((pp. 1-20))
Number of farms using machinery in 188
188ù
Steam
Sowers*)
Mowers
Steam
Other
Σ
ploughs
threshers
< 2

4,807

4,211
6,509
2- 5

4,760

10,279
23,221
5-10

6,493

16,007
51,822
74,589
10-20

9,487
1,232
18,856
86,632
116,225
5-20

15,980
1,493
34,863
138,454
190,814
20-100

22,975
10,681
17,960
115,172
100 and >

15,320
7,334
8,377
15,011

63,842
19,634
75,690
298,367
These are apparently the machines taken on p. 5 of these
extracts* for comparison with 1895 (the number of cases
of use of five agricultural machines). Here are the 1907
data on these same machines (number of c a s e s of use):
1 9 0 7
< 2 ha
131,489;
per 100 farms of group=
3.8
2-5
313,641;
”
”
”
”
= 31.2
5-20
968,349;
”
”
”
”
= 90.9
20-100
469,527;
”
”
”
”
= 179.1
100 and >
64,098;
”
”
”
”
= 271.9
Σ = 1,947,104
33.9
*) A reduction in the number of farms using sowers in
1895 is allegedly due (p. 36⋆) partly to the fact “dass die
Landwirte jetzt an Stelle der Säemaschinen die Drillmaschi-
nen in Gebrauch genommen haben”.**
* See p. 194.—Ed.
** “That farmers now use seed drills instead or ordinary sowers”.—Ed.

V. I. LENIN

Note the distribution of land under vegetables (gärtnerisch benutzt) and under forest
1 9 0 7
Land
Their total
Including
under
Farms
Their
Forests in
Total farms
area
vegetable
%
vegetable
with
%
forests
1907
gardens only
ha
forest
ha
ha
Under
2 ha
3,236,367
2,415,914
367,402
11.35
99,034
147,777
4.57
413,033
514,279
2-5 ”
1,016,318
4,142,071
1,387
0.14
50,420
222,749
21.92
546,860
654,607
5-20 ”
998,804
12,537,660

0.05
79,154
400,557
40.10
1,850,277
2,121,024
20-100 ”
281,767
13,157,201

0.02
57,091
146,997
52.17
2,197,830
2,186,484
100 and >
25,061
11,031,896

0.02
43,642
13,754
54.88
2,574,276
2,203,360
5,558,317
43,284,742
369,399
6.65
329,341
931,834
16.76
7,582,276
7,679,754


These data show that there is concentration even in
vegetable gardening, but its scale defies definition.
The forests are concentrated on the big farms (> 20 ha—
4.77 million ha out of 7.58, that is, over 60%).
Taking all the forests (and not only those connected with
agriculture) we find that 953,874 farms have 13,725,930 ha
of forest and 30,847,317 ha of all the land. Almost half these
forests (6,733,044 ha out of 13.7 million, that is, 49.05%)
is on farms with 1,000 ha and over.
There are special data on the concentration of truck
gardening (Kunst-und-Handelsgärtnerei= “hothouse indus-
try”, etc.?):
T h e i r l a n d
Average land
per farm
Farms by
size of truck
gardens
Under 10 ares
7, 780
23.91

1.40
17, 313
0.04
2.2
10- 50 ares
13, 724
42.17
3 , 230 13.70
56, 519
0.24
4.1
59.71
29.30
50 ares- 1 ha
5 , 707
17.54
3, 677 15.60
77, 945
0.64
13.6
1 ha- 2 ha
3, 397
10.44
4 , 208 17.85
162, 277
1.24
47.7
2 ha- 5 ha
1, 441
4.43
3 , 987 16.92
157, 934
2.76 109.6
5.94
51.39
5 ha and >

1.61
8, 124 34.47
 66, 119 16.54 134.7
Total
32, 540 100.00
23, 570 100.00
538, 107
0.72
16.5
Cf. David, p. 152, 40%—under 20 ares
Number of farms
%
garden
%
total farmland
garden
other farmland
N.B.
!
!
!
!

V. I. LENIN

Weinbaubetriebe:
Farms with vineyards
Area
T h e i r l a n d
per
holder
Size of
vineyard
Under 10 ares
88,362
25.63
4,962
3.94
221,340 0.05
2.5
10-20 ares
81,936
23.76
11,399
9.04
258,756 0.14
3.1
20-50 ares
103,777
30.09
32,179
25.51
371,357 0.31
3.5
50 ares-1 ha
47,148
13.67
31,407
24.90
201,888 0.66
4.3
 1-5 ha
22,542
6.53
20.52 35,399
28.07
61.51 158,247
1.57
7.0
 5 ha and >
1,085
0.32
10,763
8.54
30,599 9.92 28.2
Total
344,850 100.00
126,109 100.00
1,242,187 0.36
3.6
49%- 13%

30%- 26%
21%- 61%
Categories by size of farmland (landwirtschaftlich
benutzte) area:
Under 20 ares
1,134.3 ha
20-50 ”
4,476
”
vine-
50 ares-1 ha
9,867
”
yards
Under 1 ha— 15,477 ha 102,367=
 1-2 ha
20,794
”
36,271
1-10— 86,890 ” 87.17%
 2-5 ha
41,158
”
10-50— 19,015 ” 12.83%
 5-20 ha
37,649
”
50 and >
4,727
20-100 ha
8,746
”
Σ=126,109
100 and >
2,285
”
Σ=126,109
”
In France
%
%
Under 1 ha
136.2
thousand ha
7.56
 1-10
637.5
35.42
42.98
10-40
467.9
25.98
40 and >
558.9
31.04
57.02
1,800.5
100.00
Number
of farms
%
vineyards
%
other
farmland
vineyards
other
!
!
!
!
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
!
!
!
!
PNMNQ
PNMNQ


