Plan of the article "Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism"[40]

Socialism, its content

(protest and struggle of oppressed classes against the system of oppression).

Utopian socialism.

The development of France, by virtue of a whole series of historical causes, most clearly demonstrated the motive forces of development: class struggle.

** Organized mass movement. Ed.

Socialism transformed from utopian into scientific, assimilated the theory of class struggle.

The cornerstone of Marxism's politics.

ΣΣ[41] A unified philosophical worldview.

Analysis of the economic order, elucidation of the causes of wage slavery and the laws of capitalist development.

Class struggle as the means of escape.

Σ[42] = doctrine of the proletariat.

Written in March 1913. First published in 1959 in the journal "Questions of the History of the CPSU" no. 4

Printed from the manuscript

Plans for a Report on the National Question[43]


Introduction. Topicality of the national question. The militancy of nationalist reaction. The national question in socialist parties.

I (A)

1. Medieval particularism. Dialects – n + 1. Popular language and Latin.

2. Economic and democratic demands of the national state.

3. Democratic centralism as the general type of "normal" states.

Centralism versus local self-government.

"The National State"

(B)

The demand for national self-determination, its significance and necessity.

4. General-democratic and historically-Russian.

5. Its meaning. Theses § 3 – § 4.

6. Example of Norway.

(C)

7. Equality of nations and national privileges.

8. State language. Switzerland versus Russia.

9. Territorial or personal autonomy?

The significance of territory.

10. National regions of Russia.

11. Cultural-national autonomy

(α) the slogan of national culture is incorrect.

(β) contradicts internationalism.

(γ) draws into the sphere of influence of bourgeois nationalism…

(δ) absolute and refined nationalism.

(ε) diversion from democratic tasks.

(ζ) heterogeneous social composition of nations.

(η) cities and villages.

(θ) cultural-national autonomy – clericalism.

(ι) artificial character ("Diets").

(κ) does not rescue.

(λ) national curia.

(μ) its aim is to "partition," but one must – unite.

11 bis. The Brünn Program: § 3.

The Brünn Congress. The failure of cultural-national autonomy.

11 ter. Jews.

[[ Reception. Theses, p. 13.

12. General state law and guarantees of minority rights.

Theses § 6.

Right to prosecution for violation; respectively demand for repeal.

Medem's objections and their analysis[46].

D 13. Austria

14. Russia. Theses § 9 (p. 17).

[[15. August Conference of Liquidators versus S-R conference.


Three parts:

C) Cultural-national autonomy.

D) Austrian and Russian S-D programs.

Austria – "the sick man" after Turkey.

[ The artificial character of Austria (1848) ]

[[ The collapse of Austria or a federation of democratic national states?

K. Kautsky versus Renner-Springer and O. Bauer.

The Slavic national movement of the Balkans.

Asia and its democratic evolution. Turkey – Persia – China – India.

The irony of fate: nations with territory do not accept the extraterritorial autonomy of nations, – yet a nation without territory receives recognition only from principled supporters of national autonomy.

Norway and its separation in 1905.

Switzerland and its linguistic (respectively national) arrangements.

Written in June, before 26 (9 July), 1913.

First published in 1937 in the Leninist Collection XXX

Printed from the manuscript

List of Undiscovered Works of V. I. Lenin

(March – September 1913)

STATEMENT AT A MEETING OF MEMBERS OF THE CC OF THE RSDLP IN CRACOW

A meeting of members of the CC of the RSDLP at which Lenin apparently spoke took place on 10–13 (23–26) March 1913 in Cracow. At this meeting the question was raised of increasing the size of the newspaper "Pravda" and expanding the composition of the editorial board.

Information that such a meeting took place is available in the materials of the police department, preserved in the Central State Historical Archive of Moscow (TsGIAM).

REPORT "CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA AND THE WORKERS' MOVEMENT"

V. I. Lenin delivered a report on this topic on 5 (18) April 1913 in Cracow at the People's University.

In the Polish newspaper "Naprzod" ("Forward") no. 92 of 22 April 1913, the following report on the lecture appeared: "A few days ago, one of the most outstanding leaders of Russian social-democracy, Comrade Lenin, delivered a lecture in Cracow. We present a brief summary of the report…". The newspaper account of the lecture is printed in the present volume, pp. 55–59.

BEGINNING OF THE ARTICLE "CONCERNING AN EDITORIAL IN THE NEWSPAPER 'LUČ' NO. 189"

The article was written before 10 (23) May 1913. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU, a portion of the manuscript of this article is preserved – pages 7 through 14.

ARTICLES

"CRUDE DECEPTION". Written 10 (23) May 1913.

"ON THE 'ACHIEVEMENTS OF FOREIGNERS'". Written 11 (24) May 1913.

"LIBERAL POLICY". Written 17 (30) May 1913.

"THE CADETS BEHIND PURISHKEVICH". Written 28 May (10 June) 1913.

"AGENTS OF CAPITALISTS, INCITING PEOPLES TO WAR". Written 28 May (10 June) 1913.

"IN GERMANY". Written 30 May (12 June) 1913.

"PARTICIPATION IN THE BOURGEOIS GOVERNMENT". Written 7 (20) June 1913.

Information about these articles is available in a manuscript by V. I. Lenin representing a list of articles written by him for the newspaper "Pravda" in May and June 1913 and not published in the newspaper (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU).

PROJECT FOR A SPEECH "ON THE NATIONAL QUESTION"

V. I. Lenin wrote a project for a speech "On the National Question" before 18 April (1 May) 1913 for the Bolshevik deputy to the IV State Duma G. I. Petrovsky, who delivered a speech at a Duma session on 20 May (2 June) 1913.

Information about the project for the speech is available in a letter from N. K. Krupskaya to N. I. Podvoisky from 18 April (1 May) 1913: "I have sent two speeches to the editorial office:… 2) On the national question… The second speech is extremely important as a principled attack against the banal cultural-national autonomy" ("From the Era of 'Zvezda' and 'Pravda' (1911–1914)", vol. III, M. – L., 1923, p. 224) and in the memoirs of G. I. Petrovsky, who reports that the project for the speech was written by V. I. Lenin (see the journal "Proletarian Revolution", 1924, no. 3, pp. 226–227).

MEMORANDUM OF A. S. ENUKIDZE

This memorandum, written 22 May (4 June) 1913, is mentioned in a letter from A. S. Enukidze to S. G. Shaumyan of 23 May (5 June): "Yesterday I received a few lines from him" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU).

FIRST PAGE OF THE ARTICLE "THE WORKERS' PARTY AND LIBERAL RIDERS (ON POTRESOV)"

The article was written 27 May (9 June) 1913. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU, the manuscript of this article is preserved from pages 2 through 4.

LETTER OF N. D. KIKNADZE

This letter, written before 3 (16) June 1913, is known from a letter from N. D. Kiknadze to V. I. Lenin (see "Questions of the History of the CPSU", 1961, no. 4, p. 145).

"THE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION FROM THE HISTORY OF THE PARTY"

Regarding this note written 3 (16) June 1913, V. I. Lenin wrote on the same day in a letter to the editorial board of "Pravda": "I insistently demand that my attached note be published in full… If you do not publish it, give it to 'Enlightenment'" (the present volume, p. 247); furthermore, it is included in the list of articles for May – June 1913 compiled by V. I. Lenin (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU).

FIRST PAGE OF THE ARTICLE "AN INCORRECT ASSESSMENT ('LUČ' ON MAKLAKOV)"

The article was written 4 (17) June 1913. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU, the manuscript of this article is preserved from pages 2 through 7.

LETTER TO THE PARIS SECTION OF BOLSHEVIKS

This letter, written before 12 (25) June 1913, is known from police department materials: "Lenin sent a letter to the Paris section of Bolsheviks proposing measures to establish regular work on the question of illegal literature and the publication of the party's Central Organ 'Social-Democrat'" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU).

SIXTH PAGE OF THE ARTICLE "INSTRUCTIVE SPEECHES"

The article was written in early July 1913. In the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU, the manuscript of this article is preserved, in which the sixth page is missing.

REPORT "ON THE STATE OF AFFAIRS IN THE PARTY"

The report was delivered by V. I. Lenin at the II Conference of the Foreign Organization of the RSDLP in Bern on 21 July (3 August) 1913. A brief report on this lecture was published in the "Bulletin of the Committee of the Foreign Organization of the RSDLP" no. 3 of 2 (15) October 1913: "Report on the State of Affairs in the Party (Lenin). This report will be processed as fully as possible and will be issued as a separate supplement" and in the memoirs of G. L. Shklovsky (see "Notes of the Lenin Institute", vol. I, 1927, p. 121).

STATEMENT AT A MEETING OF MEMBERS OF THE CC OF THE RSDLP IN PORONIN

A meeting of members of the CC of the RSDLP at which V. I. Lenin apparently spoke took place on 27 July (9 August) 1913 in Poronin. This meeting is mentioned in a report by the police department: "On 27 July of this year, in Austria, in the village of Poronino (6 versts from Zakopane), where Lenin resides at his dacha, a private meeting took place" (Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the CC of the CPSU). At the meeting the following questions were discussed: on the state of affairs in the party and its immediate tasks, on the Duma S-D faction, on the party school, on the press, in particular on the establishment of a Bolshevik newspaper in Moscow, on "Pravda", on the CO – the newspaper "Social-Democrat", on the journal "Enlightenment", the "Priboi" publishing house, on congresses of shop assistants, cooperatives, and other matters.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS IN WHICH V. I. LENIN PARTICIPATED IN EDITORIAL WORK

JOURNAL "ENLIGHTENMENT"

No. 3 – March 1913

No. 4 – April 1913

No. 5 – May 1913

No. 6 – June 1913

No. 7 – July 1913

No. 8 – August 1913

No. 9 – September 1913

NEWSPAPER "SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT"

No. 31–15 (28) June 1913

Index of Literary Works and Sources Cited and Mentioned by V. I. Lenin

[The index continues with bibliographic citations of works referenced in the document...]

– 1912, No. 80, August 1, p. 1. – 96, 101.

– 1912, No. 103, August 29, p. 1. – 96.

– 1912, No. 188, December 8, pp. 2–3. – 24.

– 1913, No. 44 (248), February 22, p. 3. – 23.

– 1913, No. 55 (259), March 7, p. 1. – 14.

*– 1913, No. 56 (260), March 8, p. 1. – 13.

– 1913, No. 59 (263), March 12, p. 1. – 101.

– 1913, No. 85 (289), April 12, pp. 1–2. – 71, 77–78, 114, 115, 116, 170.

– 1913, No. 95 (299), April 26, p. 2. – 74, 77–78, 114, 115, 116, 170, 246.

– 1913, No. 96 (300), April 27, p. 2. – 153.

– 1913, No. 99 (303), May 1, pp. 1–2. – 230.

– 1913, No. 102 (306), May 5, p. 1. – 170–172.

– 1913, No. 104 (308), May 8, p. 2. – 225–226, 445.

– 1913, No. 108 (312), May 12, p. 1. – 177.

– 1913, No. 110 (314), May 15, p. 2. – 74, 77–78.

– 1913, No. 115 (319), May 21, p. 1. – 278.

– 1913, No. 116 (320), May 22, p. 3. – 557.

– 1913, No. 120 (324), May 26, pp. 2–3. – 246–247.

– 1913, No. 122 (326), May 29, p. 2. – 77, 81.

– 1913, No. 124 (328), May 31, p. 1. – 81.

– 1913, No. 126 (330), June 2, p. 1. – 84.

– 1913, No. 127 (331), June 5, p. 2. – 288, 445.

– 1913, No. 128 (332), June 6, p. 1. – 312.

– 1913, No. 133 (337), June 12, p. 1. – 283.

"Pravitelstvennyy Vestnik," St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 169, August 6 (19), pp. 2–4. – 55–56.

– 1905, No. 222, October 18 (31), p. 1. – 395.

– 1905, No. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1. – 80.

"Pravo," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 33, August 18, cols. 1912–1924. – 397–399.

Celebration of May 1. (From Our Correspondents). Petersburg, May 1. – "Kievskaya Mysl," 1913, No. 120, May 2, p. 4, in section: Telegrams. – 297.

Press Representatives on the New Bill. – "Luch," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 102 (188), May 5, p. 1. – 160, 161, 162.

Programme of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, adopted at the Second Congress of the Party. – In: Second Extraordinary Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Complete Text of Proceedings. Publ. of the CC. Geneva, Party Press, [1904], pp. 1–6. (RSDWP). – 5–6, 7, 24, 208, 209, 314, 414.

Draft of the State Budget of Revenue and Expenditure for 1913 with an Explanatory Note from the Minister of Finance. St. Petersburg, Kirsbaum Press, 1912. 945 pp. divided pagination. – 20, 21, 25, 26, 125, 128–129, 265, 266, 269, 270, 273–274.

Draft Law on Assemblies. – In: Fourth State Duma. Faction of People's Freedom in the Period from November 15, 1912 to June 25, 1913. Part III. Legislative Proposals Submitted by the Faction to the First Session. St. Petersburg, 1913, pp. 43–44. – 36–37.

[Draft Conditions for the Merger of the Latvian SDWP with the RSDWP, Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDWP]. – In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDWP, Held in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Press, 1907, pp. 353–354. – 321.

[Draft Conditions for the Merger of the Bund with the RSDWP, Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDWP]. – Ibid., pp. 362–363. – 123, 321, 322.

"Proletariy," [Vyborg], 1907, No. 20, November 19, p. 4. Newspaper publication site: Moscow. – 227.

"Promyshlennost i Torgovlya," St. Petersburg. – 91.

– 1913, No. 3 (123), February 1, pp. 110–114. – 91–92.

– 1913, No. 8 (128), April 15, pp. 389–390. – 351.

– 1913, No. 9 (129), May 1, pp. 403–406, 419, 421. – 179, 180–181, 186–187.

– 1913, No. 14 (134), July 15, pp. 57–59, 69–72. – 360–362, 377, 378.

"Prosveshchenie," St. Petersburg. – 247, 326.

* – 1912, Nos. 5–7, April–June, pp. 69–80. – 236, 237, 238, 239, 240.

– 1913, No. 2, pp. 20–21. – 132–133.

– 1913, No. 3, pp. 28–31, 50–62; No. 4, pp. 22–41; No. 5, pp. 25–36. – 443, 445.

– 1913, No. 9, pp. 46–61. – 76.

Putilov Factory. – "Novaya Rabochaya Gazeta," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 8, August 17, p. 2, in section: Workers on the Workers' Press. – 411.

Workers' Strife. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 234 (2546), August 28 (September 10), p. 1. – 420–422.

Rakhtin, G. – see Levitsky, V.

Resolutions [Adopted at the August Conference of Liquidators, 1912]. – In: Notice of Conference of Organizations of the RSDWP. Publ. of the CC. [Vienna], September 1912, pp. 23–44. (RSDWP). – 84, 205, 207–208.

[Resolutions Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDWP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notice from the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Concerning the Held Regular All-Party Conference. [Publ. of the CC RSDWP. Paris, 1909], pp. 4–7. (RSDWP). – 178, 205.

Resolutions [Adopted at the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDWP in January 1912]. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, 1912. Publ. of the CC. Paris, Ideal Cooperative Press, 1912, pp. 14–34. (RSDWP). – 178.

Resolution on Reports [Adopted at the Fifth Conference of the RSDWP (All-Russian 1908)]. – In: Notice from the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party Concerning the Held Regular All-Party Conference. [Publ. of the CC RSDWP. Paris, 1909], p. 4. (RSDWP). – 67, 68–71, 74, 76, 77–78, 207, 223, 414, 420.

Resolution Adopted by the December 1908 All-Russian Conference of the RSDWP and Confirmed by the Last Conference of 1912. – In: All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, 1912. Publ. of the CC. Paris, Ideal Cooperative Press, 1912, pp. 32–34. (RSDWP). – 205.

[Resolution Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDWP as a Supplement to the Draft Conditions for the Merger of the Bund with the RSDWP]. – In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDWP, Held in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Press, 1907, p. 392. – 123, 225, 321, 322.

Results of the Assessment of Urban Real Property Under the Law of June 6, 1910. – "Promyshlennost i Torgovlya," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 9 (129), May 1, pp. 403–406. Signature: O. N—ov. – 180–181.

"Rech," St. Petersburg. – 122, 338, 345, 353, 354, 371.

– 1912, No. 104 (2058), April 17 (30), pp. 4–5. – 131–135.

– 1913, No. 51 (2363), February 21 (March 6), pp. 4–5. – 16–17.

– 1913, No. 57 (2369), February 28 (March 13), p. 2. – 12, 15.

– 1913, No. 70 (2382), March 13 (26), p. 4. – 30–31.

– 1913, No. 73 (2385), March 16 (29), p. 1. – 39.

– 1913, No. 80 (2392), March 23 (April 5), pp. 5–6. – 32–35.

– 1913, No. 85 (2397), March 28 (April 10), pp. 4–5. – 56.

– 1913, No. 91 (2403), April 3 (16), p. 5. – 60.

– 1913, No. 117 (2429), May 1 (14), pp. 1–2. – 153.

– 1913, No. 122 (2434), May 7 (20), p. 1. – 167.

– 1913, No. 129 (2441), May 14 (27), pp. 4–5. – 173–174.

– 1913, No. 134 (2446), May 19 (June 1), p. 2. – 193–194.

– 1913, No. 136 (2448), May 21 (June 3), pp. 3–4. – 217–219, 254.

– 1913, No. 137 (2449), May 22 (June 4), pp. 1, 3–4. – 217–219, 220–222, 227.

– 1913, No. 139 (2451), May 24 (June 6), p. 1. – 220, 227–229, 312, 313.

– 1913, No. 143 (2455), May 28 (June 10), pp. 4–5. – 248–249, 250.

– 1913, No. 151 (2463), June 6 (19), pp. 3–5. – 312, 313.

– 1913, No. 172 (2484), June 27 (July 10), p. 1. – 330.

– 1913, No. 174 (2486), June 29 (July 12), pp. 2–3. – 337–338.

– 1913, No. 177 (2489), July 2 (15), p. 3. – 335.

– 1913, No. 178 (2490), July 3 (16), p. 3. – 335.

– 1913, No. 181 (2493), July 6 (19), p. 1. – 354.

– 1913, No. 201 (2513), July 26 (August 8), p. 1. – 370–371.

– 1913, No. 203 (2515), July 28 (August 10), p. 1. – 370–371.

– 1913, No. 221 (2533), August 15 (28), p. 1. – 406.

– 1913, No. 222 (2534), August 16 (29), p. 1. – 406.

– 1913, No. 234 (2546), August 28 (September 10), p. 1. – 420–422.

Speech of Social-Democrat Badaev. – "Pravda," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 127 (331), June 5, p. 2. Under general heading: State Duma. Session of June 4. – 288.

"Rossiya," St. Petersburg. – 336, 409.

– 1913, No. 2236, February 28 (March 13). Free supplement to No. 2236 of newspaper "Rossiya," pp. 723–754. – 12–13, 14, 15.

– 1913, No. 2336, June 28 (July 11), p. 1; No. 2337, June 29 (July 12), p. 1. – 356–358.

Rybkin, N. A. Our Ruling Bureaucracy in Figures. (From "Essays on High Society"). – "Syn Otechestva," St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 54, April 20 (May 3), pp. 2–3. – 258–259.

"Russkaya Molva," St. Petersburg. – 160, 322.

"Russkaya Mysl," Moscow–Petrograd. – 110, 323.

– 1913, Book I, pp. 68–84; Book II, pp. 32–50. – 274.

– 1913, Book III, pp. 5–10. – 111.

– 1913, Book VI, pp. 106–126. – 323–326.

"Russkie Vedomosti," Moscow. – 193, 194.

– 1905, No. 210, August 5, p. 3. – 194.

– 1906, No. 224, September 10, p. 2. – 56.

– 1913, No. 117, May 22, pp. 1–2. – 220.

Russian Language. [Leading Article]. – "Russkoye Slovo," Moscow, 1913, No. 198, August 28 (September 10), p. 2. – 423–424.

"Russkoye Bogatstvo," St. Petersburg, 1906, [No. 8], pp. 178–206. – 58, 80, 82.

