## (pp. 1—20)
## [1900—1901 and 1910]

NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES EMPLOYING MACHINES IN 1882:

| | Steam Ploughs [Паровые плуги] | Seed Drills [Сеялки] | Mowing Machines [Косилки] | Steam and Other Threshers [Молотилки] | [Total] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 2 ha | 4,807 | 4,211 | 6,509 | 2,- | |
| 2— | 4,760 | 10,279 | 23,221 | 5,- | |
| 5— | 10,- | 5,- | 6,493 | 9,487 | 15,980 |
| 20—100 | 1,232 | 1,493 | 16,007 | 18,856 | 34,863 |
| 100 and > | 51,822 | 86,632 | 138,454 | 74,589 | 116,225 |
| | 190,814 | 20—100 | 22,975 | 10,681 | 17,960 |
| | | 100 and > | 15,320 | 7,334 | 8,377 |
| | | | 15,011 | 63,842 | 19,634 |
| Total | 75,690 | 298,367 | | |

*The reduction in the number of enterprises using seed drills in 1895 is explained (p. 36*) partly by the fact that "farmers have now begun to use drill machines in place of seed drills."

**The heading was written in blue pencil on the first page of the manuscript. —Ed.

*** Bold figures in the margins here and below denote pages of the manuscript. In the manuscript they were written in blue pencil. —Ed.

**** "that rural proprietors now use row drills instead of ordinary seed drills." —Ed.

Clearly, these machines are taken on p. 5 of these excerpts* for comparison with 1895 (number of instances of use of five agricultural machines). Here are the data for the same machines for 1907 (number of instances of use):

1907 <2 ha . . . 131,489; and per 100 enterprises of the group = 3.8
2—5 . . . 313,641 = 31.,
5—20 . . . 968,349 = 90.9
20—100 . . . 469,527 = 179.1
100 and > . . . 64,098 = 271.«

[Total] = 1,947,104 = 33.,

It should be noted: the distribution of garden land (gärtnerisch benutzt) and forest land:

| | Total enterprises | Their total area | Of which exclusively garden enterprises | % | Garden land ha [hectares] | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 2 ha [hectares] | 3,236,367 | 2,415,914 | 367,402 | 11*. | 99,034 | |
| 2— » | 1,016,318 | 4,142,071 | 1,387 | 0.14 | 50,420 | |
| 5—20 » | 998,804 | 12,537,660 | 0.08 | 79,154 | |
| 20—100 » | 281,767 | 13,157,201 | 0.08 | 57,091 | |
| 100 and > » | 25,061 | 11,031,896 | 0.» | 43,642 | |
| [Total] | 5,558,317 | 43,284,742 | 369,399 | 6.65 | 329,341 | |

*See p. 95 of this Collection. —Ed.

FROM GERMAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

| Enterprises having forests | % | Forest land they have ha [hectares] | Forests ha [hectares] in 1907* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 2 ha | 147,777 | 4.» | 413,033 | 514,279 |
| 2—5 | 222,749 | 21.02 | 546,860 | 654,607 |
| 5—20 | 400,557 | 40.10 | 1,850,277 | 2,121,024 |
| 20—100 | 146,997 | 52.17 | 2,197,830 | 2,186,484 |
| 100 and more | 13,754 | 54.88 | 2,574,276 | 2,203,360 |
| [Total] | 931,834 | 16.78 | 7,582,276 | 7,679,754 |

From these data it is evident that there is concentration also in horticulture, but its scale escapes definition.

Forests are concentrated in large enterprises (> 20 ha — 4.77 million ha out of 7.38, i.e., over 60%).

If one takes all forests (not only those connected with agriculture), it turns out that 953,874 enterprises have 13,725,930 ha of forests and 30,847,317 ha of all land. Almost half of all forests (6,733,044 ha out of 13.7 million, i.e., 49.05%) are in the hands of enterprises having 1,000 and > ha.