The (relatively) large percentage of dependents in the
100 and > group (0.35% and 0.39%) is due to the fact that
only administrative personnel and supervisors have been
included here among the dependents in agriculture, (p. 49⋆).
Furthermore, in the 100 and > group, the A—C inde-
pendents are mostly owners of forests, industrialists and
traders.
P. 47⋆
1 = A 1 Independents
2 = A 1 Dependents
3 = A—C Dependents & D
4 = A—C Independents
5 = Other occupations
Farms by main occupation %%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Agricul-
Agricul-
Agriculture&
Veg.
Other
ture
ture
industry&
garden-
occupa-
indepen-
depen-
trade&local
ing&in-
tions
dents
dents
industries
dustry&
Σ
and other
trade&
%
dependents
other
indepen-
dents
Under 2 ha
17.43
21.30
50.31
22.53
9.73

2-

72.20
2.48
8.63
16.31
2.86

5- 20
90.79
0.21
1.11
6.96
1.14

20-100
96.16
0.05
0.17
2.52
1.15

100 and >
93.86
0.35
0.39
1.50
4.25

Total
44.96
12.90
31.08
17.49
6.47

2,499,130&(717,037)&1,727,703&971,934&359,550=5,558,317
Data on the percentage of independent rural owners with
subsidiary employment clearly show the especially advan-
tageous position of holders of 100 ha and > (their subsidiary
employment = forestry, large-scale industry, agricultural
industries, military and civil service, etc.).
_
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

V. I. LENIN

Under
2 ha
26.08
% of independent
2-

25.54
farmers with sub-
5- 20
15.26
sidiary employment
20- 100
8.82
100 and >
23.54
(P. 48⋆)
20.10
Independents
Dependents
A 2—6 . . . . . . .
31,751
A 1)
. . . . . . . .
717,037
B .
. . . . . . . .
704,290
A 2—6) . . . . . . .
67,605
C 1—10
. . . . . .
130,682
B) . . . . . . . . .
790,950
C 11—21 . . . . . .
32,994
C) . . . . . . . . .
12,757
C 22 . . . . . . . .
72,217
C) . . . . . . . . .
101,781
C) . . . . . . . . .

971,934
D) . . . . . . . . .
36,737
& .
. . . . . . . .
1,727,703
1,727,703
Other occupations
359,550
3,059,187
& .
. . . . . . . .
A 1 . . . . . . . .
2,499,130
5,558,317
The use of machinery vastly prevails among the large
farms (79% and 94%—as against 46% among the medium,
and 14%-2% among the small) (p. 36⋆).
The same is the case with machinery for d a i r y farm-
ing (N.B.: p. 39⋆) (31%-3% among the large, 3%-1% among
the medium, and 1 %-0.02 % among the small).
A comparison with 1 8 8 :
Steam ploughs:
Mowers
Steam threshers
> 20
ha farms
t o t a l
> 0 h a
1882:


19,634
18,015
75,690
26,337
1895:
1,696
1,602
35,084
27,493
259,364
62,120
 &

& 800
&15,450
& 9,478
&183,674
&35,783
19 0 7:
2,995
2,873
19 0 7: 301,325
155,526 19 0 7: 488,867
86,472
(&1,299) (&1,271)


The percentage increase in the number of farms using
machines is naturally highest among the lower categories:
the small magnitudes grow faster in percentages.
(p. 36⋆ & p. 39⋆)
(see p. 2)*
Cases of use of five
Farms
Cases
agricultural machines
using
of use
per 100 farms
machines
of agric.
in gen-
machine
eral per
per 100
100 farms
farms
1 9 0 7
 1 8 8  P. 36⋆ 1 8 9 5
Under 2 ha
2.03
2.30
3.8
0.50
1.59 &
1.09
2-

13.81
15.46
31.2
3.91
11.87 &
7.96
5- 20
45.80
56.04
90.9
20.59
43.86 & 23.27
20- 100
78.79
128.46
179.1
59.17
92.01 & 32.84
 100 and >
94.16
352.34
271.9
187.07
208.93 & 21.86
Total
16.36
22.36
33.9
8.68
16.59 &
7.91
5-10 ha 71.1
13.5
32.9
10-20
122.1
31.2
60.8
(cf. Deutsche Volkswirtschaft am
Schlusse 19. Jahrhunderts, S. 51)**
Concerning the comparison of the number of farms using
various machines in 1882 and 1895, it should be borne in
mind that small and medium farms make wide use only
of threshers, and use very few other machines.
Steam ploughs are being used (being introduced) only
on the big farms.
Seed drills
 are used by
18-57% of big farms 5% of
medium farms
Manure spreaders
3-37%
”
”
0.2% medium
Separators
 10-15%
”
”
4% medium
* See p. 189.—Ed.
** The German National Economy at the end of the 19th Century—Ed.
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

V. I. LENIN

Then (N.B.) there is only a handful of cases in which
farmers use their own a n d h i r e d machinery. Hence,
the concentration of machinery should be even greater.
Also note on the concentration of livestock that in 1895
the figures were taken for the whole of the Deutsches Reich.
Horned cattle
Without land

agric. enterpr.
They have
6,905
Under 0.1 are

”
”
”
”

0.1- 2
ares
76,223
”
”
”
”
1,130
N.B.
2- 5
”
212,331
”
”
”
”
4,986
5- 20
”
748,653
”
”
”
”
47,414
20- 50
”
815,047
”
”
”
”
176,987
On the question of “l a t i f u n d i a degeneration”
(Bulgakov). Data on farms with 1,000 ha and >:
1895: 5 7  farms with
802,115 ha cultivated farmland
(2.46% against 2.22% in 1882)
1,159,674 ha total area (2.68% against 2.55% in 1882)
including
798,435 ha farmland proper
3,655
”
vegetable gardens

