In 1864, Marx's "Address of the International Working Men's Association" was published in London (there is a Russian translation). Marx was the author of numerous manifestos, addresses, and resolutions of the General Council of the International. All this material has been far from completely worked through and even not fully collected. The first attempt at this work is the book by G. Iékka: "The International" (Russian translation, St. Petersburg, 1906, published by "Znanie"), where, among other things, some letters of Marx and drafts of resolutions composed by him are printed. Among the documents of the International written by Marx is the manifesto of the General Council concerning the Paris Commune, published in 1871 in London as a separate pamphlet under the title: "The Civil War in France" (Russian trans. edited by Lenin, published by "Molot" and other publishers). The period 1862–1874 encompasses Marx's correspondence with Kugelmann, a member of the International (two editions in Russian translation, one translated by A. Goikhbarg, the other edited by Lenin). In 1867, in Hamburg, Marx's principal work appeared: "Capital. A Critique of Political Economy." Vol. I. The second and third volumes were published after Marx's death by Engels in 1885 and 1894. Russian translation: Vol. I – five editions (two in Danielson's translation, 1872 and 1898; two in the translation of E. A. Gurvich and L. M. Zak edited by Struve, 1st ed. – 1899, 2nd – 1905; one edited by Bazarov and Stepanov). Vols. II and III appeared in Danielson's translation (less satisfactory) and in the translation edited by Bazarov and Stepanov (superior). In 1876, Marx participated in the composition of Engels' book "Anti-Dühring" ("Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft"), having reviewed the entire work in manuscript and having written in full the chapter devoted to the history of political economy.

Subsequently, after Marx's death, the following works were published: "Critique of the Gotha Programme" (St. Petersburg, 1906; in German in "Neue Zeit," 1890/91, no. 18). "Wages, Price and Profit" (a lecture delivered on June 26, 1865; "Neue Zeit," XVI, 1897/98; Russian translation published by "Molot," 1906, and by Lvovich, 1905). "The Literary Legacy of K. Marx, F. Engels, and F. Lassalle," 3 volumes. Stuttgart, 1902. (Russian translation edited by Akselrod and others, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1908. Vol. I still under the editorship of E. Gurvich, Moscow, 1907. The letters of Lassalle to Marx were published separately and are included in "The Literary Legacy.") "Letters of K. Marx, F. Engels, and others to Sorge" (two Russian editions, one edited by Akselrod, another with a preface by Lenin, published by Dauge). "Theories of Surplus Value," 3 vols. in 4 parts, Stuttgart, 1905–1910, published from the manuscript of the fourth volume of "Capital" by Kautsky (Russian trans. of the first volume only, in three editions: St. Petersburg, 1906, edited by Plekhanov; Kiev, 1906, edited by Zheleznov; Kiev, 1907, edited by Tuchapsky). In 1913, there appeared in Stuttgart 4 large volumes of the "Correspondence of K. Marx and Fr. Engels," containing 1,386 letters for the period from September 1844 to January 10, 1883, providing an enormous amount of extremely valuable material for studying the biography and views of K. Marx. In 1917, there appeared 2 volumes of Marx and Engels: "Articles 1852–1862" (in German). In conclusion regarding this list of Marx's works, it is necessary to note that it does not yet include some of the smaller articles and separate letters that appeared mostly in "Neue Zeit," "Vorwärts," and other periodic social-democratic publications in the German language; it is also certain that the list of all Marx translations into Russian is not complete, especially as regards pamphlets from 1905–1906.