– 1913, No. 3, pp. 316–343. – 327–328.

"Russkoye Slovo," Moscow, 1913, No. 100, May 1 (14), p. 2. – 151–152.

– 1913, No. 101, May 3 (16), p. 6. – 297.

– 1913, No. 127, June 4 (17), pp. 4–5. – 255–256.

– 1913, No. 128, June 5 (18), pp. 1, 6–7. – 288, 289, 293–295.

– 1913, No. 130, June 7 (20), pp. 3–4. – 371.

– 1913, No. 151, July 2 (15), p. 4. – 335.

– 1913, No. 152, July 3 (16), p. 4. – 335, 336.

– 1913, No. 190, August 18 (31), pp. 6–7. – 395.

– 1913, No. 198, August 28 (September 10), p. 2. – 423–424.

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. E. Toymakers. – 298. – Liberal. – 87.

[Samoylov, A. A.] Yuryev, A. Ministerial Modesty. – "Severnaya Pravda," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 15, August 20, p. 1. – 394.

St. Petersburg, March 16. [Leading Article]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 73 (2385), March 16 (29), p. 1. – 39.

St. Petersburg, May 22. [Leading Article]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 137 (2449), May 22 (June 4), p. 1. – 217, 218–219.

St. Petersburg, May 24. [Leading Article]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 139 (2451), May 24 (June 6), p. 1. – 220, 227–229, 312, 313.

St. Petersburg, June 27. [Leading Article]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 172 (2484), June 27 (July 10), p. 1. – 330.

St. Petersburg, July 6. [Leading Article]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 181 (2493), July 6 (19), p. 1. – 354.

St. Petersburg, July 26. [Leading Article]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 201 (2513), July 26 (August 8), p. 1. – 370–371.

St. Petersburg, July 28. [Leading Article]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 203 (2515), July 28 (August 10), p. 1. – 370–371.

St. Petersburg, August 15. [Leading Article]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 221 (2533), August 15 (28), p. 1. – 406.

St. Petersburg, August 16. [Leading Article]. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 222 (2534), August 16 (29), p. 1. – 406.

Compendium of Reports of Factory Inspectors for 1910. St. Petersburg, Kirsbaum Press, 1911. IV, XC, 319 pp. (Ministry of Trade and Industry. Department of Industry). – 427.

"Severnaya Pravda," St. Petersburg. – 411.

– 1913, No. 8, August 10, pp. 1–2. – 411.

– 1913, No. 9, August 11, p. 1. – 408.

– 1913, No. 15, August 20, p. 1. – 394.

– 1913, No. 18, August 23, p. 1. – 394.

*– 1913, No. 21, August 27, p. 1. – 420.

Sedov, L. – see Koltsov, D.

Semkovsky, S. Y. Worker-Philosopher Joseph Dietzgen. (On the 25th Anniversary of His Death). – "Luch," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 92 (178), April 23, p. 2. – 119–120.

Sibirsky, P. "35 Thousand Couriers." – "Pravda," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 59 (263), March 12, p. 1. – 101.

Assembly of Representatives of Factories in the Vyborg District. – "Novaya Rabochaya Gazeta," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 2, August 9, p. 2, in section: Workers on the Workers' Newspaper. – 411.

"Sovremennoye Slovo," St. Petersburg. – 345.

– 1913, No. 1967, July 2, p. 3. – 335.

"Sovremennyy Mir," St. Petersburg, 1907, Nos. 7–8, August, pp. 59–75. – 119.

– [1911], No. 7, pp. 345–348. – 247.

Sologub, F. Petty Demon. – 132.

"Social-Democrat," [Paris], 1910, No. 11, February 26 (13), p. 10. – 71–74, 75, 76, 77–78, 207, 223, 414.

– 1911, No. 24, October 18 (31), pp. 2–7. – 278–279.

Reference Book for 1912 (Supplement to the Reference Book for 1910). Issue 4. St. Petersburg, State Press, 1912. VI, 249 pp. (State Duma. Third Convocation – Fifth Session). – 131.

[Stalin, I. V.] The National Question and Social-Democracy. – "Prosveshchenie," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 3, pp. 50–62; No. 4, pp. 22–41; No. 5, pp. 25–36. Signature: K. Stalin. – 445.

Statistics of Land Ownership 1905. Issue 24. Orel Province. St. Petersburg, Central Typolitho. of Minkov, 1906. 54 pp. (Central Statistical Committee of the Interior Ministry). – 272–273.

Statistics of Land Ownership 1905. Compendium of Data from 50 Provinces of European Russia. St. Petersburg, Minkov Press, 1907. 199 pp.; L pp. of tables. (Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). – 10–11, 274–275.

[Article 129 of the Penal Code] – In: Penal Code… Approved March 22, 1903 with an Outline of Its Essential Differences from the Current Code and Subject Alphabetical Index. Unofficial Edition. Moscow, Law Bookstore "Pravovedenie" of Golubev, [1903], pp. 50–51. – 161.

Stenographic Reports [of the State Duma]. 1908. First Session. Part II. Sessions 31–60 (from February 21 to May 6, 1908). St. Petersburg, State Press, 1908. XV pp., 2962 cols. (State Duma. Third Convocation). – 57, 85, 204, 220, 301.

Stolypin, P. A. Speeches in the State Duma. 1906–1911. No place, [Ministry of Internal Affairs Press], no date. 398 pp. – 260, 263, 271, 272.

Insurance Societies. – "Promyshlennost i Torgovlya," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 9 (129), May 1, p. 419, in section: Joint-Stock Statistics. – 186–187.

Struve, P. B. Russian Revolution and the World. Open Letter to Jean Jaurès. – "Osvobozhdeniye," Paris, 1905, No. 72, June 21 (8), pp. 353–355. – 56.

"Syn Otechestva," St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 54, April 20 (May 3), pp. 2–3. – 258–259.

Tarsky, M. Zemstvo Representation. – "Promyshlennost i Torgovlya," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 3 (123), February 1, pp. 110–114. – 91–92.

To Worker Comrades. – "Severnaya Pravda," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 8, August 10, pp. 1–2. Signature: Semen. – 411.

Comrades! [Leaflet. St. Petersburg, April 1913]. 2 pp. (RSDWP). Signature: Petersburg Committee of the RSDWP. – 302, 307.

Comrades! [Leaflet. St. Petersburg, April 1913]. 1 p. (RSDWP). Signature: Petersburg Committee of the RSDWP. – 302, 307.

Comrades! [Leaflet. St. Petersburg, before April 4, 1913]. 1 p. (RSDWP). Signature: Petersburg Committee of the RSDWP. – 302, 307.

Comrades! [Leaflet. St. Petersburg, February 1913]. 2 pp. (RSDWP). Signature: Petersburg Committee of the RSDWP. – 302, 307.

Comrades, Workers of St. Petersburg. The Day of January 9… [Leaflet. St. Petersburg, January 1913]. 2 pp. (RSDWP). Signature: Petersburg Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. – 302, 307.

*"Torgovo-Promyshlennaya Gazeta," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 100, May 2 (15), p. 1. – 163–164.

The Year 1912. – "Novoye Vremya," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 13221, January 1 (14), pp. 2–3. – 25–27.

Decree to the Governing Senate [on Changes and Additions to the Regulations on Elections to the State Duma. December 11 (24), 1905]. – "Pravitelstvennyy Vestnik," St. Petersburg, 1905, No. 268, December 13 (26), p. 1, in section: Government Actions. – 80.

[Conditions for the Merger of the SDKPIL with the RSDWP, Adopted at the IV (Unification) Congress of the RSDWP]. – In: Protocols of the Unification Congress of the RSDWP, Held in Stockholm in 1906. Moscow, Ivanov Press, 1907, pp. 345–348. – 321.

F. D. – see Dan, F. I.

Forms of National Movements in Contemporary States. Austro-Hungary. Russia. Germany. Edited by A. I. Kastelyansky. St. Petersburg, "Obshchestvennaya Polza," 1910. XIII, 821 pp. – 124, 225, 445.

The French Official News on Kavala. – "Novoye Vremya," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 13425, July 28 (August 10), pp. 2–3. Under general heading: St. Petersburg, July 27. – 370–371.

Freebank. – "Russkoye Slovo," Moscow, 1913, No. 128, June 5 (18), pp. 6–7, in section: Moscow. Signature: V. B—y. – 293–295.

Khizhnyakov, V. M. From the History of One Zemstvo. – "Russkoye Bogatstvo," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 3, pp. 316–343. – 327–328.

Khizhnyakov, V. M. Compendium of Resolutions of the Chernigov Provincial Zemstvo Assembly, Sessions XXXVI–XLVI, 1900–1909. Vols. 1–2. Compiled by order of the Provincial Zemstvo Board by V. M. Khizhnyakov. Chernigov, Provincial Zemstvo Press, 1912. 2 vols. – 327.

"Tsayt," Paris, 1913, No. 9, February 21 (March 6), p. 1. In Hebrew. – 24.

What Next? – "Luch," St. Petersburg, 1912, No. 53, November 17, p. 1. – 298, 308, 393.

[Shingarev, A. I.] The New Duma and Old Tasks. – "Rech," St. Petersburg, 1913, No. 70 (2382), March 13 (26), p. 4. – 30–31.

Aesop. The Braggart. – 330.

Engels, F. Anti-Dühring. The Revolution in Science Effected by Herr Eugen Dühring. 1876–1878. – 43, 118, 367.

– The Berlin Debates on the Revolution. June 13–14, 1848. – 342.

– Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy. Beginning of 1886. – 43, 119.

Bauer, O. Die Nationalitätenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie. Vienna, Brand, 1907. VIII, 576 pp. (Marx-Studien. Pages on the Theory and Politics of Scientific Socialism. Edited by M. Adler and R. Hilferding. Vol. 2). – 210, 211, 318–319, 446, 448.

Bebel, A. From My Life. Part 1. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1910. VIII, 221 pp. – 364.

"Berliner Tageblatt." – 409.

"Bulletin of the New York Public Library Astor Lenox and Tilden Foundations," New York, 1912, Vol. XVI, No. 2, February, pp. 77–219. – 349–350.

"Der Cechoslavische Sozialdemokrat," Prague, 1913, No. 3, April 15, p. 23. – 124, 211, 226, 321.

Chasles, P. Le parlement Russe. Son organisation – ses rapports avec l'Empereur. With a preface by Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu. Paris, Rousseau, 1910. XV, 218 p. – 12–13, 14, 15.

Dietzgen, J. Das Acquisit der Philosophie und Briefe über Logik. Speziell demokratisch-proletarische Logik. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1895. VI, 232 pp. – 117.

*– Kleinere philosophische Schriften. Eine Auswahl. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1903. 272 pp. – 117, 119.

*– Die Religion der Sozialdemokratie. Sechs Kanzelreden. – In: Dietzgen, J. Kleinere philosophische Schriften. Eine Auswahl. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1903, pp. 12–76. – 119.

*– Sozialdemokratische Philosophie. Sieben Kapitel. – Ibid., pp. 94–142. – 117, 119.

– Streifzüge eines Sozialisten in das Gebiet der Erkenntnistheorie. Hottingen – Zurich, 1887. 60 pp. (Sozialdemokratische Bibliothek. XVIII). – 117–118, 119.

– Das Wesen der menschlichen Kopfarbeit. Presented by a Manual Laborer. Another Critique of Pure and Practical Reason. Hamburg, Meißner, 1869. VIII, 129 pp. – 117.

*– Der wissenschaftliche Sozialismus. – In: Dietzgen, J. Kleinere philosophische Schriften. Eine Auswahl. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1903, pp. 1–11. – 117.

Dublin Under the Police Baton. (From Our Correspondent). Dublin, September 4, 1913. – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1913, No. 231, September 6, pp. 1–2. – 403.

"Frankfurter Zeitung," Frankfurt am Main, 1913, No. 199, July 20. – 346–347.

Law Against the Dangerous Endeavors of Social-Democracy. Of October 21, 1878. – "Reichsgesetzblatt," Berlin, 1878, No. 34, pp. 351–358. – 367, 368.

Harry Quelch Deceased. – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1913, No. 243, September 18, p. 3. Under section: From the Party. – 439.

Huge Armaments Profits. – "The Labour Leader," [London], 1913, No. 15, April 10, p. 9. – 62.

"Irish Independent," Dublin. – 401.

International Social-Democracy and the Nationality Conflict in Austria. [Resolution of the General Party Congress of Social-Democracy in Austria, Held in Brno]. – In: Proceedings of the General Party Congress of Social-Democracy in Austria, Held in Brno from September 24–29, 1899 in the "Workers' Home." According to Stenographic Protocol. Vienna, Brand, 1899, pp. XIV–XVI. – 210–211, 318, 319, 445, 446, 447.

The Annual Conference of the British Socialist Party. – "Leipziger Volkszeitung," 1913, No. 115, May 22. Supplement 1 to No. 115 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung," p. 3. – 155–156.

"Justice," London. – 438.

"Der Kampf," Vienna, 1913, No. 8, May 1, pp. 357–365. – 308, 309.

Kautsky, K. Nationality and Internationality. [Stuttgart, Singer, 1908]. 36 pp. (Supplements to Neue Zeit, No. 1. Issued January 18, 1908). – 210, 319, 446, 447, 448.

A Demonstration of the Dublin Proletariat. – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1913, No. 234, September 9, p. 1. – 416–417.

"The Labour Leader," London, 1913, No. 14, April 3, p. 9. – 63–64.

– 1913, No. 15, April 10, p. 9. – 62.

– 1913, No. 21, May 22, pp. 3–5. – 175–176.

– 1913, No. 24, June 12, pp. 1–2. – 258.

The Situation of Social-Democracy in Russia. Published by the "Messenger" of the Organizational Committee of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party of Russia. Berlin, 1912. 47 pp. – 308.

* Agricultural Operating Statistics. Published by the Imperial Statistical Office. Part 2 b. Summarizing Presentation of Results. Published by the Statistical Reich Office. Berlin, [1912]. 100, 189 pp.; 6 maps. (Statistics of the German Reich. Vol. 212, 2 b. Occupational and Operating Census of June 12, 1907). – 233–235, 281–282, 285–287, 378, 434–437.

Agricultural Statistics of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown. Vol. 4. Distribution of Enterprises by Character and Size. By Order of the Royal Hungarian Minister of Agriculture. Compiled and published by the Royal Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Budapest, Pester Printing Press, 1900. X, 445 pp. – 378.

"Leipziger Volkszeitung," 1913, No. 106, May 10. Supplement 3 to No. 106 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung," pp. 1–2. – 145–146.

– 1913, No. 115, May 22. Supplement 1 to No. 115 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung," p. 3. – 155–156.

– 1913, No. 138, June 18, pp. 1–2. – 290–291.

– 1913, No. 150, July 2, pp. 1–2. – 343–345.

– 1913, No. 158, July 11. Supplement 1 to No. 158 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung," p. 1. – 331–332.

May Celebration in Russia. Petersburg, May 14. (Private Telegram of "Vorwärts"). – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1913, No. 117, May 15. Supplement 1 to No. 117 of "Vorwärts," p. 2. In section: From the Party. – 297.

Marx, K. and Engels, F. Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei. London, "Bildungs-Gesellschaft für Arbeiter," 1848. 30 pp. – 1.

"Neue Preussische Zeitung," Berlin, 1913, No. 279, June 18. – 311–312.

[Newbold, W. J.] The War Trust Scandal. British and German Armaments Firms in One Ring. Liberal Politicians and Ex-Admirals Implicated. – "The Labour Leader," [London], 1913, No. 21, May 22, pp. 3–5. – 175–176.

*– Worse Than the Marconi Scandal. Cabinet Ministers and Bishops as Shareholders in War Trust. Unholy Alliance of Church, State, Press and Jingoes. – "The Labour Leader," [London], 1913, No. 24, June 12, pp. 1–2. – 258.

Österreichische Statistik Published by the Imperial Austrian Central Statistical Commission. Vol. LXXXIII. Issue I. Results of the Agricultural Operating Census. Of June 3, 1902 in the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Reichsrat. Issue I: Analytical Treatment. Aggregate Data for the Empire, Administrative Territories and Lands, with Appendix Containing Surveys by Natural Regions. Prepared by the Bureau of the Imperial Austrian Central Statistical Commission. Vienna, 1909. [4], XLV, 65 pp. – 233–234, 235, 281–282, 285–286, 435.

The Party Congress of the British Socialist Party. London, May 14. (Special Report). – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1913, No. 119, May 17, p. 4. In section: From the Party. – 155–156.

Programme of the German Workers' Party. – In: Protocol of the Unification Congress of the Social-Democrats of Germany, Held in Gotha from May 22–27, 1875. Leipzig, Cooperative Printing Press, 1875, pp. 3–4. – 372.

Protocol of the Socialist Congress in Gotha, May 27–29, 1877. Hamburg, 1877. 92 pp. – 367.

Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany. Held in Dresden, September 13–20, 1903. Berlin, Expedition of the Buchh. "Vorwärts," 1903. 448 pp. – 369.

Protocol of the Proceedings of the Party Congress of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany. Held in Hannover, October 9–14, 1899. Berlin, Expedition of the Buchh. "Vorwärts," 1899. 304 pp. – 369.

Ravesteyn, W. The Awakening of Indonesia. – "Leipziger Volkszeitung," 1913, No. 106, May 10. Supplement 3 to No. 106 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung," pp. 1–2. – 145–146.

"Reichsgesetzblatt," Berlin, 1878, No. 34, pp. 351–358. – 367, 368.

The 1912 Reichstag Elections. Prepared in the Imperial Statistical Office. Issue 3. Berlin, Publishing House for State and Legal Science, 1913. 125 pp.; 3 tables. (Statistics of the German Reich, Vol. 250, 3). – 339–342.

[Renner, K. and] Springer, R. The Struggle of the Austrian Nations for the State. Part 1: The National Problem as a Constitutional and Administrative Question. Leipzig–Vienna, Deuticke, 1902. IV, 252 pp. – 59, 318–319, 448.

Report for the Year Ending December 31, 1911. – "Bulletin of the New York Public Library Astor Lenox and Tilden Foundations," New York, 1912, Vol. XVI, No. 2, February, pp. 77–219. – 349–350.

Resolution [Adopted at the First Conference of German and French Parliamentarians in Bern on May 11, 1913]. – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1913, No. 115, May 13, p. 3, in section: German-French Understanding Conference in Bern. – 143, 144.

Resolution on Unity [Adopted at the International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen 1910]. – In: International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen. August 28 – September 3, 1910. Berlin, Buchh. "Vorwärts," 1910, p. 16. – 124, 211, 226.

[Rotstein, Th.] The Australian Labor Party. – "Leipziger Volkszeitung," 1913, No. 138, June 18, pp. 1–2. – 290–291.

– An Instructive By-Election. Leipzig, July 2. – "Leipziger Volkszeitung," 1913, No. 150, July 2, pp. 1–2. – 343–345.

– Girl Trafficking and Humbug. – "Leipziger Volkszeitung," 1913, No. 158, July 11. Supplement 1 to No. 158 of "Leipziger Volkszeitung," p. 1. In section: Political Survey. – 331–332.

Schiemann, Th. The External Politics of the Week. – "Neue Preussische Zeitung," Berlin, 1913, No. 279, June 18. – 311–312.

Semkovsky, S. The Resurgence of the Russian Proletariat. – "Der Kampf," Vienna, 1913, No. 8, May 1, pp. 357–365. – 308, 309.

"Social-Demokrat," London. – 438.

"Sozial-Demokrat," Zurich–London. – 367, 368.

Statistical Abstract of the United States. 1911. No. 34. Prepared by the Bureau of Statistics, Under the Direction of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. Washington, 1912. 803 pp. (Department of Commerce and Labor). – 20–21, 34, 35, 128, 129, 130, 243–244.

Strikes and Lockouts in the Year 1909. Prepared in the Imperial Statistical Office. Berlin, Puttkammer u. Mühlbrecht, 1910. 62 pp. (Statistics of the German Reich. Vol. 239). – 215, 216.