Regarding the concentration of commercial horticulture (Kunst- und Handelsgärtnerei = "greenhouse industry" etc.?), there are special data:

| Enterprises by size of commercial gardens | Number of enterprises | % | Their garden land | % | Average quantity of land per 1 enterprise | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | General | Other agricultural | Garden | |
| Under 10 ar [ares] | 7,780 | 23., | 1.5 | | | | |
| 10—50 ar . . . | 13,724 | 42.17 | 3,230 | | | | |
| 50 ar—1 ha [hectare] | 5,707 | 17.54 | 3,677 | | | | |
| 1 ha—2 ha . | 3,397 | 10.44 | 4,808 | | | | |
| 2 ha—5 ha . | 1,441 | 4., | 3,987 | | | | |
| 5 ha and > . | | 5., | 8,124 | | | | |
| [Total] | 32,540 | 100.0 | 23,570 | 100.0 | | | |
| | | | 1.7 | 0.7 | | | |
| | | | 2., | 0.24 | | | |
| | | | 4.! | 0.04 | | | |
| | | | 13.0 | 1.24 | | | |
| | | | 47.7 | 2.78 | | | |
| | | | 109.0 | 16.54 | | | |
| | | | | | 17,313 | 56,519 | 77,945 | 162,277 |
| | | | | | 157,934 | 66,119 | 538,107 | 0.7< |

[Compare David, p. 152, 40% — up to 20 ar]*

*The column containing numerical data for 1907 was added much later (in 1910) on the basis of data from "Landwirtschaftliche Betriebsstatistik," Band 212, Teil la, 1909 (according to the census of June 12, 1907). —Ed.

### Vineyards (Weinbaubelriebe)

Enterprises with vineyards:

| Size of vineyards | Number of enterprises | % | Their vineyards | % | Remaining agricultural land | % of vineyard | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | ha | % | |
| Under 10 ar . . | 88,362 | 25., | 4,962 | 3.04 | 221,310 | 0. 06 | 9. 5 |
| 10—20 ar . . | 81,936 | 23.78 | 11,399 | 9.04 | 258,756 | 0.» | 3., |
| 20—50 ar . . | 103,777 | 30.00 | 32,179 | 25.61 | 371,357 | 0.« | 3.6 |
| 50 ar—1 ha . | 47,148 | 13.87 | 31,407 | 24.90 | 201,888 | 0.68 | 4.3 |
| 1—5 ha . . | 22,542 | 6.53 | 35,399 | 28.07 | 158,247 | 1.57 | 7.0 |
| 5 ha and > . . | 1,085 | 0. | 10,763 | 8.54 | 30,599 | 9.02 | 28.0 |
| [Total] . . . | 344,850 | 100.00 | 126,109 | 100.00 | 1,242,167 | 0.39 | 3.0 |
| | | (49% — 13% = 36%) | | (30% — 26% = 4%) | | (61% — 61%) | |

Categories by size of agricultural (landwirtschaftlich benutzte) land area:

Under 20 ar [ares] . . 1,134.3 ha [hectares]
20—50 » . . 4,476 »
50 ar—1 ha . . 9,867 »
1—2 ha . . 20,794 »
2—5 ha . . 41,158 »
5—20 ha . . 37,649 »
20—100 ha . . 8,746 »
100 and > . . 2,285 »

[Total] = 126,109

Vineyards:
36,271
[up to 1 ha — 15,477 ha
1—10 — 86,890 »
10—50 — 19,015 ha
50 and > — 4,727 »
= 102,367 = 87.7%]

In France:
[up to 1 ha] 136.; thousand ha
[1—10] 637.»
[10—40] 467.»
[40 and >] 558.»

%
[7.58] [42.,]
[35.42]
[25.08]
[31.04]

1,800.5
100.00

FROM GERMAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

Enterprises by Hauptberuf:*

| | 1. Self-employed agriculture | 2. Non-self-employed agriculture | 3. Agriculture + industry + trade + other occupations | 4. Horticulture + industry + trade + other, self-employed | 5. Other occupations | [Total] | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | non-self-employed | | | |
| Under 2 ha | 17.« | 21.30 | ».. | 22.55 | 9.73 | | |
| 2— | »2.20 | 2.48 | 8.68 | 16.31 | 2.80 | | |
| 5—20 | 90.79 | 0.21 | ».. | 6.98 | 1.14 | | |
| 20—100 | 96.18 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 2.52 | 1.15 | | |
| 100 and > | 93.88 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 1.60 | 3.25 | | |
| [Total] | 44.98 | 12.00 | 31.08 | 17.19 | 6.47 | 2,499,130 + (717,037) | |
| | | | | | | + 1,727,703 | |
| | | | | | | + 971,934 + 359,550 = 5,558. | |

[p. 47]*

1 = A 1 Self-employed**
2 = A 1 Non-self-employed***
3 = A — C Non-self-employed
4 = A — C Self-employed
5 = Other occupational types****

The considerable (comparatively!) % in the group 100 and > of non-self-employed (0.35% and 0.39%) is explained by the fact that among the non-self-employed in agriculture here are included only administrative and supervisory personnel (p. 49*).