The literature on Marx and Marxism is extraordinarily vast. We shall note only the most essential, dividing authors into three main categories: Marxists who stand essentially at Marx's point of view; bourgeois writers who are essentially hostile to Marxism; and revisionists who allegedly acknowledge certain bases of Marxism but in fact replace it with bourgeois views. As a peculiar Russian variety of revisionism should be regarded the Populist attitude toward Marx. V. Sombart in his "Ein Beitrag zur Bibliographie des Marxismus" (Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, XX, 2. Heft, 1905, pp. 413–430) cites 300 titles in a far from complete list. To supplement it, see "Neue Zeit," indexes for 1883–1907 and subsequent years. Then see Josef Stammhammer: "Bibliographie des Sozialismus und Kommunismus." Vols. I–III. Jena (1893–1909). Further, for detailed bibliography of Marxism, one may also note: "Bibliographie der Sozialwissenschaften." Berlin, Year 1, 1905 and following. See also N. A. Rubakin, "Among Books" (Vol. II, 2nd ed.). We cite here only the most essential. On the question of Marx's biography, one should first point to the articles of Fr. Engels in "Volkskalender," published by Bracke in Braunschweig in 1878, and in "Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften." Vol. 6, pp. 600–603. W. Liebknecht: "Karl Marx zum Gedächtniss." Nuremberg, 1896. Lafargue: "K. Marx. Persönliche Erinnerungen." V. Liebknecht: "Karl Marx." 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1906. P. Lafargue: "My Recollections of K. Marx." Odessa, 1905. (See the original in "Neue Zeit," IX, I.) "In Memory of K. Marx." St. Petersburg, 1908, p. 410, a collection of articles by Yu. Nevzorov, N. Rozhkov, V. Bazarov, Yu. Steklov, A. Finn-Enotaevsky, P. Rumyantsev, K. Renner, G. Rolland-Holst, V. Ilyich, R. Luxemburg, G. Zinoviev, Yu. Kamenev, P. Orlovskij, and M. Taganskij. Fr. Mehring: "Karl Marx." The extensive biography of Marx in English, compiled by the American socialist Spargo (Spargo: "K. Marx, his life and work." London, 1911), is unsatisfactory. For a general survey of Marx's activity, see K. Kautsky: "Die historische Leistung von K. Marx. Zum 25. Todestag des Meisters." Berlin, 1908. Russian translation: "K. Marx and His Historical Significance." St. Petersburg, 1908. Cf. also the popular pamphlet by Klara Zetkin: "K. M. und sein Lebenswerk" (1913). Recollections of Marx: by Annenkov in "Vestnik Evropy," 1880, no. 4 (and "Recollections," vol. III. "A Remarkable Decade." St. Petersburg, 1882) and by Karl Schurz in "Russkoe Bogatstvo," 1906, no. 12; by M. Kovalevsky in "Vestnik Evropy," 1909, VI and following.

On the question of the philosophy of Marxism and historical materialism, the best exposition is by G. V. Plekhanov: "For Twenty Years." St. Petersburg, 1909, 3rd ed.; "From Defense to Offense." St. Petersburg, 1910; "The Fundamental Questions of Marxism." St. Petersburg, 1908; "A Critique of Our Critics." St. Petersburg, 1906; "On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History." St. Petersburg, 1908, and other works. Antonio Labriola: "On the Question of the Materialist View of History." St. Petersburg, 1898. His also: "Historical Materialism and Philosophy." St. Petersburg, 1906. Fr. Mehring: "On Historical Materialism." St. Petersburg, 1906 (2nd ed.: "Prosveshcheniya" and "Molot"). His also: "The Lessing Legend." St. Petersburg, 1908 ("Znanie"). Cf. also (non-Marxist) Ch. Andler: "The Communist Manifesto. History, Introduction, Commentary." St. Petersburg, 1906. See also "Historical Materialism." St. Petersburg, 1908, a collection of articles by Engels, Kautsky, Lafargue, and many others. L. Akselrod: "Philosophical Essays. A Reply to the Philosophical Critics of Historical Materialism." St. Petersburg, 1906. Special defense of the unsuccessful deviations of Dietzgen from Marxism by E. Untermann: "Die logischen Mängel des engeren Marxismus." Munich, 1910 (753 pp. – an extensive but frivolous work). Hugo Riekes: "Die philosophische Wurzel des Marxismus" in "Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft," 62nd year, 1906, 3rd issue, pp. 407–432, an interesting work by an opponent of Marx's views, demonstrating their philosophical coherence from the perspective of materialism. Benno Erdmann: "Die philosophischen Voraussetzungen der materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung" in "Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft" (Schmollers Jahrbuch), 1907, 3rd issue, pp. 1–56, a very useful formulation of certain fundamental propositions of Marx's philosophical materialism and a compendium of objections from the standpoint of Kantian and agnostic views generally. R. Stammler: "Wirtschaft und Recht nach der materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung." 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1906 (Kantian). Woltmann: "Historical Materialism," Russian translation, 1901 (also Kantian). Förländer: "Kant and Marx." St. Petersburg, 1909 (the same). Cf. also the polemic between A. Bogdanov, V. Bazarov, and others ("Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism," St. Petersburg, 1908. A. Bogdanov: "The Fall of the Great Fetish." Moscow, 1909, and other works) and V. Ilyich ("Materialism and Empirio-Criticism." Moscow, 1909). On the question of historical materialism and ethics: K. Kautsky: "Ethics and the Materialist Understanding of History." St. Petersburg, 1906, and numerous other works by Kautsky. Further, Boudin: "Das theoretische System von K. Marx." Stuttgart, 1909 (L. B. Boudin: "The Theoretical System of K. Marx in Light of Modern Criticism," translated from English edited by V. Zasulich. St. Petersburg, 1908). Hermann Gorter: "Der historische Materialismus," 1909. Among the works of opponents of Marxism, note: Tugan-Baranovsky: "The Theoretical Foundations of Marxism." St. Petersburg, 1907. S. Prokopovich: "A Critique of Marx." St. Petersburg, 1901. Hammacher: "Das philosophisch-ökonomische System des Marxismus" (Leipzig, 1910, p. 730 – a collection of quotations). V. Sombart: "Socialism and the Social Movement in the Nineteenth Century." St. Petersburg. Max Adler (Kantian): "Kausalität und Teleologie" (Vienna, 1909: "Marx-Studien") and "Marx als Denker."

