–24, 1907. Berlin, Publishing House "Vorwärts", 1907, pp. 50–51. – 328.

Brouckère, L. de. The Greeting Letter on the Turkish Revolution – see The Greeting Letter on the Turkish Revolution.

"La Caserne", Haine St. Paul. – 193.

[The Revolutionary Commune]. To the Communards. [London, 1874]. 12 pp. – 416.

Dahn, T. The Conditions of the Renewed Upsurge of the Russian Revolution. – "Die Neue Zeit", Stuttgart, 1908, vol. 26, vol. 2, no. 27, pp. 4–10; no. 28, pp. 49–58. – 32, 33–34.

Drechsler, H. The Peasant Conditions in Some Parts of Hannover Province. – In: Peasant Conditions in Germany. Reports Published by the Association for Social Policy. Vol. 3. Leipzig, Duncker and Humblot, 1883, pp. 59–112. (Publications of the Association for Social Policy. XXIV). – 102.

Engels, F. Introduction [to: "Socialism Utopian and Scientific"]. — In: Engels, F. Socialism Utopian and Scientific. Translated by E. Aveling. With a special introduction by the author. London–New York, Sonnenschein–Scribner, 1892, pp. V–XXXIX. – 46–47.

– Cologne, June 13. – In: Marx, K. and Engels, F. Collected Writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 1841 to 1850. Vol. 3. From May 1848 to October 1850. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1902, pp. 97–100. Under the general heading: The Camphausen Ministry. (In: From the Literary Bequest of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Ferdinand Lassalle. Ed. by F. Mehring. Vol. 3). – 409–410.

– Socialism Utopian and Scientific. Translated by E. Aveling. With a special introduction by the author. London–New York, Sonnenschein–Scribner, 1892. XXXIX, 117 pp. – 46–47.

*– On Historical Materialism. – "Die Neue Zeit", Stuttgart, 1892–1893, vol. XI, vol. I, no. 1, pp. 15–20; no. 2, pp. 42–51. – 46–47, 388–389.

– Preface [to the book by K. Marx "The Misery of Philosophy"]. — In: Marx, K. The Misery of Philosophy. Answer to Proudhon's "Philosophy of Misery". German translation by E. Bernstein and K. Kautsky. With Preface and Notes by F. Engels. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1885, pp. V–XXV. – 413.

Events in the Orient. – "Leipzig People's Newspaper", 1908, no. 232, October 6, pp. 1–2. – 223.

Farley, R. P. The Socialist International. An Impression. – "The Labour Leader", London, 1908, no. 42, Oct. 16, p. 665. – 240–241.

"Frankfurter Zeitung", Frankfurt am Main, 1908, April 14. – 35.

– 1908, October 20. – 228.

– 1908, October 24. – 228, 231.

– 1908, October 24. 2nd Morning Edition. – 231, 232.

Law against the Socially Dangerous Activities of the Social Democracy. From October 21, 1878. – "Reichs-Gesetzblatt", Berlin, 1878, no. 34, pp. 351–358. – 7, 194, 302, 361, 403, 445.

Statute on Farm Laborers. Cf. – 129.

Glasier, J. B. Labour Party Fully Recognised. I. L. P. Policy Fully Recognised. Kautsky Moves the Resolution. – "The Labour Leader", London, 1908, no. 42, Oct. 16, p. 665. Under the general title: International Bureau. – 240–241.

Hervé, G. Their Fatherland. Paris, published by the author, [1905]. 286 pp. – 191–192.

– Militarism and International Conflicts, [Draft Resolution Proposed at the Meeting of the Commission of the International Socialist Congress on August 20, 1907]. – In: International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart. August 18–24, 1907. Berlin, Publishing House "Vorwärts", 1907, p. 87. – 189.

"L'Humanité", Paris, 1908, no. 1567, August 1, p. 1. – 179–180.

Hyndman, H. M. A Criticism of the Proceedings. – "Justice", London, 1908, no. 1,292, October 17, p. 7. Under the general title: The Meeting of the International Socialist Bureau. – 240, 241, 242.

International Socialist Conference in Brussels. – "Vorwärts", Berlin, 1908, no. 242, October 15. 1st Supplement to "Vorwärts", pp. 1–2. – 236–239, 240–241, 242–243, 246.

International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart. August 18–24, 1907. Berlin, Publishing House "Vorwärts", 1907. 132 pp. – 187–188, 189–190, 192, 194, 204, 240, 247, 328.

"Youth—It Is the

# Bibliography and Index of Names

[Part 3/7] – *The Social Revolution. II. The Day After the Social Revolution*. 2nd rev. and enl. edn. Berlin, Vorwärts Publishers, 1907. 48 p. – 41, 172.

– *Preface to the Second Edition* [of the book *The Social Revolution*]. — In: Kautsky, K. *The Social Revolution. I. Social Reform and Social Revolution*. 2nd rev. and enl. edn. Berlin, Vorwärts Publishers, 1907, pp. 5–6. – 41, 47–48.

– *The Admission of the "Workers' Party" of England to the International Congresses* – see *The Admission of the "Workers' Party" of England to the International Congresses*.

Keussler, J. *On the History and Critique of Peasant Communal Ownership in Russia*. Vol. 2, Part II. St. Petersburg, Ricker, 1883. VIII, 248 p. – 81.

*The Labour Leader*, Manchester – London – Glasgow. – 240.

– London, 1908, No. 42, Oct. 16, p. 665. – 240–241.

Lassalle, F. *On Constitutional Government. A Lecture Delivered* [on April 16, 1862] *at a Berlin Civic District Association by Ferdinand Lassalle*. Berlin, Jansen, 1862. 32 p. – 345.

– *What Now? Second Lecture on Constitutional Government*. Zurich, Meyer and Zeller, 1863. 41 p. – 345.

*Leipziger Volkszeitung*. – 223.

– 1908, No. 232, October 6, pp. 1–2. – 223.

[Lenin, W. I.] *Lenin, N. The Agrarian Program of Social Democracy in the Russian Revolution. (Author's Abstract).* – *Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny*, Krakow, 1908, No. 6, August, pp. 516–532. – 259–260, 261, 262, 265, 269.

*The Liberal-Labour Alliance*. – *Justice*, London, 1908, No. 1,292, October 17, p. 4; No. 1,294, October 31, p. 3; No. 1,296, November 14, p. 3. – 240, 241–242.

Liebknecht, K. *Militarism and Anti-Militarism with Special Reference to the International Youth Movement*. Leipzig, 1907. VII, 126 p. – 191.

Luxemburg, R. *Open Letter to Jean Jaurès*. – *Die Neue Zeit*, Stuttgart, 1908, Vol. 26, Bd. 2, No. 43, pp. 588–592. – 195–196.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. *Collected Writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 1841 to 1850*. Vol. 3. From May 1848 to October 1850. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1902. VI, 491 p. (In: *From the Literary Legacy of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Ferdinand Lassalle*. Ed. by F. Mehring. Vol. 3). – 266, 388, 409–410.

Marx, K. *The Poverty of Philosophy. A Response to Proudhon's "Philosophy of Poverty."* German trans. by E. Bernstein and K. Kautsky. With Preface and Notes by F. Engels. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1885. XXXVI, 209 p. – 413.

*– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. III. Part 1. Book III: The Complete Process of Capitalist Production. Chapters I through XXVIII*. Ed. by F. Engels. Hamburg, Meißner, 1894. XXVIII, 448 p. – 250, 251, 252, 268–269, 287.

*– Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. III. Part 2. Book III: The Complete Process of Capitalist Production. Chapters XXIX through LII*. Ed. by F. Engels. Hamburg, Meißner, 1894. IV, 422 p. – 155, 162, 250, 251, 252–253, 268–269, 287.

– *Cologne, July 29.* — In: Marx, K. and Engels, F. *Collected Writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 1841 to 1850. Vol. 3. From May 1848 to October 1850*. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1902, pp. 128–133. Under the general title: *The Hansemann Ministry*. (In: *From the Literary Legacy of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Ferdinand Lassalle*. Ed. by F. Mehring. Vol. 3). – 266, 388.

– *Theories of Surplus Value. From the Posthumous Manuscript "Toward a Critique of Political Economy" by K. Marx*. Ed. by K. Kautsky. Vol. I. *The Beginnings of the Theory of Surplus Value up to Adam Smith*. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1905. XX, 430 p. – 130, 160, 252, 265.

– *Theories of Surplus Value. From the Posthumous Manuscript "Toward a Critique of Political Economy" by K. Marx*. Ed. by K. Kautsky. Vol. II. *David Ricardo. Part 1*. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1905. XXII, 344 p. – 130, 160, 162–163, 251, 252, 265.

– *Theories of Surplus Value. From the Posthumous Manuscript "Toward a Critique of Political Economy" by K. Marx*. Ed. by K. Kautsky. Vol. II. *David Ricardo. Part 2*. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1905. IV, 384 p. – 130–132, 155–156, 159, 160, 252, 265.

Maslow, P. *The Agrarian Question in Russia. Peasant Economic Forms and Rural Laborers*. Authorized trans. by M. Nachimson. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1907. XIII, 265 p. – 161, 257.

– *Concerning the Agrarian Program. (A Response to Lenin)*. – *Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny*, Krakow, 1908, No. 7, September, pp. 588–596. – 259–263, 265–266, 267–270.

*Militarism and International Conflicts. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart]*. — In: *International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart. August 18–24, 1907*. Berlin, Vorwärts Publishers, 1907, pp. 64–66. – 187–188, 192, 204.

*Die Neue Zeit*, Stuttgart, 1892–1893, Vol. XI, Bd. I, No. 1, pp. 15–20; No. 2, pp. 42–51. – 46–47, 388–389.

– 1896–1897, Vol. XV, Bd. I, No. 6, pp. 164–171; No. 7, pp. 204–213; No. 10, pp. 303–311; No. 25, pp. 772–783; Bd. II, No. 30, pp. 100–107; No. 31, pp. 138–143. – 18–19.

– 1897–1898, Vol. XVI, Bd. II, No. 34, pp. 225–232; No. 39, pp. 388–395. – 18–19.

– 1908, Vol. 26, Bd. 2, No. 27, pp. 4–10; No. 28, pp. 49–58. – 32, 33–34.

– 1908, Vol. 26, Bd. 2, No. 43, pp. 588–592. – 195–196.

*Neue Rheinische Zeitung*, Cologne. – 388, 409.

*The Question of Organization in Russian Social Democracy*. – *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1909, No. 79, April 3. 1st supplement to *Vorwärts*, pp. 1–2. Under the rubric: From the Party. – 391–393.

*Le Peuple*, Brussels. – 193, 237.

*Program of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Adopted at the Party Congress in Erfurt 1891.* — In: *Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Held in Erfurt from October 14–20, 1891*. Berlin, Vorwärts, 1891, pp. 3–6. – 343, 417, 423, 426.

*Protocol of the International Workers' Congress in Paris. Held from July 14–20, 1889. German Translation*. With a Preface by W. Liebknecht. Nuremberg, Wörlein, 1890. V, 133 p. – 187.

*Protocol of the International Socialist Workers' Congress in the Tonhalle, Zurich, from August 6–12, 1893*. Ed. by the Organizing Committee. Zurich, Publishers of the Swiss Grütli Society, 1894. VIII, 65 p. – 187.

*Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Held in Erfurt from October 14–20, 1891*. Berlin, Vorwärts, 1891. 368 p. – 343, 417, 423, 426.

*Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Held in Essen from September 15–21, 1907*. Berlin, Vorwärts Publishers, 1907. 413 p. – 189, 192.

*Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny*, Krakow. – 170.

– 1908, No. 6, August, pp. 516–532. – 259–260, 261, 262, 266, 269.

– 1908, No. 7, September, pp. 588–596. – 259–263, 265–266, 267–270.

*Reichs-Gesetzblatt*, Berlin, 1878, No. 34, pp. 351–358. – 7, 194, 302, 361, 403, 445.

[*Resolution of the Assembly of Berlin Workers. September 20, 1908*]. – *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1908, No. 222, September 22, p. 2. Under the general title: *The Workers for Peace*. – 204.

*Russisches Bulletin*, Berlin. – 233.

Schippel, M. *Balkan Turmoil and Democracy Then and Now*. – *Sozialistische Monatshefte*, Berlin, 1908, Vol. 3, No. 21, October 22, pp. 1315–1319. – 226–227, 228.

Sembat, M. *Lendemain*. – *L'Humanité*, Paris, 1908, No. 1567, August 1, p. 1. – 179–180.

*Session of the Inter-Parliamentary Commission*. – *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1908, No. 243, October 16. 1st supplement to *Vorwärts*, p. 1. – 246–249.

*Der Sozialdemokrat*, Zurich – London. – 302.

*Sozialistische Monatshefte*, Berlin. – 226.

– 1908, Vol. 3, No. 21, October 22, pp. 1315–1319. – 226–227, 228.

*Report of the VI Congress of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania*. Krakow, Wojtaszek, 1910. 2, XXII, 180 p. (Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania). – 379.

*Stance of the Proletariat Toward Militarism. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Congress at Brussels]*. — In: *Proceedings and Resolutions of the International Workers' Congress at Brussels. (August 16–22, 1891)*. Berlin, Expedition of Vorwärts, 1893, p. 26. – 187.

*The Stance of Social Democracy in Case of War. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Congress at Zurich]*. — In: *Protocol of the International Socialist Workers' Congress in the Tonhalle, Zurich from August 6–12, 1893*. Ed. by the Organizing Committee. Zurich, Publishers of the Swiss Grütli Society, 1894, pp. 20, 30. – 187.

*La Tribune Russe*, Paris. – 233.

Vaillant, É. M. *The Political Situation. [The Draft Resolution Proposed at the Session of the International Socialist Bureau on October 12, 1908]*. – *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1908, No. 242, October 15. 1st supplement to *Vorwärts*, p. 2. Under the general title: *International Socialist Conference at Brussels*. – 242–243.

Van Kol, G. [*The Resolution on the Colonial Question*]. — In: *International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart. August 18–24, 1907*. Berlin, Vorwärts Publishers, 1907, p. 112. Under the rubric: III. Colonial Question. – 247.

*Proceedings and Resolutions of the International Workers' Congress at Brussels. (August 16–22, 1891)*. Berlin, Expedition of Vorwärts, 1893. 35 p. – 187.

*Proceedings and Resolutions of the International Socialist Workers' and Trade Union Congress in London from July 27 to August 1, 1896*. Berlin, Expedition of Vorwärts Publishers, 1896. 32 p. – 328.

*The Defense of Berlin!* — *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1908, No. 222, September 22, p. 3. Under the general title: *The Workers for Peace*. – 204–205.

*Vorwärts*, Berlin. – 226, 391, 392.

– 1908, No. 222, September 22, pp. 1–3. – 203–205.

– 1908, No. 242, October 15. 1st supplement to *Vorwärts*, pp. 1–2. – 236–239, 240–241, 242–243, 246.

*Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1908, No. 243, October 16. 1st supplement to *Vorwärts*, p. 1. – 246–249.

– 1909, No. 79, April 3. 1st supplement to *Vorwärts*, pp. 1–2. – 392–393.

*The Economic Policy of the Working Class. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Congress in London]*. — In: *Proceedings and Resolutions of the International Socialist Workers' and Trade Union Congress in London from July 27 to August 1, 1896*. Berlin, Expedition of Vorwärts Publishers, 1896, pp. 27–29. – 328.

*The Tasks of the Party at the Present Moment. [Resolution from the VI Congress of the SDKP and L]*. — In: *Report of the VI Congress of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania*. Krakow, Wojtaszek, 1910, pp. I–V. – 379.

*The Admission of the "Workers' Party" of England to the International Congresses. [The Resolution of the International Socialist Bureau, Adopted on October 12, 1908]*. – *Vorwärts*, Berlin, 1908, No. 242, October 15. 1st supplement to *Vorwärts*, p. 1. Under the general title: *International Socialist Conference at Brussels*. – 236–237, 238–239, 240–241, 242.

---

## Index of Names

**A**

Abdul-Hamid II (1842–1918) – Turkish Sultan (1876–1909). Came to the throne with the support of the liberal bourgeoisie, but in 1878 dissolved parliament and established a despotic regime. Through his policy of oppressing the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and particularly through Armenian pogroms, he earned the epithet "the Bloody Sultan." He contributed to Turkey's transformation into a semi-colony of European imperialist powers. Following the 1908 revolution, he was compelled to convoke parliament and restore the constitution. In 1909, after a failed counter-revolutionary coup attempt, he was deposed and imprisoned. – 177, 242.

Avramov, Stefan – Bulgarian social-democrat. Delegate of the Bulgarian Social-Democratic Party ("Tesnyaks") to the session of the International Socialist Bureau in 1908; shortly after the session, withdrew from party work. – 237, 239, 242.

Adler, Victor (1852–1918) – one of the organizers and leaders of Austrian social-democracy; began his political activity as a bourgeois radical, and from the mid-1880s participated in the labor movement. In 1886, Adler founded the newspaper *Gleichheit* (*Equality*); from 1889 he was editor of the central organ of Austrian social-democracy, *Arbeiter-Zeitung* (*Workers' Newspaper*). In the 1880s–1890s he maintained relations with F. Engels, but soon after Engels' death slid toward reformism and emerged as one of the leaders of opportunism. During the First World War (1914–1918), Adler adopted a centrist position, preached "class peace," and fought against revolutionary outbreaks of the working class. In 1918, following the establishment of a bourgeois republic in Austria, he briefly served as minister of foreign affairs. – 237–238, 245, 246.

Alexander II (Romanov) (1818–1881) – Russian Emperor (1855–1881). – 411.

Anderson, James (1739–1808) – renowned English bourgeois economist, large-scale farmer, author of numerous scientific works devoted mainly to questions of agriculture. In 1777, in his work *An Inquiry into the Nature of the Corn Laws*, he developed in outline the theory of differential rent. Defending the interests of landowners, he advocated the preservation of the Corn Laws, customs tariffs, and export premiums, which in his view stimulated agricultural development. K. Marx's critique of Anderson's views is given in *Theories of Surplus Value* (Volume IV of *Capital*), Part II, 1957. – 131.

Andreichuk, M. S. (b. 1866) – prosperous peasant; deputy to the Third State Duma from Volyn Province; non-partisan. In the Duma he was elected to commissions: food supply, fisheries, etc. – 316.

Annensky, N. F. (1843–1912) – economist-statistician and publicist, prominent figure in the liberal-populist movement; directed zemstvo statistics in several provinces, and under his direction and editorship many statistical works were published. Participated in the two-volume collection *The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Certain Aspects of the Russian National Economy* (1897), contributed to the journals *Delo*, *Otechestvennye Zapiski*; was on the editorial board of the liberal-populist journal *Russkoe Bogatstvo* (*Russian Wealth*). In 1904–1905 was one of the leaders of the liberal-monarchist *Union of Liberation*. In 1906 was among the organizers and leaders of the petty-bourgeois *Popular Socialist* party, close to the Kadets, which split off from the right wing of the Socialist Revolutionaries. In his later years withdrew from political activity. – 75.

**B**

Bazarov (Rudnev), V. A. (1874–1939) – literary figure, economist and philosopher, translator of works by K. Marx and F. Engels; participated in the social-democratic movement from 1896. In 1905–1907, Bazarov participated in a number of Bolshevik publications; during the period of reaction, he withdrew from Bolshevism and became one of the revisionists of Marxist philosophy from the standpoint of Machism. V. I. Lenin, who exposed Bazarov's falsification of Marxism, called him a "semi-Berkeleyan, semi-Humist of the Machist sect" (*Collected Works*, 5th edn., Vol. 18, p. 111). In 1917 – Menshevik-internationalist, one of the editors of the Menshevik newspaper *Novaya Zhizn* (*New Life*); opposed the October Socialist Revolution. From 1921, Bazarov worked in Gosplan USSR. In 1931 he was convicted in the case of a counter-revolutionary Menshevik organization; in 1932 he was released. – 20.

Balakleev, I. I. (b. 1866) – large landowner, far-right deputy to the Third State Duma from Podolia Province; chairman of the local branch of the Black Hundreds' *Union of the Russian People*. In the Duma he was elected to commissions: budgetary, on the labor question, etc. – 311.

Bebel, August (1840–1913) – one of the most prominent figures in German social-democracy and the Second International. A skilled worker—turner by profession. Began his political activity in the first half of the 1860s; was a member of the First International. In 1869, together with W. Liebknecht, he founded the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party ("Eisenachers"); was repeatedly elected to the Reichstag, fought for a democratic path to German unification, exposed the reactionary domestic and foreign policy of the Kaiser's government. During the Franco-Prussian War, he adopted an internationalist position and supported the Paris Commune. In the 1890s and early 1900s, he spoke out against reformism and revisionism in German social-democracy. V. I. Lenin considered his speeches against the Bernsteinists "a model of upholding Marxist views and of struggle for the genuinely socialist character of the workers' party" (*Collected Works*, 4th edn., Vol. 19, p. 268). A talented publicist and excellent orator, Bebel exerted considerable influence on the development of German and European labor movements. In the latter period of his activity, Bebel made a number of centrist mistakes (insufficient struggle against opportunists, overestimation of the significance of parliamentary forms of struggle, etc.). – 189, 402–403.