”
vineyards
298,589
”
forests (25.75%)
Waste and unsuitable land—1.72% m i n i m u m of all
categories.
1 9 0 7: 3 6 9 farms with 6 9 3, 6 5 6 ha total area
including
497,973 ha farmland
2,563
”
vegetable gardens

”
vineyards
145,990
”
forests


In [ ] data for 1907.
Livestock kept—in general—by 97.90%; big cattle—
97.73%; 
sheep—86.01%; 
pigs—90.73%, 
etc. 
Number 
of
livestock: horses: 55,591 [42,502]; horned cattle: 148,678
[120,754]; sheep: 703,813 [376,429]; pigs: 53,543 [59,304];
goats: 175 [134].*
The use of agricultural machinery: in general—555.
Steam ploughs—81 [120]; sowers—448 [284]; manure
spreaders—356; mowers—211 [328]; steam threshers—500
[337]; separators—72 [137] & 140. (Σ of cases of use of
machines = ù,000.)
Furthermore, of these (farms with 1,000 ha and >) linked
with sugar refineries

distilleries

starch factories

flour mills

breweries

Σ = 330
(33,000 ÷ 572) = 57.7%
211 grow beetroot (26,127 ha)
302 grow potatoes for distillation and starch-making
21 have dairy trade in town (1.822 cows)
204 take part in dairy co-ops (18,273 cows)
20,400 ÷ 572 = 35.6%
Of 5 7 —5 4 4 are independent landowners by main
occupation
(of 544—227 (42%) have no subsidiary employment
317 (58%) have subsidiary employment)
9 —main occupation: independent foresters, traders and
industrialists.
19 —other occupations.
Without leased land—63.29% of these farms
Leased land=12.56% of their total area.
* See present edition, Vol. 5, p. 199.—Ed.

V. I. LENIN

P r u s s i a o n l y
1895: number of farms using separators
Number of farms
1907
using separators
Total
with
Number
farms
with
mechan-
Σ
Total
of farms
manual
ical
farms
using
drive
drive
separa-
tors
No land
—


—
—
Under 0.1 are

—


—
 0.1-2
”
45,554


69,774

2-3
”
146,672


206,958

5-20
”
525,466


560,511

 20-50
”
520,236


515,114

 50 ares-1 ha
410,944


385,867
1,515
1-2
”
398,979
1,415

1,556
362,265
7,606
2-3
”
233,596
1,618

1,807
223,325
11,828
3-4
”
163,126
1,747

2,064
166,117
14,058
4-5
”
126,058
1,697

2,130
131,472
14,991
5-10
”
314,634
6,137
3,111
9,248
349,352
58,347
 10-20
”
214,095
6,492
4,565
11,057
233,808
60,777
 20-50
”
155,539
7,574
4,575
12,149
147,724
47,349
 50-100
”
32,575
2,279

3,232
28,252
8,506
 100-200
”
8,697


1,182
8,236
2,330
 200-500
”
8,050


1,387
7,871
2,031
 500-1,000 ”
3,110


2,670

1,000 and > ”


Σ
3,308,126
32,086
15,998
48,084
3,400,144
230,909


Number of draught animals
Total draught animals
% of cows in total
(horses&oxen)
(horses&oxen&cows)
draught animals
1882
1895
1882
1895
1882
1895
Under 2
ha
62,912
69,366
&
6,454
501,212
459,337
2-5
”
308,323
302,310
—
6,013
1,385,769
1,412,015
5-20
”
1,437,384
1,430,512
—
6,872
2,086,251
2,222,431
31.1
35.6
&4.5
20-100
”
1,168,544
1,155,438
—
13,106
1,193,319
1,213,350
2.1
4.8
&2.7
100 and > ”
650,450
695,230
&
44,780
650,607
698,129
0.02
0.4
&0.38
Total
3,627,613
3,652,856
&
25,243
5,817,158
6,005,262
Number of farms with draught animals
%
188
1895
188
1895
Under 2
ha
325,005
306,340
—
18,665
10.61
9.46
—1.15
2-5
”
733,967
725,584
—
8,383
74.79
71.39
—3.40
5-20
”
894,696
925,103
&
30,407
96.56
92.62
—3.94
20-100
”
279,284
275,220
—
4,064
99.21
97.68
—1.53
100 and > ”
24,845
24,485
—
360*)
99.42
97.70
—1.72
2,257,797
2,256,732
—
42.79
40.60
—2.19
*) Con: number of farms using steam ploughs
188 
1895
20-100 ha

277&185
100 and > ha

1,325&615

V. I. LENIN

% using cows only
% using cows
% using horses and
in general*
oxen
1 8 8 
 1 8 9 5
1 8 8 
1 8 9 5
1 8 8 
1 8 9 5
Under 2
ha
83.74
82.10
—1.64
85.21
83.95
—1.26
14.79
16.05
&1.26
2-5
”
68.29
69.42
&1.13
72.95
74.93
&1.98
27.05
25.07
—1.98
5-20
”
18.49
20.30
&1.81
29.71
34.75
&5.04
70.29
65.25
—5.04
20-100 ”
0.25
0.28
&0.03
3.42
6.02
&2.60
96.58
93.98
—2.60
 100 and >
”
0.00
0.03
&0.03
0.25
1.40
&1.15
99.75
98.60
—1.15
41.61
41.82
&0.21
48.18
50.48
&2.30
51.82
49.52
—2.30
* I.e., using cows as well as horses and oxen.—Ed.


