Pages: 131-150

# No. 5 OF THE NEWSPAPER "VPERYOD" FROM FEBRUARY 7 (JANUARY 25), 1905

## THE FRUITS OF VICTORY.

The fruit of the tsar's victory over the unarmed people was, as might have been expected, terrible embitterment of the very gray working masses against the tsar and loss of faith in him. This is how this mood is expressed in the letters of G. Gapon:

To the Army: . . .
To the Workers: . . .

In addition to these proclamations, let us cite only the comments of local social democrats communicated to us in letters from January 10. One writes, inter alia: see pp 66 to vv (p. 4–5)
Another local s.d. writes: (p. 6–9)***.

## PETERSBURG AFTER JANUARY 9.

[Today,—wrote one correspondent of a foreign newspaper,—Petersburg can be compared with the Neva: calm, precisely icy calm, on the surface and tremendous agitation beneath this deceptive appearance. Crowds of sympathizers, especially students, are besieging [hospitals]. Persistent rumors circulate that the tsar has fled from Tsarskoye Selo to Gatchina.]

On Monday, January 10, Petersburg had the appearance of a city just conquered by an enemy. Cossack patrols constantly ride through the streets. Here and there one sees agitated groups of workers. In the evening many streets are plunged into darkness. There is no electricity or gas. Aristocratic houses are guarded by groups of janitors. [Sometimes] burning newspaper kiosks cast strange light on clusters of people.

On the Nevsky [on Monday] there were clashes of people with troops. The crowd was fired upon again. [Details are still unknown. Against] Near the Anichkov Palace three volleys were fired. The police were closing gun shops and removing weapons into basements, taking, obviously, all measures to prevent workers from arming themselves. Officials in government offices felt particularly alarmed, fearing fires and explosions, and fled from Petersburg in panic.

On Vasilievsky Island the barricades seized by troops on Sunday were renewed on Monday and seized again by soldiers.

There are no newspapers. Educational institutions are closed. Workers in the mass of private meetings discuss events and measures of resistance. Crowds of sympathizers, especially students, are besieging hospitals.

[The government is zealously searching for instigators. Night of Monday to Tuesday arrests begin. Members of the delegation (of Saturday) are seized: Gessen, Arseniev, Karsev, Yeshekhnov, Myakotin, Semevsky, Kedrin, Ivanchin-Insarev, Shintnikov(?). Gorky left for Riga and an arrest warrant was sent there. On Tuesday the Petersburg governor-general with dictatorial powers is appointed Trepov, one of the most hated servants of tsarism in all Russia.]

They report that Kolpino workers numbering 20,000 to 30,000 [approx. 20 or up to 30] set out on Tuesday morning with a petition to Tsarskoye Selo. The Tsarskoye Selo garrison sent out to meet them a regiment of infantry and a field battery. At five versts from Kolpino a clash occurred; troops opened fire and finally repulsed and dispersed the workers at 4 p.m. Many killed and wounded. The workers twice attacked the Tsarskoye Selo railroad, but were repulsed. [They report that] Along a stretch of [approx.] 7 versts the rails were torn up, and trains did not run in the morning.

The government buries the victims of the bloody, Vladimir's Sunday at night, in secret. The relatives and acquaintances of the killed are deliberately deceived so as to make demonstrations at funerals impossible. Entire carloads of corpses are sent to the Preobrazhenskoye cemetery. In some places the crowd attempts nevertheless, despite all police precautions, to arrange a demonstration in honor of the fallen fighters for freedom.

[Correspondents of foreign newspapers, who witnessed the horrors of January 9 and the bitterness of the proletariat]

Bitterness [of the troops, who met the most contemptuous treatment from the population, was obviously also very strong. Here is a characteristic scene, transmitted by telegraph (Reuters bureau)]

of the population against the troops is enormous. Foreign newspapers [on Wednesday, at 1 p.m.: "Eyewitnesses report that yesterday] report from the words of eyewitnesses that on Tuesday, January 11, on the Great Prospekt, Cossacks stopped a streetcar full of workers. One of the workers shouted to the Cossacks: "Executioners!" The Cossacks stopped the streetcar, forced everyone in it to get out and beat them with saber flats. One [was wounded in this way] of those subjected to beatings was wounded in the process. Residents of neighboring houses opened their windows and shouted to the Cossacks: "Murderers, bandits!" On Friday telegrams reported that during this incident a woman was also forced out of the streetcar by the Cossacks. In her fright she dropped her child, who was crushed by Cossack horses. (The Times). Such victories of our troops over workers are truly Pyrrhic victories.

