648/к

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS FOR PLOUGHING
IN LANDOWNER AND PEASANT FARMS OF
PSKOV PROVINCE AND THE APPLICATION OF
MACHINES IN PEASANT AGRICULTURE.

PSKOV 1899

What is used for ploughing (number of responses):

In landowner farms:                    In peasant farms:

[TABLE STRUCTURE PRESERVED]

Across the province: 53    8   26   15   23
                     61    38

The same in %:       5    11   39
                     76    35

Source of example for the application of ploughs
(number of reports)

From migrants from:

Districts

Across the province: 31
The same in %:      37%    42%

*Landowner farm — local designation for a private landowner's farm. —Ed.

[ 159 ]

NB strongly!

When ploughs were introduced (number of responses)

In landowner farm:                In peasant farm:

Districts            up to 5   6-10    15-20    up to 5  6-10   13
                     years     years   years    years   years  years
                     ago       ago     ago      ago     ago    ago

Across the province: 7
The same in %:      19%       41%     13%      27%
                                      54%      39%     7%

... The application of the plough, having begun in localities bordering the Baltic region, found in flax cultivation and in the field grass-seeding closely connected with it those conditions of agricultural economy favorable for its existence, which then regulated both the direction and the degree of the plough's distribution across the territory of the province.

... prices for labor in winter are maintained, for the same reasons, at extremely low levels (in some places the price drops to 5 kopecks for a morning's threshing — plus breakfast), so that no machine is capable of competing with such low wage payment...

... The hiring of machines, accustoming owners to the general use of machinery, will most likely be merely a transitional stage toward a new collectivization of farm machinery inventory, in which only part of this inventory will be the personal property of each farm individually, while the most expensive part of the inventory, consisting of machines capable of serving an entire group of farms (threshers, flax-breakers), will be acquired by whole groups...