Taylor, F. W. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York–London, Harper, 1911. 144 pp. – 18, 19.

[Trotsky, L.] From Russian Party Life. – "Vorwärts," Berlin, 1912, No. 72, March 26. Supplement 1 to No. 72 of "Vorwärts," p. 1. – 307, 308.

"Vorwärts," Berlin. – 7.

– 1912, No. 72, March 26. Supplement 1 to No. 72 of "Vorwärts," p. 1. – 307, 308.

– 1913, No. 115, May 13, p. 3. – 143, 144.

– 1913, No. 117, May 15. Supplement 1 to No. 117 of "Vorwärts," p. 2. – 297.

– 1913, No. 119, May 17, p. 4. – 155–156.

– 1913, No. 231, September 6, pp. 1–2. – 403.

– 1913, No. 234, September 9, p. 1. – 416–417.

– 1913, No. 243, September 18, p. 3. – 439.

The World Power of the Merchant. – "Frankfurter Zeitung," Frankfurt am Main, 1913, No. 199, July 20. – 346–347.

A Turn for the Better. – "Der Cechoslavische Sozialdemokrat," Prague, 1913, No. 3, April 15, p. 23. Under section: Notes. – 124, 211, 226, 321.

Where Were Other Labour M.P.'s? – "The Labour Leader," London, 1913, No. 14, April 3, p. 9. – 63–64.

Index of Names

Akselrod, P. B. (1850–1928) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. In 1883 participated in the creation of the "Emancipation of Labor" group. From 1900 – member of the editorial board of "Iskra" and "Zarya." After the Second Congress of the RSDWP – active Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of the Liquidators, was on the editorial board of the Menshevik-Liquidator newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat"; in 1912 participated in the anti-party August Bloc. During the First World War – centrist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility; in emigration, advocated armed intervention against Soviet Russia. – 75.

Aleksinsky, G. A. (born 1879) – in the beginning of his political activity a social-democrat. During the period of the first Russian revolution sided with the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction – a recallist, one of the organizers of the anti-party group "Forward." During the First World War – social-chauvinist, contributor to a number of bourgeois newspapers. In 1917 joined the Plekhanov group "Unity" and took a counter-revolutionary position. In July 1917, fabricating false documents jointly with military counter-intelligence, slandered V. I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks. In April 1918 fled abroad. In emigration joined the camp of extreme reaction. – 73, 207, 247.

An – see Zhordania, N. N.

Armstrong (Armstrong) – representative of the English military-industrial firm "Armstrong, Whitworths and Co.," founded by William George Armstrong (1810–1900); existed until 1937. – 62.

Astrakhan, I. D. (1862–1918) – physician, author of a number of works on social insurance, struggle against traumatism, etc. From the early 1900s worked as a factory physician at textile factories in the Khamovnicheskiy district of Moscow. In 1903 was one of the founders of the society of factory physicians, participated in organizing all-Russian congresses of factory physicians in 1909 and 1911. – 255–256.

B

B—n, I. – see Bratin, I.

Badaev, A. E. (1883–1951) – Bolshevik, by profession a worker-fitter, later Soviet party and state official. Joined the RSDWP in 1904, conducted party work in Petrograd. Deputy to the Fourth State Duma from the workers of Petrograd Province, member of the Bolshevik faction of the Duma; along with Duma work, conducted extensive revolutionary work outside the Duma: contributed to the Bolshevik newspaper "Pravda," participated in Krakow and Poronin meetings of the Central Committee with party workers. In November 1914, together with other Bolshevik deputies, was arrested and in 1915 exiled to settlement in the Turukhansk region. Returning from exile after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, took active part in the work of the Bolshevik organization in Petrograd. After the October Socialist Revolution – in leading party, Soviet, and economic work. In 1938–1943 – chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. From 1925 – member of the Central Committee. Author of the frequently reprinted book "Bolsheviks in the State Duma." – 288.

Balashov, P. N. (born 1871) – major landowner, in 1900–1909 – marshal of the nobility in Bratslav District of Podolia Province. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Podolia Province, in the Fourth Duma – leader of the faction of Russian nationalists and moderate rightists. Was chairman of the chauvinistic All-Russian National Union. – 39.

Banton (Banton), Alderman George (1856–1932) – active figure in the English Independent Labour Party. Was member of the city council of Leicester, mayor of the city. In 1922–1924 – member of parliament. – 344, 345.

Bauer (Bauer), Otto (1882–1938) – one of the leaders of Austrian social-democracy and the Second International, ideologue of the so-called "Austro-Marxism," which is a variety of reformism. Bauer was one of the authors of the bourgeois-nationalist theory of "cultural-national autonomy." Reacted negatively to the October Socialist Revolution. In 1918–1919 was minister of foreign affairs of the Austrian bourgeois republic. In 1919, 1927, and 1934 actively participated in suppressing revolutionary outbursts of the working class of Austria. In his anti-communist statements allied with fascism, supported pan-German propaganda. – 210, 319, 446, 448.

Bachinsky, Y. (born 1870) – Galician social-democrat. Supporter of the bourgeois-nationalist theory of "cultural-national autonomy." During the First World War belonged to the "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine" – an ultra-nationalist organization that attempted with the help of the Austrian monarchy to realize the slogan of an "independent" Ukraine. In 1918 – member of the Galician Ukrainian National Council, in 1919 – ambassador of this council to the USA.

Author of the pamphlet "Взаiмнi вiдносини соцiял-демократичних партiй, украiнськоi i польской, в схiднiй Галичинi" ("Mutual Relations of Parties, Ukrainian and Polish, in Eastern Galicia"), published in 1910 in Lvov. – 447.

Bebel (Bebel), August (1840–1913) – one of the most prominent figures of German social-democracy and the international labor movement. See the article "August Bebel" in the present volume. – 148, 363–369.

Bedny, Demyan (Pridvorov, E. A.) (1883–1945) – outstanding Soviet poet, member of the Bolshevik party from 1912. From 1911 contributed to the Bolshevik newspapers "Zvezda" and "Pravda." His poems and fables are permeated with the spirit of class struggle against the capitalist system and its defenders. During the period of foreign military intervention and civil war acted as an agitator at the fronts. In poems, fables, songs, and lampoons, Bedny reflected the life of Soviet people during the years of socialist construction. – 132.

Bennigsen, E. P. (born 1875) – count, landowner, Octobrist. Was district marshal of the nobility, member of the Starorusskoye district and Novgorod provincial zemstvos and the Petrograd city duma. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Novgorod Province. – 39.

Bernstein (Bernstein), Eduard (1850–1932) – leader of the extreme opportunistic wing of German social-democracy and the Second International, theoretician of revisionism and reformism. Participated in the social-democratic movement from the mid-1870s. From 1881 to 1889 – editor of the central organ of the German social-democratic party "Der Sozialdemokrat" ("Social-Democrat"). In 1896–1898 published in the journal "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Times") a series of articles under the title "Problems of Socialism," later published as a book "Prerequisites of Socialism and Tasks of Social-Democracy," where he openly undertook a revision of the philosophical, economic, and political foundations of revolutionary Marxism. Bernstein declared the only task of the labor movement to be the struggle for reforms aimed at improving the economic position of workers under capitalism, put forward the opportunistic formula: "the movement is everything, the final goal is nothing." During the First World War stood on social-chauvinist positions. In subsequent years Bernstein continued to support the policy of imperialist bourgeoisie, spoke out against the October Socialist Revolution and the Soviet state. – 368, 409.

Bismarck (Bismarck), Otto Eduard Leopold (1815–1898) – statesman and diplomat of Prussia and Germany. Bismarck's main goal was the unification "by blood and iron" of the small scattered German states and the creation of a unified German Empire under the hegemony of the Junker Prussian state. In January 1871 Bismarck became Chancellor of the German Empire and for 20 years directed all the foreign and domestic policy of Germany in the interests of the landowner-Junkers, while trying to ensure an alliance between the Junkers and large bourgeoisie. Unable to strangle the labor movement with the help of the exceptional law against socialists which he passed in 1878, Bismarck came forth with a demagogic program of social legislation, introducing laws on mandatory insurance for certain categories of workers. However, Bismarck's attempt to decompose the labor movement with paltry hand-outs did not succeed. In 1890 he was dismissed. – 15, 84, 228, 232, 248, 249–250, 325, 326, 366.

Bogdanov, A. (Malinovsky, A. A.) (1873–1928) – social-democrat, philosopher, sociologist, economist, by profession a physician. After the Second Congress of the RSDWP sided with the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge headed the recallists, was leader of the anti-party group "Forward." In matters of philosophy tried to create his own system – "empiriomonism" (a variety of subjective-idealist Machist philosophy), which V. I. Lenin sharply criticized in his work "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism." At the Meeting of the Expanded Editorial Board of the newspaper "Proletariat" in June 1909 Bogdanov was expelled from the ranks of the Bolsheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution was one of the organizers and leaders of "Proletcult." From 1926 – director of the Institute of Blood Transfusion founded by him. – 246–247.

Bragin, I. (B—n, I.) – contributor (1913) to the journal "Industry and Trade," which expressed the interests of large commercial-industrial bourgeoisie. – 362.

Bourgeois (Bourgeois), Léon Victor Auguste (1851–1925) – French political figure, one of the leaders of the Radicals. In 1888 was elected to parliament, in 1895–1896 headed the government of France, in 1902–1904 – chairman of the Chamber of Deputies. From 1905 – senator. Held ministerial posts in a number of cabinets. From 1919 headed the French delegation to the League of Nations. – 231.

Bacon (Bacon), Reginald Hugh Spencer (1863–1947) – major English specialist in naval affairs, from 1909 – rear-admiral. In 1910–1915 was director of artillery factories in Coventry. – 176.

V

Ravesteyn – see Ravesteyn, Willem van.

Veselovsky, B. B. (1880–1954) – man of letters, historian, and economist. In 1901–1902 sided with the Moscow social-democratic organization. From 1905 conducted scientific and literary work in Petrograd. Contributed to journals "Obrazovanie," "Contemporary World," from 1913 led the zemstvo section of the newspaper "Russian Word." In 1907–1912 participated in the work of the social-democratic faction of the Third State Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in the Central Archives, in the State Planning Commission of the RSFSR, taught in higher educational institutions. Author of the four-volume "History of the Zemstvo," author and editor of a number of other works on zemstvo and city affairs and the agrarian question. – 151, 288, 289.

Vigdorchik, N. A. (1874–1954) – physician, author of a number of works on social insurance and occupational diseases. In the 1890s participated in the social-democratic movement in Kiev, participated in the work of the First Congress of the RSDWP. From 1906, withdrawing from active political activity, engaged in medical practice and conducted scientific work in Petrograd. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in his specialty, in 1924–1951 – professor of the Leningrad Institute for Advanced Medical Studies. – 255.

Vinogradov, P. G. (1854–1925) – historian, professor of Moscow and later Oxford universities. In his political views sided with the Kadets. Spoke out against the revolutionary movement, which was vividly manifested in his "Political Letters," published on August 5, 1905 in the newspaper "Russian News." In these letters Vinogradov, as V. I. Lenin pointed out, "with rare clarity expressed the interests, tactics, psychology of self-seeking bourgeoisie…" (Collected Works, 5th ed., Vol. 11, pp. 225–226). Reacted with hostility to the October Socialist Revolution and Soviet power. – 194.

Vlasov, A. – author of the article "On the Organizational Question," published in No. 109 (195) of the newspaper of Menshevik-Liquidators "Luch" on May 14, 1913. – 80, 177–178.

Volsky, S. (Sokolov, A. V.) (born 1880) – social-democrat. After the Second Congress of the RSDWP sided with the Bolsheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of the recallists, participated in organizing and working at factional schools in Capri and Bologna (Italy), belonged to the anti-party group "Forward." After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 worked in the military section of the Petrograd Soviet. Reacted with hostility to the October Socialist Revolution, emigrated abroad, but soon returned to Soviet Russia. Worked in the State Planning Commission and the People's Commissariat of Trade. From 1927 engaged in literary work. – 247.

G

G. R. – see Levitsky, V.

Hyndman (Hyndman), Henry Myers (1842–1921) – English socialist, reformist. In 1881 founded the Democratic Federation, transformed in 1884 into the Social-Democratic Federation. In 1900–1910 – member of the International Socialist Bureau. Was one of the leaders of the British Socialist Party, however in 1916 was expelled from the party for propaganda in favor of the imperialist war. Reacted with hostility to the October Socialist Revolution, advocated intervention against Soviet Russia. – 155–156, 440.

Hardie (Hardie), James Keir (1856–1915) – figure in the English labor movement, reformist, one of the leaders of the Independent Labour Party and founders of the Labour Party. Started his political career as a leader of the trade union organization of Scottish miners. In 1888 founded the Scottish Labour Party. In 1892 was elected to parliament, pursued a policy of accommodation with representatives of bourgeois parties. At the beginning of the First World War took a centrist position, then openly joined the social-chauvinists. – 343.

Hartley (Hartley), Edward (1855–1918) – figure in the English labor movement. Was member of the executive committee of the Social-Democratic Federation, member of the Independent Labour Party, later – member of the British Socialist Party. – 344–345.

Hegel (Hegel), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) – most prominent German philosopher – objective idealist, ideologue of German bourgeoisie. Hegel's historical merit lies in the profound and comprehensive development of dialectics, which served as one of the theoretical sources of dialectical materialism. However, Hegel's dialectics was idealistic in character, closely connected to his conservative, metaphysical system. In his socio-political views Hegel was a supporter of constitutional monarchy.

Hegel's main works: "Phenomenology of Spirit," "Science of Logic," "Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences," etc. – 43.

Gärtner (Gärtner) – official of the Austrian Ministry of Transportation, member of the international society for combating prostitution. – 331–332.

Herzen, A. I. (1812–1870) – great Russian revolutionary-democrat, materialist philosopher, publicist and writer; founder of "Russian," "peasant" socialism. Herzen joined the liberation movement as a noble revolutionary, continuing the traditions of the Decembrists. In 1852 founded in London a Russian printing press and initiated the free Russian press abroad. After publishing several revolutionary proclamations, brochures, and articles, in 1855 began publishing the almanac "Polar Star," and in 1857, together with N. P. Ogarev, – "The Bell."

An assessment of Herzen's role in the history of the Russian liberation movement is given by V. I. Lenin in the article "In Memory of Herzen" (see Collected Works, 5th ed., Vol. 21, pp. 255–262). – 398.

Ginzburg, B. A. – see Koltsov, D.

# Part 3/5

Gladstone (Gladstone), William Ewart (1809–1898) – English political and statesman, leader of the Liberal Party. Held ministerial posts in several cabinets; Prime Minister in 1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886, 1892–1894. Widely employed the means of social demagogy and half-measures in reforms (electoral reform of 1884, etc.) to attract petty-bourgeois sections of the population and the upper echelons of the working class to the Liberal cause. Pursued a policy of imperialist colonial conquest. As a political figure, Gladstone – who, by V. I. Lenin's definition, was a "hero of liberal bourgeois and obtuse philistines" – was distinguished by extreme lack of principle, sanctimoniousness, and hypocrisy. – 176.

Greulich (Greulich), Hermann (1842–1925) – one of the founders of the Swiss Social-Democratic Party, leader of its right wing. In the early years of his political activity entered the bourgeois-reformist organization "Grütli." From 1869 to 1880 edited the social-democratic newspaper "Tagwacht" ("Sentinel") in Zurich; from 1890 – member of the Zurich cantonal parliament, and from 1902 – member of the all-Swiss parliament. During the First World War – social-chauvinist. Subsequently struggled against the adhesion of the left wing of the Swiss Social-Democratic Party to the Communist International. – 143.

Grayson (Grayson), Albert Victor (born 1882) – English socialist, journalist. In 1907 was elected to parliament, where he entered the labor faction. In 1911 participated in the creation of the British Socialist Party, was a member of the executive committee of this party. – 155.

Grinberg, V. D. – see Medem, V. D.

Grot, N. Ya. (1852–1899) – Russian idealist philosopher, psychologist. From 1876 – professor of philosophy at the Nezhin Institute of History and Philology; in 1883–1886 – at Novorossiysk University in Odessa; from 1886 – at Moscow University. Was chairman of the Moscow Psychological Society, founder and first editor (from 1889) of the journal of idealist orientation "Questions of Philosophy and Psychology." Author of a number of works on philosophy and psychology. – 349.

Guzhon, Yu. P. – major industrialist; in the 1900s was director of the board of the Moscow Metallurgical Works Company, member of the "French Mutual Aid Society," chairman of the "Society of Factory and Mill Owners of the Moscow Industrial Region." – 195.

Gutovskiy, V. A. – see Mayevskiy, E.

Guchkov, A. I. (1862–1936) – major capitalist, organizer and leader of the Octobrist Party. During the period of the First Russian Revolution supported the government's policy of merciless repression against the working class and peasantry. In 1910–1911 – chairman of the III State Duma. During the First World War – chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee and member of the Special Conference on Defense. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – military and naval minister in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. In August 1917 participated in organizing the Kornilov mutiny. After the October Socialist Revolution actively struggled against Soviet power; white émigré. – 39, 56.

Gushka, A. O. – see Ermanskiy, A.

D

Dan, F. I. (Gurewich, F. I., F. D.) (1871–1947) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. Was a participant in the IV (Unification), V (London) congresses of the RSDLP and a number of conferences. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge headed, abroad, a group of liquidators, edited the newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat." During the First World War – a defensist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and of the Presidium of the CEC of the first convocation, supported the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution struggled against Soviet power. In the spring of 1922 was expelled abroad as an enemy of the Soviet state. – 74, 75, 81, 84, 100, 101, 120, 236, 303, 308, 309, 325, 408–410.

Dietzgen (Dietzgen), Joseph (1828–1888) – German tanner worker who independently arrived at dialectical materialism. Participated in the revolution of 1848–1849; after its defeat emigrated from Germany. For 20 years wandered in America and Europe, working at various enterprises, while simultaneously engaging in philosophical research. From 1864 to 1868 lived in Russia, worked at a tannery in Petersburg. Here Dietzgen wrote the book "The Nature of Human Head Work" and a review of the first volume of Capital by K. Marx. In 1869 returned to Germany, became acquainted with K. Marx, began to actively participate in the work of the German Social-Democratic Party. In 1884 Dietzgen again left for the USA, where he edited the newspaper "Der Sozialist" ("The Socialist") – organ of the Executive Committee of the American Socialist Labor Party. – 117–120.

Dobrolyubov, N. A. (1836–1861) – great Russian revolutionary democrat, outstanding literary critic and materialist philosopher, closest friend and comrade of N. G. Chernyshevskiy. From autumn 1857 Dobrolyubov managed the critical-bibliographic section of the journal "The Contemporary," later headed the satirical section of the journal "The Whistle." Was an implacable enemy of autocracy and serfdom, an advocate of popular uprising against the tsar's autocratic government. Along with A. I. Herzen, V. G. Belinsky, and N. G. Chernyshevskiy was a precursor of revolutionary Social-Democracy in Russia. – 113.

Dobroserdov, K. – author of the article "The State Duma and Public Education," published on May 22, 1912 in No. 6 of the Bolshevik newspaper "Nevskaya Zvezda." – 133.

Domov – see Pokrovskiy, M. N.

Dontsov, D. – member of the petty-bourgeois Ukrainian Social-Democratic Labor Party, contributor to the Lvov newspaper "Shlakhy" and the journal "Ukrainian Life" published in Moscow. During the First World War was one of the founders of the "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine" – a nationalist organization that attempted to realize the slogan of an "independent" Ukraine with the help of the Austrian monarchy. After the October Socialist Revolution – emigrant. – 337–338.

Dumont (Dumont), Charles Emile Etienne (born 1867) – French bourgeois political figure, radical-socialist. In 1912 was minister of public works; in 1913 and 1930 – minister of finance; in 1931–1932 – naval minister. From 1924 – senator. – 231.

Dühring (Dühring), Eugen (1833–1921) – German philosopher and economist, petty-bourgeois ideologue. Dühring's philosophical views represented an eclectic mixture of positivism, metaphysical materialism, and idealism. Dühring's views, which found support among part of German Social-Democracy, were subjected to criticism by Engels in the book "Anti-Dühring. Revolution in Science Effected by Mr. Eugen Dühring." V. I. Lenin in his book "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" and a number of other works repeatedly criticized Dühring's eclectic views.