Belousov, T. O. (b. 1875) – Menshevik liquidator, deputy to the Third State Duma from Irkutsk Province; in the Duma he was elected to the budgetary and land commissions. In February 1912 he withdrew from the social-democratic faction of the Duma, but did not relinquish his deputy mandate. V. I. Lenin sharply condemned Belousov's conduct in the article "On the Withdrawal of Deputy T. O. Belousov from the S.D. Duma Faction" (*Collected Works*, 4th edn., Vol. 17, pp. 467–471). – 320, 322, 403, 426, 435.

Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen (1851–1914) – bourgeois economist, one of the representatives of the so-called "Austrian school" in political economy. In his works, directed against the Marxist theory of surplus value, he asserted that profit derives from the difference between subjective evaluations of present and future goods, rather than from the exploitation of the working class. Concealing capitalism's contradictions and the oppression of labor by capital, Böhm-Bawerk sought to distract the working class from revolutionary struggle; his reactionary views are used by the bourgeoisie to defend capitalism. – 20, 22.

Ber – see Baer, K. M.

Berezovsky, A. E. (Berezovsky I) (b. 1868) – landowner, Cadet, zemstvo activist; deputy to the Third State Duma from Simbirsk Province, member of commissions: on food supply questions, land, etc. – 312–315.

Burns, John Elliot (1858–1943) – English political figure. In the 1880s – one of the leaders of trade unions, participant in various strikes, including the major dockers' strike of 1889. Was a member of the English Social-Democratic Federation, but soon withdrew from it. In 1889 he entered the London county council. In 1892 he was elected to parliament, where he opposed the interests of the working class and advocated cooperation with capitalists. In 1905–1914 – minister of local government, then minister of trade (1914). In August 1914 he resigned, disagreeing with the government's decision to enter the war that had begun. Subsequently he played no active political role. – 239, 242.

Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932) – leader of the extreme opportunist wing of German social-democracy and the Second International, theorist of revisionism and reformism. Participated in the social-democratic movement from the mid-1870s, was influenced by Dühring. From 1881 to 1889 – editor of the illegal central organ of the German Social-Democratic Party, *Der Sozialdemokrat* (*The Social-Democrat*). In 1896–1898 he published in the journal *Die Neue Zeit* (*New Times*) a series of articles titled "Problems of Socialism," later published as a book, *The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy* (1899), in which he openly carried out a revision of the philosophical, economic, and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism. Bernstein rejected the Marxist theory of class struggle, the doctrine of the inevitable collapse of capitalism, of socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat. "The opportunist has unlearned how to think, let alone speak, about proletarian revolution," wrote V. I. Lenin, referring to Bernstein (*Collected Works*, 4th edn., Vol. 25, p. 400). Bernstein declared the sole task of the labor movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at "improving" the economic situation of workers under capitalism, and put forward the opportunist formula: "movement is everything, the final goal is nothing." The theoretical views and practical opportunist activity of Bernstein and his followers led to outright betrayal of the interests of the working class, culminating during the First World War (1914–1918) in the collapse of the Second International. In subsequent years, Bernstein continued his struggle against Marxism, supported the policy of imperialist bourgeoisie, opposed the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet state. – 18–19, 24, 34, 276.

Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold (1815–1898) – statesman and diplomat of Prussia and Germany, first Chancellor of the German Empire, nicknamed the "Iron Chancellor." In 1862 – minister-president and minister of foreign affairs of Prussia. Bismarck's main goal was the unification "by blood and iron" of the small fragmented German states and the creation of a unified German Empire under the hegemony of the Junker-dominated Prussia. In January 1871, Bismarck assumed the position of Reichskanzler of the German Empire. From 1871 to 1890, he directed all of Germany's foreign and domestic policy, pursuing it in the interests of landowner-Junkers while attempting to secure an alliance between Junkerdom and large capital. After failing to suppress the labor movement through the exceptional law against socialists passed in 1878, Bismarck came forth with a demagogic program of social legislation, introducing laws on compulsory insurance for certain categories of workers. However, the attempt to decompose the labor movement with meager handouts did not succeed. In March 1890 he was dismissed. – 33, 194, 416–417.

Blagoveshchensky, N. A. (b. 1859) – Kursk zemstvo statistician, compiler of the book *Summary Statistical Collection of Economic Information from Zemstvo Household Censuses. Vol. I. Peasant Economy* (1893) and author of other statistical works. After the October Socialist Revolution, worked in the Kursk provincial statistical bureau. – 122–123.

Bobrinskoy, V. A. (b. 1868) – count, reactionary political figure, large landowner and sugar manufacturer. From 1895 to 1898 – chairman of the Bogoroditsk district zemstvo administration. Deputy to the Second, Third, and Fourth State Dumas from Tula Province. In the Dumas he joined the right wing. As an extreme nationalist, he was an advocate of forcible Russification of the national borderlands of Russia. After the October Socialist Revolution, he fought against Soviet power in southern Russia. In 1919 emigrated abroad. – 310.

Bobyansky, A. F. (b. 1853) – Cadet, large landowner, military judge, later attorney-at-law. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Perm Province. In the Duma he spoke on legal questions. – 312.

Bogdanov, A. (Malinovsky, A. A.) (1873–1928) – social-democrat, philosopher, sociologist, economist, physician by training. In the 1890s participated in the work of social-democratic circles (in Tula). After the Second Congress of the RSDLP, he joined the Bolsheviks. At the Third Congress of the party he was elected to the Central Committee. Was on the editorial boards of Bolshevik organs *Vpered* and *Proletariy*, was one of the editors of the Bolshevik newspaper *Novaya Zhizn* (*New Life*). Participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction, he headed the Otzovists, was leader of the *Vpered* group, which opposed the party line. In matters of philosophy, he attempted to create his own system – "empiriomonism" (a variety of subjectively idealist Machist philosophy, concealed in pseudo-Marxist terminology), which Lenin severely criticized in his work *Materialism and Empiriocriticism*. At the expanded editorial meeting of the newspaper *Proletariy* in June 1909, Bogdanov was expelled from the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution, he was one of the organizers and leaders of the *Proletkult*, worked in the Proletarian University. From 1926 – director of the Institute of Blood Transfusion he founded. – 20, 444.

Branting, Karl Hjalmar (1860–1925) – leader of the Swedish Social-Democratic Party, one of the leaders of the Second International; revisionist and opportunist. From 1884 he was a contributor and then editor of the liberal newspaper *Tiden* (*Time*); from 1887–1917 (with interruptions) – editor of the party's central organ, *Socialdemokraten* (*The Social-Democrat*); member of the Riksdag (1897–1925). During the First World War – social-chauvinist. In 1917 he entered the coalition liberal-socialist government of Eden, supported military intervention against Soviet Russia. In 1920, 1921–1923, and 1924–1925 he headed social-democratic governments. – 247.

Briand, Aristide (1862–1932) – French statesman and diplomat; lawyer by profession. For a time aligned with the left wing of the socialists. In 1902 he entered parliament and became an openly hostile, reactionary bourgeois politician opposed to the working class. In 1906, Briand entered the bourgeois government as minister of public education. Having been expelled from the Socialist Party, he joined the group of "independent socialists," which in 1911 took the name "Republican Socialist Party." In 1909, Briand became premier of the "cabinet of three renegades" (Briand–Millerand–Viviani). In 1910, Briand brutally suppressed a railroad strike by placing the railroads under martial law. In 1913, 1915–1917, 1921–1922 – prime minister; in 1924 was France's representative to the League of Nations. In 1925 he participated in concluding the Locarno Treaties, directed against the USSR. In 1926–1931 directed French foreign policy. In 1931, having lost the presidential election, he withdrew from political activity. – 187.

Brouckère, Louis, de (b. 1870) – one of the leaders and theorists of the Belgian Workers' Party; before the First World War headed its left wing. At the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International, he spoke on the question of relations between socialist parties and trade unions. During the First World War (1914–1918) – a fierce social-chauvinist. After the war – member of the bureau of the General Council of the party and member of the Executive of the restored Second International. Later served in the government, was a senator, Belgium's representative to the League of Nations. From 1919 – professor at Brussels University; from 1926 – member of the Belgian Academy. Opposed the Soviet state and the Bolshevik party. – 24, 246.

Bulat (Bulota), A. A. (1872–1941) – Lithuanian public figure, deputy to the Second and Third State Dumas from Suvalki Province, lawyer by profession. During the October days of 1905 – one of the organizers of the post and telegraph strike; subjected to imprisonment. In the Dumas he belonged to the Trudovik faction; in the Third State Duma was leader of this faction. In 1912–1915 – lawyer in Vilnius; from 1915 to 1917 was in the USA. On returning to Petrograd was co-opted into the conciliatory Central Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies from the Socialist Revolutionary party. In 1940, after the overthrow of the fascist regime in Lithuania, was a member of the republican electoral commission for elections to the People's Seimas. In 1940–1941 – head of the legal department of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1941 shot by German occupiers. – 319.

Baer, K. M. (1792–1876) – Russian scholar, one of the greatest naturalists of the nineteenth century, founder of embryology, Academician. After graduating from Dorpat University, went abroad, where he remained until 1834. From 1817 was prorector of Königsberg University, from 1819 – professor of zoology, from 1826 – professor of anatomy. In 1826 was elected corresponding member, and in 1828 – ordinary Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1834 returned to St. Petersburg. Achieved greatest fame through works on the embryonic development of animals. Recognized the process of evolution, but interpreted it idealistically: opposed Darwin's theory of evolution and especially the theory of natural selection. Also worked on questions of anthropology. One of the founders of the Geographical Society. Participant in numerous geographical expeditions. Author of many scientific works on embryology, anthropology, anatomy, geography, and other subjects. – 70.

Bülow, Bernhard (1849–1929) – diplomat and statesman of Kaiser Germany. In 1897–1900 was state secretary for foreign affairs; from 1900 to 1909 – Reichskanzler. Came forward with a broad program of colonial conquests, reflecting German imperialism's aspirations to fight for world domination. Pursued a reactionary domestic policy, resorting to brutal repression against the growing strike movement; fought against antimilitarism. In the early period of the First World War (1914–1918) was extraordinary envoy to Italy. Later withdrew from political activity. – 187.

**V**

V. V. – see Vorontsov, V. P.

Valentinov, N. (Volsky, N. V.) (1879–1964) – Menshevik, journalist. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP, aligned with the Bolsheviks; in late 1904 switched to the Mensheviks, edited the legal Menshevik *Moskovskaya Gazeta* (*Moscow Newspaper*), participated in numerous Menshevik journals: *Pravda*, *Nashe Delo*, *Delo Zhizni*, etc., contributed to the bourgeois newspaper *Russkoye Slovo* (*Russian Word*); during the period of reaction – liquidator. On the agrarian question defended municipalization of land. In philosophical questions came out with a revision of Marxism, defending the subjectively idealist views of Mach and Avenarius. V. I. Lenin gave a critique of Valentinov's philosophical views in his work *Materialism and Empiriocriticism* (1909).

After the October Socialist Revolution worked as deputy editor of the *Torgovo-promyshlennaya Gazeta* (*Trade and Industry Newspaper*) of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, then in the trade representation of the USSR in Paris. In 1930 emigrated abroad. Appeared in bourgeois press against the Communist Party and the Soviet state. – 405.

Vaillant, Édouard Marie (1840–1915) – French socialist, follower of Blanqui. One of the leaders of the left wing of the Second International, member of the Executive Commission of the Paris Commune and the General Council of the First International. Was one of the initiators of the formation of the French Socialist Party (1901). In 1905, after the merger of the Socialist Party with the reformist French Socialist Party of Jaurès, Vaillant on major questions took an opportunist stance. During the First World War (1914–1918) – social-chauvinist. – 236, 242, 246.

Vandervelde, Émile (1866–1938) – leader of the Belgian Workers' Party, chairman of the International Socialist Bureau of the Second International, held extremely opportunist positions. During the First World War (1914–1918) – social-chauvinist; entered the bourgeois government, held various ministerial posts. Following the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, came to Russia to agitate for continuing the imperialist war. Vandervelde was extremely hostile to the October Socialist Revolution, actively facilitated armed intervention against Soviet Russia, made considerable efforts toward the restoration of the Second International. In 1925–1927 – Belgian minister of foreign affairs, participated in concluding the Locarno Treaties (1925), directed against the USSR, actively fought against the creation of a united anti-fascist front of communists and socialists. Vandervelde is the author of numerous books and pamphlets. In Vandervelde's works, as V. I. Lenin indicated, "petty-bourgeois eclecticism" stands "against Marxism, sophistry against dialectics, philistine reformism against proletarian revolution" (*Collected Works*, 4th edn., Vol. 28, p. 302). – 24.

Van Kol, Heinrich (1851–1925) – one of the founders and leaders of the Dutch Social-Democratic Workers' Party (1894). Within a few years of the party's formation, he slid toward reformism and opportunism. At the Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907) congresses of the Second International, he defended the opportunist resolution on the colonial question, justifying the enslavement of colonial peoples under the guise of implementing the so-called "civilizing mission" of imperialism. He was hostile to the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet state.

V. I. Lenin sharply criticized the imperialist essence of Van Kol's position in his works. – 243, 246, 247–248, 249.

Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern) (1859–1941) – German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888–1918). – 202, 205.

Virvaire – French general commanding troops summoned on July 30, 1908 to fight against strikers in Villeneuve-Saint-George. – 181.

Witte, S. Y. (1849–1915) – statesman expressing the interests of "military-feudal imperialism" in tsarist Russia, convinced supporter of autocracy, striving to preserve the monarchy through minor concessions and promises to the liberal bourgeoisie and fierce repression against the people; one of the organizers of the suppression of the 1905–1907 revolution. As minister of communications (February–August 1892), minister of finance (1892–1903), chairman of the Council of Ministers (October 1905 – April 1906), Witte through his measures in finance, tariff policy, railway construction, factory legislation, and by actively encouraging foreign capital investments, promoted the development of capitalism in Russia and strengthened her dependence on imperialist powers. "A broker-minister," "stock exchange agent" – thus V. I. Lenin characterized him. – 9, 35, 53, 315.

Vikhliaev, P. A. (1869–1928) – statistician and agronomist, liberal populist. Headed the economic department of the Tver zemstvo administration; from 1907 to 1917 directed the statistical department of the Moscow zemstvo administration. Author of numerous statistical works on peasant economy in tsarist Russia, in which he denied the class differentiation of the peasantry and praised the rural commune. In the bourgeois Provisional Government (1917) was deputy minister of agriculture. After the October Socialist Revolution, Vikhliaev worked in the Central Statistical Administration and was a professor at higher educational institutions in Moscow. – 87, 341.

Volkov, N. K. (Volkov 2nd) (b. 1875) – Cadet, agronomist by specialty; participant in the armed uprising in Chita in 1905, for which he was convicted by the tsarist government. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from the Trans-Baikal region; in the Third and Fourth Dumas was a member of commissions: on resettlement, fisheries, land, etc. – 319.

Volsky, A. A. – large industrialist and stock exchange operator, mining engineer, actual state councilor; in 1908–1911 – manager of the Council of Congresses of Representatives of Industry and Trade, editor of the journal *Promyshlennost i Torgovlya* (*Industry and Trade*). – 407.

Volsky, N. V. – see Valentinov, N.

Vorontsov, V. P. (V. V.) (1847–1918) – economist and publicist, one of the ideologists of liberal populism in the 1880s–1890s; author of books *The Fate of Capitalism in Russia* (1882), *Our Directions* (1893), *Essays in Theoretical Economics* (1895) and others, in which he denied the development of capitalism in Russia, praised small commodity production, idealized the peasant commune. Preached reconciliation with the tsarist government and decisively opposed Marxism. Vorontsov's views were subjected to sharp criticism in many works by V. I. Lenin. – 81, 82, 87, 103, 104.

**G**

Hyndman, Henry Myers (1842–1921) – English socialist. In 1881 founded the Democratic Federation, transformed in 1884 into the Social-Democratic Federation, which he continued to lead until 1892. In 1900–1910 – member of the International Socialist Bureau. In 1916 was expelled from the British Socialist Party for propaganda in favor of the imperialist war. Was hostile to the October Socialist Revolution, advocated intervention against Soviet Russia. – 236–237, 239, 241–242.

Hardie, James Keir (1856–1915) – figure in the English labor movement, reformist, leader of the Independent Labour Party, one of the founders of the Labour Party; miner by profession. Began his political career as leader of a trade union organization of Scottish coal miners. In 1888 founded the Scottish Labour Party. In 1887 began publishing the journal *Miner* (*The Miner*), later renamed *The Labour Leader* (*The Labour Leader*). In the early 1890s, Hardie came out in favor of creating an independent political party of English workers, though limiting its tasks to narrowly constitutional and reformist aims. In 1892 he was elected to parliament as an "independent" working-class candidate, pursuing a conciliatory policy with representatives of bourgeois parties. Belonged to the right wing of figures in the Second International. In the early period of the First World War (1914–1918), he adopted a centrist position, concealing with pacifist phrases the betrayal by Second International parties of the working class. At the London Conference of socialists of Entente countries (February 1915), Hardie openly joined the social-chauvinists who called for supporting imperialist governments in the war. – 178.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) – the greatest German philosopher – an objective idealist, ideologue of the German bourgeoisie. Hegel's philosophy represents the culmination of German idealism at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. Hegel's historical merit lies in his profound and comprehensive elaboration of idealist dialectics, which served as one of the theoretical sources of dialectical materialism. According to Hegel, the entire natural, historical, and spiritual world is in constant motion, change, transformation, and development; however, the objective world, reality, is viewed by him as the product of the "absolute spirit," the "absolute idea." V. I. Lenin called the "absolute idea" a theological fiction of the idealist Hegel. Hegel's philosophy is characterized by a profound contradiction between its dialectical method and its conservative, metaphysical system, which essentially required the cessation of development. In his political views, Hegel was a supporter of constitutional monarchy.

K. Marx, F. Engels, and V. I. Lenin, critically reworking Hegel's dialectical method, created materialist dialectics, which reflects the most general laws of development of the objective world and of human thought.

Hegel's principal works: *Phenomenology of Spirit* (1806), *Science of Logic* (1812–1816), *Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences* (1817), *Philosophy of Right* (1821). Posthumous editions: *Lectures on the History of Philosophy* (1833–1836) and *Lectures on Aesthetics, or Philosophy of Art* (1836–1838). – 19, 444.

Gegechkori, E. P. (b. 1879) – Georgian Menshevik. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Kutaisi Province, one of the leaders of the social-democratic faction in the Duma.

Following the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the special Transcaucasian Committee of the Provisional Government. From November 1917 – chairman of the counter-revolutionary government of Transcaucasia (Transcaucasian Commissariat), then minister of foreign affairs and deputy chairman of the Menshevik government of Georgia. After the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia in 1921 – white émigré. – 322.

Guesde, Jules (Bazile, Mathieu Jules) (1845–1922) – one of the organizers and leaders of the French socialist movement and the Second International. Began his political activity in the second half of the 1860s; came out in support of the Paris Commune of 1871, was forced to emigrate. In 1876 returned to France; under the influence of the works of K. Marx and F. Engels, adopted the position of Marxism; in 1877 was one of the founders of the newspaper *L'Égalité* (*Equality*), which played a decisive role in organizing in 1879 the French Workers' Party – the first independent political party of the French proletariat. With the assistance of Marx and Engels, Guesde together with Lafargue worked out the program of the party, adopted at the Havre Congress (1880). Guesde did much to spread the ideas of Marxism and to develop the socialist movement in France; was elected deputy to parliament several times. In 1904, Lenin characterized Guesde as one of the most consistent and resolute representatives of international social-democracy.

However, in opposing the policy of right-wing socialists, Guesde made sectarian errors both in theoretical and tactical questions: underestimated the role of the party in the struggle of the working class, adopted an incorrect position on the question of the proletariat's relation to war. When the First World War began, Guesde adopted the position of social-chauvinism, entered the bourgeois government. Lenin wrote: "Learn from the example of the entire life of Guesde, we say to the workers, except for his obvious betrayal of socialism in 1914" (*Collected Works*, 4th edn., Vol. 21, p. 104). Guesde did not understand the significance of the October Socialist Revolution, did not follow the majority of the Tours Congress of the French Socialist Party (1920), which decided to join the Comintern. – 246.

Helmersen, G. P. (1803–1885) – renowned Russian geologist, Academician. From 1865 to 1872 – director of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute. From 1882 – director of the Geological Committee, organized with his active participation. Known for his investigations of the Urals, Altai, and Central Asia. In 1841 compiled a geological map of European Russia. – 70.