These data on the use of draught animals show the greatest worsening of farming condi-
tions, and a worsening of the quality of draught animals on the middle-peasant farms.
Of the 5-20 ha farms, draught animals are incomparably worse in the 5-10 ha group
Total
With
Including those using cows
% of total farms
farms
draught
with draught
animals
only cow
animals
5-10)
605,814
548,378
50,619 &30,970
&172,094 =31.3% (!!)
20.30%
10-20)
392,990
376,725
31,373 &20,671
& 15,704 = 4.2%
%
90.5
253,683 . . . . . . . =46.3% (!)
34.75%
95.8
7,748 . . . . . . . =17.9%
(rather 18.0%)
It is the 5-10 ha group that grew most from 1882 to 1895:
% of farms
% of all area
% of farmland
1 8 8 
 1 8 9 5
1 8 8 
1 8 9 5
1 8 8 
1 8 9 5
5-10 ha
10.50
10.90
&0.40
11.90
12.37
&0.47
12.26
13.02
&0.76
10-20 ”
7.06
7.07
&0.01
16.70
16.59
—0.11
16.48
16.86
&0.40
P
N
N
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
N
N
Q
P
N
N
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
N
N
Q
!
!

V. I. LENIN

Data for 1 8 9 5 on the use of machinery: [below: for 1907]
1 8 9 5 Farms using listed machines in 1894/95
*)
steam
broad
seed
manure
mowers
steam
other
row
separators on
ploughs
cast
drills
spread
thresh-
thresh-
cultiva-
own farm
sowers
ers
ers
ers
tors
with
with
manual
mechan-
drive
ical
drive
 Under
 2 ha


14,735


35,066
15,951
2,369
5,295

5,968
12,477
2-5


13,088


52,830
66,653
9,224
12,004
1,834
13,838
56,995
5-10

1,121
19,083

1,528
58,115 138,376
14,169
13,941
5,066
19,007
85,986
10-20

2,131
29,668
1,324
5,218
51,233 180,145
16,553
13,769
7,521
21,290
94,655
5-20

3,252
48,751
1,931
6,746 109,348 318,521
30,722
27,710
12,587
20-100

12,091
49,852
7,002
19,535
46,778 180,575
22,311
15,256
8,292
23,548
80,137
100 and >
1,325
12,565
14,366
9,328
7,958
15,342
15,169
7,911
2,539
1,787
4,336
6,696
 Σ
1,696
28,673 140,792 18,649
35,084 259,364 596,869
72,537
62,804
25,183
87,987
336,906
(My)
Σ
of last
2 columns
PNNNMNNNQ


 < 2 ha
0.16
0.02
2-5
1.18
0.18
5-20
2.77
1.26
20-100
5.41
2.94
100 and >
10.13
7.17
Σ
1.13
0.45
1895
1907
Σ cases of use of 5 machines = 5-10) 199,172
464,197
10-20) 238,760
504,152
437,932
[See data on Prussia (separators) above, special*]
*) Note. “Farms using cultivators and separators could not be ascertained with ade-
quate reliability; cf. the introductory text.” [N.B. exaggerated for the most part; p. 39⋆
contains a review of reports for the states on the reasons (and nature) of mistakes in the
information on separators. The review suggests that for the most part these data on the
number of separators are exaggerated; these machines were frequently confused with
others. Ergo, they could after all be used for a comparison with 1907 with reservations.]
The text (p. 38⋆) says, on the other hand, that the data on these machines are for the
most part wrong, with the exception of Prussia (ibidem). Still (p. 39⋆) the percentage
(of the number of farms) has been calculated!
* See p. 198.—Ed.

V. I. LENIN

P. 60//1898:
Tobacco-
Their approx.
ha (maximum)
planters
tobacco area
ha
I Under 1 are
61,040
88,000

II 1-10 ares
27,132
2,700
III 10 ares-1 ha
49,420
3,300
IV > 1 ha
1,579
51,000
139,171
139,000
17,652 ha
88,000 (63%) — not > 3.3
thousand ha (20%)
N.B.:
51,000 (37%) — about 1 5
thousand ha (80%)
139,000
[N.B. fiscal statistics!]
In view of the extremely rough classification into groups (4 groups only!!) it is impos-
sible to make any, even approximate, distribution b e t w e e n groups III and IV.
It is clear only that 8 8,000 planters (about 6 3 %) have no more than c. 3,000 ha
(not > 3,300 =  0 %).
Meanwhile, 5 1,000 planters (c. 37%) have about 1 5,0 0 0 ha (c. 80%).
!
!


Number of farms linked with the following industrial enterprises
1 8 9 ú:
< 2 ha
2- 5 ha
5- 10 ha
5- 20 ha
10- 20 ha
20-
100 ha
Σ
100 ha
and >
(1) Sugar refineries . . . .


(21)

(31)


(2) Distilleries . . . . . .


(465)
1,041
(576)
1,042
2,762
5,922
(3) Starch factories . . . .


(28)

(17)


(4) Flour mills . . . . . .
8,847
11,372
(11,754)
20,867
(9,113)
5,316

47,098
(5) Breweries
. . . . . .
1,641
1,719
(1,905)
3,874
(1,969)
1,823

9,255
Total
11,364
13,542
25,875
8,273
4,006
63,064
%
%
%
%
%
%
0.35
1.33
2.59
2.97
15.98
1.14
Total number of farms . . . 3,236,367 1,016,318
998,804
281,767
25,061 5,558,317
Number of farms linked with
the same five types of industrial
enterprises in 1907
10,660
20,884
33,514
8,464
5,588
79,110
cf. Bulgakov II, 116 distorted
“And one should not imagine that they (agricultural industries) are linked mainly with
the big farms” (Bulgakov II, 116). Caught out!!

