and the individual human being

The Jews demand allgemeine Menschenrechte*.

"In the 'Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher' it was demonstrated to Mr. Bauer that this 'free humanity' and its 'recognition' are nothing other than the recognition of

He was shown that

"The Jew has all the greater right to the recognition of his 'free humanity'" in that "free bourgeois society" bears throughout a commercial, Jewish character, and the Jew is already in advance a necessary member of it."

That "the rights of man" are not innate, but arose historically—this was already known to Hegel (176) [126].

Pointing to the contradictions

Industrial activity is not abolished by the abolition of privileges (guilds, corporations, etc.), but, on the contrary, develops all the more powerfully. Landed property is not abolished by the abolition of the privileges of land ownership, "on the contrary, only after the abolition of the privileges of landed property does its universal movement begin through free parcellation and free alienation" (180) [129].

..."Precisely

Dissolution (Auflosung) (182) [130]

* – does not understand the general contradiction of constitutionalism. Ed.

Eighteenth-century French Enlightenment and French materialism is not only a struggle against the existing political institutions, but equally an open struggle against metaphysics. Metaphysics of the seventeenth century, defeated by the materialism of the eighteenth century, underwent a triumphant and contentful (gehaltvolle) restoration in German philosophy and especially in speculative German philosophy of the nineteenth century. Hegel brilliantly united it with all of metaphysics and German idealism and founded ein metaphysisches Universalreich*. After this came again "an onslaught on speculative metaphysics and on all metaphysics in general. It will be forever vanquished by materialism, which has now, thanks to the work of speculation itself, achieved its completion and coincides with humanism. And just as Feuerbach appeared as the exponent of materialism coinciding with humanism in the theoretical domain, French and English socialism and communism appeared as the exponents of this materialism in the practical domain" (196-197) [139].

There are two directions of French materialism: 1) from Descartes, 2) from Locke. The latter mundet direkt in den Socialismus** (197) [139].

The first, mechanical materialism, transforms into French natural science. "The physician Descartes was still alive when..." At the end of the eighteenth century, Voltaire (199) [140] remarked that the indifference of the French of the eighteenth century to Jesuit and other disputes was caused not so much by philosophy as by financial speculation.

Metaphysics of the seventeenth century (Descartes, Leibniz) was still bound up with positive (positivem) content. It made discoveries in mathematics, physics, etc. In the eighteenth century the positive sciences separated themselves off and metaphysics war fad geworden**.

In the year of Malebranche's death, Helvétius and Condillac were born (199-200) [141].

Theoretically it undermined the metaphysics of the seventeenth century... To this negative refutation a positive, anti-metaphysical system was needed. This was provided by materialism — child of Great Britain. Already her scholastic...

* - metaphysical universal realm. Ed.
** - became flat. Ed.