[The government proclamation to workers (Trepov and Kokovtsev) made no impression on them]

## THE FIRST RUMBLINGS OF THUNDER. MOSCOW

The thunder [of the general strike in Petersburg] of Petersburg events resounded throughout all Russia............

The number of Moscow strikers was determined [in foreign newspapers] at first at 10,000 people; two days later already at 30,000. On January 18 there appeared news of the end of the strike, with the number of strikers given as 43,000 workers in 125 establishments out of a total of 170,000 workers in 830 Moscow factories. It goes without saying that these official reports are plainly understated (in all commercial and industrial enterprises in Moscow there are far more than 170,000 workers), and we cite them merely to give an approximate idea of the scale of the movement. It was reported that on Pyatnitskaya Street troops fired on workers, but this rumor has not yet been verified. Here is what they write from Moscow of January 14 in a private letter*:

[Then] On Tuesday, January 11, workers struck in Vilna. Telegrams of foreign newspapers reported that there was a series of clashes of strikers with police. Over 30 killed and wounded; among them many policemen and soldiers. Many arrested. In Gomel hatmakers, clerks, pharmacy apprentices, bank employees and servants struck. On January 18 police covered one gathering of strikers. Police opened fire. One girl was killed. Four were wounded.

Then the strike movement began to spread to the south and to the Volga region. From Bryansk they reported on January 15 that workers at a glass factory had struck. They await a strike throughout the Maltzev district and at the rail factory. In Kiev the strike began on January 17 at the large Gretter machine-building factory, in the workshops of the South Russian factory and the Graf factory. Some bakers also struck. Concerning Yekaterinoslav telegrams reported: Printing houses shut down. No newspapers. Workers at the Alexander, Bryansk, Dnepr, and Yuzovka factories struck. [In Tiflis the strike began.] In Saratov**

... The strike began in Tiflis. It had already spread (by January 20) to Batum.

In Narva workers of the flax factory struck. They await the joining of workers of the Zinoviev (?) machine-building factory and [of the wool workers] cloth factory':

## RIGA.

[On the history of the local strike a correspondent of the Vossische Zeitung of January 27 (14) reported:] We have detailed information on the Riga strike thanks to correspondences in German newspapers. Here is what was written on the history of the strike: Several weeks before the Petersburg uprising, several workers at the local government shipyard, which evidently is preserved under the old firm name "Lange and Son" for "political" considerations, declared they would strike if their pay were not raised. Workers from several other factories joined them. The hatred of workers was directed especially against the foremen, who supervise the hiring of workers. Everyone knows that foremen take bribes of 10–15 rubles from workers for a place at the factory. This bribe is deducted subsequently from their weekly wages. Naturally, it is in the interest of the foremen to lay off workers more frequently. Workers have beaten foremen at night more than once. Factory inspectors calmed the workers with a promise of stricter supervision of the foremen. A few days ago emissaries arrived from Petersburg and Moscow who attempted to provoke a strike at the Baltic Railway Car Factory (several thousand workers). On Wednesday morning workers were already walking in large crowds through the streets, in perfect order, without any drunks (a rarity in Russia!—remarks the German correspondent) and forced one factory after another to stop work. Thus in the course of 21 hours they achieved stopping work at all the factories of Riga and its suburbs. But, unlike previous strikes, the movement [bears] now has often a political character. This is a mass demonstration. [Yesterday there was a clash of some 50,000 workers with troops, leading to the known bloody events on the Dvina.] At the city theater representatives appeared during the performance and forced the performance to be suspended. The theater was immediately closed. Workers with red banners march through the city. Revolutionary speeches are made.

Here is a letter of an eyewitness to one bourgeois-democratic newspaper:

[When the strike movement spread from Peter to the Baltic region and Poland.—the great proximity of these localities to the border made it possible to describe events not only from brief and, of course, not impartial telegrams, but also from reports of correspondents* We adopt some such correspondent accounts.]