V. I. LENIN

!! “The bulk (of the beetroot and potatoes) was raised on the small farms” (ibidem)!!
H e r e a r e t h e d a t a o n t h e f a r m s g r o w i n g b e e t r o o t:
Number of
Area
farms raising
under
potatoes for
beetroot
distillation
% of
% of
beetroot
in 1907
and starch-
total
farms
total
ha*)
%
ha
making
farms
 Under 2 ha
10,781
0.33
3,781
1.0
9,730

0.01
2-5
”
21,413
2.10
12,693
3.2
18,858

0.09
5-20
”
47,145
4.72
48,213
12.1
77,582
3,023
0.30
20-100 ”
26,643
9.45
97,782
24.7
125,961
4,293
1.52
100 and >”
7,262
28.98
233,820
59.0
281,691
5,195
20.72
Σ=
113,244
2.03
396,289

513,822
14,023
0.25
*)
5-10 ha — 18,752
10-20 ” — 29,461
There are no fig-
ures for the area
under potatoes. The
figures on the farms
totally refute Bul-
gakov
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
!
!


On the question of the role of small and large farms in dairy farming [Bulgakov
II. 117 has distorted this question as well] the data are:
Farms with dairy trade
Farms participating in butter
or milk products in towns
co-ops and amalgamated dairies
% of them
Total number of farms
with horned
cattle
Number
Number
Cows
Number
Number
Cows
of farms
%
of cows
per
of farms
%
of cows
per
of them
farm
farm
 < 2 ha
3,236,367
28.59
8,998
0.3
25,028
2.8
10,300
0.3
18,556
1.8
 2- 5
1,016,318
92.41
11,049
1.1
30,275
2.7
31,819
3.1
73,156
2.3
 5- 20
998,804
97.65
15,344
1.5
70,916
4.6
53,597
5.4
211,236
3.9
 20-100
281,767
98.60
5,676
2.0
58,439
10.3
43,561
15.4
418,563
9.6
 100 and >
25,061
97.72

3.4
31,213
36.1
8,805
35.1
361,435
41.0
5,558,317
56.52
41,930
0.8
215,871
5.1
148,082
2.7
1,082,946
7.3
%
%
%
%
%
Under 2 ha
58.23
21.46
11.59
6.95
1.71
 2- 5
18.28
26.35
14.03
21.49
6.76
 5- 20
17.97
36.59
32.85
36.19
19.51
 20-100
5.07
13.54
27.07
41.53
29.72
38.65
72.02%
 100 and >
0.45
2.06
14.46
5.95
33.37


!
!

V. I. LENIN

Consequently, the concentration of dairy farming is enormous, with l a r g e c a p i t a l i s t
f a r m s producing the bulk of the marketed dairy products.
Of course, the concentration of dairy farming does not at all have to coincide with
the concentration of cropping. That is why classification by area is not enough. There
is also concentration within each group by size of farmland:
Dairy farms
Dairy farms
Dairy farms
5-10 ha
under 2 ha
with 2-5 ha
with 5-20 ha
farms
cows
per
farms
cows
per
farms
cows
per
farms
cows
per
farm
farm
farm
farm
With 1 cow
4,024
4,024

1,862
1,862


”
2 cows
2,924
5,848

4,497
8,994

2,687
5,374

1,946
3,892

”
3 and
 >
2,050
15,156
7.4
4,690
19,419
4.3
11,901
64,786
5.4
6,103
29,213
4.9
8,998
25,028
2.8
11,049
30,275
2.7
15,344
70,916
4.6
8,600
33,656
Unfortunately, only t h r e e groups are given. Let us also note that the group of
under-2-ha dairy farms include farms without any farmland a t a l l. These number 471,


and they have 5,344 cows (i.e., 11.3 cows per farm!!); of these farms only 6 have
one cow each and only 17, two; consequently, the other 448 have 5,304 cows, i.e., 11.8 cows
per farm. Clearly, the concentration of dairy farming is much greater than the data for
area indicate, and special dairy farmers are emerging within dairy farming.
More examples: among the same peasants with dairies, etc., in towns, we find the fol-
lowing proportions in the under--ha group:
from  to 5 ares . . . 158 farms (38 with 1 cow, 23 with 2 cows)—1,287 cows (8.1 c o w s
per farm), minus the farms with 1-2 cows, we have 97 farms
with 3 and > cows, and a total of 1,203 cows (1.4 per farm).
[Similarly among the farms taking part in dairy co-ops, we find in the under-2-ha
group 56 farms with 466 cows (8.3 per farm) w i t h o u t l a n d , and also 52 farms with
574 cows (11.0 per farm) on  to 5 ares.] In general, if we divide the under-2-ha group
of farms into two subgroups: those with under 50 ares, and those with from 50 ares to
2 ha, we find that the first subgroup has many more cows p e r f a r m than the second;
a clear indication that dairy and livestock farming is s p e c i a l i s i n g away from
cropping.