Henry VII, Tudor (1457–1509) – English king from 1485. Encouraged the development of industry and commerce. During his reign there began a sharp acceleration of the process of peasant land enclosure by large landowners and mass expulsion of peasants from the land. – 155.

Gorodetsky, N. E. (b. 1869) – landowner, priest; district superintendent of church-parish schools. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Bessarabia Province; member of commissions: budgetary, public education. – 431.

# Section 4/7 [Biographical Index]

Gershuni, G. A. (1870–1908) – one of the founders and leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary party, organizer and director of its combat group, member of the party Central Committee. In 1902–1903 organized a series of terrorist acts, was arrested, sentenced to death, the sentence being commuted to life imprisonment. In 1905 exiled to Siberia, from where he escaped abroad in 1906. In 1907 participated in the Tammerfors Congress of the Socialist Revolutionary party, where he advocated a bloc with the Kadets. – 147.

Glasier, John Bruce (1859–1920) – English socialist, one of the founders of the Labour party; by profession a metal worker. Began participating in the socialist movement from the early 1880s. In 1893 joined the Independent Labour Party, was a member of its National Council, and in 1899–1900 served as its chairman. In 1900 participated in founding the Labour Representation Committee, which was transformed in 1906 into the Labour Party. Was a delegate to the International Socialist Bureau from the Independent Labour Party. From 1906 to 1910 edited the weekly organ of the Independent Labour Party *The Labour Leader*, and from 1913 to 1917 edited the monthly journal *The Socialist Review*. V. I. Lenin spoke of Glasier as follows: "…although he has a proletarian streak, he is nonetheless an insufferable opportunist" (*Collected Works*, 4th ed., vol. 35, p. 144). – 236, 240, 241, 242.

Golitsyn, A. D. (born 1874) – prince, major landowner, well-known zemstvo figure; one of the organizers of the monarchist party "Union of October 17." Chairman of the board of the society of distillery owners, owner of a distillery. Deputy to the III State Duma from Kharkov Province; member of commissions: budgetary, resettlement, for combating alcoholism, and others. – 310.

Gorev, B. I. (Goldman, B. I., Igorev) (born 1874) – Social Democrat. Began participating in the revolutionary movement from the mid-1890s. In 1905 – member of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, Bolshevik. In 1907 joined the Mensheviks. At the V (London) Congress (1907) was elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP from the Menshevik delegation. Contributed to the organs of the Menshevik-liquidators: the newspaper *Voice of the Social-Democrat* and the journal *Our Dawn*. In 1912 participated in the anti-party August Conference in Vienna, where he was elected to the Organizational Committee. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – one of the editors of the Menshevik *Workers' Gazette*, member of the Menshevik Central Committee and of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. In August 1920 announced his withdrawal from the Menshevik organization. Subsequently worked as a teacher in higher educational institutions. – 338.

Gregory – see Zinoviev, G. E.

Guzhon, Yu. P. – major industrialist. In the 1900s was director of the board of the Moscow Metalworks partnership, member of the Moscow department of the council of trade and manufactures, member of the "French Society of Mutual Assistance," chairman of the "Society of Factory and Plant Owners of the Moscow Industrial Region," active member of congresses of representatives of industry and trade. – 407.

Gurvich, F. I. – see Dan, F. I.

Gurko, V. I. (1863–1927) – reactionary figure of tsarist Russia. In 1902 appointed manager of the zemstvo department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and in 1906 – Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs. In the I State Duma spoke against agrarian bills, defending the interests of serf-owning landowners. Played a prominent role in the Goremykin government, which V. I. Lenin called the Gurko-Goremykin cabinet with a "nobility-bourgeois program." Later became implicated in embezzlement and fraud and by a Senate decision was removed from office. In 1912 elected member of the State Council. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power, a White émigré. – 11.

Guchkov, A. I. (1862–1936) – major capitalist, organizer and leader of the Octobrist party. During the 1905–1907 revolution sharply opposed the revolutionary movement, showing solidarity with the government's policy of merciless repression against the working class and peasantry. In 1910–1911 – chairman of the III State Duma. During the First World War was chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee and member of the Special Defense Council. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – military and naval minister in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government, advocated continuation of the war "to a victorious conclusion." In August 1917 participated in organizing the Kornilov mutiny, was arrested at the front but released by the Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution actively fought against Soviet power, a White émigré. – 33, 359.

Huysmans, Camille (1871–1968) – one of the eldest figures of the Belgian workers' movement; professor of philology, journalist. In 1904–1919 – secretary of the International Socialist Bureau of the Second International, held a centrist position. In 1916 organized in The Hague a conference of socialists of neutral countries with the aim of restoring the Second International. After the First World War (1914–1918) – one of the prominent figures of the restored Second International. Repeatedly entered the Belgian government. In 1946–1947 – Prime Minister. From 1910 Huysmans was a deputy in parliament; in 1936–1939 and 1954–1959 – chairman of the Chamber of Deputies of Belgium. In recent years repeatedly advocated establishing contacts between Socialist parties and the CPSU, for restoring unity of the international workers' movement. – 234.

D

Dan (Gurvich), F. I. (1871–1947) – one of the leaders of the Mensheviks, by profession a physician. Participated in the Social-Democratic movement from the 1890s, was a member of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." Repeatedly subjected to arrests and exile; in September 1903 escaped abroad, where he became a Menshevik. Dan was a participant in the IV (Unification), V (London) Congresses of the RSDLP and a number of conferences. During the years of reaction and renewed revolutionary upsurge headed abroad a group of liquidators, edited the newspaper *Voice of the Social-Democrat*. During the First World War (1914–1918) – a defensist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution fought against Soviet power. In early 1922 was exiled abroad as an irreconcilable enemy of the Soviet state. – 27–28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 154, 295, 335, 379, 409.

Danielson, N. F. (Nik.-on, Nikolai-on) (1844–1918) – Russian writer-economist, one of the ideologists of liberal Populism in the 1880–1890s. In the 1860–1870s was connected with circles of revolutionary raznochintsy youth. Completed the first translation of K. Marx's *Capital* into Russian, which had been begun by G. A. Lopatin, and in connection with this had correspondence with K. Marx and F. Engels, in which he touched upon problems of Russia's economic development. However, Danielson did not understand the essence of Marxism and subsequently opposed it. In 1893 published the book *Essays on Our Post-Reform Social Economy*, which together with the works of V. P. Vorontsov served as theoretical justification for liberal Populism. V. I. Lenin in a number of his works sharply criticized Danielson's views. – 87, 110.

de-Bruker, L. – see Bruker, L.

John – see Maslov, P. P.

George, Henry (1839–1897) – American petty-bourgeois economist and publicist. George asserted that the principal cause of popular poverty is land rent, the people's deprivation of land. He denied the antagonism between labor and capital, considering profit on capital a natural law of nature. Advocated nationalization of all land by the bourgeois state with renting it to individuals. V. I. Lenin called George a "bourgeois nationalizer of land." For a characterization of George see Marx's letter to Sorge in 1881, in F. Engels's preface to the American edition of the work *The Condition of the Working Class in England* (K. Marx and F. Engels. *Collected Works*, vol. XVI, pt. 1, 1937, pp. 286–287). – 317.

Dzyubinsky, V. I. (1860–1927) – Trudovik. Participated in the Narodnaya Volya movement; in 1882 was arrested and exiled for 3 years to Western Siberia, where he settled permanently. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas from Tobolsk Province; in the Duma was one of the leaders of the Labour group. – 319.

Drechsler, Gustav (1833–1890) – German professor and director of the agricultural institute he founded in Göttingen. Together with W. Henneberg published the *Journal für Landwirtschaft*, author of works on agriculture: *Die Statik des Landbaues* (*The State of Agriculture*) (1869), *Die Entschädigungsberechnung expropriierter Grundstücke* (*Compensation Calculations for Expropriated Land Parcels*) (1873) and others. In 1887 was elected to the Reichstag. – 102.

Dubasov, F. V. (1845–1912) – General-Adjutant, Admiral, one of the chief leaders of tsarist reaction, bloody executioner of the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907. In 1905 directed the suppression of the agrarian movement in Chernigov, Poltava, and Kursk provinces. From November 1905 – Moscow Governor-General, directed the crushing of the December armed uprising in Moscow. From 1906 – member of the State Council, and from 1907 – member of the Council of State Defense. – 53.

Dubrovin, A. I. (1855–1918) – organizer and leader of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People," by profession a physician. In 1905–1907 – inspirer and organizer of Jewish pogroms and terrorist acts. Edited the Black Hundred antisemitic newspaper *Russian Banner*. After the split in the "Union of the Russian People" in 1910 continued to lead the part remaining under his influence. – 401.

Dumbadze, I. A. (1851–1916) – general in the tsarist army, Black Hundred supporter, advocate of Russification policy in the Caucasus. In 1906 appointed chief administrator of the city of Yalta. Being a member of the monarchist "Union of the Russian People" and relying on the personal favor of Nicholas II, Dumbadze dealt harshly with people he disliked, paying no heed to any laws, turned Yalta into his personal domain, terrorized the population, interfered in judicial affairs. This provoked protest even from the Octobrists, who submitted an inquiry in 1908 to the III State Duma concerning his unlawful actions; in 1910 was dismissed, but a month later was again appointed mayor of Yalta. – 33, 35.

Dühring, Eugene (1833–1921) – German philosopher and economist, petty-bourgeois ideologist. Dühring's philosophical views represented an eclectic mixture of positivism, metaphysical materialism, and idealism. His reactionary-utopian system of "solidaristic" economy idealized Prussian semi-feudal forms of economy. Dühring's views, which found support among some of German Social-Democracy, were subjected to criticism by Engels in the book *Anti-Dühring: Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science*. Lenin in his book *Materialism and Empirio-criticism* and in a number of other works repeatedly criticized Dühring's eclectic views.

Main works of Dühring: *Critical History of National Economy and Socialism*, *Course of National and Social Economy*, *Course of Philosophy*. – 18, 20, 415, 416, 417, 424.

E

Evlogy (Georgievsky, V.) (born 1868) – monarchist, extreme reactionary, one of the leaders of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People." From 1902 – Bishop of Lublin. Deputy to the II and III State Dumas from the Orthodox population of Lublin and Sedlets provinces. In 1914 appointed Archbishop of Volyn. After the October Socialist Revolution – one of the leaders of the monarchist emigration. – 430–431, 435, 436.

Catherine II (Romanova) (1729–1796) – Russian Empress (1762–1796). – 431.

Ermansky (Kogan), O. A. (1866–1941) – Social Democrat, Menshevik. In the revolutionary movement from the late 1880s. In 1905 worked in the Petersburg organization, then in the Odessa Committee of the RSDLP. At the IV (Unification) Congress of the party – delegate from the Odessa organization. During the years of reaction – a liquidator; actively contributed to Menshevik publications. Participated in the work of the Social-Democratic faction of the III State Duma. During the First World War (1914–1918) – a centrist. In 1917 – Menshevik-internationalist. In 1918 – member of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks, one of the editors of their central organ – the journal *Workers' International*. In 1921 left the Menshevik party, worked in scientific institutions in Moscow. – 405.

Zh

Zbankov, D. N. (born 1853) – physician, writer, prominent figure in public health, one of the leaders of the Pirogov Society. Zbankov's literary activity was devoted to developing various aspects of zemstvo-sanitary work, epidemiology, statistics, questions of migratory trades and their cultural and sanitary impact on the population. In his works: *Zemstvo Medical Collection* (vols. I–VII), *Women's Side*, *Migratory Trades in Smolensk Province in 1892–1895* and others, Zbankov upheld Populist petty-bourgeois ideals. After the October Socialist Revolution spoke against Soviet power. From 1921 withdrew from public activity. – 99.

Zhitlovsky, Kh. I. (1865–1943) – began public activity as a Narodnaya Volya member; in the late 1880s emigrated to Switzerland, was one of the organizers of the "Union of Russian Socialist-Revolutionaries" in Bern (1894). Subsequently, while continuing to maintain close ties with the Socialist Revolutionary party, became one of the ideologists of the Jewish petty-bourgeois nationalist movement, participated in organizing the Socialist Jewish Workers' Party (SERP), was one of its leaders and theorists. Opposed Marxism. After the Tsar's Manifesto of October 17, 1905 returned to Russia, but then emigrated again. From 1908 published in the USA the journal *Dos Naie Leben* (*New Life*). In subsequent years lived in the USA, contributed to a number of progressive Jewish journals, was sympathetic toward the USSR. – 245.

Zhordania, N. N. (Kostrov) (1870–1953) – Social Democrat, Menshevik. Began political activity in the 1890s, was a member of the first Marxist group in Georgia "Mesame Dasi," headed its opportunist wing. At the II Congress of the RSDLP attended with consultative voice, sided with the Iskra minority. After the Congress – leader of the Caucasian Mensheviks. In 1905 edited the Menshevik newspaper *Social-Democrat* (in Georgian), opposed Bolshevik tactics in the bourgeois-democratic revolution. In 1906 was a member of the I State Duma. Participated in the work of the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP; at the V (London) Congress of the party was elected member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP from the Menshevik delegation. During the years of reaction and renewed revolutionary upsurge Zhordania, while formally joining the Menshevik-partisans, actually supported the liquidators. In 1914 contributed to Trotsky's journal *The Struggle*; during the First World War (1914–1918) – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was chairman of the Tiflis Soviet of Workers' Deputies, in 1918–1921 headed the counter-revolutionary Menshevik government of Georgia; from 1921 – a White émigré. – 153, 168–169.

Jaurès, Jean (1859–1914) – prominent figure of French and international socialist movement, historian. In the 1880s – bourgeois radical, then joined the group of "independent socialists." In 1902 Jaurès and his supporters created the French Socialist Party, which in 1905, merging with the Socialist Party of France, became known as the United French Socialist Party. Member of parliament in 1885–1889, 1893–1898, 1902–1914; one of the leaders of the parliamentary socialist faction. In 1904 founded and edited until the end of his life the newspaper *L'Humanité* (*Humanity*), which became in 1920 the central organ of the French Communist Party. During the 1905–1907 revolution in Russia welcomed the struggle of the Russian people. Jaurès tirelessly spoke in defense of democracy, popular freedoms, for peace, against imperialist oppression and wars of conquest. He was convinced that only socialism would ultimately end wars and colonial oppression.

However, Jaurès believed that socialism would triumph not through the struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, but as a result of the flowering of the democratic idea. He was alien to the idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat, preached class peace between oppressors and the oppressed, shared Proudhonist illusions about cooperation, the development of which under capitalism would allegedly facilitate gradual transition to socialism. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Jaurès's reformist views, which led him down the path of opportunism.

Jaurès's struggle for peace, against the looming threat of war, aroused the hatred of imperialist bourgeoisie toward him. On the eve of the First World War (1914–1918) Jaurès was killed by an agent of reaction.

Author of works: *History of the Great French Revolution*, *Political and Social Ideas of Europe and the Great Revolution*, and others. – 194, 195, 203, 246.

Z

Zelensky, E. O. – see Nadezhin, L.

Zinoviev, G. E. (Radomyslsky, G. E., Gregory) (1883–1936) – member of the RSDLP from 1901. From 1908 to April 1917 was in emigration, contributed to the editorial boards of the party's central organ *Social-Democrat* and the Bolshevik newspaper *Proletarian*. During the years of reaction displayed a conciliatory attitude toward the liquidators, otzovists, and Trotskyists. During the period of preparation for and carrying out of the October Socialist Revolution displayed wavering, and in October 1917 together with Kamenev published in the semi-Menshevik newspaper *New Life* a statement of disagreement with the Central Committee's decision on armed uprising, thereby revealing the party's plans to the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution – chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Repeatedly opposed Lenin's party policy: in November 1917 was an advocate of creating a coalition government with participation of Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries; in 1925 – one of the organizers of the "new opposition"; in 1926 – one of the leaders of the anti-party Trotskyist-Zinovievist bloc. In November 1927 for factional activity was expelled from the party. In 1928 was reinstated, and in 1932 again expelled from the party. Again reinstated in 1933. In 1934 for anti-party activity was expelled from the party for the third time. – 199.

Sorge, Friedrich Adolf (1828–1906) – German Socialist, prominent figure of international workers' and socialist movement, friend and comrade of K. Marx and F. Engels. Participant in the revolution of 1848–1849 in Germany. After the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Switzerland, and then (1852) to America. Organizer of sections of the First International in America, secretary of the General Council of the First International (1872–1874). Took active part in founding the Socialist Workers' Party of the USA and the International Workers' Union. Sorge – author of the book *The Workers' Movement in the United States*, wrote a number of articles published chiefly in the journal of German Social-Democracy *Die Neue Zeit* (*New Times*); prepared for publication his correspondence with K. Marx, F. Engels and other persons. Lenin highly valued Sorge's activity, speaking of him as a veteran of the First International. – 239.

I

Igorev – see Gorev, B. I.

Izvolsky, A. P. (1856–1919) – Russian diplomat. Until 1906 held leading diplomatic posts in the Vatican, Belgrade, Munich, Tokyo, and Copenhagen. From 1906 – Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Energetic advocate of Anglo-Russian rapprochement; took direct part in concluding the Russian-English agreement of 1907, which completed the formation of the Entente. Participated in a number of international meetings and conferences. In 1910, in connection with a series of diplomatic failures, was dismissed from the post of minister and appointed ambassador in Paris, where he continued pursuing the course of strengthening the Entente. After the October Socialist Revolution remained an émigré in France, spoke in support of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia. – 224, 229.

Iliodor (Trufanov, S. M.) (born 1880) – hieromonk, one of the leaders of the Black Hundreds. Upon completing theological academy served in the Pochaev Monastery, where he quickly distinguished himself by sharp speeches against the revolutionary movement of 1905–1907. In 1908 was transferred to Tsaritsyn, where he conducted active reactionary work; created his own "Union of Orthodox Russian People." In 1912 resigned from the priesthood. In the book *The Holy Devil* (1917) exposed Rasputin. After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated abroad. – 250, 401.

Ilyin, Vl. – see Lenin, V. I.

K

Kaменsky, P. V. (born 1860) – major landowner, chairman of the central bureau of the "Union of October 17" party; zemstvo figure. In 1890–1908 was marshal of nobility of Mariupol district. Deputy to the III State Duma from Ekaterinoslav Province. – 434.

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) – German philosopher, founder of classical German idealism, from 1770 professor at the University of Königsberg. In the first period of his activity (approximately until 1770) devoted much attention to natural science, put forward the well-known cosmogonic hypothesis that, in Engels's expression, made the first breach in the metaphysical worldview. Subsequently developed mainly the theory of knowledge, considering the task of philosophy to be the investigation of the possibilities and determination of the limits of human knowledge. According to Kant, the empirical material of knowledge consists of sensations, their source is the things-in-themselves located outside the subject and unknowable. Being the ideologist of the liberal, inconsistent in its struggle against feudalism German bourgeoisie, Kant could not renounce the concepts of God, freedom of will, and immortality of the soul, which form the basis of religious morality; he believed that man must believe in them and be guided by them in his practical life.

Kant's philosophy is a variety of subjective idealism and agnosticism, but at the same time it has a certain materialist tendency, expressed in the doctrine of "things-in-themselves" and in the recognition of the empirical character of our knowledge. Kantianism played an enormous role in the history of philosophy; under its influence there were formed later representatives of classical German idealism (Fichte, Schelling, Hegel); there arose such trends of bourgeois philosophical thought as Neo-Kantianism, positivism, and others. K. Marx and F. Engels revealed the essence of Kant's philosophy, the contradictoriness and inconsistent character of which provoked criticism both from the "right" (by more consistent subjective idealists) and from the "left" (by Feuerbach, Chernyshevsky, dialectical materialists) (see V. I. Lenin. *Collected Works*, 4th ed., vol. 14, pp. 181–192, 344–346). The striving to return to Kant or to reconcile Marxism with Kantianism has always been characteristic of revisionists.

Main works of Kant: *Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens* (1755), *Critique of Pure Reason* (1781), *Critique of Practical Reason* (1788), *Critique of Judgment* (1790) and others. – 19.

Kapustin, M. Ya. (1847–1920) – Octobrist, by profession a physician. In the early 1870s worked as a zemstvo physician in Kostroma Province, subsequently in military hospitals, in the military medical academy, in Warsaw University. From 1887 – professor at Kazan University. Deputy to the II State Duma from the city of Kazan; was a deputy from Kazan Province in the III State Duma, was elected vice-chairman of the Duma. V. I. Lenin called Kapustin "a representative of counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie." – 310, 434.

Karaulov, V. A. (1854–1910) – Kadet, nobleman, by profession a jurist; deputy to the III State Duma from Yenisei Province. Formerly a Narodnaya Volya member. In 1884 was arrested in Kiev in the case of the 12 Narodnaya Volya members and sentenced to 4 years of hard labor. After hard labor was exiled to Siberia. In 1905 joined the Kadets; openly opposed the 1905–1907 revolution. In the III Duma occupied "one of the first places among the most vile counter-revolutionary Kadets with eternal sanctimonious phrases on his lips" (see V. I. Lenin. *Collected Works*, 4th ed., vol. 17, p. 27). – 435–436.