Riga. January 21 (14) \ At the moment I write these lines, from the theater boulevard resounds together with the roar of the snowstorm the cries [(das grausige Johlen)] of the excited crowd. From afar it is difficult to make out the character of the sounds rushing toward us. But, like me, thousands of citizens of Riga hear them and involuntarily connect them with the news of Petersburg and Moscow, which have already spread throughout the world. Since yesterday no fewer than 50,000 workers, i.e., all the local workers, have struck on the initiative of the Petersburg organizers. Students not only joined them but even took on a leadership role. One Latvian proclamation of the s.d. union sets forth, like many others circulating in recent days, the reasons and causes of the strike [not very coherently (in beidein Gewirr (?)) [From the editors. We ask readers not to forget that before us is a correspondent of a bourgeois German newspaper at war with German s.d. His evaluations are wholly permeated by the bourgeois point of view. Russian workers would especially benefit at the present time from familiarizing themselves with the evaluation which European liberal bourgeois, looking comparatively from afar, give to their struggle).] Throughout the proclamation [in general] passionate desire for deliverance from tsarism, which oppresses all like a heavy stone, is clearly visible. [In particular, the impression from the proclamation is something like that from a kaleidoscope·] First of all solidarity is declared with the Petersburg advanced fighters, who sought access to the tsar, approaching him with a priest with a cross at the head and who were shot down in masses for this. Then are set forth wishes for a short working day, raising of wages, better treatment, a constitution, ending of the war in Manchuria. [All this is mixed together with curses on capitalism and the system of wage labor at the present daily and piece rates.] The proclamation concludes with cheers for the revolution. "Workers! Forward, forward, forward!" [(The liberal bourgeois tries to be ironic. It seems to him "incoherent" to combine political and economic demands. For us in this combination one of the greatest pledges of the strength of the movement. Ed.).']

This manifesto is written, it is true, fervently, passionately, concisely and forcefully [(glühend u[nd] feurig, gedrungen u[nd] wichtig)], but it lacks here a broad basis and a firm point [(feste Spitze)]. The local workers for the most part are not interested in the strike (? but 50,000? Ed.) and would like to continue working, and on the other hand the political tendency is insufficiently emphasized and here there is neither an emperor nor ministers to present demands to (? did not [the author] plagiarize from the New Iskra on the confrontation face to face of workers and [the bourgeoisie] those in power? Ed.\ On all street corners posters of the governor were pasted up just an hour ago, forbidding all gatherings in view of the criminal intentions of the workers and threatening the use of military force against the slightest resistance. Despite this prohibition crowds of workers with cries of hurrah for the revolution demonstrate in the streets, and five shots were already fired at the cathedral by the public at the troops stationed there. Fortunately, no one was wounded. Those who fired disappeared.

. . . It grew dark. The snowstorm continues. The windows are covered with ice. The howling of the wind fills the whole house. In the neighboring room lies the shot-husband of my Russian landlady [(der erschossene Quartierherr meiner russischen Wirtin)]. His friends brought him here a quarter hour ago. In the lower floor three more seriously wounded students were brought. The noise and cries on the boulevard which I heard earlier were cries of horror and rage during a terrible battle occurring on the bank of the Dvina and which unexpectedly took an enormous number of victims. I cannot sit at my writing desk.

I am on the Dvina together with many others whose curiosity and sympathy for the fighters overcame their fear for themselves. In front of a house whose lower windows, doors and walls are riddled with bullets lie about 17 [boats] dead and wounded. Red Cross sleighs [(? Leichenschlitten)^] arrived. Both living and dead were picked up and taken to the hospital. Near me stands [healthy] a hunchbacked woman [(starkknochiges Höckerweib?)]*. Her legs fail her, and she falls. Soldiers and the public silently watch the traces of blood on the snow. About thirty paces from us on a steep bank descending to the Dvina a few men and women stand who run down onto the ice, arguing hotly and gesticulating about something.