Then in the group 100 and > the self-employed A—C are mostly foresters, industrialists, and merchants.

* by principal occupation. —Ed.
** self-employed. —Ed.
*** non-self-employed. —Ed.
**** other occupational types. —Ed.
***** administrative and supervisory personnel. —Ed.

The data on the percentage of self-employed rural proprietors with a secondary occupation (Nebenberuf) clearly show the especially advantageous position of proprietors with 100 ha and > (their secondary occupation = forestry, large industry, agricultural technical production, military and civil service, etc.**).

% of self-employed agricultural enterprises with Nebenberuf:

Under 2 ha [hectares] 26.08
2— 25.
5—20 15.,
20—100 8.
100 and > 20.,

(p. 48*)

[Tables of breakdown by occupation category follow]

Machine use preponderates enormously in large enterprises (79% and 94% — against 46% in medium and 14% — 2% in small) (p. 36*)

The same applies to dairy machinery (Note: p. 39*) (31% — 3% in large, 3% — 1% in medium, 1% — 0.02% in small)

*with secondary occupation. —Ed.
** and so forth. —Ed.
*** self-employed. —Ed.
**** non-self-employed. —Ed.
***** other occupational types. —Ed.

FROM GERMAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

**Comparison with 1882:**

| | Steam ploughs | Mowing machines | Steam threshers |
|---|---|---|---|
| | Enterprises > 20 ha [hectares] | Total | > 20 ha | Total | > 20 ha | Total |
| 1882: | 19,634 | 18,015 | 75,690 | 26,337 | | |
| 1895: | 1,696 | 1,602 | 35,084 | 27,493 | 259,364 | 62,120 |
| | + | + | +15,450 | + | +183,674 | + |
| | | | 9,478 | | 35,783 | |
| 1907: | 2,995 | 2,873 | 190,814 | 301,325 | 488,867 | 155,526 |
| | | | 19 0 7: | | 19 0 7: | |
| | | | (+1,299) | (+1,271) | | |

The percentage increase in the number of enterprises using machines was greatest, of course, in the lowest categories: small quantities in % grow faster.

(p. 36* + p. 39*)

Per 100 enterprises using agricultural machines generally:

| | 1882 | p. 36* | 1895 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Under 2 ha | 2.0 | 2.30 | 3.8 | 0.58 | 1.50 | +1.09 |
| 2— | 13.81 | 18.« | 31.3 | 3.01 | 11.87 | +7.08 |
| 5—20 | 45.80 | 56.04 | 90.9 | 20.59 | 43.88 | +23.27 |
| 20—100 | 78.78 | 128.48 | 179.! | 59.17 | 92.01 | +32.8, |
| 100 and > | 94.18 | 352.34 | 271.9 | 187.07 | 208.03 | +21.88 |
| [Total] | 16.38 | 22.30 | 33.9 | 8.08 | 16.59 | +7.01 |
| 5—10 [ha] | | 71., | 13.5 | 32.0 | | |
| 10— | | 122.! | 31.2 | 60.8 | | |

(Compare "Deutsche Volkswirtschaft am Schlüsse 19. Jahrhunderts," p. 514).

*The row containing data on machine use for 1907 was added to the manuscript later (in 1910) (see above, p. 90, footnote **). —Ed.

**See p. 90 of this Collection. —Ed.

**NOTE**

Regarding the comparison of the number of enterprises in 1882 and 1895 using various machines, it should not be forgotten that small and medium enterprises use mostly only threshers in large quantities—for the other machines they use insignificant amounts.

Steam ploughs are used (beginning to be used) only in large enterprises.

Row drills are used by 18—57% of large enterprises, 5% of medium enterprises

Manure spreaders— 3—37% | of large
Milchzentrifugen* — 10—15% | of medium
 | 0% 2% | of small
[dairy equipment] | | 4% | of medium enterprises

Furthermore (Note), both instances of using one's own machines and hired machines were counted. The concentration of machines must, consequently, be even greater.

It should also be noted, concerning the question of concentration of livestock, that in 1895 throughout the German Reich** there were counted:

Without land*** . . . 663 agricultural enterprises | with 6,905 cattle*****
Under 0.1 Ar . . 663 » » | 1,310 »
0.1—2 Ar . 76,223 » » | 4,986 »
2—5 Ar . 212,331 » » | 47,414 »
5—20 » . 748,653 » » | 176,987 »****
20—50 » . 815,047 » » | |

*milk separators. —Ed.
** throughout the German Empire. —Ed.
*** without land area. —Ed.
**** agricultural enterprises. —Ed.
***** cattle. —Ed.
****** less than. —Ed.
******* After this table, the following note was added in the manuscript: "data for 1907." Here it is placed below (see p. 98 of this Collection). —Ed.