Principal works: "Critical History of National Economy and Socialism," "Course in National and Social Economy," "Course in Philosophy." – 367.

E

Egorov, A. – see Martov, L.

Ezhov, V. – see Tsederbaum, S. O.

Ermanskiy, A. (Kogan, O. A., Gushka, A. O.) (1866–1941) – Social-Democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator; actively collaborated in Menshevik publications. During the First World War – centrist. In 1917 – Menshevik-internationalist; in 1918 was a member of the CC of the Mensheviks. In 1921 left the Menshevik party, worked in scientific research in Moscow. – 236–238, 239–240, 241.

Efremov, I. N. (born 1866) – major landowner, deputy of the I, III, and IV State Dumas. One of the organizers of the party of "peaceful renewal," subsequently – leader of the bourgeois Progressive Party. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was a member of the Executive Committee of the State Duma, was part of the bourgeois Provisional Government. – 39.

Zh

Zhordaniya, N. N. (An) (1870–1953) – Social-Democrat, one of the leaders of the Caucasian Mensheviks. In 1905 edited the Menshevik newspaper "Social-Democrat" (in Georgian language). In 1906 – deputy of the I State Duma. At the V (London) Congress of the party was elected member of the CC of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge Zhordaniya, while formally adhering to the Menshevik-partisans, actually supported the liquidators. In 1914 collaborated in Trotsky's journal "The Struggle"; during the First World War – social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 was chairman of the Tiflis Soviet of Workers' Deputies; in 1918–1921 headed the counter-revolutionary Menshevik government of Georgia; from 1921 – white émigré. – 76, 83, 203–204, 207, 308–309.

Jaurès (Jaurès), Jean (1859–1914) – prominent figure of French and international socialist movement, historian. In 1902 Jaurès and his followers created the French Socialist Party, which in 1905, merging with the Socialist Party of France, received the name of the United French Socialist Party. Member of parliament in 1885–1889, 1893–1898, 1902–1914; one of the leaders of the parliamentary socialist faction. In 1904 founded and edited until the end of his life the newspaper "L'Humanité" ("Humanity"). Jaurès spoke in defense of democracy, popular freedoms, for peace, against imperialist oppression and wars of conquest. He was convinced that only socialism would finally end wars and colonial oppression. However, Jaurès believed that socialism would triumph not through the class struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, but as a result of the "flourishing of the democratic idea." Lenin sharply criticized Jaurès's reformist views, which pushed him toward the path of opportunism.

Jaurès's struggle for peace, against the impending threat of war, aroused the hatred of imperialist bourgeoisie toward him. On the eve of the First World War Jaurès was killed by a tool of reaction. – 409.

Z

Zasulich, V. I. (1849–1919) – prominent participant in the Populist, then Social-Democratic movement in Russia. Participated in the creation and activities of the "Liberation of Labor" group. In 1900 entered the editorial board of "Iskra" ("The Spark") and "Zarya" ("The Dawn"). After the II Congress of the RSDLP became one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge adhered to the liquidators. During the First World War held social-chauvinist positions. Took a negative stance toward the October Socialist Revolution. – 76.

I

Izgoev (Lande), A. S. (born 1872) – bourgeois publicist, one of the ideologues of the Cadet Party. Initially was a "legal Marxist," for a time adhered to the Social-Democrats; in 1905 defected to the Cadet Party. Contributed to Cadet organs: the newspaper "Rech," journals "Southern Notes" and "Russian Thought," participated in the counter-revolutionary collection "Landmarks." After the October Socialist Revolution contributed to the journal of a decadent group of intellectuals – "Herald of Literature." For counter-revolutionary publicistic activity in 1922 was expelled abroad. – 111, 323–326.

Ilyich, V. – see Lenin, V. I.

K

Kant (Kant), Immanuel (1724–1804) – founder of classical German philosophy; from 1770 professor at Königsberg University. Kant's philosophy represented a variety of subjective idealism and agnosticism, but at the same time had a certain materialist tendency, expressed in the doctrine of "things-in-themselves" and in the recognition of the empirical character of our knowledge. Kantianism played an enormous role in the history of bourgeois philosophy; under its influence were formed later representatives of classical German idealism (Fichte, Schelling, Hegel), and such trends in bourgeois philosophical thought as neo-Kantianism, positivism, and others emerged. The striving to return to Kant or reconcile Marxism with Kantianism was always characteristic of revisionists.

The contradictory and inconsistent character of Kant's philosophy provoked criticism from both the "right" (by more consistent subjective idealists) and the "left" (by Feuerbach, Chernyshevskiy, representatives of dialectical materialism) (see V. I. Lenin. Works, 5th ed., vol. 18, pp. 202–214, 381–384).

Principal works of Kant: "Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens," "Critique of Pure Reason," "Critique of Practical Reason," "Critique of the Power of Judgment," and others. – 118.

Carson (Carson), Edward Henry (1854–1935) – English reactionary political figure, Conservative, lord, bitter opponent of Irish Home Rule. In 1912 in order to struggle against the Irish national-liberation movement, Carson organized armed reactionary gangs of "Unionists" (supporters of Anglo-Irish union) in Ulster (northern part of Ireland). In 1915 was part of Asquith's coalition government; in 1917–1918 – minister without portfolio in Lloyd George's cabinet. In 1921 withdrew from active political activity. – 402.

Kasso, L. A. (1865–1914) – major landowner, professor at Kharkov, then Moscow Universities. In 1910–1914 was minister of public education. Pursued a reactionary policy toward primary, secondary, and higher education; brutally suppressed revolutionary students and progressive professors. – 127, 128.

Katkov, M. N. (1818–1887) – landowner, reactionary publicist. Began his political activity as a supporter of moderate noble liberalism. In the early 1860s moved to the reactionary camp. In 1863–1887 was editor-publisher of "Moscow Gazette," which became the mouthpiece of monarchical reaction. Katkov called himself the "faithful watchdog of autocracy." Katkov's name became a symbol of the most unbridled reaction. – 57, 260.

Kautsky (Kautsky), Karl (1854–1938) – one of the leaders of German Social-Democracy and the II International; initially a Marxist, later a renegade of Marxism, ideologue of the most dangerous and harmful variety of opportunism – centrism (Kautskyism). Editor of the theoretical journal of German Social-Democracy "Die Neue Zeit" ("New Times").

Began participating in the socialist movement from 1874. His views at that time represented a mixture of Lassalleanism, neo-Malthusianism, and anarchism. In 1881 became acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels and under their influence turned to Marxism, however already in this period displayed vacillations toward opportunism, for which he was sharply criticized by K. Marx and F. Engels. In the 80s–90s wrote a number of works on questions of Marxist theory: "Economic Teaching of Karl Marx," "The Agrarian Question," etc., which, despite errors made in them, played a positive role in the propagation of Marxism. Later, during the period of widely developed revolutionary movement, moved to opportunist positions. During the First World War Kautsky stood on positions of social-chauvinism, disguising it with phrases about internationalism. Author of the theory of ultra-imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution openly spoke out against proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the working class, against Soviet power.

V. I. Lenin in his works "The Collapse of the II International," "Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism," "The State and Revolution," "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky," and a number of others subjected Kautskyism to devastating criticism. – 210, 319, 353, 447, 448.

Kaufman, A. A. (1864–1919) – Russian bourgeois economist and statistician, publicist; one of the organizers and leaders of the Cadet Party. From 1887 to 1906 served in the Ministry of Agriculture and State Properties. Participated in drawing up the Cadet project of agrarian reform. Contributed to the newspaper "Russian Gazette." After the October Socialist Revolution participated in the work of central statistical institutions. – 153.

Quelch (Quelch), Harry (1858–1913) – prominent figure of English and international labor movement. See the article "Harry Quelch" in the present volume. – 156, 438–440.

Keir-Hardie – see Hardie, James Keir.

Clemenceau (Clemenceau), Georges Benjamin (1841–1929) – political and statesman of France, for many years leader of the Radical Party. From 1876 – member of the Chamber of Deputies. In 1902 was elected to the Senate. In 1906–1909 headed the French government. Defending the interests of big capital, pursued a policy of brutal repression against the working class. During the First World War – fierce chauvinist. From November 1917 Clemenceau again headed the French government, introduced a regime of military dictatorship in the country. Was one of the organizers and instigators of armed intervention against Soviet Russia, sought to realize the "economic encirclement" and strangulation of the Soviet republic. In 1920 suffered defeat in the presidential elections and withdrew from political activity. – 231.

Klyuzhev, I. S. (1856–1922) – homeowner, Octobrist. Worked as inspector of public schools in Samara district and the city of Samara, was a member of the district and provincial zemstvos and city duma. Deputy of the II State Duma from the city of Samara; III and IV Dumas from Samara province. – 131–134.

Kogan, O. A. – see Ermanskiy, A.

Kozminyкh-Lanin, I. M. (born 1874) – mechanical engineer; in 1913 was a factory inspector of Moscow province; from 1914 taught at higher educational institutions in Moscow. Author of works on labor statistics in Moscow province. – 427, 430.

Kokovtsov, V. N. (1853–1943) – one of the prominent statesmen of tsarist Russia. In 1904–1914 (with a short interruption) – minister of finance; and from 1911, after the assassination of Stolypin, simultaneously held the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers. During the First World War – major banker. After the October Socialist Revolution – white émigré. – 127, 128, 173, 174.

Kolb (Kolb), Wilhelm (1870–1918) – German Social-Democrat, extreme opportunist and revisionist, editor of "Volksfreund" ("Friend of the People"). During the First World War – social-chauvinist. – 409.

Koltsov, D. (Ginzburg, B. A., L. S, Sedov, L.) (1863–1920) – Social-Democrat; after the II Congress of the RSDLP – active Menshevik, contributor to a number of Menshevik publications. During the period of the First Russian Revolution participated in the professional movement in Petersburg; from 1908 worked in Baku. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge held liquidationist positions. During the First World War – social-chauvinist; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – commissar of labor in the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Took a hostile stance toward the October Socialist Revolution. In 1918–1919 worked in cooperative organizations. – 75–76, 81, 85, 120, 207, 303, 325.

Komarov, A. I. – official of the forestry department; for many years worked in Siberia as a forest auditor and forester. In 1908–1910 appeared in the liberal-bourgeois newspaper "New Russia" with a number of articles criticizing the organization of resettlement affairs. After retiring, published these articles in 1913 as a separate book "The Truth About Resettlement Affairs." – 104–109, 267–269.

Combes (Combes), Justine Louis Emile (1835–1921) – French bourgeois political figure, Radical. In 1895–1896 – minister of education. In 1902–1905 headed the French government. The Combes government carried out certain anti-clerical measures: severed diplomatic relations with the Vatican, prepared a bill on the separation of church from state (was passed soon after the Combes cabinet resigned), forbade certain monastic orders, etc. In 1915–1916 Combes was in Briand's cabinet as minister without portfolio. – 409.

Konovalov, A. I. (born 1875) – major mill-owner and landowner, one of the leaders of the bourgeois Progressive Party. Deputy of the IV State Duma from Kostroma province. In 1915–1916 – deputy chairman of the Central Military-Industrial Committee. In 1917 – minister of trade and industry in the first two compositions of the bourgeois Provisional Government and Kerensky's deputy in the last composition of the Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution – white émigré. – 160–161, 162.

Konovalov, I. A. (1883–1911) – participated in the revolutionary movement from 1900. In the last years of his life became a provocateur, which became clear only after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917. – 270, 272.

Kosinskiy, V. A. (born 1866) – economist-agrarian of Populist tendency. In 1904–1909 – professor of Novorossiysk University in Odessa; later – of Kiev Polytechnical Institute. Author of the work "On the Agrarian Question," vol. I ("Peasant and Landlord Economy") and II ("Principal Tendencies in the Mobilization of Land Property and Their Socio-Economic Factors"). In 1918 was deputy minister of labor in the counter-revolutionary government of Hetman Skoropadskiy; subsequently emigrated abroad. – 433–434.

Kosovskiy, V. (Levinson, M. Ya.) (1870–1941) – one of the leaders of the Bund. In the mid-1890s was part of Social-Democratic circles in Vilna; in 1897 participated in the founding congress of the Bund, was elected to the CC and appointed chief editor of the Bund's central organ, the newspaper "Die Arbeiter Stimme" ("Workers' Voice"). At the II Congress of the RSDLP – delegate from the Foreign Committee of the Bund, anti-Iskrist; after the congress – Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge contributed to organs of liquidationist Mensheviks: the journal "Our Dawn" and the newspaper "The Ray." During the First World War held Germanophile positions. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility; after the revolution emigrated, worked in Bund organizations in Poland. In 1939 left for the USA. – 84, 120, 124, 225–226, 321.

Creusot – see Schneider.

Krivosheim, A. V. (1858–1923) – tsarist official; from 1905 – deputy chief administrator, then chief administrator of land organization and agriculture; actively carried into effect Stolypin's agrarian policy. Was a member of the Council of Ministers and State Council, deputy minister of finance. After the October Revolution one of the leaders of the so-called "right center" – counter-revolutionary organization of large bourgeoisie and landowners. In 1920 headed the White-Guard government in the Crimea. After the defeat of Wrangel's forces fled abroad. – 105, 267.

Krupenskiy, P. N. (born 1863) – deputy of II, III, and IV State Dumas from Bessarabia province, major landowner. In the IV Duma – one of the leaders of the center faction, delivered pogroms speeches against left parties. From 1910 to 1917 – chamberlain of the court. After the October Socialist Revolution assisted foreign military intervention in southern Russia. – 39.

Krupp (Krupp) – family of major industrialists, heading the military-metallurgical concern in Germany – one of the principal arsenals of German imperialism. The concern developed from a small firm founded in 1811 by Friedrich Krupp (1787–1826). The leaders of the concern actively participated in the preparation of the First and Second World Wars, from which they obtained enormous profits. According to the Yalta and Potsdam Decisions of 1945, the military factories of the concern were to be liquidated. In West Germany these decisions were not carried out, and the Krupp family's factories continue to produce armaments for the revanchist army of the FRG. – 62.

Kuskova, E. D. (1869–1958) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the mid-1890s, while abroad, drew close to the "Liberation of Labor" group; however soon under the influence of Bernsteinism took the path of revision of Marxism. The document written by Kuskova in the spirit of Bernsteinism, which received the name "Credo," most vividly expressed the opportunistic essence of "Economism" and provoked sharp protest from the group of Russian Marxists headed by V. I. Lenin (see Works, 5th ed., vol. 4, pp. 163–176). On the eve of the First Russian Revolution Kuskova entered the liberal "Union for Liberation." In 1906 together with S. N. Prokopovich published the semi-Cadet journal "Without Title," was an active contributor to the newspaper of left Cadets "Comrade." After the October Socialist Revolution spoke out against Soviet power. In 1922 was expelled abroad, where became an active figure of White émigration. – 85.

L

L. M. – see Martov, L. L.

L. S. – see Koltsov, D.

Lande, A. S. – see Izgoev, A. S.

Larin, Yu. (Lurye, M. A.) (1882–1932) – Social-Democrat; during the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of the liquidators. Participated in the anti-party August Bloc created in 1912 by Trotsky. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists who published the journal "International." In August 1917 was admitted to the Bolshevik Party. After the October Socialist Revolution worked in Soviet and economic organizations. – 84, 325.

Larkin (Larkin), James (1878–1947) – figure of Irish labor movement, one of the leaders of trade unions. In 1909 was among the founders of the Irish trade union for transport and unskilled workers. Led the strike of dock workers in 1911 and the general strike in Dublin in 1913. In 1914–1923 was in the USA, where suffered repression for participation in the labor movement. After returning to Ireland organized the left Irish Labor Union, which for a time was part of Profintern. From 1924 – member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Later broke with the communist movement, taking the path of cooperation with the Labour Party and Irish bourgeois nationalists. – 401, 402–403, 404.

Larkin (Larkin), Michael (1834–1867) – noted figure of the Irish national-liberation movement, belonged to the Fenian society, which prepared an armed uprising against English rule. Was arrested in an attempt to free two imprisoned leaders of the Fenians and executed in Manchester. – 402.

Lassalle (Lassalle), Ferdinand (1825–1864) – German petty-bourgeois socialist, originator of one variety of opportunism in the German labor movement – Lassalleanism. Lassalle was one of the founders of the General German Workers' Union (1863). The creation of the Union had positive significance for the labor movement, however Lassalle, elected president of the Union, led it along an opportunist path. The Lassalleans hoped through legal agitation for universal suffrage, through the creation of production associations subsidized by the Junker state, to achieve the construction of the "free people's state." Lassalle supported the policy of German unification "from above" under the hegemony of reactionary Prussia. The opportunist policy of the Lassalleans was an obstacle to the activity of the I International and to the creation of a genuine workers' party in Germany, hindered the development of class consciousness among workers. The theoretical and political views of the Lassalleans were subjected to sharp criticism by the classics of Marxism-Leninism (see K. Marx "Critique of the Gotha Programme"; V. I. Lenin "The State and Revolution" and other works). – 364, 365.

Levinson, M. Ya. – see Kosovskiy, V.

Levitskiy, V. (Tsederbaum, V. O., G. R.) (born 1883) – Social-Democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – one of the leaders of liquidationism; was part of the Menshevik center, edited the journal "Our Dawn," contributed to "Voice of the Social-Democrat," "Rebirth," and other Menshevik-liquidationist periodicals. During the First World War – social-chauvinist. Met the October Socialist Revolution with hostility, actively struggled against Soviet power; in 1920 was prosecuted in the affair of the counter-revolutionary "Tactical Center." Later engaged in literary work. – 75, 411, 413, 414.

Lenin, V. I. (Ulyanov, V. I., Ilyich, V., Reader) (1870–1924) – biographical data. – 13, 55, 58–59, 71, 74, 78, 81, 96, 153, 170–172, 236–238, 246–247, 278–279, 312, 440.

Liebknecht (Liebknecht), Wilhelm (1826–1900) – prominent figure of German and international labor movement, one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party. From 1875 to the end of his life Liebknecht was a member of the CC of the German Social-Democratic Party and responsible editor of its central organ "Vorwärts" ("Forward"). From 1867 to 1870 – deputy of the North German Reichstag; and from 1874 repeatedly elected deputy of the German Reichstag; skillfully used the parliamentary tribune to expose the reactionary foreign and domestic policy of Prussian Junkerdom. For revolutionary activity repeatedly subjected to imprisonment. Actively participated in the work of the I and in organizing the II International. K. Marx and F. Engels highly valued Liebknecht. At the same time they criticized certain conciliatory errors of Liebknecht, helping him take the correct position. – 224, 365, 366, 367–368.

Litovtsev, S. – see Polyakov, S. L.

Lichkus, L. G. (1858–1926) – physician, was director of the Mariinsky maternity hospital in Petersburg. From 1923 – professor of Leningrad Medical Institute. – 255.

Lloyd George (Lloyd George), David (1863–1945) – English statesman and diplomat, leader of the Liberal Party. From 1890 – member of parliament. In 1905–1908 – minister of trade; in 1908–1915 – minister of finance. Played a prominent role in determining England's political line, directed toward preparation of the First World War. Spoke out against the revolutionary movement of the proletariat; through flattery, lies, and promises to workers attempted to delay or prevent the creation of a revolutionary party of the working class. V. I. Lenin wrote that "Lloyd George serves the bourgeoisie splendidly and serves it precisely among the workers, carries out its influence precisely in the proletariat, there where it is most necessary and most difficult morally to subordinate the masses to itself" (Works, 4th ed., vol. 23, p. 106). In 1916–1922 – Prime Minister, sought to strengthen the positions of English imperialism in the Near and Middle East, on the Balkans, brutally suppressed the national-liberation movement in colonies and dependent countries. After the October Socialist Revolution in Russia – one of the inspirers and organizers of military intervention and blockade directed against the Soviet state. In 1922, after a series of political failures, resigned; however until the end of his life retained a certain political influence. – 409.