I ask what is the matter. They answer: a thousand-strong crowd consisting of workers, foreigners, onlookers and revolutionaries wanted under the leadership of students to surround the troops; they killed one gendarme with a shot from the crowd; the troops replied with a volley, to which the crowd returned fire \. Then the crowd of those only slightly interested or cowardly participants scattered in all directions. The masses rushed onto the Dvina, many were pushed [there] onto the ice from the embankment by soldiers. The ice near [stone] shore stones was slushy and broke. A huge mass of people disappeared beneath the ice and was carried away by the swift river!

"Disperse! Don't gather, or we'll shoot!"—I hear the cry. My neighbors to the right and left scatter. I dash into one of the building doors, into which several people run. From the cathedral sounds the bell: Alarm! But the public did not rush to the place of the fire in view of the late hour and bad weather.

The next day was quiet. The arrival of Cossacks after the occurring battle made no impression. Near the German theater a large crowd of people of all classes gathered when students of the polytechnic arranged a mourning demonstration in honor of the fallen [victims] comrades of the day before.

A large detachment of infantry appeared. The commander of the detachment firmly demanded the removal of the banner. From the window there was hung a large black banner with the inscription: "You died for the fatherland! Glory to your memory! Death to your murderers!" The students rejected the demand and instead began waving the banner from the windows of the second floor. It was still light. The entire polytechnic was surrounded by troops, and an order was given to seize the banner. Soldiers moved toward the entrance. Students drew revolvers and knives.

The director of the polytechnic managed, however, to intervene at the last moment and persuaded the students to agree to remove the banner upon the conclusion of [the memorial service (Trauerfeier)] the mourning. The officers and soldiers had to stand and listen as speakers in passionate speeches, before an audience standing bareheaded, at cries of hurrah and a waving banner, at solemn singing of "Eternal Memory!" glorified the feat of the deceased and swore to avenge them. [The memorial service] The mourning lasted a long time. The banner was then removed.

Now all is calm. Only small groups of workers pass through the streets singing. ..

In another liberal newspaper they reported on January 16:

[Voss[ische] Z[ei]t[un]g. 31 I 05].

[Riga. January 29 (16)]. Saturday's pay went smoothly. On Monday work begins in all factories. Fears of new bloodshed over the funeral of one student were not borne out. In the streets troops stayed away from the funeral procession, and the cemetery was surrounded all by Cossacks, ready for military action. Therefore the body had to be buried without speeches and demonstrations. Before the coffin walked a student with a large wreath, tirelessly showing in all directions its [gilt] red ribbon, on which in gold letters was written: "Glory [(Ehre)] to your memory! Death to your murderers!" A mass of proclamations in Russian and Latvian were distributed, which were either handed around or thrown in small tied packets of a dozen or so into the crowd.

Another correspondent writes [also] to the same newspaper of January 29 (16): Despite all its brutality troops and police proved powerless here [(völlig versagt)]. There even happened such things that in some streets crowds of workers surrounded policemen and forced them to carry a red banner before them. In a serious drama thus were [such] ridiculous episodes.

The number of dead picked up in the streets is estimated at 56 people; of the wounded 17 more died in hospitals. An enormous impression was made [(ergreifend) (?)] by an unprecedented sight in Riga: heavy wagons, which ordinarily transported sacks of grain or iron goods, carried uncovered corpses through the streets.

Finally, here is another letter delivered to us of one participant in events \

In Libava, Windau and Mitau also general strikes broke out. From Mitau they reported on January 14:

[Mitau. January 27 (14). Official News.]

Agents arriving from Riga provoked a strike. A crowd of workers, ever increasing, stopped factory after factory. Troops were called out. Workers demonstrate with songs and banners, scatter proclamations. Patrols ride through the city.

[Mitau. January 28 (15). The strike continues.] Crowds of workers walk through the streets. There have been no clashes with troops yet. [(Voss[ische] Z[ei]t[un]g).]

[Mitau. January 30 (17)]. The strike continues. The garrison is weakened by sending a company to Windau. There have been disturbances. One policeman was wounded. Troops have not yet resorted to using weapons. A battalion of infantry and artillery battery were sent from Vilna to Libava. Libava. January 28 (15). Yesterday evening a crowd of demonstrators destroyed telegraph poles. This morning they were set up again. There were attacks on bakeries, but troops, having received reinforcements from Kovno, dispersed the crowd.