Karaulov, M. A. (1878–1917) – Cossack under-esaul, deputy to the II and IV State Dumas from the Terek region, monarchist. Edited the journal *Cossack Weekly*. In the Dumas was a member of various commissions, defended municipalization of land. In 1917 was part of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution – one of the chief leaders of counter-revolution on the Terek. First ataman of the Terek Cossack Host, actively fought against Soviet power. – 165.

Charles I (Stuart) (1600–1649) – English King (1625–1649). – 46, 389.

Karyshev, N. A. (1855–1905) – economist and statistician, zemstvo figure. From 1891 – professor at Yuriev (Tartu) University, later at the Moscow Agricultural Institute. Contributed to the newspaper *Russian News*, to journals *Zemstvo*, *Russian Wealth* and others; author of many books and journal articles on questions of the economics of peasant farming in Russia, in which he defended the views of liberal Populists. V. I. Lenin in a number of his works and speeches sharply criticized Karyshev's reactionary views. – 85–86, 87.

Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938) – one of the leaders of German Social-Democracy and the Second International, initially a Marxist, later a renegade of Marxism, ideologist of the most dangerous and harmful variety of opportunism – centrism (Kautskism). Editor of the theoretical journal of German Social-Democracy *Die Neue Zeit* (*New Times*).

Began participating in the socialist movement in 1874. His views at that time represented a mixture of Lassalleanism, neo-Malthusianism, and anarchism. In 1881 became acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels and under their influence turned to Marxism; however, even in this period displayed wavering toward opportunism, for which he was sharply criticized by K. Marx and F. Engels. In the 1880s–1890s wrote a number of works on questions of Marxist theory: *The Economic Doctrine of Karl Marx*, *The Agrarian Question* and others, which despite errors contained in them played a positive role in the propagation of Marxism. Later, during the period of the widely unfolding revolutionary movement, shifted to the positions of opportunism. Preached the ideology of centrism, that is, hidden opportunism, advocated keeping open opportunists in the party. During the First World War (1914–1918) Kautsky stood on the positions of social-chauvinism, covering it with phrases about internationalism. Author of the theory of ultra-imperialism, the reactionary essence of which Lenin exposed in works *The Bankruptcy of the Second International*, *Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism* and others. After the October Socialist Revolution openly came out against the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin in his works *The State and Revolution*, *The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky* and a number of others subjected Kautskism to devastating criticism. Revealing the danger of Kautskism, V. I. Lenin in 1915 in the article "Socialism and War" wrote: "The working class cannot accomplish its worldwide revolutionary role without waging a merciless war against this renunciation, spinelessness, servility to opportunism, and the unprecedented theoretical debasement of Marxism" (*Collected Works*, 4th ed., vol. 21, p. 283). – 41–48, 172, 192, 194–195, 236, 237, 238–239, 240, 241, 242, 248, 249, 385–388, 389.

Kaufman, A. A. (1864–1919) – Russian bourgeois economist and statistician, professor, publicist; one of the organizers and leaders of the Kadet party. From 1887 to 1906 served in the Ministry of Agriculture and State Properties. In his book *Resettlement and Colonization* (1905) gave an outline of the history of the resettlement policy of tsarism. "As a true 'liberal,' the author is excessively respectful toward the bureaucracy of serf-owners," wrote V. I. Lenin about Kaufman (see *Collected Works*, 5th ed., vol. 16, p. 405). Participated in drawing up the Kadet project of agrarian reform, actively contributed to *Russian News*; preached class peace between peasants and landowners. V. I. Lenin, counting Kaufman among the "cautious" statisticians, criticized him for a bourgeois-bureaucratic approach to solving the agrarian question. After the October Socialist Revolution Kaufman took part in the work of central statistical institutions. – 74–76, 78–80, 105.

Keir Hardie – see Hardie, D. K.

Keysler, I. A. (1843–1897) – economist, served in the Ministry of Finance, author of works on questions of Russian peasant farming and the land commune (mostly in German). Obtained degrees of master and doctor of political economy for his four-volume work on the Russian land commune: *Zur Geschichte und Kritik des bäuerlichen Gemeindebesitzes in Russland* (*On the History and Critique of Peasant Communal Landownership in Russia*). – 81.

Kizevetter, A. A. (1866–1933) – Russian liberal-bourgeois historian and publicist. In 1900–1911 – instructor at Moscow University; member of the "Union of Liberation" from its founding, one of the leaders of the Kadet party. Deputy to the II State Duma from the city of Moscow; contributed to *Russian News*, was a member of the editorial board and one of the editors of the journal *Russian Thought*. In his historical-publicistic works distorted the significance of the Russian revolution of 1905–1907. V. I. Lenin, characterizing in a number of his works the views of Kizevetter, counted him among the Kadet professors peddling science in service to reaction. After the October Socialist Revolution Kizevetter waged active struggle against Soviet power, for which he was exiled in 1922 from Soviet Russia. Abroad he took an active part in White émigré publications. – 407.

Clemenceau, Georges (Benjamin) (1841–1929) – political and state figure of France, for many years leader of the Radical party. Began his political activity as a left republican, hostile to the empire of Napoleon III. During the days of the Paris Commune of 1871, being mayor of one of the Paris districts, sought reconciliation of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie. In subsequent years engaged in municipal activity, was elected chairman of the Paris Municipality, and in 1876 – member of the Chamber of Deputies of France. From the 1880s – one of the leaders of the Radicals. In 1902 was elected to the Senate, and from 1906 to 1909 headed the French government. In defense of the interests of large capital, conducted a policy of harsh repression against the working class. On the eve of the First World War (1914–1918) broke with the Radical party. During the war – a fierce chauvinist. From November 1917 Clemenceau again headed the French government, introduced a regime of military dictatorship in the country. Was one of the organizers and instigators of armed intervention against Soviet Russia, supported Russian counter-revolution, sought to implement "economic encirclement" and starvation of the Soviet republic. In 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference defended the interests of French imperialists, but did not fully achieve his goal. In 1920 suffered defeat in the presidential elections and withdrew from political activity. – 179–180, 187, 224, 228, 289.

Kogan, O. A. – see Ermansky, O. A.

Kondratiev, F. F. (born 1871) – peasant, Trudovik. Deputy to the III State Duma from Perm Province; in the Duma was elected to commissions: judicial reforms, public education. – 319.

Korolenko, S. A. – economist-statistician, served in the Ministry of State Properties, subsequently official on special assignments at the State Controller. From 1889 to 1892 on assignment from the Ministry of State Properties worked on the book *Hired Labor in Proprietary Estates and the Movement of Workers, in Connection with a Statistico-Economic Overview of European Russia in Agricultural and Industrial Respects. (Agricultural and Statistical Information Based on Materials Received from Proprietors. Vol. V)*, published by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry. In the 1900s contributed to the Black Hundred newspaper *New Times*. – 110, 113.

Kostrov – see Zhordania, N. N.

Krestovonikov, G. A. (born 1855) – Octobrist, major industrialist and stock exchange operator. For a long time Krestovonikov was director of the board of the Moscow-Kursk Railroad, chairman of the board of the Moscow Commercial Bank and the Moscow Exchange Society; active member of congresses of representatives of industry and trade. In 1906 was elected member of the State Council from the commercial-industrial bourgeoisie. – 407, 408, 412, 414.

Krichevsky, B. N. (1866–1919) – Social Democrat, publicist, one of the leaders of "Economism." From the late 1880s participated in the work of Social-Democratic circles in Russia; in the early 1890s emigrated; abroad for some time joined the "Emancipation of Labor" group, took part in its publications. In the late 1890s became one of the leaders of the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," in 1899 – editor of the Union journal *Workers' Affairs*, on the pages of which propagated Bernsteinian views. Shortly after the II Congress of the RSDLP withdrew from the Social-Democratic movement. – 143.

Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) – greatest figure of the English bourgeois revolution of the XVII century, leader of the Independent party, Lord Protector of England. Began active political activity from the time of the convening in 1640 of the Long Parliament, of which he was elected member from the city of Cambridge. At the beginning of the civil war energetically organized military detachments, the main body of which consisted of peasants. These detachments served as the nucleus of a regular parliamentary army. Cromwell displayed outstanding military abilities, achieving a series of major victories over the forces of the king. After victory in the second civil war (1648) Cromwell, under pressure from the popular masses, carried out a "purge" of the parliament of the Presbyterians, who represented the upper stratum of London bourgeoisie, effected the execution of the king, and proclaimed England a Republic. At the same time Cromwell, who, in Engels's expression, combined "in one person Robespierre and Napoleon," dealt harshly with representatives of democratic trends – the Levellers and Diggers, and also with the national-liberation movement in Ireland and Scotland. After dismissing in April 1653 the "rump" of the Long Parliament, Cromwell established his personal dictatorship-protectorate and was himself proclaimed Lord Protector. Cromwell's dictatorship paved the way for the restoration of the Stuart royal dynasty. In the interests of English bourgeoisie Cromwell waged a struggle for commercial and colonial supremacy of England. – 46.

Cromer, Evelyn Baring (1841–1917) – English reactionary state figure and diplomat, lord; "English imperialist and petty official," – thus characterized him V. I. Lenin (*Collected Works*, 4th ed., vol. 39, p. 551). In 1872–1876 was chief of the cabinet of the Viceroy of India; after the English occupation of Egypt (1882) until 1907 – British resident in Egypt. Ruling Egypt with full power, he subordinated the economic and political life of the country to the interests of English capital. The harsh colonial regime he established, with the nominal preservation of local authorities, became known as "Cromer's regime." Cromer ruthlessly dealt with participants in the Egyptian national-liberation movement. In 1907 in connection with an anti-English campaign provoked by the actions of English imperialists against the peaceful Egyptian population in the Denshawai area, Cromer was forced to retire and devoted himself to literary work. – 186.

Kropotov, A. E. (born 1874) – peasant, Trudovik; volost clerk. Deputy to the III State Duma from Vyatka Province. In the Duma was a member of the land commission. – 317.

Cunow, Heinrich (1862–1936) – German right Social Democrat, historian, sociologist, and ethnographer, professor. From 1917 to 1923 – editor of the organ of the German Social-Democratic Party *Die Neue Zeit*. Initially joined the Marxists, subsequently revisionist and falsifier of Marxism. Lenin called him "German apologist for imperialism and annexations" (*Collected Works*, 4th ed., vol. 22, p. 257). – 286.

Kuskova, E. D. (1869–1958) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the mid-1890s, while abroad, drew close to the "Emancipation of Labor" group, but soon under the influence of Bernsteinism took the path of revision of Marxism. The document written by Kuskova in the spirit of Bernsteinism, which received the name *Credo*, most vividly expressed the opportunist essence of "Economism" and provoked sharp protest from the group of Russian Marxists led by V. I. Lenin (see *Collected Works*, 5th ed., vol. 4, pp. 163–176). On the eve of the 1905–1907 revolution Kuskova entered the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation." In 1906 together with S. N. Prokopovich published the semi-Kadet journal *Without a Title*, was an active contributor to the newspaper of the left Kadets *Comrade*. Kuskova called upon workers to renounce revolutionary struggle, sought to subordinate the workers' movement to the political leadership of the liberal bourgeoisie. After the October Socialist Revolution spoke against the Bolsheviks. In 1922 was exiled abroad, where she became an active figure in the White emigration. – 405.

Kutler, N. N. (1859–1924) – prominent figure of the Kadet party; worked in the Ministry of Finance, was director of the Department of Direct Taxes, subsequently Minister of Agriculture and Land Settlement. Deputy to the II and III State Dumas from the city of Petersburg, one of the authors of the project of the agrarian program of the Kadets. A detailed critique of this project and of Kutler's position was given by V. I. Lenin in his works "Draft Speech on the Agrarian Question in the Second State Duma" and "The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907" (see *Collected Works*, 5th ed., vol. 15, pp. 141–150 and vol. 16, pp. 193–413). After the October Socialist Revolution Kutler worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance. From 1922 was a member of the board of the State Bank of the USSR. – 12, 314.

L

Labriola, Arturo (born 1873) – Italian political figure, jurist, and economist; one of the leaders of the syndicalist movement in Italy. Author of a number of books on the theory of syndicalism, in which he sought to adapt his program of so-called "revolutionary syndicalism" to Marxism, "correcting" Marxism. During the First World War (1914–1918) stood on chauvinist positions. In 1920–1921 – Minister of Labor in the Giolitti government. In 1926–1939 was in emigration; spoke against fascism. In 1948–1953 – senator. After the signing in 1949 of the aggressive Atlantic Pact by the Italian government Labriola joined the peace movement. In 1950 was elected to the World Peace Council. – 25.

Lagardelle, Hubert (born 1874) – French petty-bourgeois political figure, anarcho-syndicalist; one of the followers of the theorist of French anarcho-syndicalism Georges Sorel. Lagardelle is author of a number of works on the history of anarcho-syndicalism in France; for some time was editor of the socialist organ *Le mouvement socialiste* (*The Socialist Movement*). During the First World War (1914–1918) – a social-chauvinist. Later – figure of the General Confederation of Labor.

In 1942–1943 – Minister of Labor in the Vichy government; in 1946 for participation in the Vichy government was sentenced to life imprisonment. – 25.

Larin, Yu. (Lurye, M. A.) (1882–1932) – Social Democrat, Menshevik, delegate to the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP with decisive vote. Upheld the Menshevik program of municipalization of land, supported the opportunist idea of convening a "workers' congress." Was a delegate to the V (London) Congress of the party from the Poltava organization. After the defeat of the 1905–1907 revolution – one of the active supporters of liquidationism. Took active part in the anti-party August Bloc; was a member of its organizational committee. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists publishing the journal *International*. In August 1917 was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in Soviet and economic organizations. – 168–169.

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–1864) – German petty-bourgeois socialist, progenitor of one of the varieties of opportunism in the German workers' movement – Lassalleanism.

Lassalle was one of the founders of the General German Workers' Union (1863). The creation of the Union had positive significance for the workers' movement, however Lassalle, elected president of the Union, led it down the opportunist path. The Lassalleans calculated that through legal agitation for universal suffrage, through the creation of productive associations subsidized by the Junker state, they would achieve the construction of a "free people's state." Lassalle supported the policy of the unification of Germany "from above" under the hegemony of reactionary Prussia. The opportunist policy of the Lassalleans was an obstacle to the work of the First International and to the creation of a genuine workers' party in Germany, prevented the development of class consciousness among the workers.

The theoretical and political views of the Lassalleans were subjected to sharp criticism by the classics of Marxism-Leninism (see K. Marx. *Critique of the Gotha Program*; V. I. Lenin. *The State and Revolution* and other works). – 300, 345.

Legien (Legien), Carl (1861–1920) – German right-wing social democrat, one of the leaders of German trade unions, revisionist. From 1890 – chairman of the General Commission of German Trade Unions, from 1903 – secretary, and from 1913 – chairman of the International Secretariat of Trade Unions. From 1893 to 1920 (with interruptions) – Reichstag deputy from German social democracy. In 1919–1920 – member of the National Assembly of the Weimar Republic. During the First World War (1914–1918) – an open social-chauvinist. He actively pursued policies in the interests of the bourgeoisie, fighting in every way against the revolutionary movement of the proletariat. – 203.

Ledebour (Ledebour), Georg (1850–1947) – German social democrat, from 1900 to 1918 was a Reichstag member from German social democracy. Participant in the international socialist congress in Stuttgart, where he spoke against colonialism. Participated in the Zimmerwald Conference, one of the political leaders of the Zimmerwald right wing. In 1916, after the split in German social democracy, he joined the "Social-Democratic Labor Group" of the Reichstag, which in 1917 formed the main nucleus of the newly formed centrist Independent Social-Democratic Party of Germany, which justified open chauvinists. In 1920–1924 he headed a small independent group in the Reichstag. In 1931 he joined the Socialist Workers' Party. After Hitler's rise to power he emigrated to Switzerland. – 248–249.

Lenin, V. I. (Ulyanov, V. I., Ilin, Vl., Lenin, N., N. L.) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 20, 36, 60, 62, 73, 83, 102, 110, 115, 127, 130, 135, 139, 145, 148, 156–157, 160, 161, 170, 172, 184, 199, 237, 238, 245, 246, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254–255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264, 269, 278, 285, 287, 315, 330, 337, 339, 347, 370, 371, 373, 378, 383, 385–386, 387, 394, 404.

Liebknecht (Liebknecht), Wilhelm (1826–1900) – prominent figure of the German and international workers' movement, one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party. Took an active part in the revolution of 1848–1849 in Germany, after whose defeat he emigrated first to Switzerland and then to England, where he came close to K. Marx and F. Engels; under their influence he became a socialist. In 1862 he returned to Germany. After the creation of the First International – one of the most active propagandists of its revolutionary ideas and organizer of International sections in Germany. From 1875 until the end of his life Liebknecht was a member of the Central Committee of the German Social-Democratic Party and responsible editor of its central organ "Vorwärts" ("Forward"). From 1867 to 1870 – deputy to the North German Reichstag, and from 1874 repeatedly elected as deputy to the German Reichstag; skillfully used the parliamentary tribune to expose the reactionary foreign and domestic policy of Prussian Junkerdom. For revolutionary activity repeatedly subjected to imprisonment. Took active participation in the organization of the Second International. K. Marx and F. Engels valued Liebknecht, directed his activities, but at the same time subjected him to criticism for his conciliatory position toward opportunistic elements. – 300.

Liebknecht (Liebknecht), Karl (1871–1919) – outstanding figure of the German and international workers' movement; son of Wilhelm Liebknecht, by profession a lawyer.

He began participating in the socialist movement while still a student, actively fought against opportunism and militarism. During the period of the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907 he called upon German workers to follow the Russian example. In 1912 he was elected a Reichstag deputy. From the beginning of the First World War (1914–1918) he resolutely opposed support for "his own" government in the predatory war, and was the only one in the entire Reichstag to vote against military credits (December 2, 1914). One of the organizers and leaders of the revolutionary "Spartacus League." In 1916 he was sentenced to hard labor. During the November Revolution in Germany, together with R. Luxemburg he led the revolutionary vanguard of German workers, edited the newspaper "Die Rote Fahne" ("The Red Flag"), was one of the founders of the KPG and leader of the Berlin workers' uprising in January 1919. After the suppression of the uprising he was brutally murdered by the gangs of Noske.

Evaluating the activities of K. Liebknecht, Lenin wrote that "this name is a symbol of a leader's devotion to the interests of the proletariat, fidelity to the socialist revolution… This name is a symbol of irreconcilable struggle against imperialism not in words but in deed…" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 28, pp. 410–411). – 191.

Lipkin, F. A. – see Cherevanin, N.

Lunacharsky, A. V. (1875–1933) – professional revolutionary, subsequently prominent Soviet state figure. He entered the revolutionary movement in the early 1890s. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP – a Bolshevik. Was on the editorial boards of Bolshevik newspapers "Forward," "Proletarian," and later "New Life." At the behest of V. I. Lenin, at the Third Party Congress he delivered a report on armed uprising. Participant in the Fourth (Unification) and Fifth (London) Party Congresses. In 1907 he was the Bolsheviks' representative at the Stuttgart international socialist congress. During the years of reaction he drifted from Marxism, participated in the anti-party group "Forward," called for combining Marxism with religion. V. I. Lenin in his work "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909) revealed the errors of Lunacharsky's views and subjected them to serious criticism. During the First World War Lunacharsky stood on the side of internationalism. At the beginning of 1917 he joined the group of "inter-district" representatives, and together with them was accepted into the party at the Sixth Congress of the RSDLP. After the October Socialist Revolution, until 1929 – People's Commissar of Enlightenment, then chairman of the Scientific Committee at the TsIK of the USSR. In August 1933 he was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Spain. Author of a number of works on art and literature. – 423.

Lurié, M. A. – see Larin, Yu.

Lykoshin, A. I. (1861–1918) – reactionary figure of Tsarist Russia, landowner-Black Hundredist, one of the organizers of the monarchist "Union of the Russian People." In 1907–1914 he was Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. – 309, 312.

Lvov, N. N. (1867–1944) – landowner; according to V. I. Lenin's definition – "counter-revolutionary aristocratic scoundrel," "exemplar of the Cadet traitor." In 1893–1900 he was marshal of the nobility of Balashov district; from 1899 chairman of the Saratov provincial zemstvo board. Participant in zemstvo congresses of 1904–1905. One of the founders of the "Union of Liberation" and the Cadet party, member of its Central Committee. Elected to the First State Duma by votes of peasants deceived by the Cadets, he spoke decisively against their demands. Member of the Second State Duma. One of the founders of the "Peaceful Renewal" party. In the Third and Fourth Dumas he acted as leader of the "Progressists." In 1917 – one of the leaders of the landowners' union. After the October Socialist Revolution – White Guard journalist, later – White émigré. – 309–310.

