impossible, they hastily conclude truces similar to those described by one correspondent in yesterday's *The Times*. Such truces, of course, occur only in those parts of the battlefield where trenches are located in immediate proximity, but they (these truces) give rise to thoughts about the absurd cruelty of war and engender in some hope that among the soldiers on the battlefield there may arise a protest against the endless prolongation of its horrors" (p. 46).

No. 54: "Industrial Profits"*

|  | Net profit (after payment of interest on debt) | Quarterly reports published | Number of companies | Capital in total (millions of pounds sterling) | % profit to capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1913 | 1914 | % 1914 | | |
| 31 March | 20.5 | 22.1 | +8.5 | 230.1 | 9.8 |
| 31 July | 22.6 | 23.8 | +4.8 | 181.9 | 13.0 |
| 30 September | 10.0 | 9.5 | -9.5 | 107.8 | 8.9 |
| 31 December | 15.3 | 14.1 | -5.0 | 116.4 | 12.4 |
| Total | 69.7 | +0.9 | 636.0 | 10.9 |

"The tribulations of capitalists!!!"

NOTEBOOK "E" ("EPSILON")

*The Economist*, 19.XII.1914. "War Supplement," p. 10: Russia's expenditures on army and navy

| Year | Amount | % change |
|---|---|---|
| 1903 | ... | |
| 1904 | 466 million rubles | +25% |
| 1905 | | +5% |
| 1906 | | +8% |
| 1907 | | -1% |
| 1908 | | +119% |
| 1909 | | +19% |
| 1910 | | +17% |
| 1911 | | +21% |
| 1912 | | +140% |
| 1913 | | +135% |

*The Economist*, 19.XII.1914, p. 1059, article: "War and Contemporary Commercial and Industrial Enterprises":

..."Until the most sanguinary of historical tempests broke loose at the end of July, it was difficult to distinguish where Krupp ended or where Crédit began. Military loans were closely interwoven with peaceful ones, unproductive debt—with productive placement of capital. For the purpose of destruction or construction, whether building canals or fortifications, ocean-going steamships or warships, the entire business and financial world seemed to be concentrated in London, Paris and Berlin. Financial firms were almost inevitably Anglo-German, Anglo-French and Anglo-American; their boards interwove, and they had branches or agents in almost every major city of the Old and New World. Giant companies and corporations willingly accepted shareholders of all nationalities, paying very little attention to diplomatic alliances... Six months ago the assertion that nationality was not an obstacle to business agreements was a worn-out truism... All of this suddenly came to an end... But neither businessmen nor the working class, it must be supposed, are guilty of this. Everywhere the blamed for war are a small number of people—emperors, diplomats, statesmen, military men or "philosophers"... Let us hope for swift sobering, the return of common sense, the rebirth of religion and the clarification of human consciousness"...


[*Table with numerical data - preserving structure:*]

| | Allied Countries | Central Powers | Both sides of the Entente |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct (military) expenditures for six months | 725 | 990 | 1715 (million £ st.) |
| Losses due to cessation of production (Ib Guyau (*)) | 1 330 | 810 | 2 140 |
| Total expenditures for six months | 2 055 | 1 800 | 3 855 |
| Normal national income for six months (supposedly) | 1 500 | 2 500 | 4 000 |
| Ratio of direct expenditures to national income | 48% | 40% | 43% |
| Ratio of total expenditures to national income | 137% | 72% | 96% |
| National wealth | 25 000 | 40 000 | 65000 |

(*) The source Ib Guyau is clearly biased!

*Ibid*. (2.I.1915), p. 12:

"All eyewitnesses speak of revulsion at the extreme barbarism and cruelty of modern warfare. Everywhere people ask themselves how long man by his very nature will be able to endure the terrible suffering of this indescribable war, how soon exhaustion and proximity to starvation death will drive peoples to uprising. Some German newspapers hope for revolution in Russia. They may have to deal with it in their own homeland, as it is quite possible that the German working class will severely turn against the aggressive militarism which has been ruinous for it."

This is from an article "The Habsburg States," where it is indicated that in Russia the situation of the population and nations is worse than in Austria.