Worthy of attention is the book by the idealist Hegelian Giov. Gentile: "La philosophia di Marx" (Pisa, 1899) – the author notes certain important aspects of Marx's materialist dialectic, usually escaping the attention of Kantians, positivists, etc. – and Levy: "Feuerbach" – on one of the most important philosophical predecessors of Marx. A useful compendium of quotations from a number of Marx's works is in Chernyshev: "The Marxist's Memorandum Book." St. Petersburg ("Delo"), 1908. On the question of Marx's economic doctrine: K. Kautsky: "The Economic Doctrine of Marx" (numerous Russian editions); his also: "The Agrarian Question," "The Erfurt Programme," and numerous pamphlets. Cf. further Bernstein: "The Economic Doctrine of Marx." Vol. III of "Capital" (Russian trans., 1905); Gabriel Deville: "Capital" (exposition of Vol. I of "Capital," Russian translation 1907). A representative of the so-called revisionism among Marxists on the agrarian question is E. David: "Socialism and Agriculture" (Russian trans., St. Petersburg, 1902). Critique of revisionism see in V. Ilyich: "The Agrarian Question," pt. I. St. Petersburg, 1908. See also V. Ilyich: "The Development of Capitalism in Russia." 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1908, and his also: "Economic Essays and Articles." St. Petersburg, 1899. V. Ilyich: "New Data on the Laws of Development of Capitalism in Agriculture," issue I. 1917. Application of Marx's views, with certain modifications, to the latest data on agrarian relations in France by Compère-Morel: "La question agraire et le socialisme en France." Paris, 1912 (455 pp.). Further development of Marx's economic views in application to the latest phenomena of economic life see in Hilferding: "Finance Capital." St. Petersburg, 1911. (Correction of essential inaccuracies in the author's views on the theory of value see in Kautsky in "Neue Zeit": "Gold, Papier und Ware" – "Gold, Paper Money, and Commodities" – 30, I; 1912, p. 837, 886.) V. Ilyich: "Imperialism as the Latest Stage of Capitalism." 1917. In essential respects deviates from Marxism P. Maslov: "The Agrarian Question" (2 vols.) and "A Theory of the Development of the National Economy" (St. Petersburg, 1910). Critique of some of these deviations see in Kautsky in "Neue Zeit," XXIX, 1, 1911, article: "Malthusianism and Socialism."

Critique of Marx's economic doctrine from the standpoint of the widely distributed among bourgeois professors theory of "marginal utility": Böhm-Bawerk: "Zum Abschluss des Marxschen Systems" (Berlin, 1896 in "Staatswiss. Arbeiten," Festgabe für K. Knies). There is a Russian translation: St. Petersburg, 1897, "Marx's Theory and Its Critique," and his also "Kapital und Kapitalzins," 2nd ed., Innsbruck, 1900–1902, 2 vols. ("Capital and Interest." St. Petersburg, 1909). Further see: Riekes: "Wert und Tauschwert" (1899); v. Bortkiewicz: "Wertrechnung u. Preisrechnung im Marxschen System" (Archiv f. Sozialw., 1906–1907); Leo v. Buch: "Über die Elemente d. polit. Ökonomie. I. Th. Die Intensität d. Arbeit, Wert u. Preis" (also published in Russian). Analysis of Böhm-Bawerk's critique from a Marxist standpoint: Hilferding: "Böhm-Bawerks Marx-Kritik" ("Marx-Studien," vol. I. Vienna, 1904) and smaller articles in "Neue Zeit."