FROM GERMAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

**On the question of "latifundian degeneration" (Bulgakov). Data on enterprises with 1,000 and > ha:**

1895: 572 enterprises with 802,115 ha agriculturally used land* (2.46% against 2.33% in 1882)
1,159,674 ha total land** (2.68% against 2.55%)

of which:
798,435 ha of agricultural land proper
3,655 » of gardens
25 » of vineyards
298,589 » of forests (25.75%)
| Wasteland and unusable land*** — 1.78% of all categories.

1907****: 369 enterprises with 695,656 ha total land**

of which 497,973 ha agriculturally used land*****
2,563 » garden land******
0 » vineyards*******
145,990 » forest land********

*agriculturally used land proper. —Ed.
** total land area. —Ed.
*** wasteland and unusable land. —Ed.
**** These data for 1907 were added to the manuscript later (see p. 90 of this Collection, footnote **). —Ed.
***** agriculturally used land generally. —Ed.
****** garden land. —Ed.
******* vineyards. —Ed.
******** forests. —Ed.

[Bracketed: data for 1907]*

They keep livestock — generally — 97.90%; large livestock** — 97.73%; sheep — 86.01%; swine — 90.73%, etc. Quantity of livestock: horses: 55,591 [12,502]; cattle***: 148,678 [120,754]; sheep — 703,813 [376,429]; swine — 53,543 [59,301]; goats — 175 [134].

Use of agricultural machines: generally — 555. Steam ploughs — 81 [120]; seed drills — 448 [284]; manure spreaders — 306; mowing machines — 211 [328]; steam threshers — 500 [337]; milk separators**** — 72 [137] + 140. ([Total] instances of machine use = 2,800).

Furthermore, from among them (enterprises with 1,000 and > ha) connected with sugar factories — 188; with spirits distilleries — 228; with starch factories — [data]; with flour mills — [data]; with breweries — [data]; total — 330 (33,000 : 572 ****) = 57.7%

*This note and the data for 1907 contained in it were added to the manuscript later after the main text (see above, p. 90, footnote **). In the manuscript this note was placed after the table above (on concentration of livestock, p. 96). Here it is brought immediately adjacent to the text to which it pertains. —Ed.
** large livestock. —Ed.
*** cattle. —Ed.
**** milk separators. —Ed.
***** total. —Ed.
****** The calculation of the percentage ratio of 330 to the total sum of 572 enterprises shown here was performed in full in the manuscript. —Ed.

211 cultivate beets (26,127 ha)
302 cultivate potatoes for spirits production and starch production.

21 have milk commerce in the city (1,822 cows)
204 participate in milk cooperatives (18,273 cows)

20,400 : 572* = 35.6[%]

Of 572 — 544 self-employed farmers by Hauptberuf** (of 544 — 227 (42%) without secondary occupation***
317 (58%) with » »)

9 — Hauptberuf self-employed foresters, merchants and industrialists
19 — other occupational types****

Without rented land***** = 63.29% of these enterprises
Those with rented land = 12.56% of all their land.

*The calculation of the percentage ratio of 201 to the total sum of 572 shown here was performed in full in the manuscript. —Ed.
** by principal occupation. —Ed.
*** without secondary occupation. —Ed.
**** other types of occupation. —Ed.
***** without rented land. —Ed.