9.I.1915, p. 57: Romanians in Russia live worse than in Austria...

*Ibid*., p. 66: Russia's war expenditures (½ year) = 6234 million rubles (13 million rubles per day).

p. 72, new book: Ya. Vinogradov. "The Russian Problem"...(1 shilling)?

*The Daily Telegraph* (No. 18 631), 29.XII.1914.

The Independent Labour Party and the War.

"One of the resolutions on the last item of the agenda of the annual conference of the Scottish section of the Independent Labour Party, which will take place in Glasgow on Saturday, and where Mr. Keir Hardie, a member of parliament, will address the delegates, demands that all members of the Independent Labour Party who assist the government in the present recruitment campaign be expelled (from the party). Another resolution demands the expression of regret that the National Labour Party, at the moment when war broke out, did not convene a conference to determine its policy."

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES AND LITERATURE REFERENCES

*The British Review*, 1915, July, "What We Should Feel Toward War" by John Freeman, p. 87—88... "Anti-patriotic pamphlet" by Mr. Barrett (title?)

(from the "Workers' Group 'Freedom'").

"We still have one more war to wage," he proclaims, a war against the rich, a new reformationist war"..., p. 88.

No.

*Rechtsund Wirtschaft*, 1915, June.

"German Trade Unions During the War" by Dr. W. Trëlch

(praises!! cites *Sozialistische Monatshefte*)

Schism in Württemberg (Stuttgart). *Frankfurter Zeitung* No. 319, II morning edition, 17.XI.

Library expansion indicators in Winterthur (published since 1907), 7th year of publication 1913/4.

In fiction:

Lucien Decave. "Bloodletting" (1870—1).

Nexe. "Pelle the Conqueror."

A. Schnitzler. "Novellas." 1914.

NOTEBOOK "E" ("EPSILON")

Literature on Switzerland:

Paul Bergey. "After the Great Rout: Division of Switzerland." Lausanne, 1914.

Written before the war: predicts German victory, threatens division of Switzerland.

No.: p. 31, preaching of fierce struggle with "revolutionary socialism" in the army and school.

A. Rüegg. "From the Life of a Waitress." Zurich, 1914.

Part III ("Works of General Educational and Scientific Content"): "Teachings on Origins." 1914. ("Culture of Modernity," III, IV.)

Ch. Bernard. "Morocco." Paris, 1913.

E. Haeckel. "God-Nature." Leipzig, 1914.

Rud. Kjellén. "The Great Powers of Our Time." Leipzig, 1914.

A. Manes. "The Social Continent" (on Australasia). Berlin, 1914.

Rud. Martin. "German Rulers." 1910.

Ude. "Feuerbach." Leipzig, 1914.

A. Zart. "Foundations of the Universe: Atoms, Molecules." Stuttgart, 1913.

Taylor. "Principles of Scientific Management of Enterprise."

COAL AND IRON

*Internationale Monatsschrift für Wissenschaft, Kunst und Technik* (Leipzig), 1916, January (10th year of publication, No. 4).

Hans Aralt, Dr., mining assessor in Munich. "Coal and Iron and Their Significance in the Contemporary World War." Statistics of coal and iron reserves in belligerent countries.

(World reserves of iron ore)

( " " of coal)

(Congresses of geologists in Stockholm 1910 and in Toronto 1913)

By richness of coal reserves: iron reserves:

1. United States 1. United States
2. Canada 2. Newfoundland
3. China 3. Germany*
4. Germany

Coal extraction in 1913:

England—287.4 million tons
Germany—278.9
(Consumption: 250.3 Germany
233.3 England)

Remarkable is the invention by Thomas (1878) in place of the Bessemer process for extracting iron—the basic or Thomas process.

This process gave Germany the advantage, for it consists in freeing the ore from phosphorus, and in Germany iron ore is precisely rich in phosphorus (No.).

Thus Germany beat England. || No.

The chemical industry produces coal-tar (1 million tons in 1912 in Germany).

Areas occupied by Germany in France

approximately 70% of French coal reserves
" 80% of " iron reserves.