Luxemburg (Luxemburg), Rosa (1871–1919) – outstanding figure of the international workers' movement, one of the leaders of the left wing of the Second International. She began revolutionary activity in the second half of the 1880s, was among the founders and leaders of the Social-Democratic Party of Poland, spoke out against nationalism in the ranks of the Polish workers' movement. From 1897 she took active part in the German social-democratic movement, waged a struggle against Bernsteinism and Millerandism. Luxemburg was a participant in the first Russian revolution (in Warsaw), in 1907 participated in the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where she supported the Bolsheviks. From the very beginning of the First World War (1914–1918) she took an internationalist position. She was one of the initiators of the creation of the "International" group, subsequently renamed the "Spartacus" group, and then the "Spartacus League"; she wrote (in prison) under the pseudonym Junius the pamphlet "The Crisis of Social-Democracy" (see V. I. Lenin's article "On the Junius Pamphlet" – Works, 4th ed., vol. 22, pp. 291–305). After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany she took a leading part in the Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of Germany. In January 1919 she was arrested and killed by order of the Scheidemann government. Lenin, who highly valued R. Luxemburg, repeatedly spoke out with criticism of her errors on a number of questions (on the role of the party, on imperialism, the national-colonial and peasant questions, on permanent revolution, etc.), thereby helping her to take the correct position. – 195–196.

Lyadov (Mandelstam), M. N. (1872–1947) – professional revolutionary. He began revolutionary activity in 1891 in Moscow Populist circles; in 1892 he joined a Marxist circle; in 1893 he took part in creating the Moscow Workers' League – the first social-democratic organization in Moscow. In 1895 he led a May Day celebration in Moscow, was arrested and in 1897 exiled for 5 years to Verkhoyansk. After returning from exile he worked in Saratov. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Saratov Committee, Iskrist of the majority; after the congress – agent of the Central Committee, waged active struggle against Mensheviks in Russia and abroad. In August 1904 he participated in a conference of 22 Bolsheviks in Geneva, entered the Bureau of Committees of the Majority, was a delegate from the Bolsheviks at the Amsterdam Congress of the Second International. Took active part in the revolution of 1905–1907, was a member of the Moscow Party Committee, carried out important assignments from the RSDLP Central Committee. During the years of reaction he joined the Recallists, in 1909 entered the factional group "Forward" and was one of the lecturers at the party school on Capri Island. In 1911 he left the "Forward" group and went to Baku.

After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – vice-chairman of the Baku Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, stood on Menshevik positions.

In 1920 he was restored to the ranks of the RCP(b), was engaged in economic work in Moscow, worked in the Supreme Council of the National Economy, then in the People's Commissariat of Enlightenment; from 1923 – rector of the Communist University named after Ya. M. Sverdlov; was a delegate to the Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Party Congresses. – 337.

Lafontaine (Lafontaine), Henri (1854–1943) – Belgian socialist, professor of international law at Brussels University, senator. From 1892 – chairman of the International Peace Bureau; in 1895 participated in founding the International Bibliographical Institute in Brussels, the Peace League (Bern), and the League for International Arbitration. In 1913 awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1921 he was a delegate from Belgium at a session of the League of Nations. – 246, 247.

Lyakhnitsky, N. Ya. (born 1871) – labor representative, by profession a lawyer. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Stavropol Province; in the Duma he was elected to commissions: on inquiries, judicial reforms, budgetary, and others. – 319.

Lyakhov, V. P. (1869–1919) – colonel of the Tsarist army; became known as a result of suppressing the national-revolutionary movement in the Caucasus and Iran. During the First World War (1914–1918) – governor-general of the zone of the Turkish Black Sea coast. In February 1919 Lyakhov was appointed chief commandant and commander of the Denikin forces in the Terek-Dagestan region. During the fierce struggle of the "Volunteer Army" against the mountain peoples Lyakhov was killed. – 177, 228, 229.

M

Maddison (Maddison), Fred (1856–1937) – English socialist, by profession a typesetter-worker. In 1886 – chairman of the Trades Union Congress. For six years he was a member of the school board of Tottenham. In 1893 he was nominated for the post of workers' correspondent in the Ministry of Commerce. Until 1897 – editor of the official organ of the United Society of Railway Servants "Railway Review." Later was secretary of the Union for International Arbitration. In 1897–1900 and 1906–1910 – member of parliament. – 203.

MacDonald (MacDonald), James Ramsay (1866–1937) – English political figure, one of the founders and leaders of the Labour Party. In 1893 he was among the organizers of the Independent Labour Party. In 1900 he is elected secretary of the Committee of Labor Representation, transformed in 1906 into the Labour Party. In 1906 he was elected a deputy to the House of Commons; in 1911 MacDonald becomes leader of the Labour Party. He pursued an extremely opportunistic policy in the party and in the Second International. He preached the reactionary theory of class collaboration and the gradual merging of capitalism into socialism ("constructive socialism"). At the beginning of the First World War (1914–1918) he took a pacifist position, then embarked on the path of open support for imperialist bourgeoisie. In 1918–1920 he attempted to hinder the struggle of English workers who opposed anti-Soviet intervention; pursued a policy of splitting the working class. In 1924 he took the post of Prime Minister of the first Labour government. Under pressure from the masses, his government in February 1924 was forced to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. In 1929–1931 MacDonald became Prime Minister of the second Labour government, which again was forced to restore diplomatic relations with the USSR, provocatively broken in 1927 by Baldwin's government. MacDonald's government brutally suppressed the national-liberation movement in British colonies, pursued an anti-worker policy. In 1931–1935 MacDonald headed the so-called "national government," whose policy was determined by the Conservatives. – 240.

Malinovsky, A. A. – see Bogdanov, A.

Mandelstam, M. N. – see Lyadov, M. N.

Manuylov, A. A. (1861–1929) – Russian bourgeois economist, prominent figure of the Cadet party, one of the editors of the newspaper "Russian Gazette." In 1905–1911 – rector of Moscow University, in 1907–1911 – member of the State Council, in 1917 – Minister of Public Enlightenment of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution, upon returning from emigration, Manuylov taught at Soviet institutions of higher education. Manuylov's main works: "Land Rent in Ireland" (1895), "The Concept of Value According to the Doctrine of Economists of the Classical School" (1901), "Political Economy. A Course of Lectures." Vol. I (1914) and others. – 407.

Maress, L. N. – Russian statistician and economist, author of the article "Production and Consumption of Bread in Peasant Farms," published in the Populist-liberal collection "The Influence of Harvests and Bread Prices on Certain Aspects of Russian National Economy" (St. Petersburg, 1897). – 87–88.

Marx (Marx), Karl (1818–1883) – founder of scientific communism, brilliant thinker, leader and teacher of the international proletariat (see V. I. Lenin's article "Karl Marx (A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism)" – Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, pp. 27–74). – 17, 18–19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 34, 37, 38, 48–49, 128, 130, 131–132, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 170, 185, 194, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 264, 265, 266, 268, 274, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 300, 343, 345, 388, 389, 409–410, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420, 426, 444.

Martov, L. (Tsederbaum, Yu. O.) (1873–1923) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. He entered the social-democratic movement in the first half of the 1890s. In 1895 he participated in organizing the Petersburg "League for the Liberation of the Working Class," in connection with which he was arrested in 1896 and exiled for 3 years to Turukhansk. After his exile in 1900 he took part in preparing the publication of "Iskra," was on its editorial board. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Iskra organization, headed the opportunist minority of the congress, and from then on was one of the leaders of the central institutions of the Mensheviks and editor of Menshevik publications. Participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Congress of the Party. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidationist, edited "Voice of the Social-Democrat," participated in the anti-party August Conference (1912). During the First World War (1914–1918) he occupied a centrist position; participated in the Zimmerwald and Kinthal Conferences. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 he headed the group of Menshevik-internationalists. After the October Socialist Revolution he went over to the camp of open enemies of Soviet power. In 1920 he emigrated to Germany, published in Berlin the counter-revolutionary Menshevik "Socialist Messenger." – 44, 251, 370, 373, 376, 378–379, 380, 381, 384, 385, 386, 387–388, 389, 408, 413.

Martynov, A. (Piker, A. S.) (1865–1935) – one of the leaders of "Economism," prominent Menshevik; later a member of the Communist Party. From the early 1880s he participated in Populist circles, in 1886 was arrested and exiled to Eastern Siberia, in exile became a social democrat. In 1900 he emigrated, entered the editorial board of the "Economists'" journal "Workers' Cause," spoke out against Lenin's "Iskra." At the Second Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the "Union of Russian Social-Democrats Abroad," anti-Iskrist; after the congress he joined the Mensheviks. Participated in the Fifth (London) Congress of the Party as a delegate from the Ekaterinoslav organization. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – a liquidationist. During the First World War (1914–1918) he occupied a centrist position, after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – a Menshevik-internationalist. After the October Socialist Revolution he broke with the Mensheviks, in 1918–1920 worked as a teacher in Ukraine. In 1923 at the Twelfth Congress of the RCP(b) he was accepted into the party, worked at the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels; from 1924 – member of the editorial board of the journal "Communist International." – 143, 288, 338, 413.

Maslov, P. P. (John) (1867–1946) – economist, social democrat, author of a number of works on the agrarian question in which he attempted to revise Marxism; contributed to the journals "Life," "Beginning," and "Scientific Review." After the Second Congress of the RSDLP he joined the Mensheviks; put forward the Menshevik program of land municipalization. At the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP he spoke from the Menshevik side with a report on the agrarian question, was elected by the congress to the editorial board of the Central Organ. During the years of reaction – a liquidationist, during the First World War (1914–1918) – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution he withdrew from political activity, engaged in pedagogical and scholarly work. From 1929 – full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – 151, 152, 153–154, 156, 157, 160–161, 165, 167–168, 184, 185, 250–258, 259–270, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 405.

Mashkevich, D. F. (born 1871) – Black Hundredist, priest. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Kherson Province; in the Duma he was a member of commissions: budgetary, public education, and others. Mashkevich carried on active work in the Elisavetgrad section of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People." – 431–432.

Meyendorff, A. F. (born 1869) – Octobrist, Livonian baron, landowner, educated as a lawyer. In 1892 he graduated from Petersburg University with a degree in law. From 1892 to 1907 he worked in the Senate, in the Riga circuit court, the State Council chancellery, the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1902–1905 – privatdozent at Petersburg University in Russian land law. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Livonia Province, during the first two sessions of the Third Duma was vice-chairman. In 1919 he emigrated abroad.

Meyendorff is known as the author of works: "The Prussian Constitution" (1904), "The Peasant Homestead in the System of Russian Legislation" (1907) and others. – 437.

Merzlyakov, I. L. (born 1874) – labor representative, peasant. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Vyatka Province; in the Duma he was a member of agricultural and Old Believer commissions. – 319.

Mehring (Mehring), Franz (1846–1919) – outstanding figure of the workers' movement in Germany, one of the leaders and theoreticians of the left wing of German social democracy; historian, publicist, and literary scholar. From the late 1860s – a radical bourgeois-democratic publicist; in 1876–1882 stood on the positions of bourgeois liberalism, then evolved to the left, was editor of the democratic "Volks-Zeitung" ("People's Newspaper"), spoke out against Bismarck in defense of social democracy. In 1891 he joined the German Social-Democratic Party. Was an active contributor and one of the editors of the party's theoretical organ – the journal "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Times"); later edited "Leipziger Volkszeitung" ("Leipzig People's Newspaper"). In 1893 his work "The Legend of Lessing" appeared as a separate publication, in 1897 – the four-volume "History of German Social-Democracy." Mehring did much work on the publication of the literary legacy of Marx, Engels, and Lassalle; in 1918 his book on the life and activities of K. Marx appeared. Mehring's works contain a number of deviations from Marxism, an incorrect evaluation of such figures as Lassalle, Schweitzer, Bakunin, a misunderstanding of the revolutionary transformation accomplished by Marx and Engels in philosophy. Mehring actively spoke out against opportunism and revisionism in the ranks of the Second International, condemned Kautskyism, but shared the errors of German leftists who feared organizationally to break with opportunists. Consistently defended internationalism, welcomed the October Socialist Revolution. Beginning in 1916, he was one of the leaders of the revolutionary "Spartacus League," played a prominent role in the creation of the Communist Party of Germany. – 388.

Mertvago, A. P. (born 1856) – agronomist, studied market gardening in France, attended a course in natural sciences at the Sorbonne. From 1887 to 1893 he contributed to "Agricultural Gazette," the journal "Agriculture and Forestry." In 1894–1905 – editor of the agricultural and economic journal "The Master," from 1905 – its publisher. Author of works: "Agricultural Questions of the Non-Black Earth Belt of Russia," "How Much Land Do We Have in Russia and How Do We Use It," and others. – 68–70.

Milyukov, P. N. (1859–1943) – leader of the Cadet party, prominent ideologist of Russian imperialist bourgeoisie, historian, and publicist. From 1886 – privatdozent at Moscow University. He began political activity in the first half of the 1890s; from 1902 actively contributed to the journal "Liberation," published abroad by bourgeois liberals. In October 1905 – one of the founders of the Cadet party, subsequently chairman of its Central Committee and editor of its central organ – the newspaper "Speech." Member of the Third and Fourth State Dumas. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government, pursued an imperialist policy of continuing the war "to final victory"; in August 1917 actively participated in preparing the counter-revolutionary Kornilov mutiny. After the October Socialist Revolution he became one of the organizers of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia; an active figure of the White émigration. From 1921 he published the newspaper "Latest News" in Paris. – 12, 13, 34, 225, 312, 313, 436.

Mitrofan (Krasnopolsky, D.) (born 1869) – Black Hundredist, bishop. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Mogilev Province; in the Duma he was a member of commissions: public education, Orthodox Church, and others. – 311, 429–430.

Molkenbuhr (Molkenbuhr), Hermann (1851–1927) – German social democrat, by profession a tobacco worker. In the 1860s he was a member of the General German Workers' League founded by Lassalle. In connection with the exceptional law against socialists in 1881 he was expelled and lived in the USA until 1884. From 1890 – editor of the social-democratic newspaper "Hamburger Echo" ("Hamburg Echo"); from 1904 – general secretary of the German Social-Democratic Party; member of the International Socialist Bureau. In 1890–1906, 1907–1918, and 1920–1924 – Reichstag deputy; from 1911 to 1924 – chairman of the social-democratic faction of the Reichstag. During the First World War (1914–1918) he took a chauvinist position. After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany he was elected to the Berlin Executive Committee of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, where he pursued a policy of bloc with the counter-revolutionary bourgeois government. – 248.

Morley (Morley), John (1838–1923) – English bourgeois political figure. In 1883 he was elected to parliament. In 1886 and 1892 he held the position of Secretary for Ireland in Gladstone's cabinets, from 1906 to 1910 – Secretary for India, where he pursued a policy of suppressing the national-liberation movement. Morley is also known as a writer. He wrote books on Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Cobden, Cromwell, Gladstone; in 1917 Morley published two volumes of Memoirs. – 178.

Most (Most), Johann Joseph (1846–1906) – German social democrat, subsequently anarchist, by profession a bookbinder-worker. In the 1860s he joined the workers' movement, became close to social democracy, became a journalist; in 1874–1878 was elected Reichstag deputy. In theory Most was a follower of Dühring, in politics pursued the anarchist idea of "propaganda of the deed," considered immediate proletarian revolution possible. After the publication in 1878 of an exceptional law against socialists Most emigrated to London, where he published the anarchist newspaper "Freiheit" ("Freedom"), about which Marx wrote: "We cannot fault Most because his 'Freiheit' is too revolutionary. We accuse him of the fact that it contains no revolutionary content whatsoever, only revolutionary phrases" (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. XXVII, 1935, p. 63). On the pages of the newspaper Most called upon workers to engage in individual terror, in which he saw the most effective means of revolutionary struggle. In 1882 Most emigrated to the USA, where he continued to publish "Freiheit." In subsequent years he withdrew from the workers' movement. – 424.

Mushenko, I. N. (born 1871) – deputy to the Second State Duma from Kursk Province, one of the leaders of the Duma faction of SRs, by profession an engineer. In the Duma he was a member of the agrarian commission, was the official spokesman of the SR party on the agrarian question. – 159.

Mülberger (Mülberger), Arthur (1847–1907) – German petty-bourgeois publicist, follower of Proudhon, by profession a physician. In 1872 he published in the central organ of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party, the newspaper "Der Volksstaat" ("The People's State"), a series of articles on the housing question, which provoked sharp criticism from F. Engels. Contributed to the opportunist journal "Die Zukunft" ("The Future"), edited by Hochberg, wrote several works on the history of social thought in France and Germany, spoke out with criticism of Marxism. – 18.

N

N. L. – see Lenin, V. I.

Nadezhdin, L. (Zelensky, E. O.) (1877–1905) – began political activity as a Populist; in 1898 he joined the Saratov social-democratic organization. In 1899 he was arrested and exiled to Vologda Province; in 1900 he emigrated to Switzerland, where he organized the "revolutionary-socialist group" "Freedom" (1901–1903). In the journal "Freedom," in pamphlets "On the Eve of Revolution" (1901), "The Revival of Revolutionism in Russia" (1901), and others, he supported the "Economists" and at the same time preached terror as an effective means of "arousing the masses"; spoke out against Lenin's "Iskra." After the Second Congress of the RSDLP he contributed to Menshevik publications. – 143.

Nikityuk, Ya. S. (born 1873) – peasant. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Volhynia Province; in the Duma he was elected to agricultural and resettlement commissions. – 316.

Nik. – he – see Danielson, N. F.

Nicholas I (Romanov) (1796–1855) – Russian emperor (1825–1855). – 228.

Nicholas II (Romanov) (1868–1918) – the last Russian emperor, reigned from 1894 until the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917. On July 17, 1918, he was shot in Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) by decision of the Ural Regional Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. – 30, 174, 225, 228, 315, 359, 401, 411.

Nicholas – he – see Danielson, N. F.

Novoselsky (Binasik, M. S.) (1883–1938) – social democrat, Menshevik, by profession a lawyer. In 1906 he was a delegate with a decisive vote to the Fourth (Unification) Congress of the RSDLP from the Smorgon organization. During the years of reaction he withdrew from the social-democratic movement. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – chairman of the military section of the Petrograd Soviet and member of the Petrograd Executive Committee; was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. After the October Socialist Revolution – chairman of the coalition cabinet of ministers in Vladivostok; later was engaged in economic work in Moscow. – 165, 167, 260, 269.

Noske (Noske), Gustav (1868–1946) – one of the opportunist leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party. Long before the First World War (1914–1918) he spoke in defense of militarism. During the war – a social-chauvinist, voted in the Reichstag for military credits. In 1918, during the November Revolution in Germany, he was one of the leaders of suppressing the revolutionary movement of sailors in Kiel. In 1919–1920 he was military minister; organizer of the massacre of Berlin workers and the murder of K. Liebknecht and R. Luxemburg, for which he received the nickname "bloody dog." Later he was president of the Prussian province of Hanover. During the years of fascist dictatorship he received a state pension from Hitler's government.

V. I. Lenin called Noske a "social-traitor," one of the "most abominable executioners from among the workers in the service of monarchy and counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 29, p. 283). – 189, 190, 192.

O

Orlov, V. I. (1848–1885) – statistician, one of the founders of zemstvo statistics in Russia. From 1875 he headed the statistical bureau of the Moscow provincial zemstvo; under his direction statistical work was also conducted in Tambov, Kursk, Orel, Voronezh, and Samara provinces. One of the first to apply the method of comprehensive expedition-based household investigation according to an extensive program. The "Collections of Statistical Data on Moscow Province," vols. I–IX, are largely due to Orlov. K. Marx and V. I. Lenin used the data from Orlov's works. – 81.

P

Pernerstorfer (Pernerstorfer), Engelbert (1850–1918) – Austrian social democrat, by profession a teacher. In 1885 he was elected deputy to the Reichsrat; in 1896 he joined the right opportunist wing of the social-democratic party, from 1897 – member of its Central Committee. Participated in almost all congresses of the Second International. In 1907, as chairman of the social-democratic faction in the Reichsrat, he was elected its vice-president. During the First World War (1914–1918) he took an extremely chauvinist position. – 247.

Peter – see Ramishvili, N. V.

Petrov, K. M. (Petrov 3rd) (born 1877) – labor representative, secretary of the Labor Group faction; by profession a typesetter. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Perm Province; in the Duma he was elected to commissions: urban, on the workers' question, budgetary, and others. – 319.

Peshekhonov, A. V. (1867–1933) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the 1890s – liberal Populist; contributor, and from 1904 – member of the editorial board of the journal "Russian Wealth"; contributed to the liberal-monarchist journal "Liberation" and the SR newspaper "Revolutionary Russia." In 1903–1905 he was a member of the "Union of Liberation," from 1906 – one of the leaders of the petty-bourgeois "People's Socialists" party (enesy). After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Minister of Food of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution he fought against Soviet power; from 1922 – White émigré. – 158.

Piker, A. S. – see Martynov, A.