V. I. LENIN

Farms under  ha with milk sales in towns:
Including
Farms under 2 ha partic-
ipating in dairy co-ops
with
with
hence
Their
Per
Total
farms:
1 cow
2 cows
with
cows
farm
cows
per
3 and >
farms
cows
farm
0-50 ares
1,944


9,789
11.5
11,255

3,514

50 ares-2 ha
7,054
3,302
2,552
1,200
5,367
4.5
13,773
9,431
15,042

8,998
4,024
2,924
2,050
15,156
7.4
25,028
10,300
18,556
1.8
Furthermore, as regards the maximum scale of dairy farming concentration in Germany,
the subdivisions of the highest groups are also of interest. In the category of farms
selling milk in towns, we have
500-1,000 ha: 73 farms with 4,888 cows. Average: 66 cows
1,000 ha and >: 21
”
”
1,822
”
Average: 87 cows
In the category of farms participating in dairy co-ops:
 500-1,000 ha:
1,573 farms with
97,403 cows. Average: 62 cows.
1,000 and > ha:

”
”
18,273
”
”
89 cows.
500 and > ha:
1,777
”
”
115,676
”
200-500 ha:
3,708
”
”
158,702
200 and > ha:
5,485
”
”
274,378
”
Average: about 50 cows.
_
]
]
_
]
]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]


Quantity of cattle
auf je 1 0 0 ha landwirtschaftliche benutzter Fläche*:
(h o r n e d c a t t l e)
p i g s
Germany
1882
—48.49
—26.46
1895
—5 .44
—41.71
Great Britain
1885
—5 0.37
—18.20
Denmark
1893
—5 9.81
—29.24
Holland
1895
—74.02
—3 1.76
Belgium
1880
—69.71
—32.59
See statistics for 1895, text, pp. 60⋆-65⋆
Cattle by categories:
horned cattle
pigs
188 
1895
188 
1895
Under 2 ha
10.5
8.3
—2.2
24.7
25.6
&0.9
 2- 5 ”
16.9
16.4
—0.5
17.6
17.2
—0.4
 5- 20 ”
35.7
36.5
&0.8
31.4
31.1
—0.3
 20-100 ”
27.0
27.3
&0.3
20.6
19.6
— 1.0
100 and > ”
9.9
11.5
&1.6
5.7
6.5
&0.8


But the tremendous decline in commercial sheep-breeding
(from 1882 to 1895, the number of sheep fell by 82 mil-
lion (21.1-12.6), with 7 million of this loss on the >20 ha
farms!) makes the position of the large farms less fa-
vourable in respect of the total quantity of livestock:
Total cattle (value):
188 
1895
Under 2 ha
9.3
9.4
&0.1
 2- 5 ”
13.1
13.5
&0.4
 5- 20 ”
33.3
34.2
&0.9
 20-100 ”
29.5
44.3 28.8
42.9 —0.7
100 and > ”
14.8
14.1
—0.7


* Per 100 ha of cultivated farmland.—Ed.
!
!
Germany 1907 (with-
 out 0- ha) per farm =
 12.8 ha
2,357,573 farms with
 30,103,563 ha of
 farmland.
Of them
 1,006,277
 2- 5 ha
 652,798
 5-10 ha

V. I. LENIN

Needless to say, the proportion of the big farms here has
been understated, for the value of the livestock has been
assumed to be the same everywhere, whereas livestock on
the big farms is, of course, better, and fetches a higher
price, so that the ratio between the groups could also be
brought out incorrectly (improvement of livestock on the
big farms).
But the total number of livestock did, of course, increase
less than on the small.
The big farms lost most from the great decline in commer-
cial sheep-breeding, and the more considerable (as compared
with the small farms) increase in their raising of horned
cattle and pigs only made up some, but not all of their loss.
The following ratio for converting livestock into big
cattle is given on p. 54 of the book, Die deutsche Volkswirt-
schaft am Schlusse des 19. Jahrhunderts*:
“1 c o w = 1 0 p i g s = 1 0 s h e e p.”
If we add that 1 cow = 10 goats, we find:
1895
188 
1895.
horses
. . . . . . . . . .
3,367,298
3,114,420
horned cattle . . . . . . .
17,053,642
15,454,372
sheep (0) . . . . . . . . .
1,259,287
2,111,696
pigs (4) . . . . . . . . . .
3,390,660
2,107,814
goats (0) . . . . . . . . .
310,525
245,253
25,381,412
23,033,555
—23,033,555
2,347,857
* The German National Economy at the End of the 19th Century.—Ed.


farms
With 1 cow
6,718— 6,718
cows
”

”
10,338—20,676
”
17,056—27,394
With 3 and > cows,
24,874—188,477÷ 24,874=7
Total
41,930—215,871 88
N.B.
P. 69⋆ says that in America “nicht mitgezählt
(from among the agricultural enterprises) sind
dabei alle landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe unter 3
Acres (= 1.20 ha), sofern sie nicht im Censusjahr
wenigstens einen Brutto-Ertrag im Wert von $500
N.B.
geliefert haben, was nur bei einigen wenigen in
der Nähe von Großstädten gelegenen Gärtnereibe-
trieben u.d.gl. zutrifft”,* which is why, allegedly,
no comparison with Germany is possible.
* “At the same time no account was taken of any under-3-acre farms,
which in the census year failed to yield a gross income of at least $500, this
generally being the case only with some few vegetable and similar other farms
situated in the vicinity of big towns.”—Ed.