(Without America France would have perished long ago.)

TRADE UNION LEADERS

*The Daily Telegraph*, October 7, 1915.

"Having heard the speeches of the Prime Minister and Count Kitchener, elected labour leaders, after long deliberations on the question of recruitment, issued a very energetically formulated appeal on volunteers, in which it is said that 'to protect the principle of voluntarism it is necessary that recruitment yield at least 30,000 recruits per week.'"

Mr. C. W. Bowerman, member of parliament, secretary of the parliamentary committee of the trade union congress, gave a copy of the appeal yesterday afternoon to a representative of *The Daily Telegraph*. It reads as follows:

No.

Crisis.

Appeal to Free People.

"Fellow citizens... Never in the history of our people has it had to experience such a serious crisis as now... The attack of Germany, etc.... (goal:) to achieve such a victory that will free the world from fear of the military tyranny that Germany would impose upon it...." Call

NOTEBOOK "E" ("EPSILON")

to enter the armed forces, for what?... "not only because, in doing so, they will be defending their own interests, but also because their actions will safeguard the vital interests of the people"...

..."We know that defeat or a dubious peace would mean for us not only the loss of our prestige as a nation and the certainty that the conflict would resume within a few years, but also the loss of those liberties and those personal rights whose conquest required centuries of struggle"...

H. Gosling          | Parliamentary Committee of
C. W. Bowerman      | the Trade Union Congress
J. O'Grady          | General Federation of Trade
W. E. Appleton      | Unions
J. J. Wardle        | Executive Committee of the
W. C. Sanders       | Labour Party

*Ibid*., 9.X.1915 (Saturday). In addition to mass meetings (xx) there will be

"A meeting to take place on Monday (11.X.1915) between the Earl of Derby, the new director of recruitment, and the persons who signed the important manifesto of workers' organizations issued last Thursday (7.X.1915)." "This conference, to which representatives of workers' organizations were invited by the Earl of Derby, will convene at No. 12 Downing Street"...

(xx)... "that at the disposal of the executive committee" [—of the three signing organizations] "free halls for mass meetings have already been provided"...

In addition to mass meetings, propaganda tours are being organized, organization of "shop-floor meetings," "lunch-break gatherings," etc.

...a "large quantity of propaganda literature, chiefly in the form of leaflets for distribution at various meetings" will be prepared..., etc.

*Ibid*., 15.X.1915. Laudatory review of Ellis Powell. "The Evolution of the Money Market" (10 sh. 6 p.). London, 1915 (*Financial News*).

NOTEBOOK "C" ("ZETA")

Contents

Harms. "World Economy" [2—3].

Supan [5—9].

Hübner [10].

Junius [13—14].

Demorgny (Persia No.) [11].

*Le Temps* [16 and 19—20].

*The Daily Telegraph* and others [23—28].

Lloyd George on 4 billion pounds sterling (4.V.1915) [29—30].

Brauer on German ("defeatists") [17—18].

HARMS. "WORLD ECONOMY"

Bernhard Harms. *Problems of World Economy*.

Jena, 1912. "National Economy and World Economy."

English capitals abroad (1911) according to J. Paish
((George Paish in *Journal of the Royal Statistical Society*, Vol. LXXIV, 1910/11, p. 167)) ("Placements of Great British capital in colonies, etc.").

(B. Harms, p. 228):

I. English colonies (thousands of £ st.)

North America: Canada and Newfoundland 372,541
Australia: Australian Union 301,521
New Zealand 78,529
Africa: South 351,368
West 29,498

NOTEBOOK ("ZETA")

Asia: India and Ceylon 365,399
Straits Settlements 22,037
Hong Kong 3,104
British North Borneo 5,131
Other British possessions 25,024

= British colonies 1,554,152

II. Foreign countries:

United States 688,078
Cuba 22,700
Philippines 8,202
Argentina 269,808
Mexico 87,334
Brazil 94,330
Chile 46,375
Uruguay 35,255
Peru 31,986
Other American countries 22,517
Russia 38,388
Turkey 18,320
Egypt 43,753
Spain 18,808
Italy 11,513
Portugal 8,134
France 7,071
Germany 6,061
Other European countries 36,319
Japan 53,705
China 26,809
Other foreign [countries] 61,907

