Paul Kollman. "Agricultural Indebtedness in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg" (Conrad's *Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik*, III Series, Vol. 13, 5th Issue, 1897).

Cites Buchenberger: "A Rural Indebtedness Statistic in Baden" (in *Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft*, 1896, pp. 700–719).

In Baden, the scale of debt (relative to the value of all property) turned out to be: for purely agricultural holdings — 17.7%, for mixed holdings — 28.7%, for all — 22.7% (p. 692).

Statistics in Oldenburg 1894/5 year
14,110 taxpayers examined —
up to 5 ha
very close: 17,294

Of these without capital and debts — 
5,803 = 41.1%
only with capital 
2,986 = 21.2
with capital and debts 
1,575 = 11.2
only with debts 
3,746 = 26.3%

All capital property = 
2,726,074 Mk
Debts = 
2,846,859 Mk

Total value of land and capital = 265,231,887
Debts = 76,675,571 = 28.9% (p. 714)

No division into groups.

Cause of debts: Purchase — 43% of debts 
Inheritance settlements — 41.4%

(On the whole, nothing of interest!)

*[Footnote:] This brief excerpt-note corresponds to the following passage from Kollman's article (p. 696): "Such holdings up to 5 ha existed in 1894: 31,632, so that after their deduction from the total number of 48,926, for those of 5 or more hectares there remained 17,294. This number approaches the 14,110 taxpayers who, according to the income tax rolls, exist essentially only through the exploitation of their agricultural land ownership..."*