Londonderry (Londonderry), Charles Stuart (1852–1915) – English reactionary political figure, Conservative, marquis. In 1886–1889 was viceroy of Ireland; in 1902–1905 headed the ministry of education. Was leader of opponents of the bill on Home Rule (self-government) for Ireland in the House of Lords. – 402.

Law (Law), Andrew Bonar (1858–1923) – English reactionary political figure, one of the leaders of the Conservatives. Struggled against the bill on Home Rule (self-government) for Ireland. In 1915–1916 – minister of colonies; in 1916–1918 – minister of finance; and in 1922–1923 – Prime Minister. One of the inspirers of the anti-Soviet policy of English imperialism. – 402.

Lunacharskiy, A. V. (1875–1933) – professional revolutionary; subsequently prominent Soviet statesman. Entered the revolutionary movement in the early 1890s. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – Bolshevik. Was part of the editorial boards of the Bolshevik newspapers "Forward," "Proletarian," and then "New Life." During the years of reaction moved away from Marxism, participated in the anti-party group "Forward," spoke with the demand to unite Marxism with religion. During the First World War Lunacharskiy held internationalist positions. In early 1917 joined the group of "inter-district" delegates, together with whom was admitted to the party at the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b). After the October Socialist Revolution, until 1929 – People's Commissar of Education; then chairman of the Learned Committee under the CEC of the USSR. From 1930 – academician. In August 1933 was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Spain. Author of a number of works on art and literature. – 247.

Lurye, M. A. – see Larin, Yu.

Lvov, N. N. (1867–1944) – landowner; by V. I. Lenin's definition a "counter-revolutionary petty nobleman." In 1906 – member of the CC of the Cadet Party; later – one of the founders of the party of "peaceful renewal." Deputy of I, III, and IV State Dumas from Saratov province. In the III and IV Dumas acted as one of the leaders of the "Progressists." In 1913 was deputy chairman of the Duma. In 1917 was part of the leadership of the landlords' union. After the October Socialist Revolution – white émigré. – 313.

Luxemburg (Luxemburg), Rosa (1871–1919) – outstanding figure of international labor movement, one of the leaders of the left wing of the II International. Began revolutionary activity in the second half of the 1880s, was among the founders and leaders of the Social-Democratic Party of Poland, spoke out against nationalism in the ranks of the Polish labor movement. From 1897 actively participated in German Social-Democratic movement, conducted struggle against Bernsteinism and Millerandism. Luxemburg was a participant in the First Russian Revolution (in Warsaw); in 1907 participated in the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, where she supported the Bolsheviks. However, during the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge Luxemburg held a conciliatory position toward the liquidators; in 1912 condemned in Polish Social-Democracy the so-called "Rozlamovska" opposition, which stood closest to the Bolsheviks.

From the very beginning of the First World War took an internationalist position. Was one of the initiators of creating in Germany the group "International," subsequently renamed the "Sparta" group, and then the "Sparta Union." After the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany participated in a leadership capacity in the Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of Germany. In January 1919 was arrested and killed by order of the Scheidemann government. Lenin, who highly valued R. Luxemburg, spoke out repeatedly with criticism of her errors, thus helping her take the correct position. – 353.

Lütz, L. G. (born 1880) – landowner, Octobrist; was assistant prosecutor at the Simferopol district court. Deputy of II, III, and IV State Dumas from Kherson province. In the IV Duma was assistant chairman of the commission on requests and chairman of the commission on assemblies. – 60.

Lyadov (Mandelshtam), M. N. (1872–1947) – professional revolutionary. In 1893 participated in the creation of the Moscow Workers' Union – the first Social-Democratic organization in Moscow. In 1895 was arrested and in 1897 exiled for 5 years to Verkhoyansk. Upon return from exile worked in Saratov. After the II Congress of the RSDLP – agent of the CC, conducted active struggle against Mensheviks in Russia and abroad, was a delegate from the Bolsheviks to the Amsterdam Congress of the II International. Actively participated in the First Russian Revolution, was part of the Moscow Committee of the party. During the years of reaction joined the otzovists, was one of the lecturers at the factional school on Capri (Italy), was part of the anti-party group "Forward" (in 1911 left the group).

After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – deputy chairman of the Baku Soviet of Workers' and Military Deputies, held Menshevik positions. In 1920 was reinstated in the ranks of the RCP(b), was on economic work in Moscow, worked in the VSNKh, then in the People's Commissariat of Education; from 1923 – rector of the Communist University named after Ya. M. Sverdlov. Author of a number of works on the history of the party. – 247.

M

Mayevskiy, E. (Gutovskiy, V. A.) (1875–1918) – Social-Democrat, Menshevik. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator; actively contributed to Menshevik publications. During the First World War – defensist. After the October Socialist Revolution struggled against Soviet power. – 81, 120.

MacDonald (MacDonald), James Ramsay (1866–1937) – English political figure, one of the founders and leaders of the Independent Labour Party and Labour Party. Pursued an extremely opportunist policy, preached the reactionary theory of class collaboration and the gradual growth of capitalism into socialism. At the beginning of the First World War took a pacifist position, subsequently took the path of open support for imperialist bourgeoisie. In 1918–1920 attempted to hinder the struggle of English workers who spoke out against anti-Soviet intervention; pursued a policy of splitting the working class. In 1924 and 1929–1931 held the post of Prime Minister. MacDonald's Labour government suppressed the national-liberation movement in English colonies, pursued anti-worker policy. In 1931–1935 MacDonald headed the so-called "National Government," whose policy was determined by the Conservatives. – 343, 344, 345.

Maklakov, V. A. (1870–1957) – right Cadet, landowner; by profession a lawyer, appeared in many political trials. Deputy of II, III, and IV State Dumas from Moscow, member of the CC of the Cadet Party. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – ambassador of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Paris; subsequently white émigré. – 248–249, 250.

Maklakov, N. A. (1871–1918) – landowner, reactionary. In 1900–1909 served in the ministry of finance; in 1913–1915 – minister of internal affairs; from 1915 – member of the State Council. – 128, 372, 374.

Malinovsky, A. A. – see Bogdanov, A.

Malinovsky, R. V. (1876–1918) – provocateur, secret agent of the Moscow Okhrana (secret police). In 1906 from mercenary motives joined the labor movement, was a member of the workers' committee and secretary of the board of the metalworkers' union. From 1907 voluntarily gave information to the police; and in 1910 was registered as a secret agent of the tsar's Okhrana. In 1912 at the Prague Conference of the RSDLP was elected member of the CC, was elected deputy of the IV State Duma from the workers' curia of Moscow province, using for this the services of the Okhrana, which removed from his path undesirable persons. In 1914, at the requirement of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, resigned from his position as member of the State Duma and fled abroad. In 1918 came to Soviet Russia, was brought to trial and shot by order of the Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. – 8.

Mandelshtam, M. N. – see Lyadov, M. N.

Markov, N. E. (Markov 2d) (born 1876) – major landowner, reactionary political figure of tsarist Russia, one of the leaders of the reactionary-pogrom organizations "Union of the Russian People" and "Chamber of the Archangel Michael." Deputy of III and IV State Dumas from Kursk province. In the Duma was one of the leaders of the extreme right. After the October Socialist Revolution – white émigré. – 32–33, 173, 182, 300, 328, 378–379.

Marx (Marx), Karl (1818–1883) – founder of scientific communism, brilliant thinker, leader and teacher of the international proletariat (see V. I. Lenin's article "Karl Marx (Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism)." – Works, 4th ed., vol. 21, pp. 27–74). – 1, 3, 31, 40–48, 117–118, 120, 238, 241, 258, 342, 347, 365, 367, 412.

Martov, L. (Tsederbaum, Yu. O., Egorov, A.) (1873–1923) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator; edited the newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat," participated in the anti-party August Conference (1912). During the First World War held a centrist position. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 headed a group of Menshevik-internationalists. After the October Socialist Revolution spoke out against Soviet power. In 1920 emigrated to Germany, published in Berlin the counter-revolutionary Menshevik "Socialist Herald." – 75, 148, 278–279, 325, 353–354.

Martynovov, A. (Piker, A. S.) (1865–1935) – one of the leaders of the "Economists," prominent Menshevik; subsequently member of the Communist Party. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator, was part of the editorial board of the liquidators' organ, the newspaper "Voice of the Social-Democrat." During the First World War held a centrist position; after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – Menshevik-internationalist. After the October Socialist Revolution moved away from the Mensheviks. In 1923 at the XII Congress of the RCP(b) was admitted to the party, worked at the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels; from 1924 – member of the editorial board of the journal "Communist International." – 75.

Murfi (Murphy), William Martin (1844–1921) – major Irish capitalist, nationalist. Was publisher of the Irish nationalist newspaper "Irish Independent." – 401, 402, 403.

Maslov, P. P. (1867–1946) – economist, Social-Democrat, author of a number of works on the agrarian question, in which he attempted to revise Marxism. After the II Congress of the RSDLP joined the Mensheviks; put forward the Menshevik program of municipalization of land. During the years of reaction and the new revolutionary upsurge – liquidator; during the First World War – social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution moved away from political activity, engaged in pedagogical and scientific work. From 1929 – academician. – 120.

Massé (Massé), Louis Frank Alfred Pierre (born 1870) – French bourgeois political figure, radical-socialist. Was minister of trade, vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies. – 231.

Medem (Grinberg), V. D. (1879–1923) – one of the leaders of the Bund. In 1906 was elected member of the CC of the Bund, participated in the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP, supported the Mensheviks. After the October Socialist Revolution stood at the head of Bund organizations in Poland; in 1921 left for the USA, where in the pages of the right-socialist Jewish newspaper "Vorwards" ("Forward") published slanderous articles against Soviet Russia. – 120, 124, 225, 226, 445.

# Biographical Index

Menzhinsky, V. R. (Stepinsky) (1874–1934) – Bolshevik, subsequently a prominent figure in the Soviet state. Joined the RSDLP in 1902, conducted party work in Yaroslavl and Petrograd. During the first Russian revolution conducted active revolutionary work in the army, was one of the editors of the Bolshevik newspaper *Kazarma*. In 1906 was arrested and imprisoned. In 1907 fled abroad, was affiliated with the anti-party group "Forward" (withdrew from the group in 1911). Returning to Russia in July 1917, worked in the Bolshevik military organization, took an active part in preparing and conducting the October armed uprising in Petrograd. After the October Socialist Revolution – People's Commissar of Finance, general consul of the RSFSR in Berlin, from 1919 worked in the ChK, in 1923–1926 was deputy chairman, and from 1926 – chairman of the GPU USSR. At the XV and XVI Party Congresses was elected a member of the Central Committee. – 247.

Menshikov, M. O. (1859–1919) – reactionary publicist, contributor to the Black Hundred newspaper *Novoe Vremya*. V. I. Lenin called Menshikov "the faithful watchdog of the tsar's Black Hundred" (*Works*, 5th ed., vol. 20, p. 142). After the October Socialist Revolution conducted an active struggle against Soviet power, in 1919 was shot for counter-revolutionary activity. – 141–142.

Mizulin, P. P. (born 1870) – professor-economist. From 1907 – member of the council of the chief administration of land settlement and agriculture. In 1913–1917 was editor-publisher of the journal *Novyy Ekonomist*, which expressed the interests of large commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. From 1914 – member of the council of the Minister of Finance. – 242.

Milyukov, P. N. (1859–1943) – leader of the Cadet Party, prominent ideologist of Russian imperialist bourgeoisie, historian and publicist. From 1902 actively contributed to the journal *Osvobozhdenie* [Liberation] published abroad by liberals. In October 1905 – one of the founders of the Cadet Party, subsequently chairman of its Central Committee and editor of its central organ, the newspaper *Rech'*. Deputy to the III and IV State Dumas. In 1917 – Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution – one of the organizers of foreign military intervention against Soviet Russia; active figure in white emigration. – 12–13, 14–15, 16–17, 39, 57, 85, 161, 204, 371.

Milyutin, N. A. (1818–1872) – state figure of tsarist Russia, count. Serving from 1859 as deputy minister of internal affairs, directed the drafting of the Statutes of 19 February 1861, believed it possible to strengthen tsarism by carrying through moderately liberal reforms; was hostile to the revolutionary movement, actively spoke out against the national liberation movement in Poland in 1863. Author of a number of statistical-economic works. – 16–17.

Mogilyansky, M. M. (1873–1942) – lawyer, publicist. In 1906 affiliated himself with the Cadet Party, contributed to the party's central organ, the newspaper *Rech'*, and to other Russian and Ukrainian periodicals. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from the Cadet Party. In the 1930s worked at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. – 337–338.

Morgans – family of billionaire bankers, representing one of the largest groups of financial oligarchy in the USA. The Morgan banking house was founded by Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890). Within the sphere of influence of the Morgan group are major banks, powerful insurance and railroad companies, enterprises of the military-metallurgical, aviation, and electrical industries, etc. The Morgans play an important role in determining the foreign and domestic policy of the USA. – 94.

Morley, John (1838–1923) – English bourgeois political figure and writer. From 1883 – member of parliament. In 1905–1910 – Under-Secretary of State for India, pursued a policy of suppressing the national liberation movement; later – Lord President of the Council. In 1914 resigned. – 90.

Morozovs – largest Russian textile manufacturers. In 1913–1914 all enterprises of the Morozovs, united in four companies, employed 54 thousand workers. During the First World War the Morozovs played a large role in military-industrial committees. – 94.

Most, Johann Joseph (1846–1906) – German social-democrat, subsequently anarchist. In 1874–1878 was elected a deputy to the Reichstag. Following the enactment in 1878 of the exceptional law against socialists, Most emigrated to London, where he published the anarchist newspaper *Freiheit* [Freedom]. In 1882 Most moved to the USA, where he continued to publish *Freiheit*. In subsequent years withdrew from the labor movement. – 367.

Muranov, M. K. (1873–1959) – Bolshevik, a worker-locksmith by profession. Member of the RSDLP from 1904, conducted party work in Kharkov. Deputy to the IV State Duma from the workers of Kharkov province, belonged to the Bolshevik faction of the Duma; in addition to his Duma work, conducted extensive revolutionary work outside the Duma, contributed to the Bolshevik newspaper *Pravda*. In November 1914 together with other Bolshevik delegates was arrested and in 1915 exiled to settlement in the Turukhansk region. In 1917–1923 worked in the apparatus of the CC RCP(b); at the VI, VIII and IX Party Congresses was elected to the Central Committee. From 1922 to 1934 was a member of the Central Control Commission of the VCP(b). – 8, 86, 88.

Η

Nobel – family of Swedish businessmen. L. E. Nobel (1831–1888) was the founder of the largest oil-producing firm in Russia, the "Partnership of the Nobel Brothers," which prior to the October Socialist Revolution owned immense oil fields in Baku. His younger brother Alfred Nobel (1833–1896, born in Russia), having taken out a patent in 1867 for the production of dynamite, subsequently founded factories for the production of nitroglycerin explosives in France, Germany, England and other countries. – 33, 253.

Nolan, James (died 1913) – Irish worker, member of the Irish union of transport and unskilled workers. – 403.

Newbold, John Turner Walton (1888–1943) – English political figure, man of letters, economist. Was a member of the Independent Labour Party; in 1921 entered the Communist Party of Great Britain. In 1922 was elected to parliament, becoming the first Communist deputy in England. In 1923 participated in the IV Congress of the Comintern and was elected to the Executive Committee of the Comintern. In 1924 withdrew from the Communist Party. – 258.

О

Obollensky, V. A. – prince, large landowner, contributed to the Cadet journal *Russkaya Mysl'* and to the Progressive organ, the newspaper *Russkaya Molva*. – 274.

Π

Panteleev, L. F. (1840–1919) – writer, publicist and public figure, participant in the revolutionary movement of the 1860s. From 1877 engaged in publishing activity, contributed to a number of periodicals. Subsequently joined the Cadet Party. From 1910 – chairman of the committee of the Literary Fund. – 193–194.

Parnell, Charles Stewart (1846–1891) – prominent figure in the Irish national movement, liberal. In 1875 was elected to the English parliament, where he emerged as one of the organizers of parliamentary obstruction as a method of resistance to the reactionary measures of the English government. Was leader of supporters of Home Rule for Ireland. Contributed to the creation in 1879 of a mass peasant organization – the Land League. Subsequently, fearing the growing movement of Irish peasants, began to pursue tactics of behind-the-scenes blocs and compromises with English bourgeoisie. – 403.

Partridge, W. P. – prominent figure in the labor movement in Ireland, chairman of the Dublin section of the engineering trade union. From 1913 – one of the leaders of the Irish union of transport and unskilled workers. Took an active part in the Dublin uprising of 1916 for Irish independence. Following the suppression of the uprising was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, but due to ill health was released early and died shortly thereafter. – 403, 417.

Petrovsky, G. I. (1878–1958) – one of the oldest participants in the revolutionary labor movement, Bolshevik, subsequently a prominent Soviet party and state figure. Member of the party from 1897. During the first Russian revolution – one of the leaders of the labor movement in Yekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk). Deputy to the IV State Duma from workers of Yekaterinoslav province, belonged to the Bolshevik faction of the Duma. In November 1914 was arrested together with other Bolshevik deputies and exiled in 1915 to settlement in the Turukhansk region. While in exile continued revolutionary work. Active participant in the October Socialist Revolution. In 1917–1919 – People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR; from 1919 to 1938 was chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee; after the formation of the USSR – one of the Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR; in 1938–1940 – deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1926–1939 – candidate for membership in the Politburo of the CC VCP(b). From 1940 – deputy director of the Museum of the Revolution of the USSR. – 56, 337.

Peshekhonov, A. V. (1867–1933) – bourgeois public figure and publicist. In the 1890s – liberal Populist, contributor, and from 1904 – member of the editorial board of the journal *Russkoe Bogatstvo*; contributed to the liberal-monarchist journal *Osvobozhdenie* and to the Socialist Revolutionary newspaper *Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya*. From 1906 – one of the leaders of the petty-bourgeois party of "People's Socialists" (Enesy). In 1917 – Minister of Food of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution struggled against Soviet power; from 1922 – white émigré. – 80, 82.

Piker, A. S. – see Martyнov, A.

Plekhanov, G. V. (1856–1918) – outstanding figure of Russian and international labor movement, first propagandist of Marxism in Russia. In 1883 created in Geneva the first Russian Marxist organization – the "Emancipation of Labor" group. Plekhanov struggled against Populism, opposed revisionism in the international labor movement. In the early 1900s was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper *Iskra* and the journal *Zarya*.

From 1883 to 1903 Plekhanov wrote a number of works that played a major role in the defense and propaganda of materialist worldview: *Socialism and Political Struggle*, *Our Disagreements*, *On the Question of the Development of the Monistic View of History*, *Essays on the History of Materialism*, *On the Question of the Role of the Individual in History*, and others. However, even at that time he had serious errors that became the seed of his future Menshevik views. After the II Congress of the RSDLP Plekhanov took a position of conciliationism toward opportunism, and subsequently affiliated himself with the Mensheviks. During the first Russian revolution on all the main questions stood on Menshevik positions. Condemned the December armed uprising of 1905. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge spoke out against Machist revision of Marxism and liquidationism, headed the group of Menshevik-Party men. During the First World War took a position of social-chauvinism. Returning to Russia after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917, headed the extreme right group of Menshevik-Defensists "Unity," actively spoke out against the Bolsheviks, against the socialist revolution, believing that Russia was not ripe for the transition to socialism. Took a negative attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution, but did not participate in the struggle against Soviet power.

Lenin highly valued Plekhanov's philosophical works and his role in the diffusion of Marxism in Russia; at the same time he sharply criticized Plekhanov for deviations from Marxism and major errors in political activity. – 6, 70, 85, 119, 207, 208, 223, 224, 307.

Pobedonostsev, K. P. (1827–1907) – reactionary state figure of tsarist Russia, Ober-Procurator of the Synod, effectively head of the government and chief inspiration of serf-based reaction during the reign of Alexander III, continued to play a prominent role under Nicholas II; waged stubborn struggle against the revolutionary movement. Was a resolute opponent of the bourgeois reforms of the 1860s, supporter of unlimited autocracy, enemy of science and education. In October 1905, during the rise of the revolutionary movement, was forced to submit his resignation and withdrew from political activity. – 57, 260.