Windau. January 31 (18). Workers at the elevators began the strike, presenting a series of demands. Then railroad workers joined. All establishments and banks are closed. Strikers conduct themselves quietly, gather at the market square and discuss their demands there. The elevator workers resumed work after they were promised certain concessions.

## WARSAW*.

[On the movement in Poland we have somewhat more detailed information, because in addition to telegrams of foreign newspapers (which constituted our main source for the brief data on strikes in Russia reproduced), certain correspondences in the German press are added. We derive information from Berliner Vossische Zeitung.]

[Warsaw. January 7] On Wednesday and Thursday a mass of proclamations of the social democracy of Russian Poland and Lithuania were distributed here concerning the Petersburg events. The proclamation calls for a general strike and a joint action of Polish workers with the demand for the immediate convocation of a constituent assembly. On Friday and Saturday [there was a special appeal] there was another special call for a general strike with demands: an 8-hour [working] day, establishment of public works for the unemployed, convocation of a constituent] assembly to end the war and proclaim the republic, as well as a special appeal to the intelligentsia inviting them to support the workers.

On Tuesday a proclamation was also distributed by the Central [Committee] of the Polish Socialist] Party, where it says among other things: "Comrades! That which we have awaited with impatience has finally arrived. To attacks on the decomposing tsarism has been added the most important attack of the Russian proletariat."

Here are detailed accounts of the strike by one correspondent.

Warsaw. January 21 (14). 10 a.m. Workers of the largest iron foundry in Poland, Melno, Rau and Lewenstein in Praga (Warsaw)" have just stopped work. So far order has not been disturbed. Patrols walk around the factories. The gas factory and water supply are occupied by troops. The population is stocking up on kerosene, coal, provisions.

3 o'clock in the afternoon. As might have been expected, the strike became general. All factories, printing houses, etc. shut down. About noon bakeries were literally besieged by the population. Now not a piece of bread can be found in the city. The Mitler steam bakery in the Wola suburb was stormed by workers. Newspapers probably will not appear today. I set out for the Wola suburb. On Chlodna Street I met a cab driver who was carrying two dead workers. A quarter hour earlier a bloody clash had occurred at the corner of Chlodna and Wronia Streets [(Chlodna-, Wronia-)]. Cossacks rushed at the gathered workers with whips. The workers brought stones from the building under construction on Chlodna Street and showered the soldiers with stones. Then there followed an attack with cold steel, and then a volley of shots. Many wounded and killed. On the way back I saw workers gathering again. From Wronia Street another detachment of cavalry and infantry passed. Street lamps were lit, but workers on Chlodna Street extinguished and destroyed them. Throughout the city strong detachments of troops rode about. In all police stations infantry and Cossacks stood ready. [The mood] The situation is extremely serious.—6:20 p.m. I heard that on Chlodna Street bloody clashes were repeated. The Warsaw-Lodz telephone line is broken. The strike in Praga is complete. [[Kucherov] A crowd of cab drivers forces them to remove their uniforms (?).]

[Warsaw. January 28 (15)] January 15, 5 p.m. The night passed comparatively quietly. This morning most stores opened but were then closed again. At present all shops, pastry shops, etc. are closed. Even pharmacies had to close. Streetcars do not run. There were several clashes but, they say, without bloodshed. At 12 o'clock students of the university and polytechnic, numbering about 2,000, walked silently through the streets of Novyi Svet and Krakovskoe Predmestie; at Theater Square they were dispersed. At 6 1/2 o'clock a meeting is scheduled at the Prosectorium to express sympathy for the workers. The streets are unusually lively. Street lamps burn dimly. The management of the gas factory asks for economical use of gas because soldiers, replacing workers, work poorly. There is insufficient bread. Soldiers sell their rations here and there in the streets. For a loaf that cost 16 kopecks, 50–60 kopecks are paid. The state liquor shop on Leszno Street was robbed and set on fire. It is still burning.

—7:50 p.m. Theaters are open. The areas around them are empty. No cabs. Coffee shops closed. Newspapers have not appeared. Mail was not delivered.