### Prussia only.

**1895: Number of enterprises using milk separators (Milchzentrifugen)***

| | All number of enterprises | Number of enterprises using separators | with hand drive | with power drive | [Total] | All number of enterprises | 1907** | Number of enterprises using milk separators |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without land [without land area] | — | — | — | — | — | | |
| Under 0.1 Ar [less] | — | — | | | — | | |
| 0.1—2 » | 45,554 | 69,774 | | | | | |
| 2— » | 146,672 | 206,958 | | | | | |
| 5—20 » | 525,466 | 560,511 | | | | | |
| 20—50 » | 520,236 | 515,114 | | | | | |
| 50— 1ha | 410,944 | 385,867 | | 1,515 | | | |
| 1— » | 398,979 | | 1,415 | 1,556 | 362,265 | | 7,606 |
| 2— » | 233,596 | | 1,618 | 1,807 | 223,325 | | 11,828 |
| 3— » | 163,126 | | 1,747 | 2,064 | 166,117 | | 14,058 |
| 4— » | 126,058 | | 1,697 | 2,130 | 131,472 | | 14,991 |
| 5—10 » | 314,634 | | 6,137 | 3,111 | 9,248 | 349,352 | | 58,347 |
| 10—20 » | 214,095 | | 6,492 | 4,565 | 11,057 | 238,808 | | 60,777 |
| 20—50 » | 155,539 | | 7,574 | 4,575 | 12,149 | 147,724 | | 47,349 |
| 50—100 » | 32,575 | | 2,279 | | 3,232 | 28,252 | | 8,506 |
| 100—200 » | 8,697 | | 1,182 | | 8,236 | 2,330 | | |
| 200—500 » | 8,050 | | 1,387 | | 7,871 | 2,031 | | |
| 500—1,000 » | 3,110 | | | | 2,670 | | | |
| 1,000 and > » | 3,308 | 126 | | 32.03 | 15,998 | 48.08 | 3,400,144 | 230,909 |

*milk separators. —Ed.
** The table of data for 1907 in the manuscript was added later (see above, p. 90, footnote **). —Ed.

[Multiple pages of detailed statistical tables and comparative data follow, with extensive notes and calculations by Lenin analyzing the concentration of agriculture in German enterprises of various sizes, livestock holdings, technical production, and labor concentration]

These data on the use of draft livestock show the most significant deterioration of farm conditions, deterioration in the quality of draft livestock in the small-peasant farms.

**[Tables of agricultural statistics with detailed breakdowns by enterprise size, livestock numbers, machinery use, and labor composition]**

[Editorial note follows explaining the nature and sources of Lenin's compilation]

At the conclusion of this material, Lenin notes:

The data on the percentage of self-employed rural proprietors with a secondary occupation clearly demonstrate the especially advantageous position of proprietors with 100 ha and > (their secondary occupation = forestry, large industry, agricultural technical production, military and civil service, etc.).

Data on the concentration of dairy farming show immense concentration, with the overwhelming majority of dairy products produced for sale being produced by large capitalist enterprises.

**Conclusions:**

1. Bulgakov is completely wrong when he says that the quantity of agricultural labor has increased. It has *decreased* in primary occupation. To what extent the increase in agricultural labor in secondary occupation counterbalances this—we cannot judge.

2. The change in the distribution of occupations (in primary occupation) shows:

a) Growth of expropriation: the total number of persons possessing land (proprietors, tenants, and workers) decreased by [X] thousand. The number of proprietors increased by 233 thousand, while the number of workers possessing land decreased by 483 thousand. The poorest sections of the farming population were thus expropriated.

The number of workers employed capitalistically increased by 231 thousand (+7.7%, i.e., it increased to a significantly greater degree than the number of proprietors, which increased by 5.6%).

Consequently, the development of agriculture proceeded precisely and specifically in the capitalist direction.

[It should be noted that to count among hired workers and working members of proprietors' families (category 1)—as the statistics and Mr. Bulgakov do (II, 133)—is completely incorrect. Category 1 = co-proprietor owners, while categories 2—4 = hired workers. Therefore category 1 must be combined with (a) when the question concerns determining the capitalist application of labor.]

As for category 3 [сЗ], this is, of course, an intermediate stratum: on the one hand, they are hired workers; on the other—proprietors. And it is precisely this intermediate stratum that has been swept away most of all in the 13 years [under examination].

**Editorial Note:**

The basic content of Lenin's notebook, entitled by him "From German Agricultural Statistics," consists of excerpts and remarks by Lenin based on "Statistik des Deutschen Reichs," Neue Folge, Bd. 112: "Die Landwirtschaft im Deutschen Reich," Berlin 1898. This processing of data from two censuses (1882 and 1895) of German agricultural enterprises represents preparatory material for Lenin's work "The Agrarian Question and the 'Critique' of Marx" and relates to the first period of this work (1900—1901). However, in a number of places there are later additions by Lenin based on data from the German agricultural census of 1907 from "Statistik des Deutschen Reichs," Band 212, Teil la.—"Berufs- und Betriebszählung vom 12. Juni 1907. Landwirtschaftliche Betriebsstatistik," Berlin 1909, and Band 212, Teil 2a, 1910. These additions were made in 1910 and represent material for a special work by Lenin on agriculture in Germany, intended as a second edition of "New Data on the Laws of Development of Capitalism in Agriculture." All such insertions are indicated in footnotes.