Pokrovsky, M. P. (Domov) (1868–1932) – member of the RSDLP from 1905, Bolshevik, prominent historian. Took an active part in the first Russian revolution, was a member of the Moscow Committee of the party. From 1908 to 1917 lived in emigration. In the years of reaction affiliated himself with the Ultimatists and Recallists, and subsequently with the anti-party group "Forward," which he broke with in 1911. In 1917 returned to Russia, participated in the armed uprising in Moscow. From November 1917 to March 1918 – chairman of the Moscow Soviet. For a time affiliated himself with the group of "Left Communists." From 1918 – deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. In various years directed the Communist Academy, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the Institute of Red Professors and so forth. From 1929 – academician. Repeatedly elected to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. – 247.

Polyakov, S. L. (Litovtsev, S.) (1875–1945) – bourgeois writer and journalist. Contributed to the Cadet newspapers *Rech'* and *Sovremennoe Slovo*. After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated abroad, took an active part in white émigré publications. – 12, 15.

Potresov, A. N. (1869–1934) – one of the leaders of Menshevism. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – ideologist of liquidationism, played a leading role in the journals *Vozrozdenie*, *Nasha Zarya* and other organs of Menshevik-Liquidators. During the First World War – social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution emigrated; abroad contributed to Kerensky's weekly *Dni*, made attacks on Soviet Russia. – 74, 75, 120, 223–224, 303, 325.

Pridvorov, E. A. – see Bednyi, Demyan.

Prokopovich, S. N. (1871–1955) – bourgeois economist and publicist. At the end of the 1890s – prominent representative of "Economism," one of the first preachers of Bernsteinism in Russia. Subsequently an active member of the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation." In 1906 – member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party. Editor-publisher of the semi-Cadet, semi-Menshevik journal *Bez Zaglaviya*. In 1917 – Minister of Food of the bourgeois Provisional Government. After the October Socialist Revolution was expelled from the USSR for anti-Soviet activity. – 85.

Purishkevich, V. M. (1870–1920) – large landowner, fierce reactionary-Black Hundred member, monarchist. Was one of the initiators of the creation of the Black Hundred "Union of the Russian People"; in 1907 withdrew from this union and formed a new monarchist counter-revolutionary organization – the "Chamber of the Archangel Michael." Deputy to the II, III and IV State Dumas from Bessarabian province; acquired widespread notoriety for his pogrom-mongering, anti-Semitic speeches in the Duma. After the October Socialist Revolution actively struggled against Soviet power. – 37, 73, 106, 149, 160, 161, 182, 222, 250, 300, 311, 328, 378–379, 402, 409, 410, 425, 431.

Р

Ravesteijn, Willem (born 1876) – Dutch socialist. From 1900 – member of the Dutch Social-Democratic Workers' Party, affiliated himself with its left wing. Was one of the founders (1907) and editors of the organ of the left wing of the party, the newspaper *De Tribune*. In 1909 together with other "Tribunists" was expelled from the party, after which participated in the creation of the revolutionary Social-Democratic Party. From 1918 belonged to the Communist Party of the Netherlands. Subsequently withdrew from the communist movement and in 1926 was expelled from the Communist Party. – 145.

Ramsay, William (1852–1916) – English chemist and physicist; professor at Bristol University and University College in London, honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences; known for works in the field of organic and physical chemistry. Ramsay held Mendeleyev in deep respect and corresponded with him. Independently of D. I. Mendeleyev, considerably later than he, Ramsay proposed the implementation of underground gasification of coal with the subsequent use of the released gas for technical purposes.

Ramsay's principal works: *System of Chemistry*, *Gases of the Atmosphere*, *Modern Chemistry*, *Biographical and Chemical Essays*, and others. – 93, 94.

Renner, Karl (Springer) (1870–1950) – Austrian political figure, leader and theoretician of Austrian right-wing social-democrats. One of the ideologists of the so-called "Austro-Marxism" and author of the bourgeois-nationalist theory of "cultural-national autonomy." During the First World War – social-chauvinist. In 1919–1920 – Chancellor of Austria; in 1945–1950 – President of Austria. – 59, 319, 448.

Ricardo, David (1772–1823) – outstanding English economist, author of *Principles of Political Economy and Taxation*, *On the Protection of Agriculture* and other works, in which classical bourgeois political economy reached its completion. In defending the interests of the bourgeoisie in its struggle against the remnants of feudalism, Ricardo upheld the principle of free competition, demanded the elimination of all restrictions impeding the development of capitalist production. The historical significance of Ricardo for economic science lay first of all in his theory of labor value, which he sought to place at the foundation of all political economy. Developing Adam Smith's theory of value, Ricardo proved that value is determined by the labor expended in the production of a commodity, and from this source arise both workers' wages and non-labor income – profit and rent. Ricardo discovered the contradiction between workers' wages and capitalists' profit, that is, he revealed the conflict of interests between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. However, the class limitation of Ricardo prevented him from giving a truly scientific analysis of capitalism, from laying bare the secret of capitalist exploitation. Ricardo considered commodity production and capitalism to be eternal and natural forms of social production. He did not lay bare the social nature of value, did not see the difference between value and price of production, and could not understand the origin and essence of money.

K. Marx gave a critique of Ricardo's theoretical views in *Capital*, *Theories of Surplus Value* and other works. – 45.

Rodzyanko, M. V. (1859–1924) – large landowner, one of the leaders of the Octobrist Party, monarchist. From March 1911 – chairman of the III and subsequently IV State Duma; supported the tsarist government in its struggle with the revolutionary movement. During the period of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 organized a counter-revolutionary center – the "Temporary Committee" of the State Duma, and subsequently the "Private Conference" of Duma members. Was one of the ringleaders of Kornilovism. After the October Socialist Revolution fled to Denikin, attempted to unite counter-revolutionary forces to struggle against Soviet power, subsequently emigrated. – 39, 161.

Rockefellers – family of the largest financial magnates in the USA. The founder of the dynasty – John Davison Rockefeller (1839–1937) created the "Standard Oil" trust, which monopolized the oil industry of the USA. At the present time the Rockefellers are one of the principal financial-monopolist groups of the USA; play an important role in determining the foreign and domestic policy of the country. – 94.

Romanovs – dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors who reigned from 1613 to 1917. – 296, 302, 307.

Rotstein, F. A. (1871–1953) – social-democrat, subsequently Soviet diplomat, historian. In 1890 was forced to emigrate from Russia. Settling in England, joined the English Social-Democratic Federation, affiliating himself with its left wing. In 1901 joined the RSDLP. Contributed to Russian and foreign socialist publications. In 1918–1920 was one of the leaders of the mass movement in England under the slogan "Hands Off Russia!," participated in the creation of the Communist Party of Great Britain. In 1920 returned to his native country. In 1921–1922 worked as representative to Iran; in 1923–1930 – member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. Took an active part in the construction of Soviet higher education and in the development of Soviet science, was director of the Institute of World Economy and World Politics. From 1939 – academician. Author of a number of works on the history of imperialism. – 89.

Rubakin, N. A. (1862–1946) – bibliographer and writer, author of numerous works on bibliography, the history of the book in Russia, popular scientific essays on geography, natural sciences and so forth. In 1907 emigrated to Switzerland, where he lived to the end of his life. Rubakin's principal bibliographical work is *Among Books*. V. I. Lenin wrote a review of the II volume of this work in which he noted: "No substantial library will be able to do without the works of Mr. Rubakin" (*Works*, 4th ed., vol. 20, p. 236). V. I. Lenin met with Rubakin abroad and used books from his library. Subsequently Rubakin maintained close ties with the Soviet Union, bequeathed to the USSR his rare book collection (approximately 80 thousand volumes), housed in the State Library of the USSR named after V. I. Lenin. – 258.

Ryabushinsky, P. P. (born 1871) – large Moscow banker and industrialist, one of the ringleaders of counter-revolution. Took an active part in the creation of the bourgeois Progressive Party, published the newspaper *Utro Rossii*, which expressed the interests of large bourgeoisie. In August 1917 threatened to strangle the revolution with the "bony hand of hunger," was one of the inspirers and organizers of Kornilovism. After the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution emigrated to France, where conducted counter-revolutionary activity against the Soviet state. – 94, 195, 380.

С

Salazkin, A. S. (born 1870) – large merchant and landowner, Cadet, deputy to the II and IV State Dumas from Ryazan province. From 1910 – chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod fair and exchange committee; during the First World War – authorized representative of the Ministry of Agriculture for grain procurement for the army in Nizhny Novgorod province. After the October Socialist Revolution conducted counter-revolutionary work in southern Russia. – 394, 395, 396, 408–410, 419.

Saltychikha (Saltykov, D. I.) (1730–1801) – noblewoman of Podolsk district of Moscow province, known for her fanatical treatment of serfs. Tortured to death 139 peasants. Catherine II, under pressure of public opinion, was forced to conduct an investigation of the Saltychikha affair; in 1768 she was sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment in a convent prison. The name Saltychikha became a synonym for the inhuman treatment of serfs by landowners toward peasants. – 379.

Sedov, L. – see Koltsov, D.

Semenov, I. A. – Petrograd engineer and factory owner; after the October Socialist Revolution emigrated abroad. – 18.

Semkovsky, S. (Bronstein, S. Yu.) (born 1882) – social-democrat, Menshevik. Belonged to the editorial board of Trotsky's Vienna *Pravda*, contributed to the organs of Menshevik-Liquidators and foreign social-democratic publications. V. I. Lenin in a number of his works sharply criticized Semkovsky's position on national and other questions. During the First World War – centrist. After returning in 1917 from emigration to Russia entered the composition of the Menshevik Central Committee. In 1920 broke with the Mensheviks. Subsequently was a professor in higher educational institutions of Ukraine, conducted scholarly and literary work. – 77, 119–120, 308, 309.

Sinadino, P. V. (1875–1941) – large landowner; in 1903–1910 – mayor of Kishinev. Deputy to the II, III and IV State Dumas from Bessarabian province. During the First World War worked as a military physician. In the 1930s was a member of the board of the "Bessarabia" bank. – 158–159.

Smillie, Robert (1857–1940) – figure in the English labor movement. From early childhood worked in a factory, from the age of 17 – in mines. In 1894–1918 and 1921–1940 was chairman of the union of Scottish miners. In 1912–1921 – chairman of the federation of miners of Great Britain. Under his leadership in 1912 a major strike of coal workers was conducted. During the First World War – pacifist. In 1923–1929 – deputy to parliament. In 1928 – member of the General Council of the Trade Union Congress, affiliated himself with its left wing. – 404.

Smith, Adam (1723–1790) – English economist, greatest representative of classical bourgeois political economy. In his work *An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations* first proclaimed any labor, in whatever branch of production it is expended, as the source of value. Proceeding from this proposition, made a very important conclusion that workers' wages represent a part of their product and is determined by the value of their means of subsistence, that the source of income of capitalists and landowners is also the labor of workers. Smith first characterized the class structure of capitalist society, pointed out that it breaks down into three classes: workers, capitalists, and landowners. But, being limited by a bourgeois worldview, he denied the existence of class struggle in capitalist society. While noting Smith's merits in the development of political economy, Marx simultaneously showed the bourgeois limitation, contradictoriness, and erroneousness of his views. Smith's correct definition of the value of a commodity as the labor time contained in it he confused with the value of labor itself. Asserting that under capitalism value is formed only from income – wages, profit, and rent, he erroneously omitted the value of the constant capital consumed in the production of a commodity. Smith's erroneous positions were used by vulgar bourgeois economists for the purpose of ideological defense of capitalism. – 45.

Snowden, Philip (1864–1937) – English political figure, representative of the right wing of the Independent Labour Party, of which he was a member for 34 years (until 1927), one of the leaders of the Labour Party. In 1903–1906 and 1917–1920 was chairman of the Independent Labour Party. From 1906 – member of parliament. During the First World War – centrist; stood for coalition with the bourgeoisie. In the cabinet of MacDonald in 1924, as well as in 1929–1931 – Chancellor of the Exchequer. Fierce opponent of communism. – 343.

Sobolevsky, V. M. (1846–1913) – liberal publicist; from 1873 – contributor; in 1876–1882 – assistant editor; and from 1882 – editor-publisher of the newspaper *Russkie Vedomosti*. – 193.

Sokolov, A. V. – see Volsky, S.

Solovyev, Ya. A. (1820–1876) – tsarist official, figure in the "peasant" reform of 1861. In 1843–1857 served in the Ministry of State Properties; from 1857 – head of the zemstvo department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; from 1867 – senator. – 16.

Sologub, F. (Teternikov, F. K.) (1863–1927) – decadent writer. In the novel *The Petty Demon* (1905) depicted a picture of petty-bourgeois provincial life. During the first Russian revolution Sologub's verses expressed sympathy for the rebelling workers; in the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge his work is characterized by pessimism. – 132.

Stalin (Dzhugashvili), I. V. (1879–1953) – one of the prominent figures of the Russian and international revolutionary labor movement, the Communist Party and the Soviet state. Joined the RSDLP in 1898; after the II Congress of the party – Bolshevik. Conducted party work in Tiflis, Batum, Baku, Petrograd. In January 1912 was included in the composition of the Central Committee elected at the VI (Prague) Conference of the RSDLP; took part in editing the Bolshevik newspaper *Pravda*. During the preparation and conduct of the October Socialist Revolution was part of the Military-Revolutionary Center created by the Party's Central Committee to prepare the uprising. At the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets was elected to the Council of People's Commissars, where he headed the People's Commissariat for the Affairs of Nationalities. During the period of foreign military intervention and civil war was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and was stationed on a number of fronts. In 1922 was elected General Secretary of the CC of the RCP(b).

Stalin played a major role in carrying out Lenin's plan for the industrialization of the USSR and the collectivization of agriculture, in the struggle for the building of socialism, for the independence of the Soviet country, for the strengthening of peace. As a theoretician and major organizer, Stalin headed the party's struggle against Trotskyites, right opportunists, bourgeois nationalists, against the intrigues of capitalist encirclement. From 1941 Stalin was chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, subsequently the Council of Ministers of the USSR. During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) – chairman of the State Committee of Defense, People's Commissar of Defense, and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

In Stalin's activity alongside the positive there was also a negative aspect. Occupying the most important party and state posts, Stalin allowed gross violations of the Leninist principles of collective leadership and norms of party life, violations of socialist legality, unjustified mass repression against prominent state, political and military figures of the Soviet Union and other honest Soviet people.

The party decisively condemned and put an end to the personality cult of Stalin, alien to Marxism-Leninism, and its consequences; approved the work of the Central Committee in restoring and developing the Leninist principles of leadership and norms of party life in all spheres of party, state and ideological work; took measures to prevent similar errors and distortions in the future. – 445.

Stepinsky – see Menzhinsky, V. R.

Stolypin, P. A. (1862–1911) – state figure of tsarist Russia, large landowner. In 1906–1911 – chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs. His name is connected with a period of the most severe political reaction with widespread application of capital punishment for the purpose of suppressing the revolutionary movement (Stolypin reaction of 1907–1910). Stolypin carried out an agrarian reform with the aim of creating in the kulak class a support for tsarist autocracy in the countryside. However, his attempt to strengthen autocracy by carrying through certain reforms from above in the interests of the bourgeoisie and landowners failed. In 1911 Stolypin was assassinated in Kiev by the Socialist Revolutionary Bogrov. – 57, 105, 249, 260, 264, 267, 271–272, 372, 373, 374, 406, 408.

Stroganops – in the XVI and XVII centuries – large merchants and industrialists; in the XVIII, XIX and early XX centuries – large landowners and Ural factory owners, many of whom held the highest administrative, diplomatic and military posts in tsarist Russia. – 373.

Struve, P. B. (1870–1944) – bourgeois economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the Cadet Party. In the 1890s – most prominent representative of "legal Marxism," came out with "supplements" and "criticism" of the economic and philosophical teaching of K. Marx, sought to adapt Marxism and the labor movement to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Struve was one of the theoreticians and organizers of the liberal-monarchist "Union of Liberation" (1903–1905) and editor of its illegal organ, the journal *Osvobozhdenie*. With the formation in 1905 of the Cadet Party – member of its Central Committee. One of the ideologists of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – fierce enemy of Soviet power, member of the counter-revolutionary government of Wrangel, white émigré. – 56, 79, 80, 83, 113, 322, 337, 447.

Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) – outstanding Chinese revolutionary-democrat and state figure. By profession a physician. In 1894 founded the revolutionary organization Xinzhonghui (Society for the Restoration of China), which aimed at the violent overthrow of the Manchu dynasty. In 1905 Sun Yat-sen reorganized Xinzhonghui into a more mass organization – Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance) with a broader revolutionary program. The program of the new organization was based on three principles developed by Sun Yat-sen: nationalism (overthrow of the Manchu dynasty), people's sovereignty (establishment of a republic), and people's livelihood (equalization of land rights). Lenin highly valued the revolutionary-democratic essence of this program; at the same time he criticized certain erroneous Populist views of Sun Yat-sen. Tongmenghui was the main political organization which prepared the revolution of 1911–1913 in China. However, Chinese democracy under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen was unable to mobilize and organize the broad masses of the people in the course of the revolution, was unable to put forward and carry out a consistent anti-imperialist and anti-feudal program. Sun Yat-sen, elected provisional president of the republic, in February 1912 resigned from this post. On the basis of the organization Tongmenghui in August 1912 the Kuomintang Party was formed. Sun Yat-sen was elected chairman of the party.

In subsequent years Sun Yat-sen continued to struggle against domestic reaction and foreign imperialists. Sun Yat-sen welcomed the October Socialist Revolution, which had a great influence on his worldview, called for the establishment of friendly relations between China and Soviet Russia. For the purpose of creating a united national front of struggle for independence and democratization of the country, Sun Yat-sen actively argued for cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. – 29, 138, 139, 140.

Т

Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1856–1915) – American engineer, founder of the system of labor organization calculated to achieve maximum intensification of the working day. Under capitalism this system is used for intensifying the exploitation of the working people. – 18–19.

Teternikov, F. K. – see Sologub, F.

Tillett, Benjamin (Ben) (1860–1943) – figure in the English labor movement. In 1887–1922 – general secretary of the port workers' trade union which he founded, organizer of a number of major strikes. One of the founders of the Independent Labour Party. During the First World War – social-chauvinist. In 1917 and 1929 was elected to the English parliament. From 1921 to 1931 was a member (in 1928–1929 – chairman) of the General Council of the Trade Union Congress. – 417.

Timoshkin, F. F. (born 1872) – well-to-do peasant-merchant, deputy to the III State Duma from the Russian population of Transcaucasia. In the Duma belonged to the faction of the Right, spoke with speeches of a Black Hundred character. – 80.

Tolstoy, L. N. (1828–1910) – genius Russian writer, one of the greatest writers of the world, who had an enormous influence on the development of Russian and world literature.

V. I. Lenin devoted a number of works to the characterization of Tolstoy's worldview and evaluation of all his activity: *Leo Tolstoy as the Mirror of the Russian Revolution*, *L. N. Tolstoy*, *L. N. Tolstoy and the Contemporary Labor Movement*, *Tolstoy and Proletarian Struggle*, *L. N. Tolstoy and His Epoch* (see *Works*, 5th ed., vol. 17, pp. 206–213; vol. 20, pp. 19–24, 38–41, 70–71, 100–104) and others. – 197.

