[of] Spaniards, then—with France in order to end Dutch co-dominion on the seas; then she supported Frederick the Great in order to gain a better opportunity to fragment the colonial empire of France; thus she allied herself with Japan in order to counteract the menacing growth of Russian power in East Asian waters; thus she has now become the friend of France or Russia in order to destroy Germany's powerful position on the seas; thus she will become Germany's ally as soon as she has nothing to fear from the German fleet—whether because it will be destroyed, or because Germany voluntarily renounces the competition. And then the next opponent of England may turn out to be the tsarist empire" (p. 246).

The following table illustrates the growth of Russian railroads (p. 239):

|  | Total extent | Central Asian regions | Siberia and Manchuria |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1858 | 1,165 km. | — | — |
| 1878 | 22,910 » | — | — |
| 1890 | 32,390 » | 1,433 | — |
| 1908 | 73,699 » | 4,519 | 10,337 |
| 1909 | 76,284 » | 6,544 | 10,337 |

"The Central European states: Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Italy concluded an alliance against the aggressive tendencies of Russian and French policy. This alliance endured for a long time because only minor disagreements are possible between its three members; such disagreements exist only between Austria and Italy, since Austria, on her border with Italy, still has a population speaking Italian, and this contradiction is intensified by the machinations of Italian irredentists in Trieste and in Italian Tyrol; so that one cannot unconditionally reject the possibility of this very loosely bound international union transforming into a more durable one. Thus, here is given the beginning of a European association of states. Free from offensive designs, three great European states consolidated themselves in order to counteract the advance of Slavdom or, more precisely—the expansion of Russia and the small Slavic states of the Balkan peninsula guided by the Russian government" (pp. 248-249).

"The unity of the European continental powers, so necessary in the face of the world powers of England and Russia—and to them a third power joins as well, the North American Union with its Pan-American aspirations, which have advanced considerably after the Monroe Doctrine, is thereby disrupted. As long as European states remain divided, the three aforementioned powers can continue in the partition of the rest of the world. During the Anglo-Russian struggle in Asia it was revealed that almost only these two powers had significance, while the remaining European states played a very secondary role. As indicated above, Russia throughout the entire century, at short intervals, here and there enlarged her empire; likewise, there did not pass a decade in which England, beginning with the occupation of Malta in 1800 and ending with the conquest of the Boer republics in 1900, did not expand her gigantic empire. If Russia and England divided the non-European world between themselves, then the North Americans specifically reserved for themselves the entire American continent as an object of conquest. Thereby Russian conquest policy is merely a repetition of British imperialism and North American Pan-Americanism; although in particular aims they externally differ from one another, however they all have one final goal—the creation of an independent world state, protected from the external world by a high customs wall. In the nineteenth century the movement for the creation of world powers began; in the twentieth century it will become the most characteristic feature of state foreign policy; this tendency will manifest itself in the expansion of the largest powers and in the association of smaller countries, as well as those powers which come onto the scene too late, that is, in the association of European states, with the exception of England and Russia. It will be confirmed what Chamberlain declared in his speech of January 17, 1903 in Johannesburg: 'The time of small states and petty rivalry has passed; the future belongs to the great powers'" (pp. 254-255).