2 = Foreign countries 1,637,684*

ΣΣ = Total 3,191,836

(altogether 3½ billion pounds sterling)

Same by continents (million £ st.):

|  | Amount | % |
|---|---|---|
| America | 1,700 | 53 |
| Asia | 500 | 16 |
| Africa | 455 | 14 |
| Australia | 387 | 12 |
| Europe | 150 | 5 |
| | 3,192 | 100% |

* Thus in Harms. Ed.

Dr. Sigmund Schilder. *Tendencies in the Development of World Economy*. Berlin, 1912—p. 150—refers to J. Paish and says that his figures are understated, for they are taken at issue rates (in Romance America 556 = 556 million £ st., whereas according to the quotation of the London Exchange 31.V.1909 £ = 767 million £ st., including Argentina—281 million, Brazil—140 million).—

London *The Economist*, 26.VIII.1911, considers British capitals in 10 South American republics (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Paraguay) = 622 million £ st., including Argentina—316, Brazil—162, Uruguay—42, Chile—41 (*ibid*., p. 371).

Foreign capitals in Canada (1910) = 12,687 million francs, including British 9,765, United States—2,190, French—372. In Mexico (1886—1907) = 3,343 million francs, including United States 1,771, British 1,334 (p. 373).

Belgian capitals abroad (Berlin *Export*, 24.XI.1910) in million francs: Holland—70; France—137; Brazil—143; Italy—166; Egypt—219; Germany—244; Argentina—290; Congo state—322; Spain—337; Russia—441; other countries—338. Total 2¾ billion francs (p. 365).

French capitals abroad:

(*ibid*., p. 235)

| | billion francs |
|---|---|
| Russia | 10.0 |
| England | 0.8 |
| Belgium and Holland | 0.5 |
| Germany | 0.5 |
| Turkey, Serbia and Bulgaria | 0.6 |
| Romania and Greece | 4.0 |
| Austro-Hungary | 2.4 |
| Italy | 1.8 |
| Switzerland | 0.5 |
| Spain and Portugal | 3.8 |
| Canada and United States | 1.0 |
| Egypt and Suez | 4.0 |
| Argentina, Brazil and Mexico | 3.0 |
| China and Japan | 1.0 |
| Tunisia and French colonies | 3.0 |

Now—altogether, about 40—42 billion [francs]

NOTEBOOK ("ZETA")

German capitals abroad (1904) excluding bonds (and outside Europe) (million marks)

Turkey (excluding Egypt) 350
Africa (including Egypt) 1,350
Persian-Arab peninsula and India 75*
South-East Asia 250
East Asia 450
Australia and Polynesia 400
Countries around the American Mediterranean 1,200
West coast of South America 550
East coast of " " 1,600
United States and Canada 3,000

Σ=9,225

German monetary capitals (in securities) abroad (1897—1906)

Argentina 92.1 million marks
Belgium 2.4
Bosnia 85.0
Brazil 77.6
Bulgaria 114.3
Chile 75.4
Denmark 595.4
China 356.6
Finland 40.1
Great Britain 1.6
Italy 141.4
Japan 1,291.4
Canada 152.4
Cuba 147.1
Luxembourg 32.4
Mexico 1,030.0
Netherlands 81.4
Norway 60.8
Austria 4,021
Portugal 700.7
Romania 948.4
Russia 3,453.4
Serbia 152.0
Sweden 355.4
Switzerland 437.4
Spain 11.4
Turkey 978.1
Hungary 1,500.4
United States of America 4,945.4

(My total)

Σ = 21,909.4


The author considers the total of German capitals abroad to be 35 billion marks (p. 243).

Figure = 9.025 (1904), then the same in Europe

2 = 18

Then securities approximately = 17

2 = 35*

America 6,530.2
Asia (Turkey) 2,625.1
Africa 12,754.4
Australia

2 = 21,909.7

No.

No.

B. Harm