Trotsky (Bronstein), L. D. (1879–1940) – worst enemy of Leninism. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge, masking himself with the mask of "non-factionalism," actually stood on the positions of liquidators. In 1912 was the organizer of the anti-party August Bloc. During the First World War occupied a centrist position, waged struggle against V. I. Lenin on questions of war, peace and revolution. Returning after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 from emigration, joined the group of "interraionists" and together with them at the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b) was admitted to the Bolshevik party. After the October Socialist Revolution occupied a number of state posts. In 1918 was an opponent of the Brest Peace, in 1920–1921 headed the opposition in the trade union discussion; from 1923 conducted bitter factional struggle against the general line of the party, against the Leninist program of building socialism, preached the impossibility of the victory of socialism in the USSR. The Communist Party, having exposed Trotskyism as a petty-bourgeois deviation in the party, defeated it ideologically and organizationally. In 1927 Trotsky was expelled from the party; in 1929 for anti-Soviet activity was exiled from the USSR and in 1932 was deprived of Soviet citizenship. While abroad, continued to struggle against the Soviet state and the Communist Party, against the international communist movement. – 73, 77, 307–308.

Trubetskoy, E. N. (1863–1920) – prince, one of the ideologists of Russian bourgeois liberalism, idealist philosopher. Was a professor of philosophy of law at Kiev and subsequently Moscow universities. Until 1906 – a Cadet. From 1906 – one of the organizers of the constitutional-monarchist party of "Peaceful Renewal." Played a prominent role in the tsarist repression of the first Russian revolution and in the creation in the country of the Stolypin regime. During the First World War – one of the ideologists of Russian imperialism. After the October Socialist Revolution – worst enemy of Soviet power, active Denikinite. – 56.

Φ

F. D. – see Dan, F. I.

Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804–1872) – outstanding German materialist philosopher and atheist, one of the precursors of Marxism. Feuerbach subjected idealist philosophy of Hegel to criticism, showed the connection between idealism and religion; however, in understanding social phenomena Feuerbach remained an idealist. His materialism was metaphysical and contemplative. He was unable to understand the role of practice in the process of cognition and social development. In his final years Feuerbach was interested in socialist literature, read Marx's *Capital* and in 1870 joined the Social-Democratic Party of Germany.

A comprehensive analysis of Feuerbach's philosophy was given in Marx's "Theses on Feuerbach," in the *German Ideology* by Marx and Engels, in Engels' work *Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy*, as well as in V. I. Lenin's book *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*. – 43.

Filene – see Filine, Edward Albert.

Filene, Edward Albert (1860–1937) – large American capitalist, commercial and industrial figure, vice-chairman of the international congress of chambers of commerce. – 346–347.

Vollmar, Georg Heinrich (1850–1922) – one of the leaders of the opportunist wing of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany, journalist. In 1879–1880 edited the organ of the party published illegally in Zurich, *Der Sozialdemokrat*; was repeatedly elected deputy to the Reichstag and the Bavarian Landtag. From the early 1890s – one of the ideologists of reformism and revisionism. During the First World War stood on the positions of social-chauvinism. In his later years withdrew from active political activity. – 368, 409.

Frank, Ludwig (1874–1914) – German social-democrat, one of the leaders of the revisionists, social-chauvinist, lawyer by profession. From 1907 – member of the Reichstag. At the Magdeburg Party Congress (1910) argued for voting military credits. At the beginning of the First World War went as a volunteer to the army, killed at the front. – 251–252.

Х

Khvostov, A. N. (1872–1918) – large landowner. Was assistant prosecutor of the Moscow district court, vice-governor of Tula, in 1906–1910 – governor of Vologda and subsequently of Nizhny Novgorod. Acquired widespread notoriety for his Black Hundred speeches. Deputy to the IV State Duma from Orel province; in the Duma was one of the leaders of the Right faction. In 1915–1916 – Minister of Internal Affairs and chief of the corps of gendarmes. – 33.

Höhberg, Karl (1853–1885) – German right-wing social-democrat, journalist. In the late 1870s and early 1880s published journals *Die Zukunft*, *Jahrbuch für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik* and *Staatswirtschaftliche Abhandlungen*. Following the enactment of the exceptional law against socialists, together with Schramm and Bernstein, spoke out against the revolutionary tactics of the party, calling for an alliance with the bourgeoisie and subordination of the interests of the proletariat to it. These opportunist views provoked sharp protest from K. Marx and F. Engels, who evaluated them as betrayal of the party. – 367.

Khizhnyakov, V. M. (1842–1917) – zemstvo figure; for a number of years was a member of the provincial zemstvo assembly; from 1875 to 1886 – mayor of Chernigov; in 1887–1896 – chairman of the board of the Chernigov provincial zemstvo. On the instructions of the zemstvo board compiled the "Collection of Resolutions of the Chernigov Provincial Zemstvo Assembly" for 1900–1909; author of the book *Memoirs of a Zemstvo Figure* (1916). – 327–328.

Ц

Tsederbaum, V. O. – see Levitsky, V.

Tsederbaum, S. O. (Ezhov, V.) (1879–1939) – social-democrat, Menshevik. In the years of reaction and new revolutionary upsurge – active liquidator; participated in newspapers and journals of Menshevik-Liquidators. During the First World War – defensist. After the October Socialist Revolution withdrew from political activity. – 75, 325.

Tsederbaum, Yu. O. – see Martov, L.

Ч

Chernov, V. M. (1876–1952) – one of the leaders and theoreticians of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. In 1902–1905 – editor of the central organ of the Socialist Revolutionaries, the newspaper *Revolyutsionnaya Rossiya*. Spoke out with articles directed against Marxism, attempting to prove the inapplicability of Marx's theory to agriculture. In 1917 – Minister of Agriculture in the bourgeois Provisional Government, pursued a policy of severe repression against peasants seizing landowners' lands. After the October Socialist Revolution – one of the organizers of anti-Soviet uprisings. In 1920 emigrated; continued anti-Soviet activity abroad. – 224.

# Biographical Entries and Lenin's Chronology (March–September 1913)

**Chernyshevsky, N. G.** (1828–1889) – a great Russian revolutionary democrat and utopian socialist, scholar, writer, and literary critic; one of the outstanding predecessors of Russian social-democracy. Chernyshevsky was the ideological inspirer and leader of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1860s in Russia. The journal *Sovremennik* (*The Contemporary*), which he edited, was the voice of revolutionary forces in Russia. Chernyshevsky came forward with wrathful exposures of the serf-like character of the "peasant reform" of 1861, and called upon the peasants to rise in rebellion. In 1862 he was arrested by the tsarist government and imprisoned in the Peter-and-Paul Fortress, where he remained for about two years, and was then sentenced to seven years of hard labor and eternal exile in Siberia. Chernyshevsky spent 20 years in exile. To the end of his days he remained a passionate fighter against social inequality, against all manifestations of political and economic oppression. – 16, 113.

**Reader** – see Lenin, V. I.

**Tkhenkeli, A. I.** (born 1874) – a social-democrat, Menshevik, a lawyer by profession. During the years of reaction and renewed revolutionary upsurge – a liquidator. Deputy to the Fourth State Duma from the Batumi and Kars regions and the Sukhumi district. In the Duma he was part of the Menshevik faction. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – representative of the bourgeois Provisional Government in Transcaucasia. In 1918–1921 – minister of foreign affairs of the Menshevik government of Georgia, subsequently a White emigrant. – 24.

## Sch

**Chasles, Pierre** – a French reactionary man of letters, author of a number of works devoted to the political and economic situation of Russia: *Le Parlement Russe* (*The Russian Parliament*), *La Révolution Russe et la guerre européenne* (*The Russian Revolution and the European War*), and others. – 12–13, 14, 15.

**Schiemann, Theodore** (1847–1921) – a German bourgeois historian, professor at the University of Berlin from 1892. He specialized in the history of nineteenth-century Russia and published a library of Russian literary monuments. – 311.

**Shingarev, A. I.** (1869–1918) – a Cadet, zemstvo activist, a physician by profession. From 1907 – member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. Deputy to the Second and Third State Dumas from Voronezh Gubernia and to the Fourth Duma from St. Petersburg; one of the leaders of the Cadet faction in the Duma. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 – minister of agriculture in the first composition and minister of finance in the second composition of the bourgeois Provisional Government. – 30–31, 173.

**Schneider** (Schneider) – a family of financial magnates in France, playing a major role in the economic and political life of that country. The firm "Schneider and Co.," founded in 1836 by brothers Étienne and Adolphe Schneider, heads (to the present day) one of France's largest concerns, "Schneider – Creusot." On the eve of the First World War the leaders of the concern, producing military products, maintained close ties with the military-industrial groups of other countries. – 62.

## Shch

**Shchepkin, P. P.** (1854–1919) – a zemstvo activist, member of the Central Committee of the Cadet party. He served as an elected representative on the Moscow City Duma and provincial zemstvo assembly. Deputy to the Third and Fourth State Dumas from Moscow. During the First World War – member of the Main Committee of the Union of Cities. After the October Socialist Revolution actively struggled against Soviet power. In 1919 he was shot for counter-revolutionary activity. – 313.

## E

**Engels, Frederick** (1820–1895) – one of the founders of scientific communism, leader and teacher of the international proletariat, friend and comrade of K. Marx (see V. I. Lenin's article "Frederick Engels." *Works*, 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1–14). – 1, 43, 117–118, 119, 365, 367.

**Hervé, Gustave** (1871–1944) – a French socialist, publicist and lawyer. In 1906 he founded the newspaper *La Guerre Sociale* (*Social War*), on whose pages he propagandized a semi-anarchist program of struggle against militarism. He defended this program at the Stuttgart congress of the Second International (1907), proposing to answer any war with a strike and uprising. V. I. Lenin in his works exposed the petty-bourgeois character of Hervéism. During the First World War – a social-chauvinist. After the October Socialist Revolution he spoke out against the Soviet state. In 1918 he was expelled from the French Socialist Party. In the 1930s – a supporter of France's rapprochement with fascist Germany. – 230.

**Irving, David Daniel** (1854–1924) – an English socialist, a railwayman. One of the organizers of trade unions. For a number of years – a member of the English Social-Democratic Federation, and was a member and served on the board of the British Socialist Party. From the beginning of the First World War – a social-chauvinist. In 1918 he was elected to the English parliament. – 156.

**Essad Pasha Toptani** (Essad Pasha) (1863–1920) – an Albanian political figure, general. After the proclamation of Albania's independence (November 1912) he created in October 1913 a government of Central Albania with its seat in the city of Durrës. – 121.

## Yu

**Yuan Shi-kai** (1859–1916) – a Chinese political figure. In 1898 he joined the liberal movement, but soon betrayed it. He was governor of Shandong and the capital province of Zhili. After the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty, with the support of internal reaction and foreign imperialists, he became president of China and established a regime of military dictatorship in the country. In 1915 he made an unsuccessful attempt to proclaim himself emperor. – 138, 139, 167.

**Hume, David** (1711–1776) – an English philosopher, subjective idealist, and agnostic; a bourgeois historian and economist; in philosophy he continued the development begun by J. Berkeley, in an idealistic spirit, of the sensualism of J. Locke. Recognizing sensations as the basis of knowledge, he considered the task of knowledge to be the combination (on the basis of habit) of elementary sensations and the ideas formed from them. He denied the materialist understanding of causality, recognized only the temporal succession of phenomena, and considered the question of the existence of the external world unsolvable. Hume's views exercised significant influence on the further development of idealist bourgeois philosophy. – 118.

## Ya

**Jagiello, E. I.** (born 1873) – a figure in the Polish workers' movement, member of the PPS–"Left," a machine-tool operator by profession. In 1912, during elections to the Fourth State Duma, the bloc of PPS–"Left" and the Bund put forward Jagiello as a candidate for deputy to the Duma and, despite protests from Polish social-democrats, he was elected. By the votes of the Menshevik "seven," contrary to sharp protests from the Bolsheviks, Jagiello was admitted to the Duma social-democratic faction. After the end of the First World War he gravitated toward the left wing of the Polish workers' movement, subsequently withdrawing from political activity. – 9.

**Jagow, Traugott** (1865–1941) – a Prussian official. From 1909 – chief of police of Berlin. In 1916–1918 – government president in Breslau. – 252.

---

# Dates of Life and Activity of V. I. Lenin

## (March–September 1913)

**March–September.**

Lenin lives in Poland (in Krakow, Poronin); directs from there all party work in Russia.

**March 1 (14).**

Lenin's article "The Historical Destinies of the Doctrine of Karl Marx" is published in No. 50 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March 2 (15).**

Lenin in a letter on behalf of the Central Committee of the RSDLP to the board of the German Social-Democratic Party rejects the proposal of German opportunists to convene a "unifying" conference of Bolsheviks with liquidators. Lenin's article "Large Landholding and Small Peasant Landownership in Russia" is published in No. 51 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March 7 (20).**

Lenin's article "False Notes" is published in No. 55 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March 8 (21).**

Lenin's article "The Knot of the Problem" is published in No. 56 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March 9 (22).**

Lenin's article "Liberal Whitewashing of Serfdom" is published in No. 57 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March 10–13 (23–26).**

Lenin directs a conference of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Krakow.

**March, after 10 (23) – May, before 11 (24).**

Lenin makes extracts from reports, inquiries, and bills introduced in the State Duma, and compiles from the Duma's "Reference Sheets" a list of books he needs.

**March 13 (26).**

Lenin's article "A 'Scientific' System of Squeezing Out Sweat" is published in No. 60 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March 14 (27).**

Lenin's article "Our 'Successes'" is published in No. 61 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March, before 15 (28).**

Lenin writes an insertion to his article "Free Funds."

**March 15 (28).**

Lenin's articles "Agreement or Schism? (On the Question of Disagreements in the Social-Democratic Duma Faction)" and "Free Funds" are published in No. 62 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March, before 16 (29).**

In a letter to L. B. Kamenev, Lenin gives a positive assessment of I. V. Stalin's work on the national question and reports on the arrest of Stalin and other Bolsheviks, notes the improvement in party affairs in Russia, gives comparative figures for the circulation of *Pravda* and *Luch*, and criticizes R. Luxemburg's book *The Accumulation of Capital*.

**March 22 (April 4).**

Lenin's article "A Great Success of the Chinese Republic" is published in No. 68 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March 23 (April 5).**

In a letter to the editorial office of *Pravda*, Lenin gives instructions concerning support for the Bolshevik "six" deputies to the Fourth State Duma in their struggle with the Menshevik "seven," about intensifying the campaign for subscriptions to *Pravda*, and about expanding the publication of illegal literature.

**March, no earlier than 23 (April 5).**

Lenin writes a plan for an article on syndicates.

**March 26 (April 8).**

Lenin's article "Old Tasks and the Senility of Liberalism" is published in No. 71 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March, no earlier than 26 (April 8).**

Lenin makes extracts from American and Russian sources on the production and price of oil in the USA, which were used in the article "On the 'Oil Famine.'"

Lenin writes the article "On the 'Oil Famine'" in connection with a discussion in the Duma about the oil syndicate.

**March 27 (April 9).**

Lenin's article "The Cadet Bill on Assemblies" is published as the lead article in No. 72 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March 29 (April 11).**

Lenin's article "The Balkan War and Bourgeois Chauvinism" is published in No. 74 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**March.**

Lenin writes a "Plan of the Article 'Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism.'"

Lenin writes critical remarks on R. Luxemburg's book *The Accumulation of Capital*.

**March-April.**

Lenin compiles a plan for the article "An Unsuccessful Supplement to Marx's Theory by Rosa Luxemburg."

Lenin writes the article "A Conversation."

**March–August.**

Lenin regularly reviews the reference book *Monatliche Übersicht der bedeutenderen Erscheinungen des deutschen Buchhandels*. 48. Jahrg., 1913. J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung in Leipzig ("Monthly Review of More or Less Outstanding New Publications on the German Book Market." 48th year of publication, 1913. Hinrichs Book Shop in Leipzig).

**April 5 (18).**

Lenin speaks in Krakow at the People's University with a lecture on the topic "Contemporary Russia and the Workers' Movement"; an account of the lecture was published in the Polish newspaper *Naprzod* (*Forward*) No. 92 from April 22, 1913.

**April 6 (19).**

No. 3 of the journal *Prosveshchenie* (*Enlightenment*) comes out, devoted to the 30th anniversary of the death of Karl Marx, with V. I. Lenin's article "Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism."

**April 10 (23).**

Lenin's article "Educated Deputies" is published in No. 83 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April 11 (24).**

Lenin's article "To Whom Is It Advantageous?" is published in No. 84 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April 12 (25).**

Lenin's article "In England" is published in No. 85 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April 12 (25) – June 2 (15).**

A series of Lenin's articles under the general title "Disputed Questions" is published in Nos. 85, 95, 110, 122, 124, and 126 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April 13 (26).**

Lenin reads a report in Leipzig on the topic "The Social Upsurge in Russia and the Tasks of Social-Democrats."

**April 14 (27).**

Lenin's article "Cultured Europeans and Wild Asiatics" is published in No. 87 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April, before 18 (May 1).**

Lenin sends a draft speech on the national question he had compiled to Fourth Duma deputy G. I. Petrovsky for delivery in the Duma. Lenin sends May Day leaflets to the editorial office of *Pravda*.

**April 18 (May 1).**

Lenin attends a May Day rally of workers in Krakow.

**April 20 (May 3).**

Lenin's article "Merchant Calculations" is published in No. 90 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April 21 (May 4).**

In a letter to the Bolshevik deputies to the Fourth State Duma, Lenin asks them to send him new bills and Duma reference materials and statements submitted to the Duma; notes the improvement in running *Pravda*. Lenin's article "One of the Great Victories of Technology" is published in No. 91 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April, before 23 (May 6).**

In a letter to the Latvian social-democrat I. E. German, Lenin advises preparing and publishing a platform of the Bolshevik-Latvians to the forthcoming Fourth Congress of Social-Democracy of the Latvian Region, and sets forth the main points of the platform.

**April 23 (May 6).**

In the anniversary issue of *Pravda* (No. 92), devoted to the first anniversary of the newspaper's publication, Lenin's articles "Something About Results and Facts" and "Anniversary of Pravda (Workers' Support of a Workers' Newspaper)" are published.

**April 23 or 24 (May 6 or 7).**

Lenin and Krupskaya move for the summer to the village of Poronin (near Krakow).

**April 26 (May 9).**

Lenin writes the article "International Politics of the Bourgeoisie." The article was published May 4 (17) in No. 101 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "Separatists in Russia and Separatists in Austria." The article was published May 8 (21) in No. 104 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April, no earlier than 26 (May 9).**

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin asks him to write an article or story for the May issue of the journal *Prosveshchenie*; reports on the victory of the Bolsheviks over the liquidators in the election of the new board of the metalworkers' union; about N. K. Krupskaya's illness; asks for his opinion about the anniversary issue of *Pravda* and about the fables of Demyan Bedny.

**April 27 (May 10).**

Lenin writes a draft speech "On the Question of the Policy of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment" for delivery in the Duma by Bolshevik deputy A. E. Badayev.

Lenin writes the article "Capitalism and Women's Labor." The article was published May 5 (18) in No. 102 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April 27 and May 1 (May 10 and 14).**

Lenin's article "The Significance of the Resettlement Question" is published in Nos. 96 and 99 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April 28 (May 11).**

Lenin writes the article "The Struggle of Parties in China." The article was published May 3 (16) in No. 100 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "A Landowner's Voice on the 'Pacification' of the Countryside." The article was published May 4 (17) in No. 101 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**April 29 (May 12).**

In connection with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the elections to the board of the metalworkers' union, Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Pravda*, in which he gives instructions on strengthening the unity of the union in the struggle against liquidators and helping the journal *Metallist* (*The Metalworker*).

**April 29–30 (May 12–13).**

In a letter to his sister M. I. Ulyanova, Lenin reports on life in Poronin; expresses satisfaction with the publication of the anniversary issue of *Pravda*.

**April–June.**

Lenin directs the organization and staffing of a planned party school in Poronin; develops a program of courses including political economy, theory and practice of socialism in Russia, national and agrarian questions; writes letters to G. V. Plekhanov and A. M. Gorky, inviting them to come to give lectures and conduct discussions with the students.

**May 2 (15).**

Lenin writes the article "The Bourgeoisie and Peace." The article was published May 7 (20) as the lead article in No. 103 of the newspaper *Pravda*. Lenin writes the article "Lessons of the Belgian Strike." The article was published May 8 (21) in No. 104 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 3 (16).**

Lenin writes the article "The Working Class and the National Question." The article was published May 10 (23) as the lead article in No. 106 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 4 (17).**

No. 4 of the journal *Prosveshchenie* comes out, in which Lenin's bibliographic note "The Vekhi-ites and Nationalism" is published.

