VOLUME V. RESEARCH BY S. A. KHARIZOМЕНOV. —
MOSCOW 1884

THE INDUSTRIES
OF VLADIMIR PROVINCE. —
VOLUME V. RESEARCH BY S. A. KHARIZOМЕНOV. —
MOSCOW 1884
479/к

PEREYASLAVL DISTRICT

Paper-Weaving Production

... in 4 artels, in the capacity of artel member, figures the largest commission agent Ivan Matveyev Musatov. He owns half the windows in all cases; repairs and heating are also divided equally.

... There are absolutely no independent manufacturers in the district, if we do not count one original peasant from the village of Pylaikhа, who himself purchases paper, dyes it, curls it, warps it and weaves it on a single loom only, in order to sell his few manufactured goods at the neighboring market ...

From an economic standpoint we must distinguish several categories: 1) independent manufacturers, who are work-givers, 2) commission agents, 3) master-weavers, 4) workshop owners, and 5) direct producer-workers.

1) In the role of independent manufacturers, work-givers, figure the self-weaving and hand "factories." The predominant significance among them belongs to the Orekhovskaya factory of T. S. Morozov, who distributes warp and weft to approximately ... Kashin (up to 100 looms) ...

[356]

THE INDUSTRIES OF VLADIMIR PROV., VOL. V

2) The second category consists of commission agents; they serve as intermediaries between work-givers (factories) and direct producer-weavers. The characteristic feature of this category consists in the fact that commission agents, having received warp and weft from the work-giver, process them not only in their own establishments, but also necessarily distribute them to others. They may even have only a single office for distribution and receipt of goods and have no establishments of their own at all ...

3) The third category of producers — master-weavers ... The master-weaver maintains direct relations with the work-giving factories, receiving warp and weft directly from them ... In distinction from the commission agent, the master-weaver processes all the material he receives in his own establishments, not distributing it to outsiders. Therefore the master-weaver is always the owner of an industrial establishment — whether it be a workshop or simply a dwelling house ...

4) A workshop owner possesses a workshop and looms, but does not maintain direct relations with the factories, obtaining material through the hands of commission agents. In his workshops work both family members and outside workers; the latter pay the workshop owner for the window from 2 to 3 rubles, averaging 272 rubles per winter ...

5) The final category consists of direct producers — weavers and spoolers. The material which weavers and spoolers operate upon, they receive through the hands of master-weavers and commission agents: this is warp, weft and wax. The weaver and spooler have neither workshops nor looms — all this belongs to the owner of the industrial establishment. Yet the weaver is still a capitalist: from his fixed capital there belongs to him shuttle, pincers, brush, the loom frame and a lamp or candle. From his circulating capital fall upon him the expenditures for light and wooden oil for lubricating the shuttle and the reed ...

?!!

ha-ha-ha!

The weaver sits at the loom 15—16 hours.

THE LENIN COLLECTION

sic!!!

NB

The weaver's expenses will constitute, excluding the payment for heating, already excluded by us, calculated as follows:

Repair of instruments 	25 к.
Lighting 	1 r. 50 »
Payment to spooler for warp 	1 » 20 »
Total 	2 r. 95 к.

Thus, in average terms the weaver's net annual income does not exceed 15 rubles.

cf. p. 68, this is — workshop owners

The condition of agriculture among 84 owners of industrial establishments leaves nothing to be desired ...

Barrel-Making Craft

... The peasants of the barrel-making district engage in forest industries: hauling firewood, sawing and planing timber. These occupations are quite profitable, but in the sawing of timber the Pereyaslavl peasant encounters a most dangerous competitor in the hungry peasant of Smolensk and Mogilev provinces, who has developed this skill to the point of virtuosity ...

Women and children do not participate in barrel production, with the exception of 1 boy; there are no hired workers. 133 workers are distributed among the establishments as follows:

| Establishments | With 1 worker | With 2 workers | With 3 workers | With 4 workers | With 5 workers | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sidorkino | | | | | | |
| Merinovo | | | | | | |
| Zheltikovo | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Total | | | | | | |
| | establishments | | | | | |
| | workers | | | | | |

To clarify the significance of local and migratory barrel-making craft, we shall divide 125 households into 4 categories:

Per household there falls:

| | Males | Females | | Children | Total persons | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | | |
| 1) Among 86 households engaged in local barrel-making craft | 4.1 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 6.68 | 13.0 | |
| 2) Among 6 households *), sending out barrel-makers as migrant workers | 3.1 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 11 | |
| 3) Among 21 households, sending out migrant workers of all crafts **) | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.86 | 3.3 | 6.3 | |
| 4) Among 37 households not engaged in local barrel-making craft | 1.0 | 2.34 | 3.3 | 2.83 | |  |
| | 21=150?—21=129 | | | | | |

*) Of these 6 households, 3 are at the same time also local barrel-makers (these 6 households are counted among the following 21).

**) Of 15 households (migratory non-barrel-makers) 9 are at the same time also local barrel-makers.

On the table "Household Census of the villages of Pereyaslavl District Engaged in Barrel Production" Lenin marks four households of barrel-makers, of which three households have one barrel-maker each in migration and one — three, and makes the following note:

These 3 barrel-makers (migratory) have 6 horses + 13 head of cattle + 3 head of small livestock.

The remaining 3 barrel-makers (migratory) have 0 horses + 1 head of cattle + 0 head of small livestock.

Production of Sulfur Matches

At the present time (1882) there exist up to 12 match factories ... the number of hands engaged in the production of matches proper in the establishments reaches 100 (minimum). Besides, in private homes up to 120 hands are engaged in cutting straw and about 50 hands in gluing boxes.

NB

КВ

Upon seeing the workers one is struck by the pallor of their skin, their thinness, the visible decline in nutrition. Conversation reveals pale gums, teeth that have crumbled out or are covered with a yellowish-greenish coating ...

Only the most extreme poverty compels people to engage in production which, while yielding pittance wages, threatens to cripple a person for life.

... "They send [to the factory] those who have children to feed, all the same they're dying anyway, and at the factory the boy will inhale sulfurous fumes, and he won't even be inclined to eat. The factory boy eats half as much as a free boy."

ALEKSANDROVSKY DISTRICT

Production of Calico and Half-Woolen Fabrics

Only 4 owners of industrial establishments engage in production independently ... All four have weaving establishments and dye works; 77 looms work at them ...

The second category of producers consists of commission agents and master-weavers ... 64 people work for them ...

All remaining producers — either workshop owners or weavers, hired workers, receiving [wages from the] master-weavers ... 66 people work at them on 41 looms.