V. I. LENIN

Statistics of occupations of Germany’s agricultural population in 188 and 1895
(G a i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d p o p u l a t i o n)
N.B. Agriculture p r o p e r [A 1] (thousand)
Persons for whom agriculture
is the main occupation:
Persons for whom agriculture
is either the main occupation
or a side line:
188
1895
188
1895
Independents
A
(owners
leaseholders)
2,253
2,522
&269
A)
4,372
4,682
&310
C 1
(members of their
families)
1,935
1,899
—36
C 1) 2,500*)
2,960**)
&310
I
4,188
4,421
&233
&5.6%
6,971
7,642
&671
II
C 3
(agricultural labourers
with own or leased


—483
—55.8%
C 3)


—433
land)
A&C1&C3=
5,054
4,804
—250
7,847
8,085
&238
B (employees)


&30
&63.8%
B)


& 30
C 2
(farm-hands, men and
women)
1,589
1,719
&130
C 2) 1,872
1,942
& 70


C 4 (agricultural labourers
without land)
1,374
1,445
& 71
C 4) 1,441
1,518
& 77
III
3,010
3,241
&231
&7.7%
3,361
3,538
&177
Total
8,064
8,045
 —19
—0.2%
11,208
11,623
&415
Same data only for subsidiary
employment
188
1895
I
51.9
54.9
&3.0
A)
2,120
2,160
& 40
62.7
59.7
—3.0
C 1)

1,061 &397&59.8%
II
10.8
4.8
—6.0
2,784
3,221
&4 3 7
III
37.3
40.3
&3.0
C 3)


&5 1
100.0
100.0
B)


± 0
C 2)


—60
C 4)


& 6


—5 4
3, 144
3,578
&434
*) Of them 21.7% for whom agriculture is subsidiary employment
**)
”
”
35.8%
”
”
”
”
”
”
!
!
!

V. I. LENIN

In studying the changes in occupations, the following
must be adopted as a basis:
1) agriculture proper: A1, and not A1-6 (Mr. Bulgakov,
II, 133, takes precisely these A1-6, thereby obtaining
a & number of gainfully employed population, i.e., adds
to agriculture truck gardening, forestry and fishery, which
is clearly wrong)
2) main occupation, i.e., persons for whom agriculture
is the main occupation. Data on subsidiary employment
are highly indefinite in the sense that they fail to show the
importance of the subsidiary employment, etc.
Conclusions:
1. Bulgakov is quite wrong in saying that there is an
increase in the quantity of agricultural labour. In the main
occupation it has d e c r e a s e d. We cannot judge how
far this is offset by an increase of agricultural labour in
subsidiary employment.
2. Changes in the distribution of occupations (main occu-
pation) show:
a) a growth of expropriation: the total number of
land-holders (owners, leaseholders and labourers)
had d r o p p e d 
by 250,000. The number of
owners has increased by 233,000, and the number
of labourers with land has decreased by 483,000,
Consequently, it was the p o o r e s t section of
the farmers that was expropriated.
The number of labourers used the capitalist way increased
by 231,000 (&7.7%, i.e., a greater increase than that in
the number of owners, which was 5.6%).
Consequently, agriculture developed precisely and spe-
cifically the capitalist way.
[Let us note that it is quite wrong to include working
members of farmer families (C 1) among hired labourers—as
statistics, and Mr. Bulgakov, II, 133 along with it, do.
C 1—co-owners, and C 2-C 4—hired labourers. Therefore,
when determining the capitalist application of labour, C 1
should be added to A.]


As for C 3, it is, of course, an intermediate category: on
the one hand, they are hired labourers, and on the other,
holders. And it is this intermediate category that has
been eroded most in 13 years.
Written in June-September 1901,
with additions in 1910
First published in 1938
Printed from the original
in Lenin Miscellany XXXI

ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE BOOK,
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF FRANCE.
GENERAL RESULTS
OF THE 189ù DECENNIAL INQUIRY 89
Part I
Pp.
80. Wheat crops (Nord—most of all)
87. Oat crops (idem)
90. R e d u c t i o n in the area under cereals 1862- 1882-
1892
100. G r o w t h of gross output of cereals 1834-1865-1885-
1895
105. Especially great g r o w t h in 1882-1892 (!)
106. Reason: fertilisers, etc.
108. Wheat crops from 1815 to 1895 {Hertz, p. 50}
113. Wheat production (total) from 1831 to 1891 (&&)
especially averages for decades
115. Growth in consumption of wheat per head (and for
industrial purposes N.B.)
137. Reduction in the raising of beans, etc.
143. Increase in the raising of p o t a t o e s et al., and
higher yields (p. 144)
158. Growth in the production of f e e d in 1862-1882-1892
1862
1882
1892
artificial meadows
2.8
3.1
3.0
mill. ha
natural meadows
5.0
5.9
6.2
”
”
161. N.B. percentage growth of meadows from 1862 (N.B.)
163. Sugar plants p r e v a i l among the industrial crops
(52.14%)
164. —Nord leading.
and 1 1 4


180. Sugar-beet: especially Nord
183. Growth in sugar production from 1887 to 1897.
198. Vegetable gardens mostly near big towns (N.B.).
203. Vegetable gardens decline from 1882.
206. Fallow declines.
242. Comparison with 1840 of all types of crops.
257. Nord is especially rich in livestock.
340. Consumption of meat.
Wheat
hl
hl per 100 ha
output
per
total farm-
hl
ha
land
1. Nord
. . . . . .

3,144,749
25.5
2. Pas-de-Calais . . .

3,205,744
20.2
3. Somme
. . . . .

2,778,499
21.2
4. Ardennes . . . . .

1,498,899
21.4
5. Oise. . . . . . .

2,455,795
22.8
6. Aisne . . . . . .

3,412,329
23.9
7. Seine-et-Oise . . .

2,167,158
23.9
8. Seine . . . . . .

103,379
26.8
9. Eure-et-Loire . . .

2,579,191
21.5
10. Seine-et-Marne
. .