Lenin's article "Liberals and Freedom of Association" is published as the lead article in No. 101 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the articles "More on the Resettlement Question" and "The Construction Industry and Construction Workers." The articles were published May 9 (22) in No. 105 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 5 (18).**

Lenin's articles "Attention, Readers of *Luch* and *Pravda*" and "On the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Death of Joseph Dietzgen" are published in No. 102 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "Congress of the 'British Socialist Party.'" The article was published May 14 (27) in No. 109 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "An Assessment of the Fourth Duma." The article was published May 15 (28) in No. 110 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 7 (20).**

Lenin's article "The Awakening of Asia" is published in No. 103 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 10 (23).**

Lenin writes the article "Is the Peasantry Growing Poorer or Better Off?" The article was published May 16 (29) in No. 111 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the articles "Backward Europe and Advanced Asia" and "Landowners on Agricultural Laborers Working Away from Home." The articles were published May 18 (31) in No. 113 of the newspaper *Pravda*. Lenin writes the article "Crude Deception."

**May, no earlier than 10 (23).**

Lenin writes the article "Concerning the Lead Article in the Newspaper *Luch* No. 189."

**May 11 (24).**

Lenin writes the third chapter of the article "Disputed Questions." This chapter was published May 15 (28) in No. 110 of the newspaper *Pravda*. Lenin writes the article "On the 'Achievements of Foreigners.'"

**May, no earlier than 12 (25).**

In a letter to the editorial office of *Pravda*, Lenin congratulates the staff of *Pravda* on the improvement of the newspaper and gives practical advice on how to achieve "the conquest of a hundred thousand readers."

**May 16 (29).**

Lenin writes the articles "Landowner Land Settlement," "Armaments and Capitalism," and the note "On Helplessness and Confusion." The article and note were published May 21 (June 3) in No. 115 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 17 (30).**

Lenin writes the article "Liberal Policy."

Lenin writes the articles "The High Cost of Living and the 'Hard' Life of Capitalists" and "German Social-Democracy and Armaments." The articles were published May 22 (June 4) in No. 116 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 19 (June 1).**

Lenin's article "This Is Bad!" is published in No. 114 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the fourth chapter of the article "Disputed Questions." This chapter was published May 16 (29) in No. 122 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "The Growth of Capitalist Wealth." The article was published June 9 (22) in No. 131 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 20 (June 2).**

Lenin writes the article "Organization of the Masses by German Catholics." The article was published May 26 (June 8) in No. 120 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "On Vacation for Workers." The article was published May 31 (June 13) in No. 124 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May, before 21 (June 3).**

Lenin writes a sketch plan for chapters V and VI of the article "Disputed Questions. An Open Party and Marxists."

**May 21 (June 3).**

Lenin writes the fifth chapter of the article "Disputed Questions." This chapter was published May 31 (June 13) in No. 124 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "Frank Speeches of a Liberal." The article was published June 1 (14) in No. 125 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May, after 22 (June 4).**

In a letter to K. Huysmans, secretary of the International Socialist Bureau, Lenin reports that the 1500 francs received by the addressee have been collected by Russian workers to aid striking Belgian workers.

**May 23 (June 5).**

Lenin writes the sixth chapter of the article "Disputed Questions." This chapter was published June 2 (15) in No. 126 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 23–25 (June 5–7).**

Lenin writes the article "Manufacturers on Workers' Strikes." The article was published May 30 (June 12), June 2 (15), 5 (18), 9 (22) in Nos. 123, 126, 127, and 131 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May, before 25 (June 7).**

Lenin writes for the Latvian Bolsheviks a draft platform for the Fourth Congress of Social-Democracy of the Latvian Region. The draft was published in Latvian in August 1913 in the newspaper *Cinas Biedris*.

Lenin writes a letter to the Latvian social-democrat I. Rudis-Gipshits reporting the sending of the draft Bolshevik platform to I. E. German for the Fourth Congress of Social-Democracy of the Latvian Region.

**May 25 (June 7).**

Lenin writes the article "Economic Strikes in 1912 and in 1905." The article was published June 8 (21) in No. 130 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "The Success of Strikes in 1912 as Compared with the Past." The article was published June 12 (25) in No. 133 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 27 (June 9).**

Lenin writes the article "The Significance of the 'Historical' Formula." The article was published June 2 (15) in No. 126 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "Whose Support?" The article was published June 5 (18) in No. 127 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "The Workers' Party and Liberal Troublemakers (On Potresov)," in which he criticizes A. N. Potresov for his attacks on the anti-liquidator position of G. V. Plekhanov.

**May, no earlier than 27 (June 9).**

Lenin compiles statistical tables on the income tax in America based on data from the journal *Novy Ekonomist* (*The New Economist*) No. 21 for 1913. The materials were used in the article "Capitalism and Taxes."

**May 28 (June 10).**

Lenin writes the articles "Agents of Capitalists Inciting Peoples to War" and "The Messrs. Cadets for Purishkevich."

Lenin writes the article "Did *Pravda* Prove the Separatism of the Bundists?" The article was published June 5 (18) in No. 127 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "Liberals as Defenders of the Fourth Duma." The article was published as the lead article June 6 (19) in No. 128 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**May 30 (June 12).**

Lenin writes the article "From France." The article was published June 5 (18) in No. 127 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "The Peasantry and the Working Class." The article was published June 11 (24) in No. 132 of the newspaper *Pravda*. Lenin writes the article "In Germany."

**May.**

Lenin's note "On the Liberal and Marxist Understanding of Class Struggle" is published in No. 5 of the journal *Prosveshchenie*.

**June 1 (14).**

Lenin writes the article "Capitalism and Taxes." The article was published June 7 (20) in No. 129 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**June 3 (16).**

Lenin writes a note against Bogdanov "The Fundamental Question from the History of Our Party (Bogdanov)" and sends it to the editorial office of *Pravda*.

In a letter to the editorial office of *Pravda*, Lenin congratulates them on the publication of the newspaper in expanded format; gives practical advice on increasing the newspaper's circulation: advises publishing popular Sunday supplements; criticizes for permitted errors and demands their correction; reports his negative attitude toward *Pravda*'s publication of letters from A. Bogdanov.

Lenin writes a letter to M. S. Olminsky (Vitimsovsky) with a review of his articles "Who Is With Whom?" and "*Pravda*," published May 10 (23) and May 30 (June 12) in *Pravda* Nos. 106 and 123, and a second letter for the editorial board of *Pravda* entitled "On the Question of Mr. Bogdanov and the 'Vpered' Group."

Lenin writes a letter to St. Petersburg Bolsheviks – members of the board of the metalworkers' trade union, in which he promises to write articles for the journal *Metallist* and to attract other authors; gives instructions on intensifying the struggle against liquidators.

**June 4 (17).**

Lenin writes the article "An Incorrect Assessment (*Luch* on Maklakov)."

**June 5 (18).**

Lenin writes the article "Deputy Frank – For a Mass Strike." The article was published June 11 (24) in No. 132 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**June 6 (19).**

Lenin writes the article "The Working Class and Neo-Malthusianism." The article was published June 16 (29) in No. 137 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "Bourgeois Dealers-Financiers and Politicians." The article was published June 23 (July 6) in No. 142 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**June, no later than 7 (20).**

Lenin writes a draft speech "On the Question of the Agrarian Policy (General) of the Present Government" for delivery in the Duma by deputy N. R. Shagov.

**June 7 (20).**

Lenin writes a letter to the editorial office of *Pravda* entitled "On One Falsehood." The letter was published June 15 (28) in No. 136 of the newspaper *Pravda*. Lenin writes the article "Participation in a Bourgeois Government."

Lenin writes the article "Small-Scale Production in Agriculture." The article was published July 18 (31) in No. 5 of the newspaper *Rabochaya Pravda* (*Workers' Truth*).

**June 8 (21).**

Lenin writes the article "Child Labor in Peasant Farming." The article was published June 12 (25) in No. 133 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "An Interesting Congress." The article was published June 13 (26) in No. 134 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "In Australia." The article was published June 13 (26) in No. 134 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

Lenin writes the article "Cheap Meat – for the 'People.'" The article was published June 16 (29) in No. 137 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**June, after 8 (21).**

Lenin compiles a list of his articles from May and June, part of which were published in the newspaper *Pravda*.

**June 9–11 (22–24).**

Due to N. K. Krupskaya's illness, Lenin leaves Poronin with her for Bern. On the way to Bern they stop in Vienna.

**June, before 12 (25).**

Lenin writes a letter to the Paris section of the Bolsheviks requesting help in publishing illegal social-democratic literature and the Central Organ – the newspaper *Sotsial-Demokrat* (*The Social-Democrat*).

**Between June 12 (25) and July 24 (August 6).**

In Bern, Lenin visits N. K. Krupskaya in the hospital daily; works in libraries.

Lenin attends a concert arranged by the mutual-aid fund of Russian students. Lenin visits M. S. Kedrov and listens to him perform compositions by Beethoven and other composers.

**June 12 (25).**

Lenin's article "Capitalists and Armaments" is published in No. 133 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**June, no earlier than 12 (25).**

In a letter to the editorial office of *Pravda*, Lenin criticizes the editorial office for not publishing his note against A. Bogdanov.

**June 13 (26).**

In a letter to L. B. Kamenev in Paris, Lenin reports on his intention to deliver a lecture in four Swiss cities on the topic "The National Question and Social-Democracy"; writes about the postponement of a conference of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP until August.

**June 15 (28).**

Lenin's articles "The May Day Celebration of the Revolutionary Proletariat" (lead article) and "Notes of a Publicist" are published in No. 31 of the newspaper *Sotsial-Demokrat*.

**June 16 (29).**

In a letter to L. B. Kamenev, Lenin writes about receiving good news from the St. Petersburg Committee and the metalworkers' union, about the party school being organized in Poronin, about A. M. Gorky's agreement to give lectures at this school.

**June 17 (30).**

In a letter addressed to N. I. Podvoysky in St. Petersburg, Lenin gives instructions to the Bolshevik deputies to the Fourth State Duma on their tactics toward the Menshevik deputies in connection with the preparation by the social-democratic Duma faction of a report on its activities.

**June 20 (July 3).**

Lenin's article "On the Appeals of Liberals to Support the Fourth Duma" is published in No. 139 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**June, before 26 (July 9).**

Lenin works on compiling "Theses on the National Question" and prepares plans for a lecture on the national question.

**June 26 (July 9).**

Lenin speaks in Zurich with a lecture on the national question; keeps notes on the discussion. The St. Petersburg judicial chamber issues a decision on the destruction of N. Lenin's brochure "*Thou Shalt Hear the Judgment of a Fool*... (From the Notes of a Social-Democratic Publicist)" (St. Petersburg, 1907).

**Between June 26 and July 24 (July 9 and August 6).**

In connection with the development of theses on the national question, Lenin makes extracts from a number of sources.

**June 27 (July 10).**

During a one-day stay in Geneva, Lenin informs the Geneva Bolshevik group about the state of affairs in the party.

He questions A. F. Ilyinzhenevsky about the work of the St. Petersburg professional organization of secondary school students.

Lenin speaks in Geneva with a lecture on the topic "Social-Democracy and the National Question"; keeps notes on the discussion.

**June 28 (July 11).**

Lenin speaks in Lausanne with a lecture on the national question.

**June 30 (July 13).**

Lenin speaks in Bern with a lecture on the national question; keeps notes on the discussion.

**Early July.**

Lenin writes the article "Instructive Speeches."

**July 2 (15).**

Lenin's article "Pictures of Life" is published in No. 149 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**July 5 (18).**

Lenin's article "The Dissolved Duma and Bewildered Liberals" is published as the lead article in No. 151 of the newspaper *Pravda*.

**July, no earlier than 7 (20).**

Lenin compiles bibliographic notes (in German) based on announcements in the newspaper *Frankfurter Zeitung* from July 20, 1913, about published books on statistics and politics.

**July 12 (25).**

In a letter to A. M. Gorky, Lenin proposes to meet in Bern, Zurich, or Munich on his return journey from Bern to Poronin to discuss the possibility of Gorky's help in reviving the publication of a Bolshevik newspaper in connection with the closing of *Pravda*.

**July 13 (26).**

In a letter to his mother M. A. Ulyanova, Lenin reports that N. K. Krupskaya's operation was successful; about his imminent return to Poronin and indicates which cities they plan to stop in.

Lenin's article "The Fifth International Congress on the Struggle Against Prostitution" is published in No. 1 of the newspaper *Rabochaya Pravda*.

**July 16 (29).**

Lenin's articles "Words and Deeds" (lead article), "The Cadets on the Ukrainian Question," "The Latest Data on Parties in Germany," and "The Exposure of English Opportunists" are published in No. 3 of the newspaper *Rabochaya Pravda*.

**July 17 (30).**

Lenin's article "Ideas of Advanced Capital" is published in No. 4 of the newspaper *Rabochaya Pravda*.

**July 18 (31).**

Lenin's article "What Can Be Done for Public Education" is published in No. 5 of the newspaper *Rabochaya Pravda*.

**July 21 (August 3).**

Lenin's article "One of the 'Fashionable' Branches of Industry" is published in No. 8 of the newspaper *Rabochaya Pravda*.

Lenin speaks with a report "On the State of Affairs in the Party" at the Second Conference of the Foreign Organization of the RSDLP in Bern.

**July 22–24 (August 4–6).**

Lenin and Krupskaya leave Bern for Poronin; stop in Zurich, Munich, and Vienna on the way.

**July 24 (August 6).**

Lenin's article "Dead Liquidationism and Living *Rech*" is published in No. 10 of the newspaper *Rabochaya Pravda*.

**July 25 (August 7).**

**July 26 (August 8).**

Lenin's article "Mobilization of Allotment Lands" is published in No. 12 of the newspaper *Rabochaya Pravda*.

**July 27 (August 9).**

In Poronin, Lenin directs a conference of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, at which questions about the state of affairs in the party and its immediate tasks, about the social-democratic Duma faction, about the party school, about the press – in particular, about the creation of a Bolshevik newspaper in Moscow, about *Pravda*, about the Central Organ – the newspaper *Sotsial-Demokrat*, the journal *Prosveshchenie*, the "Priboi" publishing house, about congresses of shop assistants and cooperative matters – are discussed.

Lenin participates in a narrow conference of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP on the question of cooptation of new members into the Central Committee and the selection of "trusted persons" – agents of the Central Committee.

**August 3 (16).**

Lenin's article "How to Increase Per Capita Consumption in Russia?" is published in No. 3 of the newspaper *Severnaya Pravda* (*Northern Truth*).

**August 4 (17).**

Lenin's condolences on behalf of the Central Committee of the RSDLP on the death of August Bebel is published in No. 211 of the newspaper *Vorwärts*.

**August 8 (21).**

Lenin's article "August Bebel" is published in No. 6 of the newspaper *Severnaya Pravda*.

**Between August 8 (21) and September 29 (October 12).**

In a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper *Severnaya Pravda*, Lenin reports on sending his article "How V. Zasulich Kills Liquidationism" to the journal *Prosveshchenie* and asks that it also be published in the newspaper; recommends publishing the newspaper not daily, but weekly; asks that the newspapers *Rabochaya Pravda*, *Zhivaya Zhizn* (*Living Life*), *Severnaya Pravda*, *Novaya Rabochaya Gazeta* (*New Workers' Gazette*) be sent to him.

**August 11 (24).**

Lenin's article "The Separation of Liberalism from Democracy" is published as the lead article in No. 9 of the newspaper *Severnaya Pravda*. In a letter to S. G. Shaumyan, Lenin asks him to send materials on the national question and statistics on the nationalities of the Caucasus.

**August 12 (25).**

In a letter to V. M. Kasparov, Lenin asks him to send all issues of *Severnaya Pravda* except No. 1, *Novaya Rabochaya Gazeta*, and *Nash Put* (*Our Path*), and to pass them to A. S. Enuqidze (Avel), so that he would send these newspapers from St. Petersburg wrapped in bourgeois newspapers.

**August 18 (31).**

Lenin's articles "A Remarkable Affair" and "Nationalization of the Jewish School" are published in No. 14 of the newspaper *Severnaya Pravda*.

**August 21 (September 3).**

Lenin's article "Iron in Peasant Farming" is published in No. 16 of the newspaper *Severnaya Pravda*. The St. Petersburg judicial chamber issues a decision on the destruction of N. Lenin's brochure "Martov's and Cherevanin's Appearance in the Bourgeois Press" (St. Petersburg, 1906).

**August, no earlier than 23 (September 5).**

Lenin calculates the collections of workers for the Bolshevik newspapers *Rabochaya Pravda* and *Severnaya Pravda*.

**August 24 – October 25 (September 6 – November 7).**

Lenin's article "Strikes of Metalworkers in 1912" is published in Nos. 7, 8, and 10 of the journal *Metallist*.

**Between August 25 and 29 (September 6 and 11).**

Lenin receives a congratulatory telegram from the board of the metalworkers' professional union in connection with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the elections to the union's board.

**August, no earlier than 27 (September 9).**

Based on the newspapers *Severnaya Pravda* and *Novaya Rabochaya Gazeta*, Lenin compiles lists of candidates for members of the board and revision commission of the metalworkers' professional union and calculates their total number.

**August 27 and 28 (September 9 and 10).**

Lenin's article "The Russian Bourgeoisie and Russian Reformism" is published in the newspapers *Severnaya Pravda* No. 21 and *Nash Put* No. 3.

**August 28 and 29 (September 10 and 11).**

Lenin's article "The Role of Estates and Classes in the Liberation Movement" is published in the newspapers *Severnaya Pravda* No. 22 and *Nash Put* No. 4.

**August 29 and 30 (September 11 and 12).**

Lenin's articles "Class War in Dublin" and "New Measures of Land 'Reform'" are published in the newspapers *Severnaya Pravda* Nos. 23 and 24 and *Nash Put* Nos. 4 and 5.

**August 31 (September 13).**

Lenin writes a letter to the party archive of the German Social-Democratic Party, to Max Grünwald in Berlin, requesting permission for V. M. Kasparov to work in the archive of Russian social-democracy.

**August.**

Lenin's article "'Sick Questions' of Our Party. The 'Liquidator' and 'National' Questions" is published in the Polish journal *Pismo Dyskucyjne* (*Discussional Publication*) No. 1.

**September 1 (14).**

Lenin gives instructions to the representative of the "Priboi" publishing house on the publication of legal party literature and a journal on insurance questions, and to the representative of the journal *Prosveshchenie* on the further conduct of the journal.

Lenin's article "The Merchant Salazkin and Writer F. D." is published in No. 26 of the newspaper *Severnaya Pravda*.

**September 3 (16).**

Lenin's articles "The Struggle for Marxism" and "A Week After the Massacre in Dublin" are published in No. 27 of the newspaper *Severnaya Pravda*. The second article is also published in No. 8 of the newspaper *Nash Put*.

**September 4 (17).**

Lenin's article "Principled Questions of Politics" is published in the newspapers *Severnaya Pravda* No. 28 and *Nash Put* No. 9.

**September 5 and 7 (18 and 20).**

Lenin's article "Liberals and Democrats on the Question of Languages" is published in the newspapers *Severnaya Pravda* No. 29 and *Nash Put* No. 12.

**September 6 (19).**

The St. Petersburg judicial chamber issues a decision on the destruction of N. Lenin's brochure "Social-Democracy and Elections to the Duma" (St. Petersburg, 1907).

**September 7 (20).**

Lenin's article "The Bourgeoisie and the Government" is suppressed by censorship from No. 12 of the newspaper *Nash Put*.

**September 8 and 10 (21 and 23).**

Lenin's article "The Language of Figures" is published in Nos. 13 and 14 of the newspaper *Nash Put*.

**September 11, 12, and 14 (24, 25, and 27).**

Lenin's articles "The Gentlemen Bourgeoisie on 'Labor' Agriculture" and "Harry Quelch" are published in the newspapers *Nash Put* Nos. 15 and 16 and *Pravda Truda* (*Truth of Labor*) Nos. 1 and 4.