January 29 (16), 10 a.m. Yesterday's letter I could send only together with the present because lamps on Marszałkowska Street are smashed, the road to the station is unsafe. At night troops bivouacked in Theater Square. In the morning several gun shops were looted. Many liquor shops were destroyed. Characteristic is that the crowd pours out vodka; there is no drunkenness. The entire garrison is mobilized. The situation is serious.

12 noon. At night, they say, there were several bloody clashes. At present I hear volleys and cannon shots in the direction of the Wola suburb. They speak of [thousands] hundreds of victims. The strike is expanding. The city has been declared [in a state of enhanced security] under martial law. January 30 (17). The number of yesterday's victims is unknown. They speak of 160 wounded and killed. All industrial] and commercial] establishments are closed.

No further correspondences have come in yet. Foreign newspapers note that postal communications with Warsaw are almost broken. This is explained in part by the strike, but mainly by government measures, which have now tenfold increased the work of the "black cabinets," reading through letters both to and from Russia.

A police report on events appeared in the Warsaw Diary, which, naturally, falsely conveys the facts and tries to play up the looting of shops (by police provocateurs?).

[Warsaw. January 28 (15)] January 16 [were wounded] the British consul in Warsaw and vice-consul were subjected to attack by troops. The British ambassador intervened, and the Russian government appointed an investigation.

[Supplements to the Warsaw strike]

[When w[orkers] When workers went around the factories on Friday, employers asked: what are your grievances? The workers answered: "we are striking not because we have grievances against you, but for political reasons. We want to show that we are dissatisfied with the general order." Those manufacturers unwilling to close their factories were told this would lead to the worst consequences. The threat worked, and all the factories were closed very quickly.

Russian students arranged a meeting to express sympathy for the Petersburg fighters. Polish comrades did not participate in it. The meeting was surrounded by troops, and students were offered a choice: disperse or be arrested. Many chose the latter. Students distributing foodstuffs to strikers were also arrested.

In a German s.d. newspaper they wrote from Warsaw: There was no general battle anywhere, but the executioners literally hunt by day for workers and the public in general, shooting from time to time at passersby without any warning. This continued [all] Saturday evening and all day Sunday. Thus on the streets of Bracka, Belka, Chmielna between 10 and 12 a.m. on Sunday several people were shot. On Mlynarska Street two women were shot. On Karmelicka Street they fired at a peaceful crowd of workers standing. Six were killed. On the streets people were stopped and searched. Those found with proclamations or revolvers were beaten nearly to death. The workers did not allow themselves to be provoked into a general massacre and demonstrated with songs and banners in separate crowds of 500–1,000 people in various parts of the city. The number of killed and wounded is reckoned at [700] 1,800*

## GENERAL STRIKE IN LODZ.

Lodz. January 29 (16). Yesterday a general strike was proclaimed. Work has been halted in all factories, workshops and printing houses. Electric trains do not run. There are no newspapers. The strikers do not allow Warsaw newspapers to be sold in the streets. They forced cafes, restaurants and hotels to close. Windows and shop windows are boarded up. The streets are unusually lively. Masses of strikers, troops, Cossacks, artillery, passersby after them. Yesterday two regiments arrived from Sosnowiec; today three companies of Cossacks and dragoons from Włocławek. The governor Arcimowicz, reputed to be a liberal, ordered not to interfere with the strikers as long as order is not disturbed. But in announcements he threatens military force. Banks, gas factories and police buildings are guarded by troops. On the main streets troops are stationed. Three hundred students of the local commercial school joined a group of strikers yesterday and by the hundreds distributed proclamations in the streets. In various parts of the city large meetings took place.

On Magistrat Square this afternoon a crowd of many thousands gathered. Cries of hurrah for the revolution rang out. Speakers came forward, fervently calling strikers to struggle against tsarism. The police present did not interfere with them. This passive attitude of police is an ill omen. Yesterday the police tried to incite the crowd against the Jews, spreading rumors of the murder of a priest by Jews, but the strikers beat these policemen. One of the leaders of the workers declared before a many-thousand-strong crowd:

"Don't let yourselves be caught by the bait of deceivers [(Büttel?)*]. Jews are your brothers. They are our comrades in suffering and in conviction; let us extend our hand to them for common struggle against autocracy!" Cries rang out: Down with autocracy! Long live the revolution! In the evening on streets distant from the center there were minor clashes with troops, but they did not result in bloody casualties.