2,570,100
22.5

Average for

Σ=117,499,297
16.4
 France
in the whole of France
F r a n c e. 189:
(Pp. 356-59)
Area
% of
Average
not
farms
size
cultivated
culti-
total
of farms
vated
Under 1 ha
39.19
0.59
2.88
1.35
2.67
1-10 ”
45.90
4.28
24.07
13.83
22.80
10-40 ”
12.48
14.91
20.13
30.00
73.05
21.96
28.98
74.53
40 and > ”
2.43
162.21
43.05
62.86
45.55
Σ=100


!
!
!
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

V. I. LENIN

Distribution of Cultivated Area
Woods
Ploughland
Mead-
Vineyards
Vegetables
and
ows
gardens
forests
Under 1 ha
2.78
3.20
7.56
16.26
1.18
1-10 ”
25.71
29.27
35.42
34.48
11.96
10-40 ”
32.33
71.51
36.43
25.98
57.02
25.99
49.26
18.94
40 and > ”
39.18
31.10
31.04
23.27
67.92
Σ=100


Number of farms (part 2, pp. 221-25)
Under 1
1-10
10-40
40 and >
1862
?
2,435,401
636,309
154,167
1882
2,167,667
2,635,030
727,222
142,088
1892
2,235,405
2,617,558
711,118
138,671
Agricultural Machinery (part 2, pp, 256-59)
Steam
machines
Horse-
and
Ploughs*)
drawn
Thres-
Seeders Mowers
Har-
Tedders
Total
traction
hoes
hers
vesters
engines
1862
2,849
3,206,421
25,846
100,733
10,853
9,442
8,907
5,649 3,867,851
1882
9,288
3,267,187
195,410
211,045
29,391
19,147
16,025 27,364 3,765,569
1892 12,037
3,669,212
251,798
234,380
52,375
38,753
23,432
51,451 4,321,401
Souchon (p. 94) should not be too happy about the num-
ber of machines having shown a moderate growth. If
ploughs are not included in the “machines”, the growth
turns out to be rather strong. (p. 195).
(p. 195)
(part 2, p. 201)
Quantity
of milk
Growth of production
C h e e s e and B u t t e r
Total
2000 kg
2000 kg
Milch
per
mill.
cows
cow
hl
1882
114,696
74,851
5,019,670

68.206
1892
136,654
132,023
5,407,126

77.013
*) double and
1862—?
multi-share
1882—157,719
1892—198,506
!
!
!


Vineyards
Part II, p. 89: from 1882, the number of ha has de-
clined, but the number of hl of wine per ha increased from
15.28 to 16.12
Beet (sugar) (part 2, p. 63)
ha
quintals per ha
1862
136,492

1882
240,465

1892
271,258

N u m b e r of farms: (part 1, 363)
> 40 ha
40-100 ha
%
100 ha and >
%
1882
142,000
113,000
1.98
29,000
0.52
1892
139,000
106,000
1.84
33,000
0.58
—3,000
—7,000
&4,000
%
Increase: < 1 ha
1882
2,168,000
38.22
1892
2,235,000
39.21
%
and 5-10 ha
1882
769,000
13.56
1892
788,000
13.82
by % area under potatoes
10 and > %
Basses-Alpes
Loire
Rhône
Vosges
Puy-de-Dôme
Pyrénées-Orientales
Sarthe
Haute-Rhin (Belfort)
Haute Vienne
Seine
Saône-et-Loire
Ariège
Dordogne
Ardèche
Correze

V. I. LENIN

 by % of vineyards
Indre-et-Loire
 5% and >
Gard
Vaucluse
Lot-et-Garonne
Lot
Rhône
Maine-et-Loire
Pyrénées-Orientales
Loire-et-Cher
Gironde
Tarn-et-Garonne
Gers
Puy-de-Dôme
Aude
Var
Hérault
Haute-Garonne

% of area under cereals p. 6 5
area (without %!!) under industrial crops: p. 164
vegetable gardens p. 199 without %
vineyards p. 11, % given
A l l (?) (not all) crops by %%: p.  3 8 .
potato % given p. 1 3 9 .
Area under vineyards in France (Bulgakov, II, 193)
This is area
of total,
Total area
under vine-
farmland
(ha)
yards
c.
Under 1 ha
11%
1,327,253
145,000 ha
 1-10
”
6%
5,489,200
=11,244,700
675,000 ha
5,755,500
 10-40
”
2.7%
14,313,417
386,000 ha
40 and > ”
3%
22,493,393
675,000 ha
Average
4.5%
49,378,763
1,881,000 ha
according to Note 4 on p. 184
vineyards total 1,800,000 ha
Over 10%
!
PNNMNNQ


⋆


Departments with the most developed beetroot produc-
tion: (p. 180)
ha
Area un-
Total area
Under
p. 139
under
der farms
under all
potatoes
% of plough-
beetroot
40 ha
farms ha
ha
land
and >
%
1.
Nord
47,903
167,836
5 1 1 , 1 6 6

19, 714
5.3
Aisne
61,429
392,007
674,860
>2
13,286
2.6
Pas-de-Calais
37,325
250,733
629,350
<2
24,279
4.6
Somme
35,096
253,496
591, 250
<2
15,374
3.1
4. Oise
24,828
296,201
529,933
>2
7,601
1.9
Seine-et-Marne
16,278
339,419
547,800
>2
10, 001
2.4
Seine-et-Oise
9,992
287, 377
501,302
>2
16,802
4.4
8. Ardennes
5,212
271 , 518
485,290
>2
17, 149
6.0
Σ=238,063
2,258,587
4,471,001
>2
124,206
average
for
Of total ha
> 2 with average for France
France
 271,258
45.55%
(of 1,474,144)
5.72%
(products on
them—64 mill.
quintals out
of 72)
1892= 271,000 ha
1882=240,000 ”
1862= 136,000 ”
1840= 58,000 ”
Written in 1901
First printed in the
Printed from the original
Fourth Russian edition
of the Collected Works