Pleve, V. K. (1846–1904) – reactionary state figure of Tsarist Russia, in 1881–1884 – director of the police department; from 1902 – Minister of Internal Affairs. Under him peasant movements in Poltava and Kharkov provinces were brutally suppressed, a number of zemstvos were destroyed; Pleve encouraged the reactionary Russification policy on the outskirts of Russia. In order to distract the masses from struggle against autocracy, he contributed to the unleashing of the Russo-Japanese War; for the same purpose he organized Jewish pogroms, encouraged "Zubatovism." His policy caused widespread hatred of him in Russian society. On July 15, 1904, he was killed by SR E. S. Sazonov. – 144.

Plekhanov, G. V. (1856–1918) – outstanding figure of Russian and international workers' movement, first propagandist of Marxism in Russia. In 1875, while still a student, he established contact with Populists, with Petersburg workers, and engaged in revolutionary activity; in 1877 he joined the Populist organization "Land and Liberty," and in 1879, after its split, became head of the newly created Populist organization "Black Repartition." In 1880 he emigrated to Switzerland, broke with Populism, and in 1883 in Geneva created the first Russian Marxist organization – the "Emancipation of Labor" group. In the 1890s Plekhanov fought against Populism, spoke out against revisionism in the international workers' movement. In the early 1900s together with V. I. Lenin he edited the newspaper "Iskra" and the journal "Dawn," participated in preparations for the Second Congress of the RSDLP. At the congress – delegate from the "Emancipation of Labor" group.

From 1883 to 1903 Plekhanov wrote a number of works that played a major role in defending and propagating the materialist worldview: "Socialism and Political Struggle" (1883), "Our Differences" (1885), "On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History" (1895), "Essays on the History of Materialism" (1896), "On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History" (1898) and others.

However, even at that time he had serious errors, which became the embryo of his future Menshevik views. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP Plekhanov took a conciliatory position toward opportunism, and subsequently joined the Mensheviks. During the revolution of 1905–1907 on all fundamental questions he stood on Menshevik positions; underestimated the revolutionary role of the peasantry, called for an alliance with liberal bourgeoisie; while recognizing in words the idea of proletarian hegemony, in practice he spoke against the essence of that idea. Condemned the December armed uprising of 1905. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge he spoke against the Machist revision of Marxism and liquidationism, headed the group of "Menshevik-partisans." During the First World War (1914–1918) he took a position of social-chauvinism, defended the Menshevik tactic of "defensism."

After returning to Russia following the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, he headed the far-right group of Menshevik-defenders "Unity," actively spoke out against the Bolsheviks, against the socialist revolution, believing that Russia had not matured for the transition to socialism. He responded negatively to the October Socialist Revolution, but did not participate in the struggle against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin highly valued Plekhanov's philosophical works and his role in spreading Marxism in Russia; at the same time he sharply criticized Plekhanov for deviations from Marxism and major errors in political activity. – 20, 27, 28, 34, 43, 44, 47, 48, 152, 156, 157, 163, 164–165, 171–172, 184–185, 251, 253, 258, 285–289, 318, 319, 320, 369, 386, 387.

Polovnev, A. V. – agent of the security police, one of the founders of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People," head of the combat squad of the "Union" in the Neva district. In July 1906 he participated in the murder of State Duma member, Cadet M. Ya. Hertsenstein, for which he was sentenced but soon received a pardon from the tsar. – 401.

Popov, A. A. (Popov 2nd) (born 1868) – rural priest. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Vyatka Province; in the Duma he belonged to the Progressist faction; was a member of commissions: on religious confession and the Orthodox Church. – 319.

Popov, I. N. (Popov 4th) (born 1878) – peasant. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Vologda Province; in the Duma he was first moderate-right-wing, then non-party; was a member of resettlement and trade-industrial commissions. – 316.

Prokopovich, S. P. (1871–1955) – bourgeois economist and publicist. In the late 1890s – prominent representative of "Economism," one of the first preachers of Bernsteinism in Russia. Subsequently an active member of the liberal-monarchist organization "Union of Liberation." In 1906 – member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. Editor-publisher of the semi-Cadet, semi-Menshevik journal "Without a Title," active contributor to the left-Cadet newspaper "Comrade," author of books on the workers' question written from Bernsteinist-liberal positions. In 1917 – Minister of Food of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution he was expelled from the USSR for anti-Soviet activity. – 70, 151, 379, 405.

Purishkevich, V. M. (1870–1920) – major landowner, fierce reactionary Black Hundredist, monarchist. From 1900 he served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 1904 – official on special assignments at the Ministry of Internal Affairs under Pleve. Was one of the initiators in creating the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People"; in 1907 he withdrew from this union and formed a new monarchist counter-revolutionary organization – the "Chamber of the Archangel Michael"; deputy to the Second, Third, and Fourth State Dumas from Bessarabia Province; gained wide notoriety for his pogrom-inciting, anti-Semitic speeches in the Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution he actively fought against Soviet power. – 359, 401, 435.

R

Ramishvili, N. V. (Peter, Semenov, N.) (born 1881) – one of the leaders of Georgian Menshevism. In 1902 he joined the social-democratic party, conducted work among the peasants of Georgia. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP he joined the Mensheviks and from then on fought against the Bolsheviks. In 1907 – delegate to the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where he was elected to the Central Committee from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction – a liquidationist. In 1910 he worked in Tiflis as a member of the regional committee of the RSDLP. During the First World War – a defensist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Central Committee of the Georgian Menshevik party, editor of the newspaper "Ertoba" ("Unity"). In 1918–1920 Ramishvili was Minister of Internal Affairs in the Georgian Menshevik government, advocated for Georgia's separation from Russia, fought against Soviet power. In 1923, while abroad, he led a group of Mensheviks who attempted to organize an uprising against Soviet power in Georgia. – 200, 330, 379, 409.

Reclus (Reclus), Jean Jacques Elysée (1830–1905) – renowned French geographer and sociologist, theorist of anarchism; participant in the revolution of 1848 in France. After the state coup of Napoleon III (1851) Reclus emigrated to England. From 1852 to 1857 he lived in Ireland, the USA, and South America. In 1857 he returned to France and published a series of articles about his travels. In 1865 he joined the First International, where he sided with the Bakuninists; was a participant in the Paris Commune of 1871; was taken prisoner in combat with the Versaillais and sentenced to life exile, but as a result of protests by prominent scientists and political figures the exile was replaced with permanent expulsion from France. He lived in Italy, subsequently in Switzerland and Belgium.

Reclus's main works: "New Universal Geography. The Earth and Its People" in 19 volumes (1876–1894), "Man and the Earth" in 6 volumes (1905–1908), "Evolution, Revolution, and the Ideal of Anarchism" (1897), and others. – 227.

Ricardo (Ricardo), David (1772–1823) – outstanding English economist, author of "On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" (1817), "On the Protection of Agriculture" (1822) and other works in which classical bourgeois political economy found its completion. Speaking in defense of the interests of the bourgeoisie in its struggle against the remnants of feudalism, Ricardo upheld the principle of free competition, demanded the elimination of all restrictions that hindered the development of capitalist production. Ricardo's historical significance for economic science lies primarily in his theory of labor value, which he sought to make the basis of all political economy. Developing A. Smith's theory of value, Ricardo proved that value is determined by the labor expended in the production of a commodity, and from this source arise both workers' wages and non-labor incomes – profit and rent. He discovered the opposition between workers' wages and the capitalist's profit, i.e., revealed the clash of interests between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.

However, the class limitations of Ricardo prevented him from giving a truly scientific analysis of capitalism, from revealing the secret of capitalist exploitation. Ricardo considered commodity production and capitalism to be eternal and natural forms of social production. He did not uncover the social nature of value, did not see the difference between value and price of production, and could not understand the origin and essence of money.

K. Marx's critique of Ricardo's theoretical views is given in "Capital," "Theories of Surplus-Value," and other works. – 131, 132, 155.

Rodbertus-Jagetzow (Rodbertus-Jagetzow), Johann-Karl (1805–1875) – German vulgar economist, major Prussian landowner, one of the theoreticians of "state socialism." Rodbertus believed that the contradictions between labor and capital could be resolved by means of a series of reforms conducted by the Prussian Junker state; he counted on preserving, as Engels wrote, "the privileged class for at least the next 500 years" (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. XVI, pt. I, 1937, p. 186). Not understanding the origin of surplus value and the essence of capitalism's fundamental contradiction, Rodbertus attributed the cause of economic crises to the under-consumption of the masses. Rodbertus's main works: "On the Knowledge of Our State-Economic System" (1842), "Social Letters to von Kirchmann" (1850–1851, 1884). – 132, 254.

Rodichev, F. I. (born 1856) – Tver landowner and zemstvo figure, one of the leaders of the Cadet party, member of its Central Committee. Participant in zemstvo congresses of 1904–1905. Deputy to the First, Second, Third, and Fourth State Dumas. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was commissioner of the bourgeois Provisional Government for Finnish affairs. After the October Socialist Revolution – White émigré. – 312.

# Biographical Index [Part 6/7]

Rozhkov, G. E. (born 1864) – peasant, Trudovik. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Stavropol Province; member of the commission on the Orthodox Church. In June 1912 he was present among 200 deputies at an audience with the Tsar, for which he was excluded from the Trudovik faction the following day. – 317, 436–437.

Rozanov, N. S. (born 1870) – Trudovik, physician by profession. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Saratov Province; member of the commissions on budget, public education, and others in the Duma. – 437–438.

Rosen, M. M. (Ezra) – delegate of the Bund at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP on 24–26 August 1908. – 199, 200.

Romanovs – dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors, reigning from 1613 to 1917. – 170.

Rubakin, N. A. (1862–1946) – Russian bibliographer and writer, author of numerous works on bibliography, the history of the book trade in Russia, and popular scientific essays on geography, natural sciences, and other subjects. In 1907 he emigrated to Switzerland, where he lived until the end of his life. Rubakin's principal bibliographic work – *Among Books* (1906). Lenin wrote a review of the second volume of this work, in which he noted: "No solid library will be able to do without Mr. Rubakin's works" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 20, p. 236). V. I. Lenin met with Rubakin abroad and made use of books from his library. Subsequently, Rubakin maintained close ties with the Soviet Union, bequeathed his library of 80,000 volumes to the USSR, which is stored in the Lenin State Library. – 63.

Rubanovich, I. A. (1860–1920) – one of the leaders of the SR party. Initially took active part in the Populist movement; in the 1880s emigrated to Paris, where in 1893 he entered the "group of old Populists." With the formation of the SR party – an active member of it. Took direct part in the journal *Herald of the Russian Revolution*, which from 1902 became the official organ of the SR party. Representative of the SR party at the International Socialist Congresses in Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907). Member of the International Socialist Bureau. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution – an opponent of Soviet power. – 237, 239, 246–246.

Rudnev, V. A. – see Bazarov, V.

Rudnev, S. F. (died 1909) – statistician, assistant chief of the statistical department of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo administration, author of the article "Occupations of Peasants in European Russia," published in the *Collection of the Saratov Zemstvo*, 1894, nos. 6 and 11. – 777.

Roussel, Angela – French socialist. From 1907 to 1912 – member of the permanent administrative commission of the French Socialist Party. Subsequently withdrew from political activity. – 237, 239.

S

Sattar Khan (born in the 1870s – died 1914) – leader of the democratic movement in Iranian Azerbaijan, a national hero of Iran. Took part in the workers' movement of the Caucasus, was a member of the social-democratic organization "Hummet." During the revolution of 1905–1911 in Iran, he waged struggle against the reactionary Iranian authorities; in 1908–1909 he led a popular uprising in Tabriz (Tebriz) against the Shah's power and the detachments of Azerbaijani feudalists for the restoration of the constitution, in this struggle displaying outstanding abilities as a popular leader and military organizer. Sattar Khan enjoyed enormous popularity among the broad masses of Iranian Azerbaijan and all of Iran. – 227.

Semenov, N. – see Ramishvili, N. V.

Stolypin, P. A. (1862–1911) – statesman of Tsarist Russia, major landowner. In 1906–1911 – Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia. His name is associated with a period of the most severe political reaction with widespread application of capital punishment to suppress revolutionary movement ("Stolypinist reaction" of 1907–1910). Stolypin carried out an agrarian reform aimed at creating in the kulaks a support for Tsarist autocracy in the countryside. However, his attempt to reinforce the rotting autocracy by implementing certain reforms from above in the interests of the bourgeoisie and landowners ended in failure. In 1911 Stolypin was killed in Kyiv by the SR Bogrov. – 12, 13, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 144, 158, 212, 214, 266, 274, 275, 313, 315, 321, 360, 364.

Storchak, I. I. (born 1862) – peasant, non-partisan. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Kherson Province; member of the commission for combating alcoholism. – 315–316.

Streltsov, R. E. (born 1875) – man of letters, publicist. From 1900 to 1914 was in emigration, chiefly in Germany, contributed to foreign social-democratic publications, and also to the left-Cadet newspaper *Companion* published in Russia. Upon his return to Russia worked in various commissions attached to the city administration of Petrograd. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in economic organs in Moscow and Yaroslavl. – 34.

Struve, P. B. (1870–1944) – bourgeois economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the Cadet party. In the 1890s – a leading representative of "legal Marxism," contributor and editor of the journals *New Word* (1897), *Beginning* (1899), and *Life* (1900). Already in his first work *Critical Notes on the Question of Economic Development in Russia* (1894), Struve, while criticizing Populism, came out with "supplements" and "criticism" of the economic and philosophical teaching of K. Marx, solidarized himself with representatives of vulgar bourgeois political economy, preached Malthusianism; he sought to adapt Marxism and the workers' movement to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Struve was one of the theorists and organizers of the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation" (1903–1905) and editor of its illegal organ – the journal *Liberation* (1902–1905). With the formation in 1905 of the Cadet party – a member of its Central Committee. One of the ideologists of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – a bitter enemy of Soviet power, member of the counterrevolutionary government of Wrangel, a White émigré. – 9, 10, 13, 30, 33, 34, 35, 53, 219, 309, 407, 436.

Surkov, P. I. (1876–1946) – social-democrat, worker-weaver. Bolshevik deputy to the Third State Duma from the workers of Kostroma Province; was an elector to the First and Second State Dumas. Contributed to the legal Bolshevik newspaper *Star* published in Petersburg. After the October Socialist Revolution – non-partisan; worked in a number of Soviet institutions. – 415, 425–426, 431, 434, 438.

T

Tezyakov, N. I. (1859–1925) – major medical figure, in 1884 graduated from Kazan University and worked as a sanitary physician in the Kherson, Saratov, and other zemstvos. Author of many studies on questions of sanitary conditions of labor and life of agricultural workers. After the October Socialist Revolution – an active figure in Soviet public health; from 1920 worked in the People's Commissariat of Health. V. I. Lenin, while giving a positive evaluation of Tezyakov's book *Agricultural Workers and the Organization of Sanitary Supervision Over Them in Kherson Province* (1896), at the same time pointed out certain errors of a Populist character. – 113.

Tilak, Balgangadhar (1856–1920) – prominent figure in the Indian national liberation movement. In 1881 he began publishing the newspaper *Kesari* ("Lion"), in which he spoke out against the English colonial regime. In the Indian National Congress party he headed the left wing, which opposed peaceful, legal methods of struggle against the English colonial regime; called upon the people to struggle against the colonizers by all means, including violence. However, Tilak did not put forward such an economic program as would correspond to the interests of the peasantry and craftsmen; he idealized feudal antiquity, spoke out for the preservation of the caste system.

During the upsurge of the national liberation movement in India in 1905–1908, he called upon the masses to use the experience of the struggle of the Russian people for freedom. In 1908, for his call to struggle against the colonial regime, Tilak was sentenced by the English authorities to 6 years of hard labor. The proletariat of Bombay answered the condemnation of Tilak with a general political strike. In 1914 he was released from prison.

Tilak welcomed the October Socialist Revolution and under its influence came out with demands for the nationalization of railways and other enterprises belonging to English colonizers. – 178.

Timiriazev, V. I. (born 1849) – industrial and financial figure of Tsarist Russia. From 1894 – member of the Council of the Minister of Finance and agent of the ministry in Berlin and Vienna. From 1902 – Deputy Minister of Finance, and from 1905 – Minister of Commerce and Industry. In 1906 he retired, engaged in private commercial and industrial activity; member of the State Council. From 1909 again appointed Minister of Commerce and Industry. In 1912, being director of the board of the "Lena Gold Mining Company," justified the massacre of workers at the mines (Lena massacre). – 407–408.

Titov, I. V. (born 1879) – priest, deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Perm Province; in the Duma belonged to the Progressist faction, entered the commissions on public education, on affairs of the Orthodox Church, and others. In the summer of 1912 he resigned his priesthood. – 316.

Tittoni, Tommaso (1855–1931) – Italian statesman and diplomat. In 1903–1909 – Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy. From 1906 – senator. In 1910–1916 – ambassador in Paris. In 1919 – again Minister of Foreign Affairs, represented Italy at the Paris Peace Conference. In 1919–1928 – Chairman of the Senate. In 1929–1930 was President of the Italian Academy. – 224.

Tolstoy, D. A. (1823–1889) – count, reactionary statesman of Tsarist Russia. In 1865 was appointed Ober-Procurator of the Synod, and from 1866 simultaneously Minister of Public Education; carried out a series of reactionary reforms in primary and secondary schools. From 1882 – Minister of Internal Affairs and Chief of the Gendarmes, introduced draconian "Temporary Regulations," severely limited the independence of zemstvo institutions, fought against the slightest manifestation of free thought. – 308.

Tolstoy, L. N. (1828–1910) – genius Russian writer, one of the greatest writers in the world, who exerted enormous influence on the development of Russian and world literature. In his works Tolstoy illuminated the life of pre-revolutionary Russia, reflected the complex contradictory conditions of that time, which determined the psychology of various classes and various strata of Russian society in the post-reform epoch and their behavior in the revolution of 1905–1907.

By birth and upbringing Tolstoy belonged to the highest landowning nobility – the ruling class of Russia. But he broke with the views of this milieu and came forward as a passionate denouncer of the state and socio-economic orders founded on the enslavement and exploitation of the toiling masses; he fiercely lashed the ruling classes, exposed the injustice of Tsarist courts, the hypocrisy of bourgeois morality, and the like. Tolstoy subjected the Church to sharp criticism, which sanctified autocratic orders, supported and justified oppression and exploitation; for this he was excommunicated from the Church. V. I. Lenin called Tolstoy "a mirror of the Russian revolution." While noting the greatness of the writer, his genius mastery, his outstanding significance for Russian and world literature, Lenin showed that Tolstoy's worldview brilliantly expressed the traits of the historical peculiarity of the first Russian revolution as a peasant bourgeois revolution, reflected the contradictions of this revolution, its strengths and weaknesses.

While denouncing the arbitrary rule of autocracy, Tolstoy preached instead of struggle against serfdom and autocratic-police state "non-resistance to evil by violence," withdrawal from politics, renunciation of revolution, self-perfection; instead of struggle against religion he preached the necessity of replacing the old religion with a new one. Tolstoy could not understand either the workers' movement or the causes of the revolution and its inevitability. His teaching – "Tolstoyism" – bore a utopian and reactionary character and inflicted deep harm on the revolutionary movement. To the characterization of Tolstoy's worldview and evaluation of all his activity V. I. Lenin devoted a series of works: "Leo Tolstoy as a Mirror of the Russian Revolution," "L. N. Tolstoy," "L. N. Tolstoy and the Contemporary Workers' Movement," "Tolstoy and the Proletarian Struggle" (see the present volume, pp. 206–213; Works, 4th ed., vol. 16, pp. 293–297, 300–302, 323–324), and others. – 206–213.

Tomilov, I. S. (born 1873) – minor official of peasant origin; first a Cadet, then switched to the Trudoviks. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Arkhangelsk Province; in the Duma was elected to the commissions on fisheries and legislative proposals. – 318.

Tomsky, M. P. (1880–1936) – joined the party in 1904. In 1905–1906 worked in the Reval organization of the RSDLP; in 1907 – member of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP; member of the editorial board of the Bolshevik newspaper *Proletarian*; participated in the work of the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction took a conciliatory attitude toward liquidators, recallists, and Trotskyists. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Commission of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP(b). After the October Socialist Revolution – Chairman of the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, head of OGIZ. Repeatedly spoke against the Leninist policy of the party. In 1928 together with Bukharin and Rykov headed the right-opportunist deviation in the VCP(b). – 290, 295, 306.

Trepov, D. F. (1855–1906) – in 1896–1905 Moscow Chief of Police; according to the definition of V. I. Lenin – "one of the most hated servants of Tsarism throughout Russia, who became notorious in Moscow for his ferocity, rudeness, and participation in Zubatov's attempts to corrupt the workers" (Works, 5th ed., vol. 9, p. 238). From 11 January 1905 – Petersburg Governor-General, then – Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs; author of the notorious order in October 1905: "do not give blank volleys and do not spare cartridges." Instigator of Black Hundred pogroms. – 36, 53, 305, 314, 315.