From January 17 they reported that of 150,000 local workers 100,000 struck. From the 18th: [Lodz. Schles[ische] Z[ei]t[un]g in Breslau reports from January 31 (18):] the city is unrecognizable. All establishments are closed. Shop windows are boarded up. The city looks like a besieged fortress. Patrols ride through the streets. Electric trains do not run. At bakeries hundreds of people wait for bread. They await a general strike throughout the entire Polish industrial district.

## HELSINGFORS.

[B[e]rl[iner] Vossische] Z[ei]t[un]g. (January 29, 05). Helsinki 25. I. (Supp[lementary] Report]

[Ibidem January 28, 05. A short article (Original Report) about Riga. Little new. Supposedly the P[etersb]urg] organizers arranged everything, a street gathering on January 25 or 24, then they went around the f[actories] etc. Now, they say (January 25), not one of [400] many hundreds of f[actories] w[orks].]

Finnish workers too have responded to the Petersburg events. To foreign newspapers from January 25 (12) they reported: "About 10,000 people participated in yesterday's (January 24) workers' demonstration. [Meetings] Gatherings began at 8 o'clock in the evening at Senate Square, where patriotic songs were sung and speeches were made in favor of universal suffrage and Finnish constitution. Then the crowd went through the city and demonstrated in front of the residences of unpopular senators, in front of the house of the governor-general and in front of the editorial office of the old Finnish newspaper "Uusi Suometar." Cries rang out: Down with autocracy! Long live the revolution! Around 11 o'clock Cossack patrols appeared. 23 people were arrested."

[Voss. Ztg. Original Report. January 30. Helsinki. January 26 (13). Yesterday evening]

On January 25 (12) the demonstrations were repeated. When a crowd gathered on Henrickesplanade numbering several thousand, police director Carlstedt addressed it with a speech inviting it to disperse peacefully and threatening serious measures. This exhortation at first took effect, but then the crowd gathered at the monument of Runeberg. National songs were sung. Then a red banner was unfurled and with workers' songs they went along the Runeberg esplanade to Senate Square, where songs alternated with cries of hurrah. Police, mounted and on foot, dispersed the crowd [of people] of some 5,000]. There are wounded by sabers and revolver bullets \

Le Temps. January 31, 05.

In Russia (from our special correspondent (NB)). SPB. January 27. AROUND THE TRAGEDY.

"Order reigns in St. Petersburg... The bitterness is deep... Have you ever seen a dog beaten that did not understand its fault, have you noticed the expression in its eyes? There is something of that here. Why, how the shooting happened, one understands only very vaguely. A cab driver saw a gentleman, who was going to friends on Vasilievsky Island, lose his daughter, shot at his side on the sleigh: in telling me about it, he only shakes his head crying 'berezguiss' (attention!)"

Further the account of the confusion of the authorities: no one interfered with the st[rike] and procession. Gapon was wounded and saved by a corpse covering him. The number of k[illed] was 300–700. An account of how on Sat[urday] (8) writers (Annensky, Arseniev, Gorky, Kedrin, Gessen, Kareev, Myakotin, Peshekhnov and Semevsky) went to S[viatopolk]-M[irsky] (received by Rydzesvsky) and to Witte.

(In complete confirmation] Daily Telegraph) **\ ..

## AMONG THE LIBERALS.

[Protests of liberals and their mood.]

Representatives of our educated society and bourgeois classes, who demonstrated little capacity for struggle for freedom, nonetheless expressed one way or another their sympathy for the struggle of the workers. On Sunday evening, reports a correspondent of the English newspaper The Daily Telegraph, about 1,000 people held a meeting at the Imperial] Free Economic] Society. "There was no sense of leadership, there was no unity in action. The mood of the meeting was expectant and fatalistic."

They report that on Sunday evening, during a performance at the Alexandrinsky Theater, one lawyer addressed the public and said that it is no time to amuse oneself with spectacles when blood is flowing in the streets. This speech and a series of revolutionary exclamations which it provoked produced such agitation that the police did not dare intervene. [(The Times, Friday, January 27).]

[This same correspondent (Mr