On the question of the two main tendencies in the interpretation and development of Marxism – the "revisionist" and the radical ("orthodox") – see Ed. Bernstein: "The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social-Democracy" (German original, Stuttgart, 1899; Russian trans. "Historical Materialism," St. Petersburg, 1901; "Social Problems," Moscow, 1901); cf. also his: "Essays on the History and Theory of Socialism." St. Petersburg, 1902. Reply to him: K. Kautsky: "Bernstein and the Social-Democratic Programme" (German original, Stuttgart, 1899; Russian trans., 4 editions, 1905–1906). From French Marxist literature: Jules Guesde: "Quatre ans de lutte des classes," "En garde!," "Questions d'hier et d'aujourd'hui" (Paris, 1911); P. Laforgue: "Le déterminisme économique de K. Marx" (Paris, 1909). Ant. Pannekoek: "Zwei Tendenzen in der Arbeiter-Bewegung."

On the question of Marx's theory of capital accumulation, a new work by Rosa Luxemburg: "Die Akkumulation des Kapitals" (Berlin, 1913) and analysis of her incorrect interpretation of Marx's theory by Otto Bauer: "Die Akkumulation des Kapitals" ("Neue Zeit," vol. 31, 1913, I, pp. 831 and 862). Eckstein in "Vorwärts," 1913, and Rappekopek in "Bremer Bürger-Zeitung," 1913.

From old Russian literature on Marx: V. Chicherin: "German Socialists" in Bezobrazov's "Collection of State Knowledge," St. Petersburg, 1888, and "History of Political Doctrines," pt. 5, Moscow, 1902, p. 156. Reply by Ziber: "German Economists Through the Spectacles of Mr. Chicherin" in "Collected Works," vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1900. L. Slonimsky: "The Economic Doctrine of K. Marx." St. Petersburg, 1898. N. Ziber: "David Ricardo and K. Marx in Their Socio-Economic Investigations." St. Petersburg, 1885 and "Collected Works," 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1900. Review by I. Kaufman (I. K–n) of "Capital" in "Vestnik Evropy," 1872, no. 5 – remarkable in that Marx in the afterword to the 2nd edition of "Capital" cited I. K–n's arguments, acknowledging them as a correct exposition of his materialist-dialectical method.

Russian Populists on Marxism: N. K. Mikhailovsky in "Russkoe Bogatstvo," 1894, no. 10; 1895, nos. 1 and 2, reprinted in collected works – concerning P. Struve's "Critical Notes" (St. Petersburg, 1894), analyzed from a Marxist standpoint by K. Tulin (V. Ilyich) in "Materials for Characterizing Our Economic Development" (St. Petersburg, 1895, destroyed by censorship), reprinted in V. Ilyich: "For Twelve Years." St. Petersburg, 1908. Further, from Populist literature: V. V.: "Our Tendencies." St. Petersburg, 1892. His also: "From the 1870s to the 1900s." St. Petersburg, 1907. Nikolayon: "Essays on Our Post-Reform Public Economy." St. Petersburg, 1893. V. Chernov: "Marxism and the Agrarian Question." St. Petersburg, 1906. His also: "Philosophical and Sociological Essays." St. Petersburg, 1907.

Besides the Populists, note further: N. Kareev: "Old and New Essays on Historical Materialism." St. Petersburg, 1896. 2nd ed., 1913, under the title: "Critique of Economic Materialism." Masaryk: "Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Marxism." Moscow, 1900. Croce: "Historical Materialism and Marxist Economics." St. Petersburg, 1902.

For a correct evaluation of Marx's views it is absolutely necessary to be acquainted with the works of his closest like-minded colleague and collaborator Friedrich Engels. One cannot understand Marxism and cannot expound it coherently without taking into account all the works of Engels.

Critique of Marx from the standpoint of anarchism see in V. Cherkezov: "The Doctrines of Marxism." St. Petersburg, 1905, 2 parts; V. Tecker: "Instead of a Book." Moscow, 1907. The syndicalist Sorel: ("Social Essays on Modern Economics." Moscow, 1908).