Trirogov, V. G. – statistician, assistant chairman of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, author of the book *The Commune and the Tax* (1882). – 81.

Trotsky (Bronstein), L. D. (1879–1940) – bitter enemy of Leninism. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Siberian Union, minority Iskraist; after the Congress waged struggle against the Bolsheviks on all questions of theory and practice of the socialist revolution. During the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge, disguising himself with the mask of "non-factionalism," he actually stood on the positions of liquidators, in 1912 was the organizer of the anti-party August Bloc; during the First World War occupied a centrist position, waged struggle against V. I. Lenin on questions of war, peace, and revolution. Having returned after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 from emigration, he entered the group of "Interdistrict-ists" and together with them at the Sixth Congress of the RSDLP(b) was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution – Commissar of Foreign Affairs, Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. In 1918 was an opponent of the Brest Peace, in 1920–1921 headed the opposition in the trade union discussion, from 1923 waged bitter factional struggle against the general line of the party, against the Leninist program of building socialism, preached the impossibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR. The Communist Party, having exposed Trotskyism as a petty-bourgeois deviation in the party, routed it ideologically and organizationally. In 1927 Trotsky was expelled from the party, in 1929 for anti-Soviet activity was deported from the USSR, and in 1932 was deprived of Soviet citizenship. Remaining abroad, he continued his struggle against the Soviet state and the Communist Party, against the international communist movement. – 381–385.

U

Uvarov, A. A. (born 1859) – count, major landowner, zemstvo figure, official of the Ministry of Internal Affairs under Pleve. Deputy to the Third State Duma from Saratov Province; in the Duma was first in the Octobrist faction, then switched to non-aligned, and finally joined the Progressists; entered the commissions on local self-government, urban affairs, and others. – 434.

Uvarov, M. S. – author of the article "On the Influence of Temporary Occupations on the Sanitary Condition of Russia," published in the journal *Herald of Public Health, Judicial and Practical Medicine* for 1896, July. – 110.

F

Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804–1872) – outstanding German philosopher-materialist and atheist. From 1828 – privatdocent at Erlangen University; in his first work *Thoughts on Death and Immortality* (1830) he came out against the Christian religious dogma of the immortality of the soul; the book was confiscated, Feuerbach was persecuted, and soon was dismissed from the university. In 1836 he moved to the village of Bruckberg (Thuringia), where he lived for almost 25 years. In the first period of his philosophical activity he adhered to the left wing of the Hegelian school. By the end of the 1830s he moved away from idealism; in his works *Towards a Critique of Hegelian Philosophy* (1839) and *The Essence of Christianity* (1841) he breaks with Hegelianism and moves to materialist positions. In his understanding of social phenomena Feuerbach remained an idealist. The anthropological principle proclaimed by him, V. I. Lenin called "merely an imprecise, weak description of materialism" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 38, p. 72). Feuerbach was unable to overcome the contemplative character of metaphysical materialism and recognize the role of practice in the process of cognition and social development.

Feuerbach was an ideologist of the most radical, democratic strata of German bourgeoisie. During the revolution of 1848 he recognized the paramount importance of politics, however, he himself was far from political activity; after the revolution his influence in Germany notably declined. In his last years he was interested in socialist literature, read Marx's *Capital* and in 1870 joined the social-democratic party of Germany.

A comprehensive analysis of Feuerbach's philosophy is given in K. Marx's "Theses on Feuerbach" and in F. Engels' work *Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy* (see K. Marx and F. Engels. *Selected Works in Two Volumes*, vol. II, 1955, pp. 339–382, 383–385). – 415, 418, 424, 444.

Ferdinand I of Coburg (1861–1948) – Bulgarian Prince (1887–1908) and Tsar (1908–1918); descended from a German princely house. As a result of the intrigues of Austro-German diplomacy and the support of part of the Bulgarian bourgeoisie, in 1887 he was elected Prince of Bulgaria. By his policy he contributed to the unleashing of the 2nd Balkan War (1913) and the involvement of Bulgaria in the First World War (1914–1918) on the side of Germany and its allies. In connection with the Vladaya rebellion of soldiers of the Bulgarian army, Ferdinand I in October 1918 abdicated the throne and fled to Germany. – 224.

Vollmar, Georg Heinrich (1850–1922) – one of the leaders of the opportunistic wing of the social-democratic party of Germany, journalist. In the mid-1870s he joined the social-democrats, in 1879–1880 edited the party organ *The Social-Democrat* published illegally in Zurich; was repeatedly elected deputy to the Reichstag and the Bavarian Landtag. After the repeal of the exceptional law against socialists, Vollmar came out in 1891 in Munich with two speeches in which he proposed to limit the party's activity to struggle for reforms, called for agreement with the government. Together with Bernstein, Vollmar became an ideologist of reformism and revisionism. He spoke out against the intensification of class struggle, proved the advantages of "state socialism," called upon social-democracy to form an alliance with liberals; in developing the party's agrarian program, defended the interests of small landowners. During the First World War stood on the positions of social-chauvinism. In his last years withdrew from active political activity. – 189, 190, 192, 194.

Franz Joseph I (1830–1916) – Austrian emperor (1848–1916). – 224, 242.

Ch

Cherevarin, N. (Lipkin, F. A.) (1868–1938) – one of the leaders of Menshevism, extreme liquidator. Participant in the Fourth (Unity) and Fifth (London) Congresses of the RSDLP. Contributor to liquidator publications, one of the authors of the "Open Letter" of 16 Mensheviks on the liquidation of the party (1910); after the August anti-party conference of 1912 – member of the Menshevik center (OK). During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. In 1917 one of the editors of *Workers' Newspaper*, the central organ of the Mensheviks, and member of the Menshevik Central Committee. Took a hostile attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution. – 275, 280, 368, 379, 405, 445.

Chernyshevsky, N. G. (1828–1889) – great Russian revolutionary democrat and utopian socialist, scholar, writer, literary critic; one of the outstanding predecessors of Russian social-democracy. Chernyshevsky was the ideological inspirer and leader of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1860s in Russia. The journal *Contemporary*, which he edited, was the voice of the revolutionary forces of Russia. Chernyshevsky came out with an angry denunciation of the serf character of the "peasant reform" of 1861, called upon the peasants to rise in rebellion. In 1862 he was arrested by the Tsarist government and imprisoned in the Peter-Paul Fortress, where he spent about two years, and then was sentenced to seven years of hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia. Only in his declining years was Chernyshevsky released from exile. Until the end of his life he remained a passionate fighter against social inequality, against all manifestations of political and economic oppression.

The services of Chernyshevsky in the development of Russian materialist philosophy are enormous. His philosophical views were the pinnacle of all pre-Marxist materialist philosophy. The materialism of Chernyshevsky bore a revolutionary, active character. Chernyshevsky sharply criticized various idealist theories and sought to rework Hegel's dialectics in a materialist spirit. K. Marx valued the works of Chernyshevsky very highly and called him a great Russian scholar. Lenin wrote of Chernyshevsky that he was "the only truly great Russian writer who managed from the 1850s right up to the 88th year to remain at the level of integral philosophical materialism… But Chernyshevsky could not, or more precisely: could not, owing to the backwardness of Russian life, rise to the dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 14, p. 346).

Chernyshevsky is the author of a series of brilliant works in the field of political economy, literature, history, ethics, and aesthetics. His literary-critical works exerted enormous influence on the development of Russian literature and art. More than one generation of revolutionaries in Russia and abroad was educated on Chernyshevsky's novel *What Is to Be Done?* (1863). – 444.

Chizhevsky, P. I. (born 1861) – member of the Cadet party, Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist; deputy to the First State Duma from Poltava Province. After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated abroad, contributed to the weekly *Will* – organ of the counterrevolutionary Ukrainian Rada. – 135–136, 263.

Chitikin, F. N. (born 1876) – deputy to the Third State Duma from Amur Region; in the Duma first entered the social-democratic faction (until 1909), then was non-aligned. During his time in the social-democratic faction did not obey its decrees, and also did not recognize party leadership. – 303.

Genghis Khan (Temüjin) (born c. 1155 – died 1227) – Mongol Khan and commander. In 1206 he completed the unification of Mongolia, created a state consolidating the rule of the nobility over the mass of ordinary nomadic herders. Genghis Khan introduced a system of universal military service, created a numerous cavalry, organized a privileged military estate from which he composed an elite guard, after which he began a broad policy of conquest. Having conquered the Uighurs in 1209–1210, Genghis Khan undertook campaigns in Northern China, Central Asia, Iran, and the South Caucasus. These campaigns were accompanied by wild robbery and violence against the local population. The empire created by Genghis Khan disintegrated in the 1260s of the 13th century. – 178.

Chuprov, A. I. (1842–1908) – professor-economist, liberal. Was chairman of the statistical department of the Moscow Juridical Society. Author of numerous works on railway management and the agrarian question. Editor of the liberal-Populist collection *The Influence of Harvests and Grain Prices on Certain Aspects of Russian National Economy* (1897) and author of one of the articles in this collection. Chuprov's agrarian works were subjected to sharp criticism by V. I. Lenin. – 12.

Sh

Shanin, M. (Shapiro, L. G.) (1887–1957) – in the revolutionary movement from 1902; in 1903 entered the Riga organization of the Bund. Delegate to the Fifth (London) Congress of the RSDLP from the Dvina organization of the Bund. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 entered the RSDLP, was a Menshevik. From 1918 – member of the RCP(b), worked in the People's Commissariat of Education, was engaged in political work in the Red Army. From 1920 to 1921 – member of the Presidium of the Chief Committee of Political Education. From 1925 to 1929 worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR. Author of a series of scholarly works. – 124–125, 159.

Shapiro, L. G. – see Shanin, M.

Schwarz, A. N. (1848–1915) – reactionary figure of Tsarist Russia, by education a philologist. For several years was a teacher. In 1908–1910 – Minister of Public Education; carried out a series of reactionary measures in secondary and higher education: abolition of university autonomy, prohibition of admission of women as auditors in higher educational institutions, strict implementation of the percentage quota for Jews upon admission to educational institutions. – 214, 218–219, 303.

Schoen, Wilhelm Eduard (1851–1933) – German diplomat, baron. In 1900 was minister resident in Copenhagen; in 1906 – ambassador in Petersburg; in 1907–1910 – Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1910–1914 was ambassador in Paris. – 224.

Shidlovskiy, S. I. (born 1861) – Octobrist, landowner, zemstvo figure. In 1900 – member of the Council of the Peasant Bank; in 1905 – director of the department of agriculture. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Voronezh Province; was a member of the commissions on land, agriculture, and others. – 308, 309, 310, 312.

Shingarev, A. I. (1869–1918) – Cadet, zemstvo figure, publicist, physician by profession. Chairman of the Voronezh Provincial Committee of the Cadet party, from 1907 – member of the Central Committee of the party. Deputy to the Second and Third State Dumas from Voronezh Province and to the Fourth Duma from Petersburg; leader of the Duma faction of the Cadets. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Minister of Agriculture in the first composition and Minister of Finance in the second composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. – 312.

Schippel, Max (1859–1928) – German social-democrat, revisionist. In 1887–1890 edited the newspaper *Berlin People's Tribune*, from 1897 took leading part in the journal of German opportunists *Socialist Monthly*. While deputy to the Reichstag (1890–1905), he defended the expansion of German imperialism. During the First World War – one of the most extreme social-chauvinists. In his last years was professor of the Dresden Polytechnic Institute (1923–1928). Took a hostile attitude toward the Soviet Union. – 226, 228.

E

Edward VII (1841–1910) – English king (1901–1910). – 224, 242.

Ezra – see Rosen, M. M.

Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of the international proletariat, friend and comrade-in-arms of K. Marx (see V. I. Lenin's article "Friedrich Engels." Works, 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1–14). – 18, 20, 28, 34, 38, 46, 47, 194, 239, 250, 274, 276–277, 285, 286, 388–389, 413, 415–416, 417, 418, 420, 425, 444.

Hervé, Gustave (1871–1944) – member of the Socialist Party of France, publicist and lawyer. In 1906 he founded the newspaper *Social War*, on the pages of which he propagandized a semi-anarchist program of struggle against militarism. At the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International (1907) he defended this point of view, proposing to answer every war with strikes and uprising. V. I. Lenin in a series of his works exposed the petty-bourgeois character of Hervéism. During the First World War – a fierce social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution spoke out sharply against Soviet Russia and the Bolsheviks. In 1918 was expelled from the Socialist Party of France. In the 1930s was a supporter of closer ties between France and fascist Germany. – 189, 190, 191, 192.

Aehrenthal, Alois (1854–1912) – Austrian statesman and diplomat, count. Engaged in diplomatic work from 1877. In 1895–1898 – minister resident in Romania; in 1899–1906 – ambassador in Petersburg. From 1906 to 1912 was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary. Pursued an expansionist policy in the Balkans. Prepared and carried out the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908), which caused a sharp exacerbation of relations between Austria-Hungary and Russia and a crisis in international relations. – 224.

Chronology of the Life and Activity of V. I. Lenin

(March 1908 – June 1909)

1908

March 1908 – June 1909.

Lenin lives in Geneva (from January 7, new style), then in mid-December (new style) 1908 moves to Paris; edits the Bolshevik newspaper *Proletarian*, organizes the publication of the Central Organ of the party – the newspaper *Social-Democrat* and conducts editorial work in it; directs the preparation and conduct of the Fifth All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP.

March 19 (April 1).

Lenin's article "To the Straight Road" is published as the leading article in no. 26 of the newspaper *Proletarian*.

March 26 (April 8).

Lenin's article "On the 'Nature' of the Russian Revolution" is published as the leading article in no. 27 of the newspaper *Proletarian*; in the same issue a postscript to the article "On the Debate Concerning the Expansion of the Budget Rights of the Duma" is printed.

Second half of March – not later than April 3 (16).

Lenin writes the article "Marxism and Revisionism" for the collection *Karl Marx (1818–1883)*. The collection was published in Petersburg in the period between September 25 and October 2 (October 8 and 15) 1908.

Not earlier than March – not later than October 14 (27).

Lenin makes notes on the book J. Dietzgen. *Kleinere Philosophische Schriften*. Stuttgart, 1903 (J. Dietzgen. *Minor Philosophical Works*. Stuttgart, 1903). Lenin extensively uses this book in the work *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*.

March – October.

Lenin works (from February 1908) on the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*.

Earlier than April.

Lenin makes numerical calculations, notes, and underlinings in the brochure: C. Kautsky. *Die soziale Revolution*. Berlin, 1907 (C. Kautsky. *The Social Revolution*. Berlin, 1907).

April 3 (16).

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin reports on sending his article "Marxism and Revisionism" to print, calling it a "formal declaration of war" against the revisionists (in this article Lenin for the first time came out in print with criticism of Russian Machists – A. Bogdanov, V. Bazarov, and others).

In a letter to A. V. Lunacharsky, Lenin expresses satisfaction that the latter had agreed to write articles and correspondence for *Proletarian* from Italy; in the postscript Lenin writes that he has parted ways with the preachers of the "union of scientific socialism with religion" and with all Machists.

Later than April 3 (16).

Lenin gives his assessment of an article by V. Karpinsky on the formation of an All-Russian trust of metallurgical plants, suggests taking two pages (out of 25) for a note in *Proletarian*, and reworking the entire article into a brochure.

Not later than April 6 (19).

In a letter to M. I. Ulyanova, Lenin reports on his forthcoming trip to Italy.

April 6 (19).

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin writes about disagreements within the Bolshevik faction on questions of philosophy; asks him to send articles for *Proletarian*.

Between April 10 and 17 (23 and 30).

Lenin, at A. M. Gorky's request, comes to Capri and spends several days there. Lenin declares to A. Bogdanov, V. Bazarov, and A. V. Lunacharsky his definite disagreement with them on questions of philosophy.

Together with A. M. Gorky, Lenin inspects the Naples Museum, the surroundings of Naples, Pompeii, climbs Vesuvius.

April 16 (29).

Lenin's articles "Along the Beaten Path!" and "A Bloc of Cadets with Octobrists?" are printed in no. 29 of the newspaper *Proletarian*.

Mid-April.

Lenin in a letter to M. F. Andreeva asks A. M. Gorky to address an open letter to Russian newspapers requesting help for Kuchin's Library in Geneva by sending newspapers of the revolutionary epoch and materials on its history.

April 24 (May 7).

Lenin in Geneva speaks with a report on the theme "Assessment of the Russian Revolution and Its Probable Future."

April.

Lenin makes notes on Engels' article "Über historischen Materialismus" ("On Historical Materialism"), printed in the journal *Die Neue Zeit*, Nr. 1, XI Jahrgang, 1 Band, 1892/93. Lenin used this work by Engels in the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* and in the article "On the Assessment of the Russian Revolution."

Lenin's article "On the Assessment of the Russian Revolution" is published in the Polish journal *Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny* no. 2.

Not earlier than April – not later than July 2 (15).

Lenin makes notes on the article by Siversky (V. Agafonov) "Carthage Must Be Destroyed!", printed in no. 1 of the journal *Revolutionary Thought* (April 1908).

May 1 (14).

Lenin in Paris speaks with a report on the character of the Russian Revolution.

May 3 (16).

Lenin in a letter to the Secretary of the International Socialist Bureau C. Huysmans asks him to give 50 francs to I. R. Romanov, a former deputy of the Second Duma, who had been without work for several months.

May 10 (23).

In no. 30 of the newspaper *Proletarian* Lenin's articles "Cadets of the Second Call" (leading article) and "On the Assessment of the Russian Revolution" (previously published in the Polish journal *Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny* no. 2) are published.

May 28 (June 10).

In a memo to M. Tskhakaev, Lenin expresses a desire to meet him in person and have a conversation.

End of May.

Lenin speaks in Bern with a report for an émigrant and student colony on the theme of two paths of economic and political development of Russia.

May.

Lenin works in the British Museum in London on the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*.

Lenin writes "Ten Questions to the Speaker," which he sends from London as theses for the statement by I. F. Dubrovinsky (Innocenty) at a report by A. A. Bogdanov in Geneva, held on May 15 (28), 1908.

Not later than May.

Lenin makes statistical calculations, numerical computations, underlinings, and notes in the brochure by S. N. Prokopovich and A. P. Mertvago *How Much Land Is There in Russia and How Do We Use It?* (Moscow, 1907). Lenin refers to the materials of this brochure in his works "The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907" and "The Agrarian Question in Russia by the End of the Nineteenth Century."

Not earlier than May.

Lenin makes notes on the book by G. V. Plekhanov *The Fundamental Questions of Marxism* (St. Petersburg, 1908).

Spring.

Lenin speaks in Lausanne with a report on the theme "The Russian Revolution and Its Perspectives" before a group of Russian social-democrats. About 120 people were present at the report.

June 7 (20).

In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin reports on his return from London; in connection with the refusal of the "Moscow philosopher-publisher" – P. G. Dauge to print the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*, he asks his sister, A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, to help find another publisher and send him at least 2–3 unbound copies of the not yet published book *The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907*.

Between June 10 and 14 (23 and 27).

Lenin, together with I. F. Dubrovinsky, N. K. Krupskaya, and others, signs a statement of the editorial board of *Proletarian* addressed to member of the Bolshevik Center V. K. Taratute (Victor) on the necessity of liquidating the conflict between the editorial board of *Proletarian* and A. A. Bogdanov on condition of his fulfilling corresponding demands.

June 17 (30).

In a letter to the International Socialist Bureau C. Huysmans, Lenin reports on the arrest in Russia of several members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP; on sending the first part of the report of the Central Committee of the RSDLP to the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International (1907) in connection with preparation for publication of reports of the congress.

June 18 (July 1).

Lenin completed the work *The Agrarian Question in Russia by the End of the Nineteenth Century* for Granat's Encyclopedic Dictionary. The work was not published at that time due to censorship conditions and was published as a separate brochure only in 1918.

In a letter to V. V. Vorovsky in Odessa, Lenin writes about the intensification of disagreements with A. A. Bogdanov and G. A. Aleksinsky and the inevitability of breaking with them; invites Vorovsky to come to Paris in August in connection with the forthcoming party conference, gives instructions that mandates to the conference should be provided "only to local and only to actual workers"; asks him to send articles for *Proletarian*; asks about the possibility of publishing his book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*.

June 25 (July 8).

In a letter to F. A. Rothstein, Lenin reports on his decision to postpone until the forthcoming plenum of the Central Committee sending a letter to the English manufacturer Joseph Fels concerning a loan received from him in 1907 to pay expenses in connection with the conduct of the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP.

In a letter to the ISB, Lenin reports on sending to Russia a letter from C. Huysmans from July 3, 1908, which contained a request to expedite sending to the ISB the conclusion of the report of the Central Committee of the RSDLP for the prepared edition of the report on the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International.

June 30 (July 13).

In a letter to M. I. Ulyanova, Lenin asks to send one copy of the second part of the second volume of his Collected Works "For 12 Years," set in type at the "Grain" publishing house, into which the work "The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907" was included. (The book was confiscated by police still in the printing house and was published only in 1917.)

June.

At Lenin's suggestion in the newspaper *Proletarian*, a discussion is opened on the question of recallism.

July 2 (15).

Lenin's article "On Certain Features of Present-Day Disintegration" is published as a leading article in no. 32 of the newspaper *Proletarian*.

July 5 (18).

Lenin completed the auto-abstract "The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the Russian Revolution." The abstract was printed in August in the Polish journal *Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny* no. 6.

July 23 (August 5).

In no. 33 of the newspaper *Proletarian*, Lenin's articles "Combustible Material in World Politics" (leading article), "Bellicose Militarism and the Anti-militarist Tactics of Social-Democracy," and "How Peter Maslov Corrects the Rough Drafts of Karl Marx" (from the work "The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907") are published.

July 27 (August 9).

In a letter to his sister M. I. Ulyanova, Lenin invites her and their mother, M. A. Ulyanova, to come to him in Geneva for rest.

August 6 (18).

Lenin writes a letter to M. N. Pokrovsky, in which he asks for his opinion regarding a proposal received from the editor of "History of Russia" to write an article devoted to the history of the factory and plant industry.

August 6 (19).

In a letter to the ISB C. Huysmans, Lenin reports on the arrest in Munich of three Russian comrades and asks him to certify on behalf of the ISB their membership in the s.-d. party.

August 11–13 (24–26).

Lenin in Geneva participates in the work of the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP: speaks with an exposure of Menshevik attempts to liquidate the Central Committee of the party, replacing it with an "information bureau," submits a "Statement Concerning the Calling of the Central Committee Plenum" and draft resolutions "On the Organization of the Central Foreign Bureau" and "On the Incident Concerning the Calling of the Plenum" (both drafts were adopted by the plenum); makes amendments to the draft resolution on the calling of an all-Russian party conference and other plenum documents.

Lenin is elected by the Bolsheviks to the editorial board of the Central Organ of the party.

Between August 13 (26) and December 21 (January 3, 1909).

Lenin directs the preparation of the Fifth All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP.

August 26 (September 8).

In a letter to the ISB C. Huysmans, Lenin reports on the progress of work on the second part of the report of the Central Committee of the RSDLP to the Stuttgart Congress, about receipt of a postcard from C. Huysmans from August 31 (new style) 1908.

August.

Lenin on behalf of the editorial board of the newspaper *Proletarian* demands from A. Bogdanov an open exposition in print of his philosophical and political views.

Summer.

In the postscript to a lost letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin expresses an opinion on the book Lowells' *Mars and Its Canals* and on A. Bogdanov's novel *The Red Star*; reports on the release of a new play by A. M. Gorky "The Last."

Between September 8 (21) and October 2 (15).

Lenin writes the article "The Peaceful Demonstration of English and German Workers" for no. 36 of the newspaper *Proletarian*. The article was not published at that time (printed in 1933).

Not later than September 10 (23).

Lenin makes editorial corrections to the article "On the Question of the Activity of Our Duma Faction." The article was published in the newspaper *Proletarian* no. 35 from September 11 (24), 1908.

September 11 (24).

Lenin's article "Leo Tolstoy as a Mirror of the Russian Revolution" is published as a leading article in no. 35 of the newspaper *Proletarian*.

September 12 (25).

Lenin writes a letter to the International Socialist Bureau C. Huysmans, in which he reports on sending 600 francs as payment of the current contribution of the RSDLP for 1908.

September 17 (30).

In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova at Mikhneevo station, Lenin reports on his forthcoming trip to Brussels for the meeting of the ISB, opening on October 11, about his intention to go for one week to Italy after finishing work on the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*.

Between September 25 and October 2 (October 8 and 15).

Lenin's article "Marxism and Revisionism" is published in the collection *Karl Marx (1818–1883)*, which came out in Petersburg.

September 27 (October 10), 3 p.m.

Lenin participates in the work of a conference of socialist journalists in Brussels.

In the evening.

Lenin is present at the "People's House" at an international rally devoted to the struggle of the proletariat of all countries for the preservation of peace.

September 28 (October 11).

[Text breaks off]

[Part 7/7] Lenin participates in a session of the International Socialist Bureau in Brussels; delivers criticism of K. Kautsky's resolution on the admission of the English Labour Party (Labour members) into the International and speaks out against the acceptance of socialist Zionists into the Russian subsection of the International.

September 29 (October 12).

Lenin attends a session of an international conference of socialists – members of parliamentary factions – in Brussels.

Between September 30 and October 15 (October 13 and 28).

Lenin writes the article "Session of the International Socialist Bureau." The article was published on October 16 (29), 1908 in the newspaper *Proletariy* No. 37.

September.

October 3 (16).

Lenin's article "The Student Movement and the Contemporary Political Situation" is published as the leading article in No. 36 of the newspaper *Proletariy*.

Between October 5 and 15 (October 18 and 28).

Lenin writes the article "Events in the Balkans and Persia." The article was published on October 16 (29), 1908 in the newspaper *Proletariy* No. 37.

October 13 (26).

Lenin sends K. Huysmans the text of his amendment to K. Kautsky's resolution on the admission of the English Labour Party into the International and asks that it be printed in the official report of the session of the International Socialist Bureau held on October 11, 1908.

October 14 (27).

Lenin informs A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova in a letter of the completion of work on the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*, asks for a reliable address for sending the manuscript, and requests that a publishing contract for this book be concluded at the earliest opportunity.

October 14 or 15 (October 27 or 28).

Lenin sends to A. A. Bogdanov, along with his note, a letter from Yu. M. Steklov, in which Steklov offered Lenin to participate in a collection devoted to the life and activities of N. G. Chernyshevsky. In an accompanying note, Lenin informed of his agreement to write an article for the collection if he were given a philosophical theme. The publication of the collection did not materialize.

October 16 (29).

In No. 37 of the newspaper *Proletariy*, Lenin's articles "Events in the Balkans and Persia," "Session of the International Socialist Bureau," and "P. Maslov in Hysterics" are published.

October 28 (November 10).

In a letter to Menshevik-Machist P. S. Yushkevich in Petersburg, Lenin rejects the proposal to collaborate in the planned literary-philosophical collections.

October-November.

Lenin's article "Several Remarks on the Occasion of P. Maslov's 'Reply'" is published in the Polish journal *Przegłąd Socjaldemokratyczny* No. 8–9.

November 1 (14).

Lenin's article "On the Assessment of the Current Moment" is published in No. 38 of the newspaper *Proletariy*.

November 4 (17).

In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin informs of the final decision to move to Paris; asks her to inform his sister – Anna Ilyinichna – that the manuscript of the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* has been sent to Podolsk (to V. A. Levitsky).

November 13 (26).

Lenin's articles "How Plekhanov and Co. Defend Revisionism" and "Regarding Two Letters" are published in No. 39 of the newspaper *Proletariy*.

November 18 (December 1).

In a letter to the ISB, K. Huysmans, Lenin answers his questions about the illegal organization of the RSDLP in Russia, about the existence of the CC Bureau of the RSDLP abroad, etc., and asks the ISB to provide information necessary to the secretary of the Social-Democratic faction of the Duma on the following questions: on the limitation of working hours, on trade unions, on benefits for involuntary unemployment, on factory inspection, on the work of women and children, on insurance for miners, on the wages of manual laborers, etc.

In a letter to V. K. Taratute, Lenin answers his inquiry and Tyshka's telegram regarding representatives of the CC RSDLP at the congress of the Social-Democrats of Poland and Lithuania; protests against Tyshka's proposal to appoint B. I. Gorev (Igor) as CC representative.

November 27 (December 10).

In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin informs of the date of departure from Geneva to Paris, writes about the telegram sent to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova about the immediate acceptance of the terms of the contract for publishing the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* at the Moscow publishing house "Zveno," and advises that the contract be concluded in his name rather than in the name of Anna Ilyinichna to avoid her being held liable under the press laws.

November 30 (December 13).

In a letter to K. Huysmans, Lenin informs that everything possible has been done so that the deputies of the III Duma submit payment of their dues to the ISB; promises to answer within several days the question about the deadline for sending the report of the CC RSDLP for the ISB report being prepared on the Stuttgart Congress.

December 1 (14).

Lenin's article "Agrarian Debates in the III Duma" is published in No. 40 of the newspaper *Proletariy*.

Lenin writes a letter (in French) to the chairman of the Committee of the Geneva Society of Book Lovers, in which he reports his withdrawal from the society in connection with moving to Paris and expresses gratitude for the assistance rendered in the use of books.

Lenin and Krupskaya move from Geneva to Paris, where the publication of the newspaper *Proletariy* is transferred. Upon arrival in Paris, V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya stay at the "Hôtel de Gobelins" on Boulevard Saint-Marcel, 27. Later they move to house No. 24 on Rue Bonnier, on the outskirts of the city, and then to Rue Marie-Rose, house No. 4.

December 21 (January 3, 1909).

Lenin participates in a session of the plenum of the CC RSDLP in Paris, at which a report on the work of convening the conference was discussed.

December 21–27 (January 3–9, 1909).

Lenin participates in the work of the V All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP in Paris: delivers a report "On the Contemporary Moment and the Tasks of the Party," submits a draft resolution on this question (the draft is adopted by the conference with minor amendments); makes a speech on the organizational question, writes directives for the commission on the organizational question (these directives were included in the conference decisions); submits a proposal on the procedure for voting on resolutions and a draft resolution on the publication of the conference decisions, submits a factual statement regarding the Mensheviks' draft on the liquidation of the CC and several other factual statements exposing the liquidationist nature of Menshevik policy; makes a speech during the discussion of the question on the Duma Social-Democratic faction; writes practical instructions on the question of budget votes of the Social-Democratic Duma faction and submits a series of amendments to draft resolutions on other questions.

December 27–29 (January 9–11, 1909).

Lenin participates in the work of the plenum of the CC RSDLP, at which the resolutions of the V All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP are ratified.

December 30 (January 12, 1909).

In a letter (in French) to the chief administrator of the National Library, Lenin requests a library card.

December.

Lenin delivers a report in Paris on the contemporary situation in Russia.

1908.

Lenin makes notes in the book: Ludwig Feuerbach. *Sämmtliche Werke*. Zweiter Band, Leipzig, 1846 (Ludwig Feuerbach. *Collected Works*. Second Volume, Leipzig, 1846).

Lenin uses this book in the work *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*.

Not before 1908.

Lenin writes remarks in the book by V. Shulyatikov *Justification of Capitalism in Western European Philosophy. From Descartes to E. Mach* (M., 1908).

After 1908.

Lenin writes remarks in the book: A. Rey. *La Philosophie Moderne*. Paris, 1908 (A. Rey. *Modern Philosophy*. Paris, 1908).

Lenin makes extracts from the article by E. N. Tarnovsky "Statistical Information on Persons Accused of State Crimes."

1909.

Beginning of the year.

Lenin delivers lectures on philosophy in a circle of Bolsheviks in Paris.

January 6 (19).

In a letter (in French) to K. Huysmans, Lenin reports the transfer of 300 francs to the International Socialist Bureau as payment for the RSDLP's contributions for 1908 and promises to prepare Part II of the report of the CC RSDLP for the account of the Stuttgart Congress of the II International.

Before January 7 (20).

Lenin makes notes on the articles "At First," "Regarding a Misunderstanding," "Once More on the Contemporary Moment and the Tactics of the Party," printed in November 1908 in the central organ of the Socialist Revolutionary party – the newspaper *Znamenya Truda* No. 13.

January 7 (20).

Lenin's article "How the Socialist-Revolutionaries Sum Up the Revolution and How the Revolution Summed Up the Socialist-Revolutionaries" is published in No. 41 of the newspaper *Proletariy*.

January 22 (February 4).

Lenin delivers a report in Paris on "The Political Situation in Russia and Two Paths of Capitalist Development of Agrarian Relations."

January 24 (February 6).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin reports receiving the first proofs of the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* and sends a list of misprints; in a postscript to the letter, he reports that he intends to see with his sister Maria Ilyinichna a play by L. Andreev *Days of Our Life*.

January, before 28 (February 10).

Lenin writes a plan for the report "The Contemporary Situation of Russia." The plan was printed in an announcement of the report issued by the Second Paris group in support of the RSDLP.

January 28 (February 10).

Lenin's article "On the Way" is published as the leading article in No. 2 of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*. Lenin delivers a report in Paris on "The Contemporary Situation of Russia."

January.

Lenin addresses a letter to K. Huysmans requesting assistance for striking tanners in Vilna.

Lenin has a conversation at his apartment with I. Ehrenburg, who came from Russia, asking him about the mood of young people, which writers are read more, whether the "Znanie" collections are popular, which plays are being performed in Moscow at the Art Theatre and at Korsh's.

End of January-April.

Lenin works on the proofs of the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* sent to him from Moscow, informs A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova of misprints noticed, makes some corrections and additions to the text of the book.

January-June.

Lenin works in the National Library in Paris.

February 1 (14).

At a meeting of the editorial board of the newspaper *Proletariy*, Lenin insists on an open statement by the editorial board against God-building preached by A. V. Lunacharsky. The editorial article against God-building entitled "Not on the Way" was published on February 12 (25), 1909 in *Proletariy* No. 42.

February, before 12 (25).

Lenin has a conversation with Social-Democrat P. V. Eidukavichius (Martseli) from Lithuania – authorized to collect money for striking tanners in Vilna.

February 12 (25).

Lenin writes a letter (in German) to K. Huysmans, secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, confirming Martseli's authority to collect money for striking tanners in Vilna.

February 17–23 (March 2–8).

Lenin rests in Nice.

February 24 (March 9).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin reports his arrival from Nice to Paris; asks to hasten the publication of the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* and to convey "a thousand thanks" to I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov for his assistance in its publication.

In a letter to the ISB, Lenin reports the completion of work on the report of the CC RSDLP to the Stuttgart Congress of the II International.

February 27 (March 12).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin reports receiving some printed sheets of the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*; asks to "hurry, hurry at all costs" the publication of the book; sends a list of uncorrected misprints; urgently requests that nothing be softened from the passages against Bogdanov and Lunacharsky.

Not later than March 2 (15).

At a meeting of the editorial board of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*, Lenin speaks against the publication of an article by L. Martov "What to Fight For," preaching Menshevik-liquidationist views. The editorial board instructs Lenin to deliver a response article against Martov in the same issue of the newspaper. This response was Lenin's article "The Aim of the Struggle of the Proletariat in Our Revolution," published on March 9 and 21 (March 22 and April 3), 1909 in *Social-Democrat* Nos. 3 and 4.

March 5 (18).

Lenin makes a speech in Paris at a gathering of émigrés on the Paris Commune.

March 10 or 11 (March 23 or 24).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin reports sending an "Addition to § 1 of Chapter IV. 'From What Angle Did N. G. Chernyshevsky Approach the Critique of Kantianism?'" of the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*.

March, before 13 (26).

Lenin delivers a report in Paris on the V All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP.

Not before March 23 (April 5).

Lenin, on behalf of the CC RSDLP, writes a protest to the Board of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party against the distortion of the nature of disagreements among Russian Social-Democrats in the article "The Organizational Question in Russian Social-Democracy," published in No. 79 of the newspaper *Vorwärts* on April 3, 1909.

March 26 (April 8).

In a letter to A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, Lenin asks to take all necessary measures so that the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* is published in the first half of April. "I have bound to its publication," Lenin wrote, "not only literary but also serious political obligations."

March.

Lenin makes a speech in Paris in a discussion on the party's attitude toward the Duma Social-Democratic faction, criticizes the positions of the Recallists and comprehensively elucidates the tactic of using the tribune of the State Duma for revolutionary propaganda and agitation. Lenin addresses a letter to K. Huysmans requesting assistance for striking tanners in Vilna.

April 4 (17).

Lenin's article "A Caricature of Bolshevism" is published in the Appendix to No. 44 of the newspaper *Proletariy*.

Before April 8 (21).

Lenin makes some editorial corrections to the text of an article by R. Luxemburg, directed against Recallists and Ultimatists, and instructs that the corrections be coordinated with the author. R. Luxemburg's article was published in No. 44 of *Proletariy* on April 8 (21), 1909 under the heading "Revolutionary Hangover."

April 8 (21).

Lenin's article "'The Liberalizing' of the Bourgeoisie and the Tasks of the Proletariat" is published in No. 44 of the newspaper *Proletariy*.

April 10 (23).

Lenin writes a letter to I. F. Dubrovsky in connection with the preparation of an expanded session of the editorial board of *Proletariy*.

April 16 (29).

In a letter to I. F. Dubrovsky, Lenin reports the collapse of the leading organizations in the Urals; writes about the difficult situation created on the eve of the meeting of the expanded editorial board of *Proletariy* by the behavior of a group of Recallists headed by A. Bogdanov.

April, not before 21 (May 4).

Lenin presents his sister – Maria Ilyinichna – with a copy of the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* inscribed: "To dear Manyasha from the author."

April 21 (May 4).

Lenin makes a speech in Paris in the discussion on N. A. Semashko (Aleksandrov's) report on the agrarian question.

Lenin writes a letter to I. F. Dubrovsky on matters connected with the preparation of the meeting of the expanded editorial board of *Proletariy*.

April 22 (May 5).

In a letter to I. F. Dubrovsky, Lenin reports the arrival of two members of the Bolshevik Center for the meeting of the expanded editorial board of *Proletariy* and about the meeting of the Paris group in support of the RSDLP held the same day; urgently advises Dubrovsky to continue treatment in a sanatorium.

Between April 29 and May 4 (May 12 and 17).

In Moscow, at the publishing house "Zveno," Lenin's book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. Critical Notes on a Reactionary Philosophy* is published.

End of April-first half of June.

Lenin conducts preparatory work for the convening of the meeting of the expanded editorial board of *Proletariy*.

May 5 (18).

In a letter to R. Luxemburg, Lenin reports sending her a copy of his book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* by registered mail as a souvenir of the conversation "on the subject of Mach"; asks her to include it in the "List of Works Received by the Editorial Office" being printed in *Neue Zeit*; positively assesses R. Luxemburg's article "Revolutionary Hangover."

May 8 (21).

Lenin delivers a report in the club of the editorial board of the newspaper *Proletariy* (Paris) on the subject "Religion and the Workers' Party." In a letter to M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin reports receiving the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*; gives a positive assessment of the publication of the book; notes that "everyone complains only about the price (2 rubles 60 kopeks), but this is apparently already the publisher's fault!"

May 13 (26).

Lenin's article "On the Attitude of the Workers' Party to Religion" is published as the leading article in No. 45 of the newspaper *Proletariy*. In a letter (in French) to the Executive Committee of the International Socialist Bureau, Lenin reports the proposed visits of Tsar Nicholas II to Sweden, Italy, England, and France and proposes that the socialist parties and parliamentary groups be called upon to declare a protest against the Tsar's arrival, as Swedish socialists had done. To his letter, Lenin attached a translation of the inquiry of the Duma Social-Democratic faction of the III State Duma in connection with the Tsar's trip to Europe. Later, the ISB issued an appeal, which was published in the central press of socialist parties in several European countries. A broad wave of protest against the arrival of Nicholas II led to the fact that the Tsar's trip was very brief, and the Tsar did not dare appear in London, Paris, or Rome.

May 15 (28).

Lenin participates in an open discussion in Paris on the subject "Counter-Revolution and the Bourgeoisie in Russia."

Not later than May.

Lenin reads the Cadet collection *Vekhi* ("Landmarks") and makes notes and remarks in it. Lenin gives a critique of this collection in the articles "On *Vekhi*," "*Vekhi* Adherents and Nationalism," and a number of other works.

June 4 (17).

Lenin's article "Classes and Parties in Their Relation to Religion and the Church" is published in No. 6 of the newspaper *Social-Democrat*.

Beginning of summer.

Lenin sends I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov a copy of the book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism* as a token of gratitude for his assistance in its publication.

First half of 1909.

Lenin makes notes on books on natural science and philosophy available in the Sorbonne Library; compiles a detailed summary of the book: L. Feuerbach. *Vorlesungen über das Wesen der Religion* (*Sämtliche Werke*, Bd. 8, Hrsg. Wigand, 1851) (L. Feuerbach. *Lectures on the Essence of Religion* (*Collected Works*, Vol. 8, ed. Wigand, 1851)); reviews the book: L. Feuerbach. *Théogonie nach den Quellen des klassischen, hebräischen und christlichen Altertums* (*Sämtliche Werke*, Bd. 9, Hrsg. Wigand, 1857) (L. Feuerbach. *Theoguny According to the Sources of Classical, Hebrew, and Christian Antiquity* (*Collected Works*, Vol. 9, ed. Wigand, 1857)); records remarks on this book at the end of the notebook containing the summary of *Lectures on the Essence of Religion*.

Not before 1909.

Lenin writes remarks on the article by A. Deborin "Dialectical Materialism," published in 1909 in the collection *At the Threshold*.